252:, thus the voting had to be repeated and eventually succeeded. Also, all real estate of landowners, churches and state officials, was confiscated without compensation (including buildings and animals). Banks and larger factories were nationalized, and September 17 was established as an official holiday. Meetings of both Assemblies were based on criticism of interbellum Poland, describing "exterminational policies of White Polish occupiers, bloodsuckers and landowners", who suppressed "Ukrainian and Belarusian masses". People's Assembly of Western Ukraine wrote an official letter, which was sent to the Belorussia Assembly. Among others, it said: "We were brothers in captivity and struggle against Polish masters. Now we have become brothers in freedom and happiness. Great Red Army, fulfilling the wishes of the mighty Soviet nations, has come here and for centuries freed us, Western Ukrainians and Western Belorussians, from suppression of Polish landowners and capitalists".
155:
817:
200:
Belorussia), the candidates were so unpopular, that they got less than half of the votes, and it was necessary to organize a second election. Among those eligible to vote, were soldiers of the Red Army, who had invaded these provinces just five weeks before. Polish historians noted some cases of civil disobedience, which took place despite widespread terror. In Białystok, people would put in cards with slogans such as "Long live Poland, Białystok is not
Belorussia". In
175:, Soviet propaganda pointed out the issues to be solved by the Western Ukraine's Assembly. These were: establishment of Soviet authority, unification of Western Ukraine with Soviet Ukraine, confiscation of estates, and nationalization of banks and industrial properties. There were instances when local Polish Communists, especially in Western Belorussia, tried to designate their own candidates, but these attempts were immediately dismissed by the party officials.
1521:
1124:
76:, scattered along the border. The Soviets moved quickly westwards, towards the line of partition of Poland, established earlier, during Soviet–Nazi negotiations. After the invasion, the Second Polish Republic and Soviet Union found themselves de facto at war with each other, and Soviet authorities took advantage of the situation, to make permanent changes of the legal order of occupied territories. Their activities broke Article 43 of the 1907
196:
as a "great holiday of the freed people". A Polish-language newspaper "Wolna Łomża" ("Free Łomża") wrote on
October 22 that "masses of Western Belorussia who had been suppressed by the Polish masters, had been waiting for this day for almost twenty years". Another newspaper, "Nowe Życie" ("New Life") wrote: "Never before has the nation enjoyed so much freedom as now, given by the Red Army".
232:. Out of 926 members of the People's Assembly of Western Belorussia, there were 621 Belarusians, 127 Poles, 72 Jews, 43 Russians, 53 Ukrainians, and 10 from other nationalities. The Western Ukraine's People's Assembly had 1,482 members, out of which Poles made only 3%. Both bodies supported the establishment of Soviet rule over the occupied territories, and issued official requests to the
267:, annexed former southeastern Poland. On November 29, the Supreme Soviet issued a decree upon which all inhabitants of Poland living in Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia became citizens of the Soviet Union. This decision had a far-reaching consequences, because now, the NKVD apparatus had legal reasons to arrest members of prewar political parties of Poland, accusing them of
186:, described the election in the city of Lviv. According to his research, on the day of the election, the city was flooded with the Soviet propaganda posters. At the polling stations, the inhabitants were able to purchase alcohol products and foods otherwise not available on the market. In some cases, people were brought by force. As Bronislawa Stachowicz from Lviv recalled:
167:
local peasants and workers' committees based on instructions from Moscow. It was not possible to vote for anybody else. Soviet banners and posters were seen everywhere, people were gathered to listen to propaganda slogans, and frequently, citizens were told that if they did not participate, they would be fired, arrested, and even sent to
80:, which states: "The authority of the legitimate power having in fact passed into the hands of the occupant, the latter shall take all the measures in his power to restore, and ensure, as far as possible, public order and safety, while respecting, unless absolutely prevented, the laws in force in the country".
