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By the 1980s, the fitness trend had reached its height in popularity and fashionistas began wearing shorts on the street. Spandex proved such a popular fiber in the garment industry that, by 1987, DuPont had trouble meeting worldwide demand. In the 1990s a variety of other items made with spandex
306:. A benefit of spandex is its significant strength and elasticity and its ability to return to the original shape after stretching and faster drying than ordinary fabrics. For clothing, spandex is usually mixed with
451:, girdle sales began to drop as they came to be associated with anti-independence and emblematic of an era that was quickly passing away. In response, DuPont marketed Lycra as the
314:, and accounts for a small percentage of the final fabric, which therefore retains most of the look and feel of the other fibers. An estimated 80% of clothing sold in the
501:
Most clothes containing spandex are difficult to recycle. Even a 5% inclusion of spandex will render the fabric incompatible with most mechanical recycling machines.
299:
present in skin sensory cells). The sensation response is affected mainly by the stretch, snug, loose, heavy, lightweight, soft, and stiff structure of the material.
3338:
1044:
Yunjie Yin; Donggang Yao; Chaoxia Wang; Youjiang Wang (2014). "Removal of spandex from nylon/spandex blended fabrics by selective polymer degradation".
230:
Unlike many other synthetic fibers, spandex cannot be melt-processed because the polymer degrades upon melting. Spandex fibers are produced by several
265:
and glycols. Spandex produced from the ester diols is more resilent photochemically and to chlorinated waters. Almost always, the diisocyanate is
302:
The elasticity and strength (stretching up to five times its length) of spandex has been incorporated into a wide range of garments, especially in
375:. Fibers suitable for replacing nylon were not created from urethanes, but instead this theme led to a family of specialized elastic fabrics.
234:
technologies. Typically, a concentrated solution of the polymer is drawn through spinnerets at temperatures where the solvent evaporates.
432:). DuPont launched an extensive publicity campaign for its Lycra brand, taking advertisements and full-page ads in top women's magazines.
3331:
682:
478:. As the decade progressed, shirts, pants, dresses, and even shoes were being made with spandex blends, and mass-market retailers like
398:
to find out what women wanted from textiles, DuPont began developing fibers to meet such needs—including a better fiber for women's
1576:
390:
market worldwide. At this time, women began to emerge as a significant group of consumers because of their need for underwear and
295:, enhancing the ease of body movements. Pressure comfort is the response towards clothing by the human body's pressure receptors (
993:
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728:
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753:
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266:
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711:
Wolf, Karl-Heinz; Kausch, Michael; Schröer, Hans; Schweizer, Michael (2011). "Fibers, 6. Polyurethane Fibers".
448:
994:"Spandex – Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages"
332:
383:
249:
and a diisocyanate. Two classes of spandex are defined by the "macrodiols". One class of macrodiols is the
770:
3079:
931:
1019:
3799:
3148:
371:
The easy condensation of diols and diisocyanates was recognized in the 1930s as the result of work by
3794:
3193:
17:
261:). Another class of diols, the so-called ester diols, are oligomers derived from condensation of
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1635:
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movement emerged in the 1970s. The association of Lycra with fitness had been established at the
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followed
Hepburn's aesthetic by posing in Lycra clothing for photo shoots and magazine covers.
3219:
1756:
1661:
399:
1020:"'China's LVMH' Shandong Ruyi resists Lycra sale in favour of IPO amid debt crisis: sources"
893:
801:
O'Connor, Kaori (2008), "CHAPTER ELEVEN. The Body and the Brand: How Lycra Shaped
America",
462:, when the French ski team wore Lycra garments. The fiber came to be especially popular in
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2016:
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258:
231:
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The Really Useful
Primary Design and Technology Book: Subject Knowledge and Lesson Ideas
436:
helped catapult the brand on and off-screen during this time; models and actresses like
39:
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1971:
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303:
130:
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1986:
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839:. American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. August 1998. Archived from
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polyester, producing an elastic fiber that could withstand high temperatures.
386:, formed in 1952, became the most profitable division of DuPont, dominating the
141:
in the UK, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Latin
America, Australia, and New Zealand.
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Advanced
Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st Century
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The polyurea is usually treated with various diamines, which function as
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Spandex is mainly composed of a polyurea derived from the reaction of a
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The exceptional elasticity of spandex fibers increases the clothing's
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1052:. Textile Research Journal, Volume 84, Issue 1, January 2014: 16–27.
