4878:
60:
advances from the 1950s in particular laid the foundation for more quantitative work, ranging from accurate methods to perform forward calculations to methods to invert to maps of the atomic structure. With the improvement of the imaging capabilities of electron microscopes crystallographic data is now commonly obtained by combining images with electron diffraction information, or in some cases by collecting three dimensional electron diffraction data by a number of different approaches.
414:
5271:
5283:
418:
result from image processing, where the symmetry has been taken into account. The black dots show clearly all the tantalum atoms. The diffraction extends to 6 orders along the 15 Å direction and 10 orders in the perpendicular direction. Thus the resolution of the EM image is 2.5 Å (15/6 or 25/10). This calculated
Fourier transform contain both amplitudes (as seen) and phases (not displayed).
484:) much below 1 Ångström. This is comparable to the point resolution of the best electron microscopes. Under favourable conditions it is possible to use ED patterns from a single orientation to determine the complete crystal structure. Alternatively a hybrid approach can be used which uses HRTEM images for solving and intensities from ED for refining the crystal structure.
423:
349:, by which especially organic molecules and proteins are damaged as they are being imaged, limiting the resolution that can be obtained. This is especially troublesome in the setting of electron crystallography, where that radiation damage is focused on far fewer atoms. One technique used to limit radiation damage is
456:(which carries the information about the intensity and position of the projected atom columns) is no longer linearly related to the projected crystal structure. Moreover, not only do the HREM images change their appearance with increasing crystal thickness, they are also very sensitive to the chosen setting of the
393:
in 1990. However, already in 1975 Unwin and
Henderson had determined the first membrane protein structure at intermediate resolution (7 Ångström), showing for the first time the internal structure of a membrane protein, with its alpha-helices standing perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. Since
336:
was the first to realize that the phase information could be read out directly from the
Fourier transform of an electron microscopy image that had been scanned into a computer, already in 1968. For this, and his studies on virus structures and transfer-RNA, Klug received the Nobel Prize for chemistry
475:
In addition to electron microscopy images, it is also possible to use electron diffraction (ED) patterns for crystal structure determination. The utmost care must be taken to record such ED patterns from the thinnest areas in order to keep most of the structure related intensity differences between
265:
T4, a common virus, a key step in the use of electrons for macromolecular structure determination. The first quantitative matching of atomic scale images and dynamical simulations was published in 1972 by J. G. Allpress, E. A. Hewat, A. F. Moodie and J. V. Sanders. In the early 1980s the resolution
311:
cannot, because electrons interact more strongly with atoms than X-rays do. Thus, X-rays will travel through a thin 2-dimensional crystal without diffracting significantly, whereas electrons can be used to form an image. Conversely, the strong interaction between electrons and protons makes thick
417:
Electron microscopy image of an inorganic tantalum oxide, with its
Fourier transform, inset. Notice how the appearance changes from the upper thin region to the thicker lower region. The unit cell of this compound is about 15 by 25 Ångström. It is outlined at the centre of the figure, inside the
59:
The technique date back to soon after the discovery of electron diffraction in 1927-28, and was used in many early works. However, for many years quantitative electron crystallography was not used, instead the diffraction information was combined qualitatively with imaging results. A number of
426:
Electron diffraction pattern of the same crystal of inorganic tantalum oxide shown above. Notice that there are many more diffraction spots here than in the diffractogram calculated from the EM image above. The diffraction extends to 12 orders along the 15 Å direction and 20 orders in the
331:
phase information can be experimentally determined from an image's
Fourier transform. The Fourier transform of an atomic resolution image is similar, but different, to a diffraction pattern—with reciprocal lattice spots reflecting the symmetry and spacing of a crystal.
491:
for recording electron diffraction patterns. The thereby obtained intensities are usually much closer to the kinematical intensities, so that even structures can be determined that are out of range when processing conventional (selected area) electron diffraction data.
476:
the reflections (quasi-kinematical diffraction conditions). Just as with X-ray diffraction patterns, the important crystallographic structure factor phases are lost in electron diffraction patterns and must be uncovered by special crystallographic methods such as
88:
and
Alexander Reid. Alexander Reid, who was Thomson's graduate student, performed the first experiments, but he died soon after in a motorcycle accident. These experiments were rapidly followed by the first non-relativistic diffraction model for electrons by
427:
perpendicular direction. Thus the resolution of the ED pattern is 1.25 Å (15/12 or 25/20). ED patterns do not contain phase information, but the clear differences between intensities of the diffraction spots can be used in crystal structure determination.
252:
At the same time as approaches to invert diffraction data using electrons were established, the resolution of electron microscopes became good enough that images could be combined with diffraction information. At first resolution was poor, with in 1956
3825:
Gramm, Fabian; Baerlocher, Christian; McCusker, Lynne B.; Warrender, Stewart J.; Wright, Paul A.; Han, Bada; Hong, Suk Bong; Liu, Zheng; et al. (2006). "Complex zeolite structure solved by combining powder diffraction and electron microscopy".
3604:
Gemmi, M; Zou, X; Hovmöller, S; Migliori, A; Vennström, M; Andersson, Y (2003). "Structure of Ti2P solved by three-dimensional electron diffraction data collected with the precession technique and high-resolution electron microscopy".
365:
temperatures. Because of this problem, X-ray crystallography has been much more successful in determining the structure of proteins that are especially vulnerable to radiation damage. Radiation damage was recently investigated using
1161:
153:
Thus was founded the belief, amounting in some cases almost to an article of faith, and persisting even to the present day, that it is impossible to interpret the intensities of electron diffraction patterns to gain structural
447:
in 1978 and by Sven Hovmöller and coworkers in 1984. HREM images were used because they allow to select (by computer software) only the very thin regions close to the edge of the crystal for structure analysis (see also
3640:
Weirich, T; Portillo, J; Cox, G; Hibst, H; Nicolopoulos, S (2006). "Ab initio determination of the framework structure of the heavy-metal oxide CsxNb2.54W2.46O14 from 100kV precession electron diffraction data".
270:
and diffraction became standard across many areas of science. Most of the research published using these approaches is described as electron microscopy, without the addition of the term electron crystallography.
327:, it is difficult to form an image of the crystal being diffracted, and hence phase information is lost. Fortunately, electron microscopes can resolve atomic structure in real space and the crystallographic
198:
who demonstrated solving the structure of many different materials such as clays and micas using powder diffraction patterns, a success attributed to the samples being relatively thin. (Since the advent of
506:
structures have been determined by electron crystallography combined with X-ray powder diffraction. These are more complex than the most complex zeolite structures determined by X-ray crystallography.
2646:
Henderson, R.; Baldwin, J.M.; Ceska, T.A.; Zemlin, F; Beckmann, E.; Downing, K.H. (June 1990). "Model for the structure of bacteriorhodopsin based on high-resolution electron cryo-microscopy".
3877:
Baerlocher, C.; Gramm, F.; Massuger, L.; McCusker, L. B.; He, Z.; Hovmoller, S.; Zou, X. (2007). "Structure of the
Polycrystalline Zeolite Catalyst IM-5 Solved by Enhanced Charge Flipping".
3339:
Weirich, TE; Zou, X; Ramlau, R; Simon, A; Cascarano, GL; Giacovazzo, C; Hovmöller, S (2000). "Structures of nanometre-size crystals determined from selected-area electron diffraction data".
