226:
568:
524:
554:
508:
484:
46:
496:
33:
2435:
937:
is thought to be for protection inside the digestive systems of large flightless birds who acted as another disperser by eating fallen fruit. It is also possible, however, that it is to balance the over-eating of their fruit by parrots, like the
1423:
735:
has much wider leaves than the nominate variety, reaching 5–7 cm in length and 3–5 cm in width. The leaves have pits on their undersides and tiny teeth along their edges. Though the adult leaves are wide, they shrink down to thin
2541:
Best, Elsdon. "Maori forest lore : being some account of native forest lore and woodcraft, as also of many myths, rites, customs, and superstitions connected with the flora and fauna of the Tuhoe or Ure-wera
District - Part 1".
2427:
1271:
Young seedlings were tied with a knot and left to grow into the shape of a walking stick. They were then cut and used as such. The bark was used to make bags which served various purposes, such as for the preparation of
1207:
in 1880 described the process as being different depending on iwi: some iwi would steep the fruit in water, while others would pound and sift the fruit without a steeping stage. Another 19th century ethnographer,
1397:
2367:"Food products of Tuhoeland: being notes on the food-supplies of a non-agricultural tribe of the natives of New Zealand: together with some account of various customs, superstitions etc. pertaining to foods"
1427:
963:
who use them as a way to reach the canopy for food and breeding. One study which trapped these invertebrates coming up and down hinau trees found that the most prevalent species coming up were
390:
though is rarely milled because it is often hollow inside. It has leathery leaves which are 10–12 cm long and 2–3 cm wide. On top they are a dark green and an off-white colour below.
2574:
2288:
2064:
de Lange PJ, Rolfe JR, Barkla JW, Courtney SP, Champion PD, Perrie LR, Beadel SM, Ford KA, Breitwieser I, Schönberger I, Hindmarsh-Walls R, Heenan PB, Ladley K (30 November 2020).
1103:
trees who received the fire, considering it a great gift. The trees that accepted the fire can be used to create fire by rubbing dry sticks together, those that do not, like the
378:
is a tree which reaches a height of around 18 m (59 ft.) and has a trunk of around 1 m (3.2 ft.) in diameter with greyish bark which roughens with age. The
906:
which females have as the fruit actually harden in the months following March, meaning the females are unable to break into them to get at the developing seed, the part that
1287:
prefers a rich, moist soil in partial shade. To grow, press the seed well in and cover with 5mm of soil. It takes around 6 months to germinate and fresh fruit can be used.
902:, the drupes are an important food source especially in March and, for males, from March all the way until June. This is thought to be because of the different shaped
1401:
2710:
1145:
are edible raw, to make the cake they would first dry the fruit for a couple of days and then pound them with a pestle made of maire or stone. This process, deemed "
1212:, described a similar process, though he recorded that the drupes were steeped in running water for a year to remove their "bitterness" and cooked wrapped inside a
1177:" were left in the meal. Afterwards, the meal was moulded into a large cake which was then cooked for several hours in what he described as a steam oven, likely a
1201:." He also reported that it was usually drunk heated, by placing hot stones into it. The cakes, 9-13kgs in weight, would take 1–2 days of cooking to be prepared.
1189:, in which the meal was also wrapped. Because some meal was still left on the stones, water was used to rub it off and the combination was drunk as a sort of
1059:(God) of fire, extinguising each one. After realising that Māui had taken all of her fire she threw her last nail at him. It missed and landed first in the
2289:"How Māui brought fire to the world / Māori Myths, Legends and Contemporary Stories / Te Reo Māori / Support materials / Home - Mātauranga Māori"
1669:
2937:
2739:
Characteres generum plantarum, quas in itinere ad insulas maris
Australis, : collegerunt, descripserunt, delinearunt, annis 1772-1775
1223:, another ethnographer from the time period also described the fruit being soaked, though she didn't record it being a year long process.
1157:
and was necessary in order to remove the unwanted nuts, stalks and bits of broken skin. The meal was then sifted through baskets make of
933:
eat both the leaves and fruit, though they make up a very small proportion of the bird's varied and complex diet. The extremely hard
2885:
2166:"Introduction of mammalian seed predators and the loss of an endemic flightless bird impair seed dispersal of the New Zealand tree
2100:"An analysis of the gizzard contents of 50 North Island brown kiwis, Apteryx australis mantelli, and notes on feeding observations"
726:
2898:
1216:
leaf. An alternative cooking method he described involved placing the "flour" in heated water at which point it was described as
444:. The drupes are very fleshy, the flesh making up 56% of the mass, and have a relatively low level of water at 66%. They have a
2637:
2615:
690:
440:
which are 12–18 mm long and 9 mm wide and are attractive to birds. It has 2-celled ovaries and a rugulose (wrinkly)
356:
are present. Clusters of small white flowers are produced in spring, and in late summer the flowers form into a fleshy fruit.