311:
269:. The key linking reaction is formation or the urea (aka urethane):
241:
Chemical route to polyurethane polymer used in production of spandex.
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TIME-LIFE American
Inventions: Big Ideas That Changed Modern Life
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To distinguish its brand of spandex fiber, DuPont chose the
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Polymer
Chemistry: Introduction to an Indispensable Science
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805:, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 207–228,
148:(made by The Lycra Company, previously a division of
932:"What Came First: The Yoga Pant Or The Skinny Jean?"
402:, which were commonly made of rubber at the time.
30:"Lycra" redirects here. For the Lycra company, see
485:In 2019, control of the Lycra Company was sold by
1011:
43:Elastic material used in the fabrics of a summer
3751:
3346:
125:of the word "expands", is the preferred name in
768:
470:proved popular, including a successful line of
834:"Joseph c. Shivers to Receive The Olney Medal"
748:. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 25, 235, 432.
713:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3332:
1662:
1106:
536:
530:
800:
524:
518:
447:By the mid-1970s, with the emergence of the
771:"Spandex Stretches To Meet U.S. Waistlines"
542:
3339:
3325:
1669:
1655:
1113:
1099:
864:
108:Yarn of colourless to white Spandex fibers
1018:Kane Wu, Scott Murdoch (August 6, 2020).
683:"Fillattice Stretches Its Reach Globally"
629:
570:
706:
704:
236:
103:
38:
27:Synthetic fibre known for its elasticity
1017:
865:Flynn, Elizabeth; Patel, Sarah (2016).
656:
496:
327:Stretch material used in various sports
14:
3752:
971:from the original on November 17, 2021
891:
3320:
1650:
1094:
988:
986:
955:
953:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
769:Marisa Penaloza (December 11, 2011).
701:
93:that was invented in 1958 by chemist
1631:
743:
625:
623:
596:
594:
566:
564:
871:. New York: Routledge. p. 86.
826:
133:, it is referred to by variants of
24:
983:
950:
892:Reisch, Marc (February 15, 1999).
858:
785:
25:
3826:
1076:
929:
620:
591:
561:
482:were even using it for menswear.
384:DuPont Textiles Fibers Department
1630:
1621:
1620:
472:body-shaping foundation garments
350:
331:
216:
144:Brand names for spandex include
1037:
923:
898:Chemical & Engineering News
885:
267:methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate)
894:"What's That Stuff? – Spandex"
762:
737:
675:
650:
630:Moskowitz, Sanford L. (2016).
511:
416:
13:
1:
1086:Chemical and Engineering News
746:Improving Comfort in Clothing
554:
274:ROH + OCNR' → ROC(O)NHR
207:
150:DuPont Textiles and Interiors
3347:Clothing materials and parts
1083:"What's That Stuff: Spandex"
571:Teegarden, David M. (2004).
7:
3760:Products introduced in 1958
3124:
3100:
3071:
3037:
3028:
2974:
2415:
577:. NSTA Press. p. 149.
449:women's liberation movement
405:In the early 1950s chemist
318:contained spandex in 2010.
286:
137:. It is primarily known as
10:
3831:
1676:
1120:
474:sold under the trade name
366:
321:
78:known for its exceptional
29:
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1684:
1616:
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1401:
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1128:
965:The Sydney Morning Herald
910:10.1021/cen-v077n007.p070
811:10.9783/9780812206050.207
657:Kadolph, Sara J. (2010).
606:. Time-Life Books. 2016.
460:1968 Winter Olympic Games
3291:Swatches and strike-offs
3194:Vitale Barberis Canonico
1058:10.1177/0040517513487790
1046:Textile Research Journal
961:"Lycra: a brief history"
721:10.1002/14356007.o10_o02
504:
223:Black dyed Spandex yarn.
998:Encyclopedia of Fashion
464:mid-thigh-length shorts
112:
2332:Vinyl coated polyester
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
242:
109:
60:
3208:Manufacturingindustry
744:Song, Guowen (2011).
240:
156:(The Lycra Company),
107:
42:
3164:Holland & Sherry
497:Environmental impact
344:compression garments
178:Indorama Corporation
3266:History of textiles
846:on December 3, 2013
529:(Germany, Sweden),
428:(originally called
394:. After conducting
304:skin-tight garments
259:polytetrahydrofuran
3538:Artificial leather
3353:Garment structures
3119:Woodblock printing
2648:Conductive textile
1817:Cedar bark textile
466:worn by cyclists.