499:(DFT). This approach has been used to assist in solving surface structures and for the validation of several metal-rich structures which were only accessible by HRTEM and ED, respectively.
480:, maximum likelihood or (more recently) by the charge-flipping method. On the other hand, ED patterns of inorganic crystals have often a high resolution (= interplanar spacings with high
4887:
2233:"Structure Model for the Phase AlmFe Derived from Three-Dimensional Electron Diffraction Intensity Data Collected by a Precession Technique. Comparison with Convergent-Beam Diffraction"
457:
203:
it has become clear that averaging over many different electron beam directions and thicknesses significantly reduces dynamical diffraction effects, so was probably also important.)
3930:
Zou, XD, Hovmöller, S. and
Oleynikov, P. "Electron Crystallography - Electron microscopy and Electron Diffraction". IUCr Texts on Crystallography 16, Oxford university press 2011.
5148:
5143:
109:
which includes both multiple scattering and the refraction due to the average potential yielded more accurate results. Very quickly there were multiple advances, for instance
453:
266:
of electron microscopes was now sufficient to resolve the atomic structure of materials, for instance with the 600 kV instrument led by Vernon
Cosslett, so combinations of
4683:
3401:
Weirich, Thomas E.; Ramlau, Reiner; Simon, Arndt; Hovmöller, Sven; Zou, Xiaodong (1996). "A crystal structure determined with 0.02 Å accuracy by electron microscopy".
5199:
3946:
Downing, K. H.; Meisheng, H.; Wenk, H.-R.; O'Keefe, M. A. (1990). "Resolution of oxygen atoms in staurolite by three-dimensional transmission electron microscopy".
1679:
Goodman, P.; Lehmpfuhl, G. (1968). "Observation of the breakdown of
Friedel's law in electron diffraction and symmetry determination from zero-layer interactions".
4103:
3034:
Hovmöller, Sven; Sjögren, Agneta; Farrants, George; Sundberg, Margareta; Marinder, Bengt-Olov (1984). "Accurate atomic positions from electron microscopy".
2783:
Yonekura, Koji; Maki-Yonekura, Saori; Namba, Keiichi (August 2003). "Complete atomic model of the bacterial flagellar filament by electron cryomicroscopy".
4427:
2681:
Kühlbrandt, Werner; Wang, Da Neng; Fujiyoshi, Yoshinori (February 1994). "Atomic model of plant light-harvesting complex by electron crystallography".
3739:
Albe, K; Weirich, TE (2003). "Structure and stability of alpha- and beta-Ti2Se. Electron diffraction versus density-functional theory calculations".
410:-0. In 2012, Jan Pieter Abrahams and coworkers extended electron crystallography to 3D protein nanocrystals by rotation electron diffraction (RED).
440:
267:
37:
4275:
4244:
4188:
4136:
2589:
Hattne, Johan; Shi, Dan; Glynn, Calina; Zee, Chih-Te; Gallagher-Jones, Marcus; Martynowycz, Michael W.; Rodriguez, Jose A.; Gonen, Tamir (2018).
2471:
R Hovden; Y Jiang; HL Xin; LF Kourkoutis (2015). "Periodic Artifact Reduction in Fourier Transforms of Full Field Atomic Resolution Images".
472:
algorithm and non-linear imaging theory have been developed to simulate images; this only became possible once the FFT method was developed.
4053:
Raunser, S; Walz, T (2009). "Electron Crystallography as a Technique to Study the Structure on Membrane Proteins in a Lipidic Environment".
2901:"A Medipix quantum area detector allows rotation electron diffraction data collection from submicrometre three-dimensional protein crystals"
5017:
48:
or combinations of these. It has been successful in determining some bulk structures, and also surface structures. Two related methods are
495:
Crystal structures determined via electron crystallography can be checked for their quality by using first-principles calculations within
53:
5204:
4929:
2030:
Own, C. S.: PhD thesis, System Design and Verification of the Precession Electron Diffraction Technique, Northwestern University, 2005,
2732:
Miyazawa, Atsuo; Fujiyoshi, Yoshinori; Unwin, Nigel (June 2003). "Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore".
5095:
4387:
4096:
206:
More complete crystallographic analysis of intensity data was slow to develop. One of the key steps was the demonstration in 1976 by
233:. More complete analyses were the demonstration that classical inversion methods could be used for surfaces in 1997 by Dorset and
4172:
383:
5194:
5186:
1256:
Mark, Herman; Wiel, Raymond (1930). "Die ermittlung von molekülstrukturen durch beugung von elektronen an einem dampfstrahl".
5247:
5225:
4034:
3938:
1968:
144:
in 1954, electron diffraction for many years was a qualitative technique used to check samples within electron microscopes.
5240:
5090:
4756:
4621:
4470:
4089:
1025:
168:
45:
406:. The highest resolution protein structure solved by electron crystallography of 2D crystals is that of the water channel
113:'s observations of lines that can be used for crystallographic indexing due to combined elastic and inelastic scattering,
5230:
5128:
4824:
2834:
Gonen, Tamir; Cheng, Yifan; Sliz, Piotr; Hiroaki, Yoko; Fujiyoshi, Yoshinori; Harrison, Stephen C.; Walz, Thomas (2005).
257:
publishing the first electron microscope images showing the lattice structure of a material at 1.2nm resolution. In 1968
2231:
Gjønnes, J.; Hansen, V.; Berg, B. S.; Runde, P.; Cheng, Y. F.; Gjønnes, K.; Dorset, D. L.; Gilmore, C. J. (1998-05-01).
4477:
3676:
Erdman, Natasha; Poeppelmeier, Kenneth R.; Asta, Mark; Warschkow, Oliver; Ellis, Donald E.; Marks, Laurence D. (2002).
3374:
Zandbergen, H. W. (1997). "Structure Determination of Mg5Si6 Particles in Al by Dynamic Electron Diffraction Studies".
93:
based upon the Schrödinger equation, which is very close to how electron diffraction is now described. Significantly,
5252:
5110:
5080:
5009:
3327:
1904:"Symmetry determination of the room-temperature form of LnNbO 4 (Ln = La,Nd) by convergent-beam electron diffraction"
449:
367:
3782:
Weirich, TE (2004). "First-principles calculations as a tool for structure validation in electron crystallography".
5287:
4962:
4198:
477:
399:
295:
required for that process. Protein structures are usually determined from either 2-dimensional crystals (sheets or
246:
226:
could be powerful in the seminal solution of the silicon (111) 7x7 reconstructed surface by Kunio Takanayagi using
215:
184:
33:
5235:
5158:
5032:
4631:
4291:
4146:
2092:"Direct phase determination for quasi-kinematical electron diffraction intensity data from organic microcrystals"
488:
390:
242:
200:
49:
973:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character
5070:
4992:
2317:
De Rosier, D. J.; Klug, A. (1968). "Reconstruction of Three Dimensional Structures from Electron Micrographs".
394:
then, several other high-resolution structures have been determined by electron crystallography, including the
312:(e.g. 3-dimensional > 1 micrometer) crystals impervious to electrons, which only penetrate short distances.