1645:
1747:"Nutritional Properties of Some Fruits Eatenby the Possum Trichosurusvulpecula in Anew Zealand Broadleaf – Podocarp Forest"
1721:"Nutritional Properties of Some Fruits Eatenby the Possum Trichosurusvulpecula in Anew Zealand Broadleaf – Podocarp Forest"
921:
eat the fruit which falls onto the ground and are thought to be very important dispersers after the extinction of many of
1158:
483:
2448:
An umu (steam oven) was prepared, heated, and covered in, save a small hole at the top, through which the steam rose.
2065:
1578:
2942:
507:
401:, each one bearing 8 - 10 flowers. The flowers (around 12mm in diameter) are white and droop down, connected to the
1902:
1242:
meaning "When you awaken me from my sleep let it be for the purpose of eating the whatu turei a Rua (Hīnau meal).
1048:
2924:
523:
2428:"Journal of the Polynesian Society: Notes On The Art Of War As Conducted By The Maori Of New Zealand: Part VIII"
1496:. New Zealand: Reed Publishing. pp. 39 (There are no page numbers this is the number that Hīnau is given).
744:
produces white flowers on racemes, and later purple oval-shaped fruit, that are between 12 and 15 mm long.
2824:
2339:
1930:
Flora of New
Zealand. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnosphermae, Dicotyledones
1548:
1501:
1026:
on the east and west. It grows from sea level to 600 m (1970 ft.), essentially anywhere north of the
473:
but can be distinguished by its larger leaves, flowers and fruit, and its lack of E. hookerianus's distinctive
448:
mass of 1.05g and have the following compositional breakdown (after moisture is removed): 69.9% N.F.E (Soluble
3004:
709:, the variety with wider leaves. It was not accepted, however, by Anthony Peter Druce in his unpublished 1993
3063:
3058:
2696:
596:
2653:
2632:
1609:
1449:
1383:
914:
trees to feed their young, both because of their prevalence on the island and their abundant crop of fruit.
2558:
2525:
2410:
2034:
2838:
2833:
1209:
625:
2268:"Invertebrate fauna of four tree species in Orongorongo Valley, New Zealand, as revealed by trunk traps"
2219:"THE FOODS, FORAGING BEHAVIOUR AND HABITAT USE OF NORTH ISLAND KOKAKO IN PUKETI STATE FOREST, NORTHLAND"
925:
other flightless birds. Hinau seeds may also germinate better after the coat has been torn open and the
45:
2999:
2903:
2705:
1518:
1248:
fruit are in fact a good thing to eat as they contain some fatty acids which may be protective against
2467:
2366:
1343:
2952:
2687:
1959:
638:
1694:
1369:
2682:
1096:
2978:
1471:
764:
which can be demonstrated in the cladogram below. They likely split off from their ancestor 13.13
425:
has 15 pairs of chromosomes (2n = 30) and is bisexual, meaning its flowers contain both the male (
225:
2314:
884:
875:, meaning shaped like an egg, since the leaves get wider towards the top rather than the bottom.
806:
591:
469:
2242:
495:
436:
It fruits from
December through to when it ripens in May. The fruit are purple-black egg-shaped
2786:
1249:
1080:
2610:
2965:
1213:
567:
162:
2390:
3053:
2859:
387:
2137:"THE DIET OF THE NORTH ISLAND KAKA (NESTOR MERIDIONALIS SEPTENTRIONALIS) ON KAPITI ISLAND"
1231:
1220:
1169:" They were then sieved through a finer sieve to ensure that none of the stones known as "
553:
8:
2973:
1309:
1186:
1092:
1084:
2991:
1984:
3025:
2194:
2165:
2114:
2009:
1816:
722:
394:
238:
40:
2502:
1044:
768:, which reached New Zealand through long distance dispersal, similar to other plants.
2960:
2846:
2506:
2335:
2244:
2199:
1651:
1641:
1574:
1544:
1497:
1088:
1019:
352:. The leaves are dark green, with a toothed edge. On the underside of the leaf small
312:
296:
3030:
2851:
2719:
2498:
2189:
2181:
1808:
1273:
847:
737:
729:
Conservation Status Report published in 2017, under the heading: "Data
Deficient."
666:
662:
629:
406:
2761:
Symbolae botanicae, sive plantarum, tam earum, quas in itinere, imprimis orientali
2759:
1424:"Elaeocarpaceae 2 (Wineberry family) - Faculty of Science, University of Auckland"
842:
643:
275:
2748:
2737:
2463:
1928:
1204:
364:
83:
1472:"Loading... | Collections Online - Museum of New Zealand te Papa Tongarewa"
1235:
1194:
1127:
2986:
2809:
753:
718:
379:
349:
337:
129:
70:
2267:
2218:
2136:
2099:
1746:
1720:
3047:
1655:
899:
609:
587:
2490:
942:, who have been found digesting an average of 7.1 seeds per minute in March.