243:
196:(Fillattice), and
131:continental Europe
110:
61:
3800:Technical fabrics
3747:
3746:
3571:
3570:
3380:Detachable collar
3314:
3313:
2673:Lenticular fabric
2624:
2623:
2322:Vegetable flannel
1644:
1643:
1612:
1611:
1388:
1387:
803:Producing Fashion
407:Joseph C. Shivers
380:post-World War II
16:(Redirected from
3822:
3795:Synthetic fibers
3492:
3491:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3296:Synthetic fabric
3129:
3105:
3095:Textile printing
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3042:
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2979:
2553:Machine knitting
2487:Velours du Kasaï
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930:Clark, Meaghan.
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297:mechanoreceptors
293:pressure comfort
275:
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21:
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3710:
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3526:
3481:
3370:Clerical collar
3348:
3345:
3315:
3310:
3271:History of silk
3244:
3203:
3132:
3080:Roller printing
2952:
2939:
2785:
2774:Tartan or plaid
2702:
2638:Ballistic nylon
2620:
2572:
2529:
2506:
2423:
2382:
2376:
2242:Seerhand muslin
1680:
1675:
1645:
1640:
1608:
1501:
1468:
1420:
1411:Artificial silk
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689:. March 1, 2000
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487:Koch Industries
480:Banana Republic
419:
396:market research
388:synthetic fiber
369:
362:
355:
346:
336:
324:
289:
281:chain extenders
273:
255:tetrahydrofuran
228:
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76:synthetic fiber
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643:9780470508923
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584:9780873552219
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547:(Netherlands)
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541:(Italy), and
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492:
491:Shandong Ruyi
488:
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127:North America
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50:
47:comprising a
46:
41:
37:
33:
32:Shandong Ruyi
19:
3684:Hook-and-eye
3647:Back closure
3577:Animal hides
3562:
3452:Shoulder pad
3375:Collar stays
3230:Preservation
3137:Fabric mills
3114:Waxed cotton
2924:
2719:Bizarre silk
2682:
2477:Polar fleece
2212:Saga Nishiki
2207:Russell cord
2012:Harris tweed
1757:Brilliantine
1737:Bedford cord
1703:(Medriñaque)
1583:
1572:Polyethylene
1085:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1023:
1013:
1003:December 11,
1001:. Retrieved
997:
975:December 11,
973:. Retrieved
964:
942:December 11,
940:. Retrieved
938:. Vice Media
935:
925:
913:. Retrieved
901:
897:
887:
867:
860:
850:November 26,
848:. Retrieved
841:the original
828:
802:
775:. Retrieved
764:
745:
739:
712:
693:December 22,
691:. Retrieved
686:
677:
658:
652:
632:
602:
573:
513:
500:
484:
476:Bodyslimmers
475:
468:
446:
438:Joan Collins
429:
425:
420:
404:
377:
370:
361:in a uniform
340:road cyclist
301:
292:
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244:
229:
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185:
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165:
157:
153:
145:
143:
138:
134:
118:
116:
71:
67:
63:
62:
36:
3240:Terminology
3225:Performance
3073:Rōketsuzome
3018:Heatsetting
2993:Calendering
2983:Bògòlanfini
2930:Spider silk
2744:Houndstooth
2739:Herringbone
2698:Windstopper
2543:Boiled wool
2062:Kente cloth
2052:Khaki drill
2032:Irish linen
2017:Herringbone
1882:Cotton duck
1842:Cheesecloth
1701:Abacá cloth
1403:Regenerated
1347:Spider silk
915:December 6,
777:January 17,
661:. Pearson.
