255:(1761) provided the first scientific evidence that current can activate muscle. During the 19th and 20th centuries, researchers studied and documented the exact electrical properties that generate muscle movement. It was discovered that the body functions induced by electrical stimulation caused long-term changes in the muscles. In the 1960s, Soviet sport scientists applied EMS in the training of elite athletes, claiming 40% force gains. In the 1970s, these studies were shared during conferences with the Western sport establishments. However, results were conflicting, perhaps because the mechanisms in which EMS acted were poorly understood. Medical physiology research pinpointed the mechanisms by which electrical stimulation causes adaptation of cells of muscles, blood vessels and nerves.
239:"Strength training by NMES does promote neural and muscular adaptations that are complementary to the well-known effects of voluntary resistance training". This statement is part of the editorial summary of a 2010 world congress of researchers on the subject. Additional studies on practical applications, which came after that congress, pointed out important factors that make the difference between effective and ineffective EMS. This in retrospect explains why in the past some researchers and practitioners obtained results that others could not reproduce. Also, as published by reputable universities, EMS causes adaptation, i.e. training, of muscle fibers. Because of the characteristics of
206:(TENS), in which an electric current is used for pain therapy. "The main difference is the desired outcome. TENS unit is a medical device for pain relief. The desired outcome is to reduce pain by stimulating different nerve signals. EMS fitness is also an FDA-cleared medical device but meant for muscle development. EMS fitness is designed to stimulate all the major muscle groups to elicit strength and endurance adaptations." In the case of TENS, the current is usually sub-threshold, meaning that a muscle contraction is not observed.
147:
25:
272:(FDA) certifies and releases EMS devices into two broad categories: over-the counter devices (OTC), and prescription devices. OTC devices are marketable only for muscle toning; prescription devices can be purchased only with a medical prescription for therapy. Prescription devices should be used under the supervision of an authorized practitioner, for the following uses:
243:
fibers, different types of fibers can be activated to differing degrees by different types of EMS, and the modifications induced depend on the pattern of EMS activity. These patterns, referred to as protocols or programs, will cause a different response from contraction of different fiber types. Some
299:
The FDA mandates that manuals prominently display contraindication, warnings, precautions and adverse reactions, including: no use for wearer of pacemaker; no use on vital parts, such as carotid sinus nerves, across the chest, or across the brain; caution in the use during pregnancy, menstruation,
118:
tool for healthy subjects and athletes; it could be used as a rehabilitation and preventive tool for people who are partially or totally immobilized; it could be utilized as a testing tool for evaluating the neural and/or muscular function in vivo. EMS has been proven to be more beneficial before
303:
Only FDA-certified devices can be lawfully sold in the US without medical prescription. These can be found at the corresponding FDA webpage for certified devices. The FTC has cracked down on consumer EMS devices that made unsubstantiated claims; many have been removed from the market, some have
230:
The FDA rejects certification of devices that claim weight reduction. EMS devices cause a calorie burning that is marginal at best: calories are burnt in significant amount only when most of the body is involved in physical exercise: several muscles, the heart and the respiratory system are all
231:
engaged at once. However, some authors imply that EMS can lead to exercise since people toning their muscles with electrical stimulation are more likely afterwards to participate in sporting activities as the body becomes ready, fit, willing and able to take on physical activity.
209:
For people who have progressive diseases such as cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, EMS is used to improve muscle weakness for those unable or unwilling to undertake whole-body exercise. EMS may lead to statistically significant improvement in
131:, causing the muscles to contract. The use of EMS has been cited by sports scientists as a complementary technique for sports training, and published research is available on the results obtained. In the United States, EMS devices are regulated by the
119:
exercise and activity due to early muscle activation. Recent studies have found that electrostimulation has been proven to be ineffective during post exercise recovery and can even lead to an increase in
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
735:
Porcari, John P.; Miller, Jennifer; Cornwell, Kelly; Foster, Carl; Gibson, Mark; McLean, Karen; Kernozek, Tom (2005). "The effects of neuromuscular stimulation training on abdominal strength, endurance and selected anthropometric measure".
1898:
It is compiled to serve as a practical guide to understanding electrical muscle stimulation for sport training, and is supplemented by material taught by the author during workshops, and by appendices written by professional
122:
The impulses are generated by the device and are delivered through electrodes on the skin near to the muscles being stimulated. The electrodes are generally pads that adhere to the skin. The impulses mimic the
221:
During EMS training, a set of complementary muscle groups (e.g., biceps and triceps) are often targeted in alternating fashion, for specific training goals, such as improving the ability to reach for an item.