855:
3017:
2770:
2510:
2203:
1903:"Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | Elaeocarpus dentatus var. obovatus"
1370:"NZOR Name Details - Elaeocarpus dentatus (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Vahl"
1060:
1023:
960:
474:
449:
360:
345:
341:
1635:
32:
2911:
2818:
2468:"On the vegetable food of the ancient New Zealanders before Cook's visit"
2362:
1227:
1138:
1015:
968:
956:
922:
911:
694:
617:
308:
187:
139:
2118:
929:'s gizzard might have a similar effect, though more research is needed.
870:
2890:
1820:
1796:
1178:
996:
992:
964:
765:
251:
179:
119:
2916:
2243:
Michael James
Thorsen, Katharine J.M. Dickinson and Philip J. Seddon.
2185:
2163:
1637:
The Kew Plant glossary : an illustrated dictionary of plant terms
890:
who use the seeds as grinding agents to help break down food in their
686:
386:
is dark brown. The latter, being heavy and strong, is used for making
2872:
2066:"Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017"
1398:"Hīnau, Elaeocarpus - Faculty of Science - The University of Science"
1068:
939:
907:
895:
393:
It flowers from
October to February with flowers very similar to the
383:
2780:
2736:
Forster, Johann
Reinhold; White, B.; Elmsly, P.; Cadell, T. (1776).
1812:
1161:
leaves such that the stones were trapped in the basket, known as a "
948:
also eat the fruit and act as a disperser, though not to the degree
945:
930:
3012:
2803:
2575:"Seed collection and propagation guide for native trees and shrubs"
1494:
Native Trees of New
Zealand: v. 1 (Mobil New Zealand Nature Series)
1260:
The bark produces a brown dye which, when dipped in a ferrugineous
1027:
1011:
934:
903:
685:
is variable, he had "never seen specimens with leaves so broad and
441:
255:
183:
96:
2929:
2877:
1076:
2706:"Contributions to a fuller Knowledge of the Flora of New Zealand"
1933:. Vol. 1. New Zealand: Government Printer. pp. 332–333.
1878:
1052:
891:
457:
353:
304:
265:
2864:
2472:
Transactions and
Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
2164:
Carpenter JK, Kelly D, Moltchanova E, O'Donnell CF (June 2018).
864:
2042:
1985:"Elaeocarpus dentatus var. obovatus Cheeseman – The Plant List"
1238:
considered it a great luxury as demonstrated in their saying: "
976:
972:
430:
426:
414:
402:
398:
109:
2764:. Hauniae: imprensis auctoris, excudebant N. Möller et filius.
2742:. Londini: Prostant apud B. White, T. Cadell, & P. Elmsly.
1960:"Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | Elaeocarpus dentatus"
1695:"Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | Elaeocarpus dentatus"
1261:
1226:
Although some Europeans didn't particularly enjoy the cakes,
1190:
1142:
1131:
1130:
to make a kind of cake or bread or, alternatively, a kind of
1123:
1119:
1100:
1083:
trees who rejected the fire. It then went on, landing in the
988:
740:(leaf stems), and juvenile leaves are also much more narrow.
514:
461:
453:
437:
418:
410:
57:
2772:
Systematics and biogeography of Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae)
1018:
and found in both the North and South Islands down to South
2063:
1839:
1265:
1193:, as it would be called in a western context, and known to
1072:
984:
980:
949:
926:
915:
445:
2491:"Potential functional foods in the traditional Maori diet"
1885:
1883:
1881:
1827:
675:
Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute.
359:
It was officially first recorded for science by botanists
2711:
Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute
1541:
The Gardener's Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Native Plants
2249:
Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
1866:
1764:
1942:
1940:
1573:. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 270.
1523:. Wellington, New Zealand: W.A.G. Skinner. p. 150.
16:
Species of flowering plant in the family Elaeocarpaceae
2683:"Specimen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand"
1856:
1854:
959:
forests the trunks of trees are crucial to flightless
725:, which superseded it. The variety was mentioned in a
1240:
Kia whakaara koe i taku moe, ko te whatu turei a Rua"
1937:
1776:
1268:), turns it into a bright and durable black colour.
2079:
1851:
1670:"Elaeocarpus dentatus - The University of Auckland"
1115:The mealy substance which covers the kernel of the
2097:
2560:Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its inhabitants
2527:Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its inhabitants
2412:Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its inhabitants
2316:Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its inhabitants
2245:"Seed dispersal systems in the New Zealand flora"
1230:writing that: "I prefer my bread and beefsteak,"
983:. Coming down the trunk the most common were the
650:("Selected plants of New Zealand"), this time to
3045:
1760:: 17 & 18 – via newzealandecology.org.
1571:Eagles Complete Trees and Shrubs of New Zealand
2488:
2098:Reid B, Ordish RG, Harrison M (January 1982).