81:
5085:
5075:
4380:
4234:
387:
350:
4229:
637:
5209:
4857:
4482:
4460:
4355:
4333:
121:
and Raymond Weil, diffraction in liquids by Louis Maxwell, and the first electron microscopes developed by
80:. The wave nature was experimentally confirmed for electron beams in the work of two groups, the first the
4761:
4515:
4410:
141:
5314:
5118:
4415:
4350:
1720:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
171:(CBED), This approach was extended by Peter Goodman and Gunter Lehmpfuhl, then mainly by the groups of
3482:
2031:
1763:"Use of high-symmetry zone axes in electron diffraction in determining crystal point and space groups"
5133:
5062:
4520:
4510:
4296:
496:
1714:
Buxton, B. F.; Eades, J. A.; Steeds, John Wickham; Rackham, G. M.; Frank, Frederick Charles (1976).
1497:"Structure analysis of single crystals by electron diffraction. II. Disordered boric acid structure"
5309:
5275:
4999:
4768:
4731:
4646:
4525:
4505:
4373:
4239:
4126:
3446:"Double conical beam-rocking system for measurement of integrated electron diffraction intensities"
1994:"Double conical beam-rocking system for measurement of integrated electron diffraction intensities"
395:
114:
3258:
3212:"Numerical evaluations of N -beam wave functions in electron scattering by the multi-slice method"
164:
5123:
4967:
4912:
4661:
4626:
4260:
4213:
461:
172:
3180:
2408:
2271:
2186:"Structure analysis of Si(111)-7 × 7 reconstructed surface by transmission electron diffraction"
1602:
4877:
4819:
4636:
1633:
1075:
1809:
1442:"Die Bestimmung der Lage der Wasserstoffionen im NH4Cl-Kristallgitter durch Elektronenbeugung"
5176:
4972:
4934:
4741:
4693:
4317:
4301:
4270:
4131:
4027:
Electron Crystallography: Novel Approaches for Structure Determination of Nanosized Materials
280:
219:
2139:"Structural analysis of Si(111)-7×7 by UHV-transmission electron diffraction and microscopy"
524:"Structural analysis of Si(111)-7×7 by UHV-transmission electron diffraction and microscopy"
4900:
4773:
4609:
4500:
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3955:
3886:
3835:
3791:
3748:
3689:
3558:
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3223:
3211:
3129:
3082:
3070:
3043:
2977:
2912:
2847:
2792:
2741:
2690:
2534:"High-resolution structure determination by continuous-rotation data collection in MicroED"
2490:
2420:
2373:
2361:
2326:
2283:
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2197:
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1915:
1903:
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230:
85:
41:
29:
20:
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132:
Despite early successes such as the determination of the positions of hydrogen atoms in NH
8:
4917:
4905:
4780:
4746:
4726:
4338:
3022:
Image Analysis and Reconstruction in the Electron Microscopy of Biological Macromolecules
487:
Recent progress for structure analysis by ED was made by introducing the Vincent-Midgley
320:
211:
118:
4000:
3959:
3890:
3839:
3795:
3752:
3693:
3511:
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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
2248:
2201:
2184:
Takayanagi, Kunio; Tanishiro, Yasumasa; Takahashi, Shigeki; Takahashi, Masaetsu (1985).
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Interview with Aaron Klug Nobel Laureate for work on crystallograph electron microscopy
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774:
703:
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378:
The first electron crystallographic protein structure to achieve atomic resolution was
307:, or dispersed individual proteins. Electrons can be used in these situations, whereas
283:
for studies of very small crystals (<0.1 micrometers), both inorganic, organic, and
223:
3931:
3445:
3275:
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and David DeRosier used electron microscopy to visualise the structure of the tail of
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2757:
2706:
2663:
2628:
2610:
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2553:
2506:
2436:
2389:
2342:
2299:
2272:"The direct study by electron microscopy of crystal lattices and their imperfections"
2213:
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2013:
2009:
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346:
328:
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69:
3387:
3071:"The scattering of electrons by atoms and crystals. I. A new theoretical approach"
1026:"Electron diffraction chez Thomson: early responses to quantum physics in Britain"
5027:
5022:
4987:
4807:
4706:
4641:
4604:
4599:
4450:
4396:
3317:
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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
2362:"n -Beam lattice images. I. Experimental and computed images from W 4 Nb 26 O 77"
1292:
523:
358:
32:
focusing upon detailed determination of the positions of atoms in solids using a
4837:
4802:
4790:
4785:
4751:
4721:
4711:
4670:
4614:
4538:
4492:
3985:"Electron crystallography: Imaging and Single Crystal Diffraction from Powders"
2964:
Zhang, Daliang; Oleynikov, Peter; Hovmöller, Sven; Zou, Xiaodong (March 2010).
2900:
2185:
2091:
1993:
481:
465:
452:). This is of crucial importance since in the thicker parts of the crystal the
188:
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145:
137:
110:
102:
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1521:
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1041:
573:; Asta, Mark; Warschkow, Oliver; Ellis, Donald E.; Marks, Laurence D. (2002).
238:
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4594:
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3709:
3677:
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2017:
1978:
1935:
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362:
324:
316:
262:
98:
3898:
2836:"Lipid–protein interactions in double-layered two-dimensional AQP0 crystals"
2532:
Nannenga, Brent L; Shi, Dan; Leslie, Andrew G W; Gonen, Tamir (2014-08-03).
2409:"Principles and performance of a 600 kV high resolution electron microscope"
1825:
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354:
304:
254:
16:
Method to determine atomic positions in solids using an electron microscope
2710:
2667:
2457:
High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Associated Techniques
2123:
1958:
1841:
1316:
869:
799:
522:
Takayanagi, K.; Tanishiro, Y.; Takahashi, M.; Takahashi, S. (1985-05-01).
413:
345:
A common problem to X-ray crystallography and electron crystallography is
5171:
4842:
4716:
4543:
2899:
Nederlof, I.; van Genderen, E.; Li, Y.-W.; Abrahams, J. P. (2013-07-01).
2143:
Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films
1715:
180:
176:
126:
105:
approach as the positions were systematically different; the approach of
77:
3847:
3701:
2859:
2804:
2753:
1202:
598:
136:
Cl crystals by W. E. Laschkarew and I. D. Usykin in 1933, boric acid by
4736:
4422:
4203:
2549:
1465:
1410:
1226:
469:
444:
333:
300:
258:
175:
and Michiyoshi Tanaka who showed how to use CBED patterns to determine
106:
90:
3678:"The structure and chemistry of the TiO2-rich surface of SrTiO3 (001)"
2138:
667:
575:"The structure and chemistry of the TiO2-rich surface of SrTiO3 (001)"
4445:
3967:
3422:
3055:
2702:
2360:
Allpress, J. G.; Hewat, E. A.; Moodie, A. F.; Sanders, J. V. (1972).
2338:
2183:
2162:
2136:
936:
911:
691:
547:
521:
407:
403:
315:
One of the main difficulties in X-ray crystallography is determining
159:
This has slowly changed. One key step was the development in 1936 by
122:
3259:"An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series"
2137:
Takayanagi, K.; Tanishiro, Y.; Takahashi, M.; Takahashi, S. (1985).