195:
At all voting stations, there were uniformed militia or soldiers, and names were checked on a list. Voting was monitored to such a degree that in some places people were given envelopes which had been already sealed, and told to drop them in the box. Both the campaign and the election were presented
166:
The electoral campaign began on
October 7, 1939, and from the beginning, was supervised by the NKVD troops. The campaign itself took place in an atmosphere of state terror, with mass arrests, and uniformed NKVD agents present at all polling stations. All candidates had been designated by the party's
51:
officials staged the local elections in an atmosphere of state terror. The referendum was rigged. The ballot envelopes were numbered and often handed over already sealed. By design, the candidates were unknown to their constituencies which were brought to the voting stations by armed militias. The
199:
The results of the election show the efficiency of the
Stalinist state. According to the official data, in Western Ukraine, 93% voters took part in it, and in Western Belorussia, 96%. Party candidates garnered more than 90% of the popular vote. However, in some districts (11 in Ukraine, and 2 in
17:
95:. Their task was to organize the so-called workers guard in the municipal centers, and farmers committees, which were preparing land reform. Soon afterwards, these temporary authorities were replaced with Soviet-style administration and
224:) on October 22, 1939, less than two weeks after the invasion. Meetings of these bodies took place respectively on 26–28 October 1939 in Lviv, and 28–30 October in Białystok. The Lviv meeting was opened by Ukrainian philology professor
171:. Electoral meetings were very short. Participants were asked "who was against" the candidate offered; frightened people would not raise their hands, and then the meeting was closed. On October 11, in article published in
275:
estimates that 210 000 inhabitants of former eastern Poland, born in 1917, 1918, and 1919, ended up in the Red Army. After official annexation of
Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia, both Assemblies were dissolved.
190:
I was forced to vote, taken from our home only in slippers and a bathrobe. I was escorted by two militiamen and an NKVD agent, who did not let me put on my coat. My mother, brother, and sister were also forced to
111:
248:, who were elected to the People's Assembly of Western Belorussia, initially voted against the unification of Western Belorussia with Eastern Belorussia and explained that they instead want to unite with
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1641:
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1601:
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130:(for Western Belorussia). The task of these bodies was to urge Moscow to incorporate the land into the Soviet Union. Furthermore, a People's Assembly of Poland had been planned, for the areas around
255:
On
November 1, the Supreme Soviet approved annexation of Western Ukraine, and on the next day, of Western Belorussia. On November 14, the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic in
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83:
As soon as the
Soviets occupied Polish areas, they began organizing local governments and units of administrative division, whose borders roughly corresponded with the borders of interbellum
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1038:
1432:
1402:
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783:
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Deputies, elected in the rigged election, formed two legislative bodies – the People's
Assembly of Western Ukraine, and the People's Assembly of Western Belorussia (
310:
1487:
1090:
735:
285:
300:
662:
Tomasz Bereza, Październik 1939 r. - początki sowietyzacji Kresów
Wschodnich Rzeczypospolitej. Rzeszów's office of Institute of National Remembrance.
320:
244:. Nevertheless, the unification voting in the People's Assembly of Western Belorussia was not fully successful during the first attempt because 10
229:
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Temporary borders created by advancing German and Soviet troops. The border was soon readjusted following diplomatic agreements.
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anti-Soviet activity. Furthermore, the
Supreme Soviet's decree resulted in massive draft into the Red Army. Polish historian
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77:
1812:
1141:
703:
563:
Za Pierwszego Sovieta. Polska konspiracja na Kresach Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej (wrzesień 1939 - czerwiec 1941)
263:, which had been seized by Lithuania. On November 15, the Supreme Soviet of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in
567:
During the First Soviet. Polish underground in the Soviet-occupied eastern provinces of the Second Polish Republic
295:
739:
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357:
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142:, which were to have been annexed by the Soviets. However, after some changes in the Nazi–Soviet Pact (see
36:
52:
results were to become the official legitimization of the Soviet takeover of what is known today as the
1766:
1761:
1476:
704:"Za pierwszego sowieta. Polska konspiracja na kresach wschodnich II RP (Wrzesień 1939 – Czerwiec 1941)"
1788:
791:
204:, slogans on the walls were painted, which said "Down with the Bolsheviks, long live Poland", and in
32:
528:
386:
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1857:
72:
On September 17, 1939, the Red Army invaded eastern Poland, facing weak resistance of units of the
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28:
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27:, which took place on October 22, 1939, were an attempt to legitimize the annexation of the
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73:
208:, high school students handed leaflets stating: "Long live Poland, down with Communists".