2010:"Elaeocarpus dentatus var. obovatus Cheeseman"
1516:
1640:. Williamson, Juliet. Richmond, Surrey: Kew.
2757:
2334:. New Zealand: Heinemann Reed. p. 176.
2134:
1833:
1400:. The University of Auckland. Archived from
586:was first described by the German botanists
413:which are lobed at their tips and have long
2563:. USA: Wertheim and Macintosh. p. 391.
2530:. USA: Wertheim and Macintosh. p. 446.
2415:. USA: Wertheim and Macintosh. p. 393.
2216:
328:
322:
316:
2680:
2458:
2456:
2319:. USA: Wertheim and Macintosh. p. 30.
2265:
1845:
1797:"Elaeocarpus in Australia and New Zealand"
1543:. New Zealand: Random House. p. 205.
711:Indigenous vascular plants of New Zealand.
224:
31:
2703:
2544:Transactions of the New Zealand Institute
2371:Transactions of the New Zealand Institute
2193:
1872:
1051:by stealing the nails of his grandmother
910:eat. Kākā also rely heavily on hinau and
417:which extend out on short filaments. The
2630:
2608:
2388:
1946:
1782:
1718:
1538:
883:The fruit are eaten (off the ground) by
701:. As such, they describe two varieties:
624:published in 1794. The British botanist
2750:Choix de plantes de la Nouvelle-Zélande
2735:
2462:
2453:
1770:
1633:
1322:He originally spelt it with just one i.
673:in an article in the 1907 issue of the
648:Choix de Plantes de la Nouvelle-Zélande
3046:
2658:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
2638:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
2616:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
2556:
2523:
2408:
2329:
2312:
2073:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
1614:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
1491:
691:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
2785:
2784:
2768:
2746:
2404:
2402:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2159:
2157:
2130:
2128:
2085:
1926:
1860:
1794:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1255:
689:." This variety is recognised by the
2953:d534b20e-646a-44aa-a2c3-222e6f53d086
2654:"Elaeocarpus dentatus var. obovatus"
2633:"Elaeocarpus dentatus var. dentatus"
2438:from the original on 6 February 2018
2395:. London, UK: Gollancz. p. 211.
2361:
1744:
1610:"Elaeocarpus dentatus var. dentatus"
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1384:"Elaeocarpus dentatus var. Dentatus"
604:, one of two species in their genus
397:extending off of 10–18 cm long
1336:
1107:will not produce fire in this way.
1033:
705:, the nominate variety, as well as
693:, New Zealand flora, as well as in
13:
2758:Vahl, M.; Forsskål, Peter (1790).
2425:
2399:
2377:
2348:
2266:Moeed A, Meads MJ (January 1983).
2154:
2125:
1587:
1557:
1527:
869:, meaning reverse or against, and
760:evolved from the same ancestor as
752:A 2015 thesis established through
679:Elaeocarpus dentatus var. obovatus
421:are covered with many tiny hairs.
14:
3075:
2652:
1889:
1478:
1307:(Wineberry), which is now called
616:by the Danish-Norwegian botanist
3005:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:833807-1
2775:(Thesis). James Cook University.
2540:
566:
552:
522:
506:
494:
482:
44:
2567:
2550:
2534:
2517:
2489:Cambie RC, Ferguson LR (2003).
2482:
2419:
2332:The Native Trees of New Zealand
2323:
2306:
2281:
2259:
2255:: 302 – via Researchgate.
2236:
2210:
2091:
2057:
2027:
2002:
1977:
1952:
1920:
1895:
1788:
1738:
1712:
1687:
1662:
1627:
1316:
1297:
1181:, inside wooden baskets called
1149:was done in a trough called a "
1002:
2293:eng.mataurangamaori.tki.org.nz
2275:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
2226:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
2144:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
2107:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1754:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1728:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1517:Cockayne L, Turner EP (1928).
1510:
1464:
1442:
1416:
1390:
1376:
1362:
1279:
636:in 1840, in an article in the
370:
1:
2697:Biodiversity Heritage Library
2596:
2503:10.1016/s0027-5107(02)00344-5
987:, making up 15%. Followed by
859:meaning toothed. The epithet
713:It is listed as a synonym of
642:, as did the French Botanist
597:Characteres Generum Plantarum
2753:(in French). Fortin, Masson.
1927:Allan, Harry Howard (1961).
1450:"Elaeocarpus dentatus Hinau"
1350:. Plants of the World Online
1329:
1038:
846:meaning olive-seed; and the
831:
747:
656:
620:in the third edition of his
477:juvenile to sub-adult form.
7:
2673:
2601:
1674:www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz
681:, he described how, though
534:
348:of New Zealand, but not on
10:
3080:
2704:Cheeseman, Thomas (1907).
2681:Cunningham, Allan (1840).