5042:
4812:
4560:
2485:
2032:
http://www.numis.northwestern.edu/Research/Current/precession.shtml
1857:"Point-group determination by convergent-beam electron diffraction"
4365:
2591:"Analysis of Global and Site-Specific Radiation Damage in Cryo-EM"
2470:
464:
for example). To cope with this complexity methods based upon the
5052:
1258:
Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie
503:
292:
284:
3824:
3033:
2966:"Collecting 3D electron diffraction data by the rotation method"
3876:
3675:
3496:"Sufficient Conditions for Direct Methods with Swift Electrons"
845:"Reflection and Refraction of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel"
568:
3945:
2898:
1115:"An Undulatory Theory of the Mechanics of Atoms and Molecules"
5047:
308:
296:
249:
to solve an intermetallic, also using dynamical refinements.
222:
could be used. Another was the demonstration in 1986 that a
101:
noticed that their results could not be interpreted using a
3400:
2645:
2639:
668:"The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel"
3559:"Precession electron diffraction 1: multislice simulation"
2963:
2782:
2359:
2045:"Precession electron diffraction 1: multislice simulation"
422:
5149:
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – New Crystal Structures
3603:
1716:"The symmetry of electron diffraction zone axis patterns"
1603:"Crystal structure determination by electron diffraction"
969:"The diffraction of cathode rays by thin celluloid films"
374:
Protein structures determined by electron crystallography
241:
who combined three-dimensional electron diffraction with
5144:
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials
1713:
647:(English translation by A.F. Kracklauer, 2004. ed.)
274:
3639:
2680:
437:
Electron crystallographic studies on inorganic crystals
68:
The general approach dates back to the work in 1924 of
56:
which is used to monitor surfaces often during growth.
5037:
2731:
2531:
2454:
Buseck, Peter; Cowley, John M; Eyring, Leyroy (1992).
2230:
3338:
2833:
431:
52:
which has solved the structure of many surfaces, and
3557:
Own, C. S.; Marks, L. D.; Sinkler, W. (2006-11-01).
3932:
http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199580200.do
1901:
2453:
1076:"Theorie der Beugung von Elektronen an Kristallen"
291:, that cannot easily form the large 3-dimensional
194:A second key set of work was that by the group of
2588:
2090:Dorset, Douglas L.; Hauptman, Herbert A. (1976).
1631:
1439:
723:"Diffraction of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel"
5301:
4025:T.E. Weirich, X.D. Zou & J.L. Lábár (2006).
1854:
1678:
1634:"Elektroneninterferenzen im konvergenten Bündel"
775:"Reflection of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel"
370:of thin 3D crystals in a frozen hydrated state.
268:high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
76:where he introduced the concept of electrons as
38:high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
4111:
3556:
2042:
849:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
779:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3443:
3118:"FFT Multislice Method—The Silver Anniversary"
2089:
2043:Own, C. S.; Marks, L. D.; Sinkler, W. (2006).
1991:
1340:"Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik. I"
1030:The British Journal for the History of Science
842:
772:
720:
665:
4381:
4097:
3209:
2316:
1760:
3982:
3493:
3181:"Contrast transfer of crystal images in TEM"
3068:
1902:Tanaka, M.; Saito, R.; Watanabe, D. (1980).
1106:
912:"Diffraction of Cathode Rays by a Thin Film"
528:Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A
5218:
4052:
3738:
3256:
3069:Cowley, J. M.; Moodie, A. F. (1957-10-01).
1551:
1112:
909:
54:reflection high-energy electron diffraction
4388:
4374:
4104:
4090:
3444:Vincent, R.; Midgley, P. A. (1994-03-01).
3373:
3302:Structure Analysis by Electron Diffraction
1960:Structure analysis by electron diffraction
1956:
1810:"Theory of zone axis electron diffraction"
1554:"The precise structure of orthoboric acid"
1440:Laschkarew, W. E.; Usyskin, I. D. (1933).
1384:
1337:
4049:Freeview video by the Vega Science Trust.
4008:
3274:
3257:Cooley, James W.; Tukey, John W. (1965).
3210:Goodman, P.; Moodie, A. F. (1974-03-01).
2989:
2940:
2875:
2622:
2565:
2484:
1855:Tanaka, M.; Saito, R.; Sekii, H. (1983).
1577:
1520:
1203:"Neuere Ergebnisse der Elektronenbeugung"
1200:
1177:
992:
935:
886:
868:
816:
798:
746:
3178:
3115:
3024:Chemica Scripta vol 14, p. 245-256.
2406:
1814:Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique
1488:
1255:
1069:
1067:
421:
412:
191:and atomic structure was of importance.
3781:
1707:
1290:
1159:
1023:
843:Davisson, C. J.; Germer, L. H. (1928).
773:Davisson, C. J.; Germer, L. H. (1928).
187:approaches, typically where both local
5302:
4491:
2269:
2024:
1600:
1494:
1378:
1331:
635:
629:
443:(HREM) images were first performed by
4369:
4085:
4067:10.1146/annurev.biophys.050708.133649
1201:Mark, Herman; Wierl, Raymond (1930).
1162:"Diffraction of cathode rays by mica"
1073:
1064:
838:
836:
768:
766:
323:. Because of the complexity of X-ray
275:Comparison with X-ray crystallography
5282:
4622:Phase transformation crystallography
1807:
1632:Kossel, W.; Möllenstedt, G. (1939).
966:
721:Davisson, C.; Germer, L. H. (1927).
666:Davisson, C.; Germer, L. H. (1927).
169:convergent beam electron diffraction
74:Recherches sur la théorie des quanta
46:convergent-beam electron diffraction
5129:Journal of Chemical Crystallography
4395:
3319:Structural Electron Crystallography
1992:Vincent, R.; Midgley, P.A. (1994).
1761:Steeds, J. W.; Vincent, R. (1983).
1284:
1166:Proceedings of the Imperial Academy
1153:
441:high-resolution electron microscopy
340:
13:
3924:
2525:
1848:
1767:Journal of Applied Crystallography
1754:
1672:
833:
763:
714:
659:
432:Application to inorganic materials
14:
5326:
4040:
3983:Zou, X.D.; Hovmöller, S. (2008).
3494:Marks, L.D.; Sinkler, W. (2003).
3276:10.1090/S0025-5718-1965-0178586-1
1293:"Electron Diffraction by Liquids"
910:Thomson, G. P.; Reid, A. (1927).
450:crystallographic image processing
36:(TEM). It can involve the use of
5281:
5270:
5269:
4876:
4199:Dual-polarization interferometry
3322:, Plenum Publishing Corporation
2970:Zeitschrift für Kristallographie
2905:Acta Crystallographica Section D
2366:Acta Crystallographica Section A
2237:Acta Crystallographica Section A
2049:Acta Crystallographica Section A
1908:Acta Crystallographica Section A
1861:Acta Crystallographica Section A
1681:Acta Crystallographica Section A
458:defocus Δf of the objective lens
400:nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
185:transmission electron microscopy
34:transmission electron microscope
3870:
3818:
3775:
3732:
3669:
3633:
3597:
3550:
3487:
3483:Precession Electron Diffraction
3476:
3437:
3394:
3367:
3332:
3307:
3291:
3250:
3203:
3172:
3109:
3062:
3027:
3014:
2957:
2892:
2827:
2776:
2725:
2674:
2582:
2464:
2447:
2400:
2353:
2310:
2263:
2224:
2177:
2130:
2083:
2036:
1985:
1950:
1895:
1801:
1625:
1594:
1545:
1433:
1249:
1194:
1017:
502:Recently, two very complicated
391:Laboratory of Molecular Biology
353:, in which the samples undergo
243:precession electron diffraction
201:precession electron diffraction
183:. This was combined with other
140:in 1953 and orthoboric acid by
50:low-energy electron diffraction
5071:Bilbao Crystallographic Server
4230:Analytical ultracentrifugation
3655:10.1016/j.ultramic.2005.07.002
2407:Cosslett, V. E. (1980-03-12).