8:
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119:
53:
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508:
434:
407:
353:
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736:"Głosujcie za przyłączeniem Zachodniej Białorusi do wielkiego Związku Radzieckiego"
225:
217:
259:
officially annexed former territories of northeastern Poland, without the area of
154:
115:
57:
569:]. Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN.
454:
Laws of War : Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907.
211:
1196:
233:
92:
60:. Consequently, both Assemblies voted for incorporation of all formerly Polish
25:
Elections to the People's Assemblies of Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia
1801:
112:
Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
714:
558:
816:
498:
343:
159:
127:
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84:
61:
649:"Сборник документов «Государственные границы Беларуси»" June 28, 2016,
272:
179:
139:
31:'s eastern territories by the Soviet Union following the September 17
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107:
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From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941
106:(28 September 1939), which established the mutual border along the
44:
674:"Aprašykime mažai žinomus 1939–1940 m. Lietuvos istorijos įvykius"
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1123:
168:
135:
759:
201:
172:
131:
476:
Grzegorz Hryciuk, Polacy we Lwowie 1939 - 1944, Warszawa 2000
474:[The electoral farce Soviet style: 22 October 1939].
260:
256:
212:
People's Assemblies of Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia
205:
40:
534:
War Through Children's Eyes: The Soviet Occupation of Poland
16:
1329:
264:
123:
99:
committees. Also, NKVD apparatus took over military tasks.
88:
91:
agents, Red Army officers, local laborers, and left-wing
236:, asking it for permission to join the already existing
114:
decided on October 1, 1939, that People's Assemblies of
766:(in Polish). Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rewasz". p. 55.
527:
469:
430:
Stalin's wars: from World War to Cold War, 1939-1953
222:Народное (Национальное) собрание западной Белоруссии
472:"Wyborcza farsa w stylu ZSRS: 22 października 1939"
47:, the Soviet secret police and military led by the
701:
591:
228:, and the Białystok meeting by Belarusian peasant
465:
463:
461:
321:Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union
311:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)
1799:
622:
426:
399:
286:Soviet annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939–1940
589:
482:on July 15, 2009 – via Internet Archive.
458:
301:German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk
146:), those areas were occupied by Nazi Germany.
35:in accordance with the secret protocol of the
1843:Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland 1939–1941
1789:Elections and referendums in the Soviet Union
1503:
1106:
822:Elections and referendums in the Soviet Union
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697:
695:
349:Sovietisation of Poland's Eastern Territories
158:Soviet propaganda poster; the killing of the
497:
342:
338:
336:
493:
491:
489:
1510:
1496:
1113:
1099:
806:
792:
692:
557:
406:. Princeton University Press. p. 71.
760:Przemysław Włodek, Adam Kulewski (2006).
333:
486:
153:
15:
598:. University of Toronto Press. p.
291:Soviet annexation of Western Belorussia
1883:Regional elections in the Soviet Union
1800:
672:Šapoka, Gintautas (21 December 2020).
671:
238:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1491:
1094:
787:
433:. Yale University Press. p. 45.
87:. Temporary authorities were made of
1526:Elections and referendums in Belarus
629:. Taylor & Francis. p. 13.
306:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany
1477:Elections and referendums in Crimea
708:Book excerpts. Chapter I, from the
242:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
97:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
13:
1878:1939 elections in the Soviet Union
1828:Parliamentary elections in Ukraine
1818:Parliamentary elections in Belarus
352:. Berghahn Books. pp. 74–75.
14:
1894:
710:Institute of National Remembrance
551:
1519:
1122:
815:
626:Belarus: a denationalized nation
316:Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
753:
728:
665:
656:
643:
616:
296:Occupation of the Baltic states
149:
1873:Western Belorussia (1918–1939)
583:
521:
507:. Berghahn Books. p. 74.
447:
420:
393:
1:
1853:Elections in the Soviet Union
653:(retrieved November 27, 2017)
537:. Hoover Press. p. 251.