1141:recorded that, though the
878:
863:combines the Latin prefix
727:Department of Conservation
340:, it is found on both the
2793:
2769:Phoon, Sook-Ngoh (2015).
2688:Annals of Natural History
2389:Papakura, Maggie (1938).
802:
783:
776:
733:E. dentatus var. obovatus
707:E. dentatus var. obovatus
703:E. dentatus var. dentatus
661:The New Zealand botanist
652:Elaeocarpus cunninghamii.
639:Annals of Natural History
608:; he did not designate a
409:. They are made of 3 - 5
244:
237:
232:
223:
199:
194:
168:
161:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
2728:
2631:de Lange, Peter (2007).
2609:de Lange, Peter (2012).
2557:Taylor, Richard (1855).
2524:Taylor, Richard (1855).
2409:Taylor, Richard (1855).
2330:Salmon, John T. (1986).
2313:Taylor, Richard (1855).
2014:www.worldfloraonline.org
1834:Vahl & Forsskål 1790
1795:Coode, M. J. E. (1984).
1520:The trees of New Zealand
1290:
1063:(all species under NZ),
699:The flora of New Zealand
405:by 1 cm long silky
272:Elaeocarpus cunninghamii
2747:Raoul, Etienne (1846).
2035:"Home – The Plant List"
1122:(similar to that of an
1110:
919:(Gallirallus australis)
885:North Island brown kiwi
836:The name of its genus,
807:Elaeocarpus hookerianus
470:Elaeocarpus hookerianus
336:A member of the family
233:Natural range of Hīnau
2432:www.jps.auckland.ac.nz
1452:. bushmansfriend.co.nz
1250:Cardiovascular disease
1246:Elaeocarpus dentatus's
1185:which were lined with
467:It is very similar to
329:
323:
317:
300:
2611:"Aristotelia serrata"
2174:Ecology and Evolution
840:comes from the Latin
460:, 3.2% Ash, and 1.7%
3064:Flora of New Zealand
3059:Trees of New Zealand
2979:Elaeocarpus dentatus
2825:Elaeocarpus dentatus
2795:Elaeocarpus dentatus
2168:Elaeocarpus dentatus
2039:www.theplantlist.org
1989:www.theplantlist.org
1719:Williams CK (1982).
1346:Elaeocarpus dentatus
1187:Hound's tongue ferns
788:Elaeocarpus dentatus
715:Elaeocarpus dentatus
614:Elaeocarpus dentatus
584:Elaeocarpus dentatus
367:on 5 November 1769.
291:, commonly known as
288:Elaeocarpus dentatus
212:Elaeocarpus dentatus
203:Elaeocarpus dentatus
172:Elaeocarpus dentatus
25:Elaeocarpus dentatus
2497:. 523–524: 109–17.
1539:Paddison V (1999).
1310:Aristotelia serrata
1047:Māui discovers the
977:beetles and weevils
742:E. d. var. obovatus
574:E. d. var. obovatus
560:E. d. var. obovatus
2392:The Old-time Maori
2135:Ron J. Moorhouse.
1892:, p. Obovatus
1634:Beentje H (2010).
1492:Salmon JT (1998).
1404:on 8 February 2013
1256:Dye and other uses
888:(Apteryx mantelli)
723:World Flora Online
395:lily of the valley
3041:
3040:
2961:Open Tree of Life
2787:Taxon identifiers
2495:Mutation Research
2217:R.O. POWLESLAND.
2186:10.1002/ece3.4157
2180:(12): 5992–6004.
1848:, pp. 22–26.
1773:, pp. 79–80.
1647:978-1-84246-422-9
1232:Mākereti Papakura
1221:Mākereti Papakura
1137:The ethnographer
828:
827:
819:
818:
634:Elaeocarpus hinau
622:Symbolæ Botanicæ,
612:. It was renamed
382:is white and the
315:for the tree are
311:. Other names in
284:
283:
278:
268:
262:Elaeocarpus hinau
258:
3071:
3034:
3033:
3021:
3020:
3008:
3007:
2995:
2994:
2982:
2981:
2969:
2968:
2956:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2906:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2880:
2868:
2867:
2855:
2854:
2842:
2841:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2765:
2754:
2743:
2723:
2720:Internet Archive
2718:– via the
2700:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2464:Colenso, William
2460:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2375:
2374:
2359:
2346:
2345:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2104:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2041:. Archived from
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1964:www.nzflora.info
1956:
1950:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1907:www.nzflora.info
1899:
1893:
1887:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1699:www.nzflora.info
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1606:
1585:
1584:
1569:Eagle A (2006).