960:
903:
645:Foundation of Louis de Broglie
562:
515:
1:
4235:Size exclusion chromatography
3388:10.1126/science.277.5330.1221
2660:10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80271-2
1607:Progress in Materials Science
1385:Knoll, M.; Ruska, E. (1932).
1338:Knoll, M.; Ruska, E. (1932).
509:
4334:Protein structure prediction
3500:Microscopy and Microanalysis
3462:10.1016/0304-3991(94)90039-6
3197:10.1016/0304-3991(80)90011-X
3122:Microscopy and Microanalysis
2473:Microscopy and Microanalysis
2210:10.1016/0039-6028(85)90753-8
2108:10.1016/0304-3991(76)90034-6
2010:10.1016/0304-3991(94)90039-6
1619:10.1016/0079-6425(68)90023-6
7:
5119:Crystal Growth & Design
4411:Timeline of crystallography
4292:Hydrogen–deuterium exchange
4113:Protein structural analysis
4055:Annual Review of Biophysics
1552:Zachariasen, W. H. (1954).
1190:– via Google Scholar.
357:and imaging takes place at
142:William Houlder Zachariasen
10:
5331:
4930:Nuclear magnetic resonance
3263:Mathematics of Computation
2460:. Oxford University Press.
1963:. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
1957:Vaĭnshteĭn, B. K. (1964).
1291:Maxwell, Louis R. (1933).
636:de Broglie, Louis Victor.
237:, and in 1998 the work by
82:Davisson–Germer experiment
63:
28:is a subset of methods in
18:
5265:
5185:
5157:
5134:Journal of Crystal Growth
5109:
5061:
5008:
4955:
4886:
4874:
4669:
4660:
4583:
4436:
4403:
4347:
4326:
4310:
4297:Site-directed mutagenesis
4284:
4253:
4222:
4181:
4155:
4119:
4010:10.1107/S0108767307060084
3804:10.1107/S0108767303025042
3761:10.1107/S0108767302018275
3619:10.1107/S0108767302022559
3575:10.1107/S0108767306032892
3520:10.1017/S1431927603030332
3353:10.1107/S0108767399009605
3236:10.1107/S056773947400057X
3142:10.1017/S1431927604040292
3095:10.1107/S0365110X57002194
2925:10.1107/S0907444913009700
2607:10.1016/j.str.2018.03.021
2503:10.1017/S1431927614014639
2386:10.1107/S0567739472001433
2257:10.1107/S0108767397017030
2061:10.1107/S0108767306032892
1928:10.1107/S0567739480000800
1881:10.1107/S010876738300080X
1787:10.1107/S002188988301050X
1701:10.1107/S0567739468000677
1579:10.1107/S0365110X54000886
1522:10.1107/S0365110X53001423
1387:"Das Elektronenmikroskop"
1042:10.1017/S0007087410000026
638:"On the Theory of Quanta"
497:density functional theory
148:explains in a 1968 paper:
5000:Single particle analysis
4858:Hermann–Mauguin notation
4142:Electron crystallography
4127:Cryo-electron microscopy
4029:. Springer Netherlands,
3989:Acta Crystallographica A
3784:Acta Crystallographica A
3741:Acta Crystallographica A
3563:Acta Crystallographica A
3341:Acta Crystallographica A
3216:Acta Crystallographica A
3179:Ishizuka, Kazuo (1980).
3116:Ishizuka, Kazuo (2004).
1658:10.1002/andp.19394280204
1364:10.1002/andp.19324040506
1270:10.1002/bbpc.19300360921
1160:Kikuchi, Seishi (1928).
1113:Schrödinger, E. (1926).
1100:10.1002/andp.19283921704
967:Reid, Alexander (1928).
571:Poeppelmeier, Kenneth R.
460:(see the HREM images of
396:light-harvesting complex
388:Medical Research Council
115:gas electron diffraction
26:Electron crystallography
5124:Crystallography Reviews
4968:Isomorphous replacement
4762:Lomer–Cottrell junction
4261:Fluorescence anisotropy
4223:Translational Diffusion
4214:Fluorescence anisotropy
3899:10.1126/science.1137920
3304:, Pergamon Press Oxford
1826:10.1002/jemt.1060130202
1207:Die Naturwissenschaften
1139:10.1103/PhysRev.28.1049
1024:Navarro, Jaume (2010).
351:electron cryomicroscopy
4637:Spinodal decomposition
3607:Acta Crystallographica
3075:Acta Crystallographica
2991:10.1524/zkri.2010.1202
2433:10.1098/rspa.1980.0018
2296:10.1098/rspa.1956.0117
2270:Menter, J. W. (1956).
1740:10.1098/rsta.1976.0024
1558:Acta Crystallographica
1501:Acta Crystallographica
1495:Cowley, J. M. (1953).
1446:Zeitschrift für Physik
1391:Zeitschrift für Physik
1179:10.2183/pjab1912.4.271
994:10.1098/rspa.1928.0121
748:10.1103/physrev.30.705
428:
419:
157:
5177:Gregori Aminoff Prize
4973:Molecular replacement
4356:Quaternary structure→
4318:Equilibrium unfolding
4302:Chemical modification
4271:Dielectric relaxation
4132:X-ray crystallography
1601:Cowley, J.M. (1968).
1317:10.1103/PhysRev.44.73
870:10.1073/pnas.14.8.619
800:10.1073/pnas.14.4.317
425:
416:
386:and coworkers at the
281:X-ray crystallography
220:x-ray crystallography
165:Gottfried Möllenstedt
150:
4483:Structure prediction
4254:Rotational Diffusion
1808:Bird, D. M. (1989).
489:precession technique
402:, and the bacterial
231:electron diffraction
86:George Paget Thomson
42:electron diffraction
30:electron diffraction
21:Electron diffraction
4747:Cottrell atmosphere
4727:Partial dislocation
4471:Restriction theorem
4351:←Tertiary structure
4001:2008AcCrA..64..149Z
3960:1990Natur.348..525D
3891:2007Sci...315.1113B
3848:10.1038/nature05200
3840:2006Natur.444...79G
3796:2004AcCrA..60...75W
3753:2003AcCrA..59...18A
3702:10.1038/nature01010
3694:2002Natur.419...55E
3512:2003MiMic...9..399M
3415:1996Natur.382..144W
3382:(5330): 1221–1225.