442:Ann-Margret
417:Lycra brand
263:adipic acid
190:Asahi Kasei
3810:Polyethers
3790:Elastomers
3785:Copolymers
3754:Categories
3667:Buttonhole
3174:Loro Piana
3169:Larusmiani
3102:Tsutsugaki
3090:Tenterhook
2998:Decatising
2875:Microfiber
2779:Tattersall
2759:Pinstripes
2734:Glen plaid
2658:E-textiles
2525:Cedar bark
2482:Terrycloth
2429:Pile woven
2317:Ultrasuede
2247:Seersucker
2172:Perpetuana
2097:Madapollam
2042:Kerseymere
1827:Char cloth
1782:Byrd Cloth
1762:Broadcloth
1747:Beta cloth
1552:Modacrylic
1547:Microfiber
1464:Triacetate
1416:Milk fiber
1282:Camel hair
1214:Lotus silk
936:Refinery29
555:References
523:(France),
520:élasthanne
517:Including
423:trade name
373:Otto Bayer
208:Production
82:. It is a
80:elasticity
53:bib shorts
3734:Waistline
3652:Belt hook
3639:Fasteners
3553:Polyester
3531:Synthetic
3472:Waistband
3286:Shrinkage
3235:Recycling
3159:E. Thomas
3008:Finishing
2946:Finishing
2890:Polyester
2840:Eisengarn
2764:Polka dot
2630:Technical
2558:Milliskin
2497:Velveteen
2452:Crimplene
2267:Shot silk
2192:Rayadillo
2187:Rakematiz
2087:Longcloth
2007:Haircloth
1997:Grosgrain
1987:Grenadine
1977:Ghalamkar
1972:Georgette
1957:Gabardine
1832:Charmeuse
1752:Bombazine
1742:Bengaline
1727:Barkcloth
1567:Polyester
1439:Diacetate
1394:Synthetic
1297:Chiengora
1029:April 10,
636:. Wiley.
535:(Spain),
409:modified
312:polyester
186:Dorlastan
117:The name
91:copolymer
84:polyether
3729:Bustline
3724:Neckline
3629:Stingray
3604:Kangaroo
3487:Textiles
3276:Knitting
3179:Piacenza
3154:Dormeuil
3039:Katazome
3023:Indienne
2969:Beetling
2959:Androsia
2950:printing
2910:Sea silk
2885:Pashmina
2825:Cashmere
2769:Shweshwe
2707:Patterns
2693:SympaTex
2688:Stub-tex
2678:Silnylon
2668:Gore-Tex
2586:Bobbinet
2512:Nonwoven
2502:Zibeline
2467:Moquette
2447:Corduroy
2442:Chenille
2381:Figured
2362:Whipcord
2162:Paduasoy
2147:Osnaburg
2117:Nainsook
2107:Moleskin
2092:Mackinaw
1937:Eolienne
1897:Cretonne
1877:Corduroy
1812:Capilene
1807:Chambray
1787:C change
1722:Barathea
1712:Armazine
1626:Category
1535:Technora
1497:Metallic
1380:Asbestos
1322:Pashmina
1287:Cashmere
1066:43014321
969:Archived
659:Textiles
544:elastaan
532:elastano
342:wearing
287:Function
251:oligomer
232:spinning
135:elastane
88:polyurea
72:elastane
18:Elastane
3739:Hemline
3609:Ostrich
3581:leather
3563:Spandex
3543:Elastic
3495:Natural
3427:Placket
3360:Armscye
3301:Weaving
3249:Related
3149:Cerruti
3013:Fulling
2988:Burnout
2976:Bingata
2925:Spandex
2805:Acrylic
2754:Paisley
2683:Spandex
2653:Darlexx
2643:Ban-Lon
2548:Coolmax
2535:Knitted
2462:Mockado
2457:Fustian
2410:Songket
2390:Brocade
2372:Zorbeez
2337:Viyella
2327:Ventile
2292:Ticking
2277:Taffeta
2237:Scarlet
2202:Ripstop
2167:Percale
2152:Ottoman
2142:Organza
2137:Organdy
2132:Oilskin
2122:Nankeen
2037:Jamdani
2002:Habutai
1982:Gingham
1952:Fustian
1947:Foulard
1942:Flannel
1932:Drugget
1872:Cordura
1847:Chiffon
1837:Charvet
1822:Challis
1797:Cambric
1772:Bunting
1767:Buckram
1732:Batiste
1636:Commons
1594:Vinylon
1589:Vectran
1584:Spandex
1515:Acrylic
1507:Polymer