798:
Delitto, A; Rose, SJ; McKowen, JM; Lehman, RC; Thomas, JA; Shively, RA (1988). "Electrical stimulation versus voluntary exercise in strengthening thigh musculature after anterior cruciate ligament surgery".
560:
Gondin, Julien; Cozzone, Patrick J.; Bendahan, David (2011). "Is high-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation a suitable tool for muscle performance improvement in both healthy humans and athletes?".
1065:
Muscle stimulators are misbranded when any of the following claims are made: girth reduction, loss of inches, weight reduction, cellulite removal, bust development, body shaping and contouring, and spot
1219:"Electromyostimulation-a systematic review of the influence of training regimens and stimulation parameters on effectiveness in electromyostimulation training of selected strength parameters – part 2"
647:
Babault, Nicolas; Cometti, Gilles; Bernardin, Michel; Pousson, Michel; Chatard, Jean-Claude (2007). "Effects of
Electromyostimulation Training on Muscle Strength and Power of Elite Rugby Players".
435:
Babault, Nicolas; Cometti, Gilles; Bernardin, Michel; Pousson, Michel; Chatard, Jean-Claude (2007). "Effects of
Electromyostimulation Training on Muscle Strength and Power of Elite Rugby Players".
1750:
1518:
Pette, Dirk; Smith, Margaret E.; Staudte, Hans W.; Vrbová, Gerta (1973). "Effects of long-term electrical stimulation on some contractile and metabolic characteristics of fast rabbit muscles".
511:
Willoughby, Darryn S.; Simpson, Steve (1998). "Supplemental EMS and
Dynamic Weight Training: Effects on Knee Extensor Strength and Vertical Jump of Female College Track & Field Athletes".
350:"An Evidence-Based Approach for Choosing Post-exercise Recovery Techniques to Reduce Markers of Muscle Damage, Soreness, Fatigue, and Inflammation: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis"
524:
Willoughby, Darryn S.; Simpson, Steve (1996). "The
Effects of Combined Electromyostimulation and Dynamic Muscular Contractions on the Strength of College Basketball Players".
690:
Banerjee, P.; Caulfield, B; Crowe, L; Clark, A (2005). "Prolonged electrical muscle stimulation exercise improves strength and aerobic capacity in healthy sedentary adults".
1162:"Electromyostimulation--a systematic review of the effects of different electromyostimulation methods on selected strength parameters in trained and elite athletes"
985:
Hill, Kylie; Cavalheri, Vinicius; Mathur, Sunita; Roig, Marc; Janaudis-Ferreira, Tania; Robles, Priscila; Dolmage, Thomas E.; Goldstein, Roger (29 May 2018).
218:. Low certainty evidence indicates that adding EMS to an existing exercise programme may help people who are unwell spend fewer days confined to their beds.
604:
Babault, Nicolas; Cometti, Carole; Maffiuletti, Nicola A.; Deley, Gaëlle (2011). "Does electrical stimulation enhance post-exercise performance recovery?".
214:
strength, however, further research is needed as this evidence is graded as low certainty. The same study also indicates that EMS may lead to increased
472:
Malatesta, D; Cattaneo, F; Dugnani, S; Maffiuletti, NA (2003). "Effects of electromyostimulation training and volleyball practice on jumping ability".
323:
35:
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using electric impulses. EMS has received an increasing amount of attention in the last few years for many reasons: it can be utilized as a
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132:
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and other particular conditions that may be affected by muscle contractions; potential adverse effects include skin irritations and burns
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203:
85:
1370:
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Athlete recovering with four-channel, electrical muscle stimulation machine attached through self-adhesive pads to her hamstrings
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Harris, B. A. (2005). "The influence of endurance and resistance exercise on muscle capillarization in the elderly: A review".
755:
Lake, DA (1992). "Neuromuscular electrical stimulation. An overview and its application in the treatment of sports injuries".
1630:
416:
1681:
Cabric, M.; Appell, H.-J.; Resic, A. (2008). "Stereological
Analysis of Capillaries in Electrostimulated Human Muscles".
1866:
928:
Jones, Sarah; Man, William D.-C.; Gao, Wei; Higginson, Irene J.; Wilcock, Andrew; Maddocks, Matthew (17 October 2016).