3228:1974AcCrA..30..280G
3134:2004MiMic..10...34I
3087:1957AcCry..10..609C
3048:1984Natur.311..238H
2982:2010ZK....225...94Z
2917:2013AcCrD..69.1223N
2860:10.1038/nature04321
2852:2005Natur.438..633G
2805:10.1038/nature01830
2797:2003Natur.424..643Y
2754:10.1038/nature01748
2746:2003Natur.423..949M
2695:1994Natur.367..614K
2495:2015MiMic..21..436H
2425:1980RSPSA.370....1C
2378:1972AcCrA..28..528A
2331:1968Natur.217..130D
2288:1956RSPSA.236..119M
2249:1998AcCrA..54..306G
2202:1985SurSc.164..367T
2155:1985JVSTA...3.1502T
1920:1980AcCrA..36..350T
1873:1983AcCrA..39..357T
1779:1983JApCr..16..317S
1732:1976RSPTA.281..171B
1693:1968AcCrA..24..339G
1650:1939AnP...428..113K
1570:1954AcCry...7..305Z
1513:1953AcCry...6..522C
1458:1933ZPhy...85..618L
1403:1932ZPhy...78..318K
1356:1932AnP...404..607K
1309:1933PhRv...44...73M
1219:1930NW.....18..778M
1131:1926PhRv...28.1049S
1092:1928AnP...392...55B
985:1928RSPSA.119..663R
928:1927Natur.119Q.890T
861:1928PNAS...14..619D
791:1928PNAS...14..317D
739:1927PhRv...30..705D
684:1927Natur.119..558D
599:10.1038/nature01010
591:2002Natur.419...55E
540:1985JVSTA...3.1502T
321:diffraction pattern
212:Herbert A. Hauptman
44:patterns including
5167:Carl Hermann Medal
4978:Molecular dynamics
4825:Defects in diamond
4820:Stone–Wales defect
4466:Reciprocal lattice
4428:Biocrystallography
4266:Flow birefringence
4194:Circular dichroism
3020:Klug, A (1978/79)
2550:10.1038/nmeth.3043
1638:Annalen der Physik
1466:10.1007/BF01331003
1411:10.1007/BF01342199
1344:Annalen der Physik
1227:10.1007/bf01497860
1080:Annalen der Physik
1074:Bethe, H. (1928).
454:exit-wave function
429:
420:
279:It can complement
224:Patterson function
214:that conventional
72:in his PhD thesis
5315:Protein structure
5297:
5296:
5261:
5260:
4868:Thermal ellipsoid
4833:
4832:
4742:Frank–Read source
4702:
4701:
4568:Aperiodic crystal
4534:
4533:
4416:Crystallographers
4363:
4362:
4339:Molecular docking
4168:Mass spectrometry
4163:Fiber diffraction
4156:Medium resolution
4035:978-1-4020-3919-5
3995:(Pt 1): 149–160.
3954:(6301): 525–528.
3939:978-0-19-958020-0
2846:(7068): 633–638.
2601:(5): 759–766.e4.
2325:(5124): 130–134.
2282:(1204): 119–135.
1970:978-0-08-010241-2
1726:(1301): 171–194.
1452:(9–10): 618–630.
678:(2998): 558–560.
569:Erdman, Natasha;
384:Richard Henderson
380:bacteriorhodopsin
289:membrane proteins
235:Laurence D. Marks
228:ultra-high vacuum
208:Douglas L. Dorset
5322:
5285:
5284:
5273:
5272:
5216:
5215:
5139:Kristallografija
4993:Gerchberg–Saxton
4888:Characterisation
4880:
4863:Structure factor
4667:
4666:
4652:Ostwald ripening
4489:
4488:
4434:
4433:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4240:Light scattering
4106:
4099:
4092:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4022:
4012:
3979:
3968:10.1038/348525a0
3919:
3918:
3885:(5815): 1113–6.
3874:
3868:
3867:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3613:(Pt 2): 117–26.
3601:
3595:
3594:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3491:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3423:10.1038/382144a0
3398:
3392:
3391:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3336:
3330:
3311:
3305:
3298:B. K. Vainshtein
3295:
3289:
3288:
3278:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3056:10.1038/311238a0
3031:
3025:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2993:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2911:(7): 1223–1230.
2896:
2890:
2889:
2879:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2791:(6949): 643–50.
2780:
2774:
2773:
2740:(6943): 949–55.
2729:
2723:
2722:
2703:10.1038/367614a0
2689:(6464): 614–21.
2678:
2672:
2671:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2488:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2339:10.1038/217130a0
2314:
2308:
2307:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2196:(2–3): 367–392.
2181:
2175:
2174:
2163:10.1116/1.573160
2149:(3): 1502–1506.
2134:
2128:
2127:
2102:(3–4): 195–201.
2087:
2081:
2080:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1581:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1524:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1397:(5–6): 318–339.
1382:
1376:
1375:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1125:(6): 1049–1070.
1110:
1104:
1103:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1021:
1015:
1014:
996:
979:(783): 663–667.
964:
958:
957:
939:
937:10.1038/119890a0
907:
901:
900:
890:
872:
840:
831:
830:
820:
802:
770:
761:
760:
750:
718:
712:
711:
692:10.1038/119558a0
663:
657:
656:
654:
652:
642:
633:
627:
626:
566:
560:
559:
548:10.1116/1.573160
534:(3): 1502–1506.
519:
382:, determined by
347:radiation damage
341:Radiation damage
329:structure factor
196:Boris Vainshtein
95:Clinton Davisson
70:Louis de Broglie
5330:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5310:Crystallography
5300:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5257:
5214:
5181:
5153:
5105:
5057:
5028:CrystalExplorer
5004:
4988:Phase retrieval
4951:
4882:
4881:
4872:
4829:
4808:Schottky defect
4707:Perfect crystal
4698:
4694:Abnormal growth
4656:
4642:Supersaturation
4605:Miscibility gap
4586:
4579:
4530:
4487:
4451:Bravais lattice
4432:
4399:
4397:Crystallography
4394:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4343:
4322:
4306:
4280:
4249:
4218:
4177:
4151:
4120:High resolution
4115:
4110:
4043:
3927:
3925:Further reading
3922:
3875:
3871:
3834:(7115): 79–81.
3823:
3819:
3790:(Pt 1): 75–81.
3780:
3776:
3747:(Pt 1): 18–21.
3737:
3733:
3688:(6902): 55–58.
3674:
3670:
3643:Ultramicroscopy
3638:
3634:
3602:
3598:
3555:
3551:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3477:
3450:Ultramicroscopy
3442:
3438:
3399:
3395:
3372:
3368:
3347:(Pt 1): 29–35.
3337:
3333:
3312:
3308:
3296:
3292:
3269:(90): 297–301.
3255:
3251:
3208:
3204:
3185:Ultramicroscopy
3177:
3173:
3114:
3110:
3081:(10): 609–619.
3067:
3063:
3032:
3028:
3019:
3015:
2976:(2–3): 94–102.
2962:
2958:
2897:
2893:
2832:
2828:
2781:
2777:
2730:
2726:
2679:
2675:
2644:
2640:
2587:
2583:
2530:
2526:
2469:
2465:
2452:
2448:
2405:
2401:
2358:
2354:
2315:
2311:
2268:
2264:
2229:
2225:
2190:Surface Science
2182:
2178:
2135:
2131:
2096:Ultramicroscopy
2088:
2084:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
1998:Ultramicroscopy
1990:
1986:
1971:
1955:
1951:
1900:
1896:
1853:
1849:
1806:
1802:
1759:
1755:
1712:
1708:
1677:
1673:
1630:
1626:
1599:
1595:
1550:
1546:
1493:
1489:
1438:
1434:
1383:
1379:
1336:
1332:
1297:Physical Review
1289:
1285:
1254:
1250:
1213:(36): 778–786.
1199:
1195:
1158:
1154:
1119:Physical Review
1111:
1107:
1072:
1065:
1022:
1018:
965:
961:
908:
904:
841:
834:
771:
764:
727:Physical Review
719:
715:
664:
660:
650:
648:
640:
634:
630:
585:(6902): 55–58.