1474:Mineral
1454:Piñatex
1444:Lyocell
1434:Acetate
1372:Mineral
1302:Guanaco
1152:Bagasse
1130:Natural
1024:Reuters
538:elastam
526:Elastan
456:fitness
453:aerobic
430:Fiber K
400:girdles
392:hosiery
378:In the
367:History
359:hurdler
322:Gallery
170:Hyosung
158:Acepora
154:Elaspan
123:anagram
119:spandex
64:Spandex
3706:Zipper
3694:Velcro
3662:Button
3657:Buckle
3502:Cotton
3462:Sleeve
3447:Ruffle
3442:Revers
3437:Pocket
3422:Lining
3397:Facing
3365:Collar
3256:Dyeing
3215:Design
3189:Scabal
3030:Kasuri
3003:Devoré
2880:Olefin
2865:Mohair
2855:Kevlar
2835:Cotton
2815:Angora
2810:Alpaca
2749:Kelsch
2714:Argyle
2663:Gannex
2578:Netted
2568:Velour
2563:Jersey
2492:Velvet
2405:Lampas
2400:Damask
2395:Camlet
2367:Zephyr
2352:Waffle
2347:Wadmal
2302:Tucuyo
2287:Tartan
2252:Sendal
2222:Sateen
2217:Samite
2182:Poplin
2177:Pongee
2157:Oxford
2112:Muslin
2102:Madras
2027:Hodden
2022:Himroo
1922:Dowlas
1917:Dornix
1907:Dimity
1887:Coutil
1862:Cloqué
1857:Chintz
1802:Canvas
1792:Calico
1777:Burlap
1707:Aertex
1678:Fabric
1599:Vinyon
1577:UHMWPE
1562:Olefin
1530:Kevlar
1525:Twaron
1520:Aramid
1492:Basalt
1487:Carbon
1357:Vicuña
1342:Tendon
1332:Rabbit
1327:Qiviut
1317:Mohair
1292:Catgut
1277:Byssus
1272:Angora
1267:Alpaca
1259:Animal
1239:Rattan
1229:Raffia
1172:Cotton
1157:Bamboo
1122:Fibers
1064:
875:
817:
752:
727:
665:
640:
610:
581:
411:Dacron
308:cotton
257:(i.e.
202:Toyobo
174:INVIYA
166:Creora
99:DuPont
57:gloves
49:jersey
3716:Seams
3677:Shank
3624:Snake
3619:Sheep
3558:Rayon
3548:Nylon
3512:Linen
3467:Train
3457:Strap
3432:Pleat
3407:Lapel
3281:Pandy
3261:Fiber
3199:Zegna
3126:Yūzen
3051:Moire
2964:Batik
2920:Sisal
2905:Rayon
2900:Ramie
2870:Nylon
2860:Linen
2820:Bashō
2799:Abacá
2729:Chiné
2724:Check
2616:Tulle
2611:Ninon
2472:Plush
2437:Baize
2417:Rinzu
2383:woven
2357:Wigan
2342:Voile
2312:Twill
2307:Tweed
2297:Toile
2272:Stuff
2262:Scrim
2257:Serge
2227:Satin
2127:Ninon
2082:Loden
2047:Khādī
1967:Gazar
1962:Gauze
1927:Drill
1902:Denim
1892:Crêpe
1852:Chino
1693:Woven
1685:Types
1604:Zylon
1557:Nylon
1540:Nomex
1482:Glass
1459:Rayon
1449:Modal
1312:Llama
1244:Sisal
1234:Ramie
1209:Kenaf
1204:Kapok
1187:Linen
1177:Fique
1162:Bashō
1147:Abacá
1139:Plant
1062:S2CID
904:(7).
844:(PDF)
837:(PDF)
773:. NPR
505:Notes
426:Lycra
382:era,
194:Linel
182:ROICA
146:Lycra
139:Lycra
129:. In
74:is a
70:, or
68:Lycra
3701:Snap
3672:Frog
3614:Seal
3599:Goat
3594:Deer
3589:Calf
3522:Wool
3517:Silk
3477:Yoke
3412:Gore
3392:Dart
3387:Cuff
3306:Yarn
3184:Reda
2935:Wool
2915:Silk
2895:Piña
2850:Jute
2845:Hemp
2830:Coir
2601:Mesh
2596:Lace
2520:Felt
2282:Tais
2232:Saye
2072:Lawn
2067:Lamé
1352:Wool
1337:Silk
1307:Hair
1249:Wood
1224:Pine
1219:Piña
1199:Jute
1194:Hemp
1182:Flax
1167:Coir
1031:2024
1005:2018
977:2018
944:2018
917:2018
873:ISBN
852:2018
815:ISBN
779:2012
750:ISBN
725:ISBN
695:2021
663:ISBN
638:ISBN
608:ISBN
579:ISBN
440:and
247:diol
198:ESPA
184:and
113:Name
55:and
3507:Fur
3417:Hem
3402:Fly
3056:Nap
2948:and
2197:Rep
1362:Yak
1054:doi
906:doi
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