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Jones, Sarah; Man, William D.-C.; Gao, Wei; Higginson, Irene J.; Wilcock, Andrew; Maddocks, Matthew (17 October 2016).
159:
47:
1281:
548:
318:
69:
1401:
Ranvier, Louis-Antoine (1874). "De quelques faits relatifs à l'histologie et à la physiologie des muscles striés".
547:, standard indications for use, page 4; contraindications, p. 7; warnings and precautions, p. 8. Product code:
1883:
1471:"Interactions between motoneurones and muscles in respect of the characteristic speeds of their responses"
1922:
1927:
1912:
1824:"Electrical stimulation for neuromuscular testing and training: state-of-the art and unresolved issues"
1121:"Electrical stimulation for neuromuscular testing and training: State-of-the-art and unresolved issues"
431:
Examples of peer-reviewed research articles attesting increased muscular performance by utilizing EMS:
43:
1777:
Maffiuletti, Nicola A (December 2006). "The use of electrostimulation exercise in competitive sport".
211:
486:
51:
1302:"The influence of activity on some contractile characteristics of mammalian fast and slow muscles"
1917:
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programs will improve fatigue resistance, i.e. endurance, others will increase force production.
481:
179:
128:
1059:
407:
Zatsiorsky, Vladimir; Kraemer, William (2006). "Experimental
Methods of Strength Training".
1602:
Siff, Mel (1990). "Applications of
Electrostimulation in Physical Conditioning: A Review".
1433:
1762:
FTC Charges Three Top-selling
Electronic Abdominal Exercise Belts with Making False Claims
930:"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for muscle weakness in adults with advanced disease"
873:"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for muscle weakness in adults with advanced disease"
8:
1822:
Maffiuletti, Nicola A; Marco A Minetto; Dario Farina; Roberto
Bottinelli (October 2011).
1646:
Blomqvist, C G; Saltin, Bengt (1983). "Cardiovascular Adaptations to Physical Training".
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987:"Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
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Maffiuletti, NA (2006). "The use of electrostimulation exercise in competitive sport".
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Dupuy, Olivier; Douzi, Wafa; Theurot, Dimitri; Bosquet, Laurent; Dugué, Benoit (2018).
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Maffiuletti, Nicola A.; Minetto, Marco A.; Farina, Dario; Bottinelli, Roberto (2011).
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Filipovic, Andre; Heinz Kleinöder; Ulrike Dörmann; Joachim Mester (September 2012).
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Filipovic, Andre; Heinz Kleinöder; Ulrike Dörmann; Joachim Mester (November 2011).
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due to inactivity or neuromuscular imbalance, which can occur for example after
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1354:"What does chronic electrical stimulation teach us about muscle plasticity?"
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10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199906)22:6<666::AID-MUS3>3.0.CO;2-Z
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In medicine, EMS is used for rehabilitation purposes, for instance in
1455:
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Vrbova, Gerta; Olga Hudlicka; Kristin Schaefer Centofanti (2008).
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Immediate post-surgical stimulation of calf muscles to prevent
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434:
1047:
Application of Muscle-Nerve Stimulation in Health and Disease
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34:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
1078:
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
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Electrical muscle stimulation can be used as a training,
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347:
1563:"Russian electrical stimulation: The early experiments"
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1062:
Electrical Muscle Stimulators and Iontophoresis Devices
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1621:
Vrbová, Gerta; Gordon, Tessa; Jones, Rosemary (1995).
1744:
559:
1279:
Muscle Physiology Home Page – Electrical Stimulation
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545:
FDA Guidance Document for Powered Muscle Stimulator
16:
Use of electricity to involuntarily contract muscle
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649:The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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510:
437:The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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1904:
1878:Google document inspired by a workshop by author
324:Microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulator
138:A number of reviews have looked at the devices.
1865:Boschetti, Gianpaolo (2008). Globus SHT (ed.).
1645:
1520:PflĂĽgers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology
1403:Archives de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique
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1604:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
1299:
1223:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
1166:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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526:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
513:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
474:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
32:The examples and perspective in this article
279:Prevention or retardation of disuse atrophy;
1776:
1469:Buller, AJ; Eccles, JC; Eccles, RM (1960).
1419:
1351:
1075:
991:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
934:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
877:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
329:Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
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204:transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
86:transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
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295:Maintaining or increasing range of motion.