1566:
1555:
1554:
1536:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1489:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1426:. Archived from
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1340:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1303:The other being
1301:
1264:(one containing
1034:In Māori culture
848:specific epithet
779:
778:
772:
771:
663:Thomas Cheeseman
626:Allan Cunningham
570:
556:
529:Juvenile foliage
526:
510:
498:
486:
332:
326:
320:
274:
264:
250:
228:
174:
154:E. dentatus
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3016:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2871:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2789:
2779:
2731:
2726:
2676:
2671:
2662:
2660:
2643:
2641:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2579:www.doc.govt.nz
2573:
2572:
2568:
2555:
2551:
2539:
2535:
2522:
2518:
2487:
2483:
2461:
2454:
2441:
2439:
2434:. p. 195.
2424:
2420:
2407:
2400:
2387:
2378:
2360:
2349:
2342:
2328:
2324:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2241:
2237:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2162:
2155:
2139:
2133:
2126:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1938:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1852:
1846:Cunningham 1840
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1813:10.2307/4108594
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1648:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1588:
1581:
1567:
1558:
1551:
1537:
1528:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1490:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1430:on 16 July 2012
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1282:
1258:
1205:William Colenso
1171:karihi," "iwi,"
1113:
1045:Māori mythology
1041:
1036:
1005:
881:
853:from the Latin
834:
829:
820:
762:E. hookerianus,
750:
659:
581:
580:
579:
578:
577:
571:
563:
562:
557:
548:
547:
537:
530:
527:
518:
511:
502:
499:
490:
487:
452:), 21.8% Crude
373:
365:Daniel Solander
307:forest tree of
303:), is a native
190:
176:
170:
157:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3077:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:wfo-0000664202
3022:
3009:
2996:
2983:
2970:
2957:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2908:
2895:
2882:
2869:
2856:
2843:
2830:
2815:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2778:
2777:
2766:
2755:
2744:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2701:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2650:
2628:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2566:
2549:
2533:
2516:
2481:
2452:
2426:Elsdon, Best.
2418:
2398:
2376:
2347:
2340:
2322:
2305:
2280:
2258:
2235:
2209:
2153:
2124:
2090:
2078:
2056:
2045:on 23 May 2019
2026:
2001:
1976:
1951:
1936:
1919:
1894:
1877:
1875:, p. 442.
1873:Cheeseman 1907
1865:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1807:(3): 509–520.
1787:
1775:
1763:
1737:
1711:
1686:
1661:
1646:
1626:
1586:
1579:
1556:
1549:
1526:
1509:
1502:
1477:
1463:
1441:
1415:
1389:
1375:
1361:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1315:
1305:Dicera serrata
1295:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1281:
1278:
1276:pollen bread.
1257:
1254:
1210:Richard Taylor
1126:) was used by
1112:
1109:
1049:origin of fire
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1004:
1001:
969:wasps and ants
967:, followed by
880:
877:
833:
830:
826:
825:
822:
821:
817:
816:
813:
812:
801:
798:
797:
794:
793:
782:
777:
775:
770:
754:DNA sequencing
749:
746:
719:The Plant List
658:
655:
602:Dicera dentata
594:in their 1779
592:Johann Forster
572:
565:
564:
558:
551:
550:
549:
541:
540:
539:
538:
536:
533:
532:
531:
528:
521:
519:
512:
505:
503:
500:
493:
491:
488:
481:
429:) and female (
372:
369:
350:Stewart Island
338:Elaeocarpaceae
282:
281:
280:
279:
269:
259:
248:Dicera dentata
242:
241:
235:
234:
230:
229:
221:
220:
219:
218:
209:
197:
196:
192:
191:
177:
166:
165:
159:
158:
151:
149:
145:
144:
137:
133:
132:
130:Elaeocarpaceae
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
100:
99:
94:
87:
86:
81:
74:
73:
68:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3076:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2088:, p. 50.
2087:
2082:
2075:. p. 22.
2074:
2067:
2060:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1947:de Lange 2007
1943:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1869:
1863:, p. 25.
1862:
1857:
1855:
1847:
1842:
1836:, p. 66.
1835:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1783:de Lange 2012
1779:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1745:Williams CK.