567:
563:
520:
516:
512:
434:
376:
359:liquid nitrogen
343:
277:
135:
84:, the other by
66:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5328:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5279:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5222:
5220:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5163:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4963:Direct methods
4959:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4892:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4848:Ewald's sphere
4845:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4791:Frenkel defect
4788:
4786:Bjerrum defect
4778:
4777:
4776:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4752:Peierls stress
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4722:Burgers vector
4714:
4712:Stacking fault
4709:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4673:
4671:Grain boundary
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4615:Liquid crystal
4612:
4607:
4602:
4591:
4589:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4478:Periodic table
4475:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4442:
4440:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4050:
4042:
4041:External links
4039:
4038:
4037:
4023:
3980:
3943:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3869:
3817:
3774:
3731:
3668:
3632:
3596:
3569:(6): 434–443.
3549:
3506:(5): 399–410.
3486:
3475:
3456:(3): 271–282.
3436:
3393:
3366:
3331:
3306:
3290:
3249:
3222:(2): 280–290.
3202:
3191:(1–3): 55–65.
3171:
3108:
3061:
3026:
3013:
2956:
2891:
2826:
2775:
2724:
2673:
2654:(4): 899–929.
2638:
2581:
2544:(9): 927–930.
2538:Nature Methods
2524:
2479:(2): 436–441.
2463:
2446:
2419:(1740): 1–16.
2399:
2372:(6): 528–536.
2352:
2309:
2262:
2243:(3): 306–319.
2223:
2176:
2129:
2082:
2055:(6): 434–443.
2035:
2023:
2004:(3): 271–282.
1984:
1969:
1949:
1914:(3): 350–352.
1894:
1867:(3): 357–368.
1847:
1800:
1773:(3): 317–324.
1753:
1706:
1687:(3): 339–347.
1671:
1644:(2): 113–140.
1624:
1593:
1564:(4): 305–310.
1544:
1507:(6): 522–529.
1487:
1432:
1377:
1350:(5): 607–640.
1330:
1283:
1264:(9): 675–676.
1248:
1193:
1172:(6): 271–274.
1152:
1105:
1086:(17): 55–129.
1063:
1036:(2): 245–275.
1016:
959:
902:
855:(8): 619–627.
832:
785:(4): 317–322.
762:
733:(6): 705–740.
713:
658:
628:
561:
513:
511:
508:
482:Miller indices
478:direct methods
433:
430:
375:
372:
342:
339:
276:
273:
247:direct methods
216:direct methods
189:microstructure
161:Walther Kossel
138:John M. Cowley
133:
111:Seishi Kikuchi
65:
62:
19:Main article:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5327:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5290:
5289:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4983:Patterson map
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4853:Friedel's law
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4796:Wigner effect
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4781:Interstitials
4779:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:Precipitation
4625:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4595:Phase diagram
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4582:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4386:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:Computational
4325:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:Thermodynamic
4309:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:Spectroscopic
4180:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4061:(1): 89–105.
4060:
4056:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3649:(3): 164–75.
3648:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3484:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3409:(6587): 144.
3408:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3329:
3328:0-306-45049-6
3325:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3042:(5983): 238.
3041:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3017:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:(in German).
1447:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:(in German).
1392:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:(in German).
1081:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
933:
929:
925:
922:(3007): 890.
921:
917:
913:
906:
898:
894:
889:
884:
880:
876:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
837:
828:
824:
819:
814:
810:
806:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
767:
758:
754:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
646:
639:
632:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
518:
514:
507:
505:
500:
498:
493:
490:
485:
483:
479:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
442:
438:
424:
415:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
389:
385:
381:
371:
369:
364:
363:liquid helium
360:
356:
352:
348:
338:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
310:
306:
305:viral capsids
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
272:
269:
264:
263:bacteriophage
260:
256:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
156:
155:
149:
147:
146:John M Cowley
143:
139:
130:
128:
124:
120:
117:developed by
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:Lester Germer
96:
92:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
61:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
22:
5286:
5274:
5219:Associations
5187:Organisation
4895:
4679:Disclination
4610:Polymorphism
4573:Quasicrystal
4516:Orthorhombic
4456:Miller index
4404:Key concepts
4209:Fluorescence
4141:
4058:
4054:
4026:
3992:
3988:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3478:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3318:
3314:D. L. Dorset
3309:
3301:
3293:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3128:(1): 34–40.
3125:
3121:
3111:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3021:
3016:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2456:
2449:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2026:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1959:
1952:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1820:(2): 77–97.
1817:
1813:
1803:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1303:(2): 73–76.
1300:
1296:
1286:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1083:
1079:
1033:
1029:
1019:
976:
972:
962:
919:
915:
905:
852:
848:
782:
778:
730:
726:
716:
675:
671:
661:
649:. Retrieved
644:
631:
582:
578:
564:
531:
527:
517:
501:
494:
486:
474:
436:
435:
377:
355:cryofixation
344:
314:
278:
255:James Menter
251:
205:
193:
181:space groups
177:point groups
158:
154:information.
152:
151:
131:
78:matter waves
73:
67:
58:
25:
24:
5172:Ewald Prize
4940:Diffraction
4918:Diffraction
4901:Diffraction
4843:Bragg plane
4838:Bragg's law
4717:Dislocation
4632:Segregation
4544:Crystallite
4461:Point group
1613:: 267–321.
651:25 February
301:polyhedrons
239:Jon Gjønnes
173:John Steeds
127:Ernst Ruska
119:Herman Mark
103:Bragg's law
5304:Categories
4956:Algorithms
4945:Scattering
4923:Scattering
4906:Scattering
4774:Slip bands
4737:Cross slip
4587:transition
4521:Tetragonal
4511:Monoclinic
4423:Metallurgy
4204:Absorbance
2648:J Mol Biol
2486:2210.09024
510:References
470:multislice
445:Aaron Klug
334:Aaron Klug
287:, such as
259:Aaron Klug
107:Hans Bethe
91:Hans Bethe
5063:Databases
4526:Triclinic
4506:Hexagonal
4446:Unit cell
4438:Structure
3710:0028-0836
3583:0108-7673
3528:1431-9276
3470:0304-3991
3285:0025-5718
3244:0567-7394
3150:1431-9276
3103:0365-110X
3000:0044-2968
2933:0907-4449
2868:0028-0836
2770:205209809
2615:0969-2126
2595:Structure
2558:1548-7091
2441:0080-4630
2394:0567-7394
2304:0080-4630
2218:0039-6028
2171:0734-2101
2116:0304-3991
2069:0108-7673
2018:0304-3991
1979:681437461
1936:0567-7394
1889:0108-7673
1834:0741-0581
1795:0021-8898
1748:122890943
1666:0003-3804
1588:0365-110X
1531:0365-110X
1482:123199621
1474:1434-6001
1427:186239132
1419:1434-6001
1372:0003-3804
1325:0031-899X
1278:178706417
1235:0028-1042
1147:0031-899X
1058:171025814
1050:0007-0874
1003:0950-1207
946:0028-0836
879:0027-8424
809:0027-8424
757:0031-899X
700:0028-0836
607:0028-0836
556:0734-2101
408:aquaporin
404:flagellum
337:in 1982.