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70:Learn how and when to remove this message
1683:International Journal of Sports Medicine
1275:National Skeletal Muscle Research Center
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1828:European Journal of Applied Physiology
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1125:European Journal of Applied Physiology
844:"Tens Unit Vs. EMS Fitness - Bodybuzz"
738:Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
606:European Journal of Applied Physiology
563:European Journal of Applied Physiology
258:
866:
864:
1601:
1422:"On the Nature of Postural Reflexes"
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411:. Human Kinetics. pp. 132–133.
100:neuromuscular electrical stimulation
18:
1660:10.1146/annurev.ph.45.030183.001125
1352:Pette, Dirk; Vrbová, Gerta (1999).
282:Increasing local blood circulation;
13:
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1426:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
861:
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14:
1939:
842:Sanchez, Conrad (5 August 2022).
319:Functional electrical stimulation
270:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
133:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1730:10.1111/j.1365-201X.2005.01461.x
1561:Ward, AR; Shkuratova, N (2002).
769:10.2165/00007256-199213050-00003
496:10.1519/00124278-200308000-00025
23:
1885:Che cos'è l'elettrostimolazione
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704:10.1152/japplphysiol.00891.2004
1718:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
1625:. London: Chapman & Hall.
1487:10.1113/jphysiol.1960.sp006395
1318:10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008771
1300:Salmons, S; Vrbová, G (1969).
1003:10.1002/14651858.CD010821.pub2
946:10.1002/14651858.CD009419.pub3
889:10.1002/14651858.CD009419.pub3
728:
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1:
692:Journal of Applied Physiology
334:
92:Electrical muscle stimulation
1882:Gianpaolo Boschetti (2000).
1236:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318212e3ce
1179:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823f2cd1
1060:FDA Import Alert 10/02/2009
304:obtained FDA certification.
276:Relaxation of muscle spasms;
7:
1648:Annual Review of Physiology
307:
46:, discuss the issue on the
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1841:10.1007/s00421-011-2133-7
1475:The Journal of Physiology
1306:The Journal of Physiology
1138:10.1007/s00421-011-2133-7
618:10.1007/s00421-011-2117-7
575:10.1007/s00421-011-2101-2
202:). This is distinct from
1623:Nerve-Muscle Interaction
1420:Denny-Brown, D. (1929).
367:10.3389/fphys.2018.00403
264:United States regulation
180:musculoskeletal injuries
110:, is the elicitation of
84:Not to be confused with
1049:. Springer. p. 70.
354:Frontiers in Physiology
166:Physical rehabilitation
141:
1888:. Libreria dello Sport
1695:10.1055/s-2008-1025678
1580:10.1093/ptj/82.10.1019
1447:10.1098/rspb.1929.0010
151:
129:central nervous system
1791:10.1123/ijspp.1.4.406
1751:FDA-Certified Devices
1090:10.1123/ijspp.1.4.406
149:
108:electromyostimulation
1284:18 July 2014 at the
848:Bodybuzz EMS Workout
813:10.1093/ptj/68.5.660
285:Muscle re-education;
127:that comes from the
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
1438:1929RSPSB.104..252D
259:Society and culture
1923:Medical treatments
1532:10.1007/BF00587391
1358:Muscle & Nerve
314:Electroacupuncture
174:in the prevention
152:
112:muscle contraction
1928:Physical exercise
1913:Athletic training
1834:(10): 2391–2397.
1632:978-0-412-40490-0
1229:(11): 3218–3238.
1131:(10): 2391–2397.
661:10.1519/R-19365.1
612:(10): 2501–2507.
569:(10): 2473–2487.
449:10.1519/R-19365.1
418:978-0-7360-5628-1
290:venous thrombosis
212:quadriceps muscle
116:strength training
98:), also known as
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1432:(730): 252–301.
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226:Weight loss
216:muscle mass
182:(damage to
156:therapeutic
1907:Categories
1892:10 January
1872:29 January
1654:: 169–89.
713:10379/8847
335:References
60:April 2019
1899:trainers.
1850:1439-6327
1799:1555-0265
1245:1533-4287
1188:1533-4287
1066:reducing.
1011:1469-493X
954:1469-493X
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482:CiteSeerX
376:1664-042X
196:ligaments
48:talk page
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1807:19124897
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1380:10366220
1282:Archived
1277:; UCSD,
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360:: 403.
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200:tendons
192:muscles
135:(FDA).
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