1741:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1580:9780909010089
1576:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1451:
1445:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1234:claimed that
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
961:invertebrates
958:
953:
951:
947:
944:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:New Zealand's
920:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:Kapiti Island
897:
893:
889:
886:
876:
874:
873:
868:
867:
862:
858:
857:
852:
849:
845:
844:
839:
824:
823:
815:
814:
811:
809:
808:
800:
799:
796:
795:
792:
790:
789:
781:
780:
774:
773:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
745:
743:
739:
734:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
654:
653:
649:
645:
644:Étienne Raoul
641:
640:
635:
631:
630:superfluously
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
610:type specimen
607:
603:
599:
598:
593:
589:
585:
575:
569:
561:
555:
545:
525:
520:
516:
509:
504:
501:Hinau foliage
497:
492:
489:Hinau flowers
485:
480:
479:
478:
476:
472:
471:
465:
463:
459:
456:, 3.4% Crude
455:
451:
450:carbohydrates
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
368:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
346:South Islands
343:
339:
334:
331:
325:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:
277:
273:
270:
267:
263:
260:
257:
253:
249:
246:
245:
243:
240:
236:
231:
227:
222:
217:
213:
210:
208:
204:
201:
200:
198:
193:
189:
185:
181:
175:
173:
167:
164:
163:Binomial name
160:
156:
155:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:Tracheophytes
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2794:
2771:
2760:
2749:
2738:
2715:
2709:
2695:– via
2692:
2686:
2661:. Retrieved
2657:
2644:26 September
2642:. Retrieved
2636:
2622:26 September
2620:. Retrieved
2614:
2582:. Retrieved
2578:
2569:
2559:
2552:
2543:
2536:
2526:
2519:
2494:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2447:
2440:. Retrieved
2431:
2421:
2411:
2391:
2370:
2363:Best, Elsdon
2331:
2325:
2315:
2308:
2296:. Retrieved
2292:
2283:
2274:
2261:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2212:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2147:
2143:
2110:
2106:
2093:
2081:
2072:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2038:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2013:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1963:
1954:
1929:
1922:
1912:29 September
1910:. Retrieved
1906:
1897:
1868:
1841:
1829:
1804:
1801:Kew Bulletin
1800:
1790:
1778:
1771:Forster 1776
1766:
1757:
1753:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1698:
1689:
1677:. Retrieved
1673:
1664:
1636:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:
1570:
1540:
1519:
1512:
1493:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1428:the original
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1402:the original
1392:
1378:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1345:
1338:
1318:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1284:
1283:
1270:
1259:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1225:
1217:
1203:
1198:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1167:Kete puputu.
1166:
1162:
1159:Cabbage tree
1154:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1116:
1114:
1104:
1064:
1056:
1042:
1024:Christchurch
1007:
1006:
1003:Distribution
954:
943:
918:
887:
882:
871:
865:
860:
854:
850:
841:
838:Elaeocarpus,
837:
835:
805:
803:
787:
786:
784:
761:
757:
751:
741:
732:
731:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:described a
660:
651:
647:
646:in his 1846
637:
633:
621:
613:
605:
601:
595:
583:
582:
573:
559:
543:
475:divaricating
468:
466:
435:
422:
392:
375:
374:
361:Joseph Banks
358:
335:
292:
287:
286:
285:
271:
261:
247:
215:
211:
206:
202:
171:
169:
153:
152:
140:
103:
90:
77:
64:
24:
18:
3054:Elaeocarpus
2992:kew-2785484
2912:iNaturalist
2819:Wikispecies
2663:29 November
2584:19 December
2298:17 December
2049:29 November
2019:29 November
1994:29 November
1704:19 December
1679:18 December
1619:29 November
1456:25 December
1434:25 December
1408:25 December
1285:E. dentatus
1280:Cultivation
1228:Elsdon Best
1139:Elsdon Best
1016:New Zealand
1008:E. dentatus
993:springtails
965:springtails
957:New Zealand
843:elaeocarpus
758:E. dentatus
695:Harry Allan
683:E. dentatus
671:E. dentatus
628:renamed it
618:Martin Vahl
423:E. dentatus
388:fence posts
376:E. dentatus
371:Description
309:New Zealand
141:Elaeocarpus
84:Angiosperms
3048:Categories
2987:Plant List
2597:References
2341:0790001047
2232:: 120–127.
2150:: 143–150.
2086:Phoon 2015
1969:11 October
1861:Raoul 1846
1550:1869620925
1503:0790005581
997:harvestmen
677:Naming it
318:hangehange
252:J.R.Forst.
195:Varieties
180:J.R.Forst.
120:Oxalidales
2113:: 76–85.
1656:464589004
1330:Citations
1218:"rerepi."
1183:"rourou,"
1085:kaikōmako
1069:Kahikatea
1039:Mythology
1030:43˚30'S.
851:dentatus,
832:Etymology
748:Phylogeny
657:Varieties
433:) parts.
384:heartwood
148:Species:
54:Kingdom:
3018:50179286
3013:Tropicos
2930:833807-1
2810:Q2154340
2804:Wikidata
2674:Journals
2602:Websites
2511:12628508
2466:(1880).
2436:Archived
2373:: 55–56.
2365:(1903).
2277:: 39–53.
2204:29988419
2119:24052678
1354:21 April
1214:rangiora
1199:wai haro
1028:latitude
1020:Westland
935:endocarp
904:mandible
892:gizzards
861:obovatus
856:dentatus
804:Pōkākā (
738:petioles
717:by both
697:'s 1961
544:Obovatus
535:Taxonomy
442:endocarp
407:pedicels
256:G.Forst.
239:Synonyms
216:obovatus
207:dentatus
184:G.Forst.
126:Family:
97:Eudicots
2966:5264310
2943:1406369
2891:4031843
2865:5407815
2478:: 3–38.