326:
144:German–Soviet Frontier Treaty
104:German–Soviet Frontier Treaty
67:
1823:Political history of Ukraine
7:
738:(in Polish). Archived from
713:(in Polish). Archived from
478:(in Polish). Archived from
470:P.D., Polish Radio online.
279:
126:(for Western Ukraine), and
10:
1899:
1808:Electoral fraud in Ukraine
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1471:
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1320:
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623:David R. Marples (1999).
427:Geoffrey Roberts (2006).
400:Jan Tomasz Gross (2002).
221:
33:Soviet invasion of Poland
1838:1939 elections in Europe
702:Rafał Wnuk, IPN Lublin.
1813:Belarus in World War II
1584:Parliamentary elections
1197:Parliamentary elections
590:Orest Subtelny (2000).
184:During the First Soviet
64:into the Soviet Union.
39:. Only one month after
37:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1534:Presidential elections
1142:Presidential elections
829:Presidential elections
529:Irena Grudzińska-Gross
403:Revolution from abroad
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29:Second Polish Republic
21:
845:Legislative elections
188:
182:, author of the book
157:
43:were occupied by the
19:
122:should be called in
74:Border Defence Corps
1868:October 1939 events
1848:Stalinism in Poland
1701:Municipal elections
1597:1939 (West Belarus)
956:Regional elections
594:Ukraine: a history
164:
120:Western Belorussia
102:After signing the
54:Western Belorussia
22:
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576:978-83-60464-47-2
226:Kyrylo Studynskyi
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1858:1939 in Ukraine
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363:. Retrieved
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160:Polish Eagle
150:The election
101:
85:voivodeships
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62:voivodeships
24:
23:
1755:Referendums
1445:Referendums
1133:referendums
1073:Referendums
383:|work=
365:30 December
246:Lithuanians
162:in the east
41:these lands
1802:Categories
1787:See also:
1475:See also:
1458:1991 (Dec)
1453:1991 (Mar)
1335:1939 (Oct)
1330:1939 (Feb)
1135:in Ukraine
746:2009-09-21
721:2009-09-21
684:3 November
559:Rafał Wnuk
359:1571818820
327:References
273:Rafal Wnuk
180:Rafal Wnuk
178:Historian
68:Background
1129:Elections
385:ignored (
375:cite book
250:Lithuania
108:Bug River
678:Alkas.lt
561:(2007).
531:(1985).
501:(1997).
346:(1997).
280:See also
128:Belastok
56:and the
45:Red Army
218:Russian
169:Siberia
136:Siedlce
770:
651:Vol. 2
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202:Hrodna
173:Pravda
138:, and
132:Lublin
110:, the
565:[
261:Wilno
257:Minsk
206:Pinsk
191:vote.
140:Łomża
49:Party
1777:2022
1772:2004
1767:1996
1762:1995
1746:2024
1741:2018
1736:2014
1731:2010
1726:2007
1721:2003
1716:1999
1711:1995
1692:2024
1687:2019
1682:2016
1677:2012
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1602:1947
1592:1937
1573:2025
1567:2020
1562:2015
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1542:1994
1463:2000
1434:Next
1428:2020
1423:2015
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1311:Next
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1300:2014
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1245:1971
1240:1967
1235:1963
1230:1959
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1210:1938
1205:1918
1186:Next
1180:2019
1175:2014
1170:2010
1165:2004
1160:1999
1155:1994
1150:1991
1131:and
1080:1991
1064:1927
1059:1926
1054:1925
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1018:1985
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1008:1975
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993:1963
988:1959
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978:1951
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937:1979
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912:1958
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897:1946
892:1937
887:1936
882:1935
877:1931
872:1929
867:1927
862:1925
857:1924
852:1922
836:1990
768:ISBN
686:2023
631:ISBN
604:ISBN
571:ISBN
539:ISBN
509:ISBN
435:ISBN
408:ISBN
387:help
367:2014
354:ISBN
265:Kiev
240:and
124:Lviv
118:and
89:NKVD
1707:...
600:454
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