624:
face is unlined. In both folios, both pairs of players are playing tables and seem to be well-dressed, although there is no addition of gold detailing to their robes as seen in the wardrobes of aristocratic players in other miniatures. These players are seated on the ground, leaning on pillows that are placed next to a tables board. In this miniature, the figure on the left side of the board faces the reader, while the figure on the right leans in to the board with his back to the reader. In other words, each player is leaning on his left elbow, using his right hand to reach across his body to play. In the miniatures of this style, the emphasis seems to be more on the posture of the player than the detail of their faces; this crossed, lounging style is only found in the folios of the
705:, where the game of chess was alleged to have been originated. It is said that a royal advisor had invented the game in order to teach his king prudence without having to overtly correct him. As Arab contact with the West expanded, so too did the game and its various permutations, and by the twelfth century, chess was becoming an entertaining diversion among a growing population of Europeans, including some scholars, clergy, the aristocracy, and the merchant classes; thus, by the thirteenth century, the iconography and symbolism associated with chess would have been accessible and familiar to Alfonso and his literate court culture, who may have had access to the private library, and manuscripts, of Alfonso, including the
529:
566:) side of Folio 2 depicts the transmission of the game of chess from an Indian Philosopher-King to three followers. The full-page illustrations are almost exclusively on the verso side of later folios and are faced by accompanying text on the recto side of the following folio. The significance of the change in miniature size and placement may indicate images of special emphasis, could merely function as a narrative or didactic technique, or could indicate different artisans at work in Alfonso's scriptorium as the project developed over time.
254:
315:
33:
246:
591:
ground, as suggested by the ceramic containers that are placed on or front of the rug near the man on the right side of the board, the figures' seated positions, which are full frontal with knees bent at right angles, suggests that they are seated on stools or perhaps upholstered benches. The figures' robes display a
679:
text, the manuscript functions as a manual that documents and explains how and why one plays games ranging from pure, intellectual strategy (chess), to games of pure chance (dice), to games that incorporate both elements (tables). Conceivably, Alfonso hoped to elucidate for himself how to better play
586:
offers such evidence in the difference in size between the half- and full-page illustrations in addition to changes in framing techniques amongst the folios: geometrical frames with embellished corners, architectural frames established by loosely perspectival rooftops and colonnades, and games played
826:
kingdoms. The arts and sciences prospered in the
Kingdom of Castile under the confluence of Latin and Arabic traditions of academic curiosity as Alfonso sponsored scholars, translators, and artists of all three religions of the Book (Jewish, Christian, and Muslim) in his chanceries and scriptoria.
623:
The style in the miniature in Folio 76v is markedly different from the style in Folio 53v. In this case, the framed miniature contains two men, perhaps
Spanish, with uncovered wavy light brown hair that falls to the jaw line. The men seem young, as the player on the left has no facial hair and his
726:
miniatures is seen in other
European transcriptions of the Arabic translations, most notably the German Carmina Burana Manuscript: two figures, one on either side of the board, with the board tilted up to reveal to the readers the moves made by the players. The juxtaposition of chess and dice in
577:
would have been a typical practice for medieval chanceries and scriptoria, where the labor of producing a manuscript was divided amongst individuals of varying capacities, for example the positions of scribe, draftsman, and apprentice cutting pages. But in addition to performing different tasks,
757:
texts or classical Jewish medicinal texts. As a result, very few original works were produced by this scholar-king, relative to the huge amount of work that was translated under his auspices. This enormous focus on translation was perhaps an attempt by
Alfonso to continue the legacy of academic
590:
For example, in a comparison of two miniatures, found on Folios 53v and 76r, examples of these different styles are apparent, although the trope of a pair of gamers is maintained. In Folio 53v, two men are playing chess, both wearing turbans and robes. Although they may be seated on rugs on the
654:
is evoked by the inclusion nobility, rogues, vagrants, young and old, men, women, Christian, Muslim, and Jewish characters. Alfonso himself is depicted throughout the text, both as participant and spectator and as an older man and as a younger. The pages are filled with many social classes and
844:
reveals the compendium of world views that comprised the eclectic thirteenth-century admixture of faith and science. According to this approach, man's actions could be traced historically, and his failures and successes could be studied as lessons to be applied to his future progress. These
647:
arcades of columns and arches. At times, the figural depictions are hierarchical, especially in scenes with representations of
Alfonso, where the king is seated on a raised throne while dictating to scribes or meting out punishments to gamblers. Yet a contemporary atmosphere of Spanish
612:, outside arms of the players are also raised and are bent at the elbows, creating a partial crossing of each player's torso as the hands lift in speaking gestures. The faces reveal a striking specificity of subtle detail, particular to a limited number of miniatures throughout the
745:(Book of tables) celebrates a conjoined use of both intellect and chance. Further, the iconographic linkage between chess and kingship in the Western tradition continued to evolve and became symbolic of kingly virtues, including skill, prudence, and intelligence.