2195:6024123
1821:4108594
1163:tatari"
1117:hinau's
1097:pukatea
1053:Mahuika
1012:endemic
973:spiders
879:Ecology
785:Hīnau (
667:variety
576:foliage
546:variety
517:(fruit)
458:protein
415:anthers
399:racemes
380:sapwood
354:domatia
305:lowland
266:A.Cunn.
136:Genus:
116:Order:
58:Plantae
2950:NZOR:
2917:366610
2839:805785
2509:
2442:2 June
2338:
2202:
2192:
2117:
1819:
1654:
1644:
1577:
1547:
1500:
1151:kumete
1147:Tuki,"
1143:drupes
1105:Hīnau,
1099:, and
1093:patete
1089:tōtara
1079:, and
1055:, the
995:, and
989:larvae
946:Kererū
931:Kōkako
872:ovatus
606:Dicera
515:drupes
513:Hinau
438:drupes
431:carpel
427:stamen
419:sepals
411:petals
403:raceme
330:whīnau
327:, and
324:pōkākā
182:&
110:Rosids
2904:14944
2878:EAEDE
2852:38XNC
2729:Books
2271:(PDF)
2222:(PDF)
2140:(PDF)
2115:JSTOR
2103:(PDF)
2069:(PDF)
1890:NZPCN
1817:JSTOR
1750:(PDF)
1734:: 17.
1724:(PDF)
1291:Notes
1274:Raupō
1262:swamp
1236:Māori
1195:Māori
1191:gruel
1179:Hāngī
1132:gruel
1128:Māori
1124:Olive
1120:drupe
1101:māhoe
1077:Mataī
1065:Hīnau
985:mites
981:mites
894:. To
756:that
687:ovate
588:Georg
462:Lipid
454:Fiber
342:North
313:Māori
301:hīnau
297:Māori
293:hinau
276:Raoul
214:var.
205:var.
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
3000:POWO
2974:PfaF
2938:NCBI
2925:IPNI
2899:GRIN
2886:GBIF
2873:EPPO
2834:BOLD
2665:2020
2646:2021
2624:2021
2586:2020
2507:PMID
2444:2021
2336:ISBN
2300:2020
2200:PMID
2051:2020
2021:2020
1996:2020
1971:2021
1914:2021
1706:2020
1681:2020
1652:OCLC
1642:ISBN
1621:2020
1575:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1498:ISBN
1458:2011
1436:2011
1410:2011
1356:2021
1266:Iron
1197:as "
1173:or "
1165:or "
1111:Food
1081:Miro
1073:Rimu
1061:Rata
1057:atua
1022:and
979:and
952:do.
950:weka
940:kākā
927:weka
916:Weka
912:tawa
908:kākā
896:kākā
721:and
590:and
542:The
446:mean
363:and
344:and
188:Vahl
3026:WFO
2860:EoL
2847:CoL
2499:doi
2190:PMC
2182:doi
1809:doi
1175:iho
1043:In
1014:to
1010:is
955:In
898:on
766:mya
669:of
632:to
600:as
254:et
3050::
3028::
3015::
3002::
2989::
2976::
2963::
2940::
2927::
2914::
2901::
2888::
2875::
2862::
2849::
2836::
2821::
2806::
2716:39
2714:.
2708:.
2691:.
2685:.
2656:.
2635:.
2613:.
2577:.
2505:.
2493:.
2476:13
2474:.
2470:.
2455:^
2446:.
2430:.
2401:^
2379:^
2369:.
2350:^
2291:.
2273:.
2253:11
2251:.
2247:.
2230:10
2228:.
2224:.
2198:.
2188:.
2176:.
2172:.
2156:^
2148:21
2146:.
2142:.
2127:^
2109:.
2105:.
2071:.
2037:.
2012:.
1987:.
1962:.
1939:^
1905:.
1880:^
1853:^
1815:.
1805:39
1803:.
1799:.
1756:.
1752:.
1730:.
1726:.
1697:.
1672:.
1650:.
1612:.
1589:^
1559:^
1529:^
1480:^
1252:.
1134:.
1095:,
1091:,
1087:,
1075:,
1071:,
1067:,
999:.
991:,
975:,
971:,
866:ob
810:)
791:)
464:.
333:.
321:,
299::
186:)
106::
93::
80::
67::
2722:.
2699:.
2693:4
2667:.
2648:.
2626:.
2588:.
2546:.
2513:.
2501::
2344:.
2302:.
2206:.
2184::
2178:8
2170:"
2121:.
2111:5
2053:.
2023:.
1998:.
1973:.
1949:.
1916:.
1823:.
1811::
1785:.
1758:5
1732:5
1708:.
1683:.
1658:.
1623:.
1583:.
1553:.
1506:.
1474:.
1460:.
1438:.
1412:.
1386:.
1372:.
1358:.
1348:"
1344:"
1312:.
1155:"
1153:,
295:(
178:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