123:Max Knoll
5276:Category
5111:Journals
5043:OctaDist
5038:JANA2020
5010:Software
4896:Electron
4813:F-center
4600:Eutectic
4561:Fiveling
4556:Twinning
4549:Equiaxed
4285:Chemical
4075:19416061
4019:18156680
3915:19509220
3907:17322057
3856:17080087
3812:14691330
3769:12496457
3718:12214229
3663:16137828
3627:12604849
3591:17057352
3544:20112743
3536:19771696
3361:10874414
3316:(1995),
3300:(1964),
3158:15306065
3008:55751260
2951:23793148
2886:16319884
2813:12904785
2762:12827192
2633:29706530
2576:25086503
2519:22435248
2511:25597865
2347:23610788
2077:17057352
1944:98184340
1539:94391285
1011:98311959
897:16587378
827:16587341
615:12214229
468:-Moodie
361:or even
303:such as
293:crystals
285:proteins
40:images,
5288:Commons
5236:Germany
4913:Neutron
4803:Vacancy
4662:Defects
4647:GP-zone
4493:Systems
3997:Bibcode
3976:4340756
3956:Bibcode
3887:Bibcode
3879:Science
3864:4396820
3836:Bibcode
3792:Bibcode
3749:Bibcode
3726:4384784
3690:Bibcode
3508:Bibcode
3431:4327149
3411:Bibcode
3376:Science
3224:Bibcode
3166:8016041
3130:Bibcode
3083:Bibcode
3044:Bibcode
2978:Bibcode
2942:3689525
2913:Bibcode
2877:1350984
2848:Bibcode
2821:4301660
2793:Bibcode
2742:Bibcode
2719:4357116
2711:8107845
2691:Bibcode
2668:2359127
2624:6333475
2567:4149488
2491:Bibcode
2421:Bibcode
2374:Bibcode
2327:Bibcode
2284:Bibcode
2245:Bibcode
2198:Bibcode
2151:Bibcode
2124:1028188
1916:Bibcode
1869:Bibcode
1842:2681572
1775:Bibcode
1728:Bibcode
1689:Bibcode
1646:Bibcode
1566:Bibcode
1509:Bibcode
1454:Bibcode
1399:Bibcode
1352:Bibcode
1305:Bibcode
1243:9815364
1215:Bibcode
1188:4121059
1127:Bibcode
1088:Bibcode
981:Bibcode
954:4122313
924:Bibcode
888:1085652
857:Bibcode
818:1085484
787:Bibcode
735:Bibcode
708:4104602
680:Bibcode
623:4384784
587:Bibcode
536:Bibcode
504:zeolite
368:MicroED
319:in the
297:helices
64:History
5231:France
5226:Europe
5159:Awards
4689:Growth
4539:Growth
4073:
4033:
4017:
3974:
3948:Nature
3937:
3913:
3905:
3862:
3854:
3828:Nature
3810:
3767:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3682:Nature
3661:
3625:
3589:
3581:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3468:
3429:
3403:Nature
3359:
3326:
3283:
3242:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3101:
3036:Nature
3006:
2998:
2949:
2939:
2931:
2884:
2874:
2866:
2840:Nature
2819:
2811:
2785:Nature
2768:
2760:
2734:Nature
2717:
2709:
2683:Nature
2666:
2631:
2621:
2613:
2574:
2564:
2556:
2517:
2509:
2439:
2392:
2345:
2319:Nature
2302:
2216:
2169:
2122:
2114:
2075:
2067:
2016:
1977:
1967:
1942:
1934:
1887:
1840:
1832:
1793:
1746:
1664:
1586:
1537:
1529:
1480:
1472:
1425:
1417:
1370:
1323:
1276:
1241:
1233:
1186:
1145:
1056:
1048:
1009:
1001:
952:
944:
916:Nature
895:
885:
877:
825:
815:
807:
755:
706:
698:
672:Nature
621:
613:
605:
579:Nature
554:
466:Cowley
439:using
398:, the
325:lenses
317:phases
309:X-rays
5253:Japan
5200:IOBCr
5053:SHELX
5048:Olex2
4935:X-ray
4585:Phase
4501:Cubic
3972:S2CID
3911:S2CID
3860:S2CID
3722:S2CID
3540:S2CID
3427:S2CID
3162:S2CID
3004:S2CID
2817:S2CID
2766:S2CID
2715:S2CID
2515:S2CID
2481:arXiv
1940:S2CID
1744:S2CID
1535:S2CID
1478:S2CID
1423:S2CID
1274:S2CID
1239:S2CID
1184:S2CID
1054:S2CID
1007:S2CID
950:S2CID
704:S2CID
641:(PDF)
619:S2CID
5195:IUCr
5096:ICDD
5091:ICSD
5076:CCDC
5023:Coot
5018:CCP4
4769:Slip
4732:Kink
4173:SAXS
4071:PMID
4031:ISBN
4015:PMID
3935:ISBN
3903:PMID
3852:PMID
3808:PMID
3765:PMID
3714:PMID
3706:ISSN
3659:PMID
3623:PMID
3587:PMID
3579:ISSN
3532:PMID
3524:ISSN
3466:ISSN
3357:PMID
3324:ISBN
3281:ISSN
3240:ISSN
3154:PMID
3146:ISSN
3099:ISSN
2996:ISSN
2947:PMID
2929:ISSN
2882:PMID
2864:ISSN
2809:PMID
2758:PMID
2707:PMID
2664:PMID
2629:PMID
2611:ISSN
2572:PMID
2554:ISSN
2507:PMID
2437:ISSN
2390:ISSN
2343:PMID
2300:ISSN
2214:ISSN
2167:ISSN
2120:PMID
2112:ISSN
2073:PMID
2065:ISSN
2014:ISSN
1975:OCLC
1965:ISBN
1932:ISSN
1885:ISSN
1838:PMID
1830:ISSN
1791:ISSN
1662:ISSN
1584:ISSN
1527:ISSN
1470:ISSN
1415:ISSN
1368:ISSN
1321:ISSN
1231:ISSN
1143:ISSN
1046:ISSN
999:ISSN
942:ISSN
893:PMID
875:ISSN
823:PMID
805:ISSN
753:ISSN
696:ISSN
653:2023
611:PMID
603:ISSN
552:ISSN
245:and
218:for
210:and
179:and
163:and
125:and
97:and
5210:DMG
5205:RAS
5101:PDB
5086:COD
5081:CIF
5033:DSR
4757:GND
4684:CSL
4276:NMR
4245:NMR
4189:NMR
4147:EPR
4137:NMR
4063:doi
4005:doi
3964:doi
3952:348
3895:doi
3883:315
3844:doi
3832:444
3800:doi
3757:doi
3698:doi
3686:419
3651:doi
3647:106
3615:doi
3571:doi
3516:doi
3458:doi
3419:doi
3407:382
3384:doi
3380:277
3349:doi
3271:doi
3232:doi
3193:doi
3138:doi
3091:doi
3052:doi
3040:311
2986:doi
2974:225
2937:PMC
2921:doi
2872:PMC
2856:doi
2844:438
2801:doi
2789:424
2750:doi
2738:423
2699:doi
2687:367
2656:doi
2652:213
2619:PMC
2603:doi
2562:PMC
2546:doi
2499:doi
2429:doi
2417:370
2382:doi
2335:doi
2323:217
2292:doi
2280:236
2253:doi
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