827:
Clerical and secular scholars from Europe turned their eyes to the
Iberian Peninsula as the arts and sciences prospered in an early Spanish "renaissance" under the patronage of Alfonso X, who was continuing the tradition of (relatively) enlightened and tolerant
340:
including an identical starting position and the same rules for movement and bearing off, albeit the accompanying image has a different opening layout. Alfonso also describes a variant played on a board with seven points in each table. Players rolled
175:
guide for leading a balanced, prudent, and virtuous life. In addition to the didactic, although not overly moralistic, aspect of the text, the manuscript's illustrations reveal a rich cultural, social, and religious complexity.
669:
can be divided into three parts: the games and problems it explores textually, the actual illuminations themselves, and the metaphysical allegories, where an analysis of the texts and illuminations reveals the movements of the
603:
energy and theatricality. Although the figures are seated with their knees and torsos facing front, their shoulders and heads rotate in three-quarter profile toward the center of the page, the chess board, and each other. The
643:. Although some of the miniatures are framed by simple rectangles with corners embellished by the golden castles and lions of Castile and León, other are framed by medieval Spanish architectural motifs, including Gothic and
766:
had also employed armies of translators in order to fill their libraries with Arabic translations of classic Greek texts. Alfonso was successful in promoting
Castilian society and culture through his emphasis on the use of
208:
Alfonso was likely influenced by his contact with scholars in the Arab world. Unlike many contemporary texts on the topic, he does not engage the games in the text with moralistic arguments; instead, he portrays them in an
674:
of the universe and the microcosmos of man. The symbolism within the medieval illuminations, as explained by the accompanying texts, reveal allusions to medieval literature, art, science, law and philosophy. Intended as a
911:
221:), the second on dice (with outcomes controlled strictly by chance), and the last on tables (combining elements of both). The first section of the book also speaks of some other games of abstract strategy, notably
771:
and
Castilian, in academic, juridical, diplomatic, literary, and historical works. This emphasis also had the effect of reducing the universality of his translated works and original academic writings, as
727:
Arabic tradition, indicating the opposing values of skill (chess) and ignorance (dice), was given a different spin in
Alfonso's manuscript, however. As Alfonso elucidates in the opening section of the
587:
under tents. Other stylistic variances are found in figural representation, in facial types, and in a repertoire of different postures assumed by the players in different folios in the manuscript.
123:" as well as the "perhaps the greatest source of information on board games ever compiled during the Middle Ages." It is both "the earliest treatise on chess and the oldest document relating to
616:, perhaps indicative of a particular artist's hand. These details include full cheeks, realistic wrinkles around the eyes and across the brow, and a red, full-lipped mouth that hints at the
192:
in Spain, as manuscript T.I.6. It is bound in sheepskin and is 40 cm high and 28 cm wide (16 in × 11 in). A 1334 copy is held in the library of the
Spanish
851:. It is a beautiful and luxurious document, rich not only in workmanship but also in the amount of scholarship of multiple medieval disciplines that are integrated in its pages.
1365:
1341:
1182:. (Madrid, España: Laboratorio de Arte de la Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto Diego Velázquez, del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas: 1956), 24.
908:
291:
are marked correspondingly in green, red, black, and white, and pieces are moved according to the roll of dice. Alfonso also describes a game titled "
720:
manuscript was a Castilian translation of Arabic texts, which were themselves translations of Persian manuscripts. The visual trope portrayed in the
1354:
1398:
753:
Most of the work accomplished in Alfonso's scriptorium consisted of translations into the Spanish vernacular from Arabic translations of
1433:
1200:
Golladay, "Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X’s Book of Games," 1225.
1191:
Golladay, "Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X’s Book of Games," 1222.
1028:
1390:
926:
information compiled in her dissertation consolidates the range of research concerning the initiation and completion dates of the
295:", played on a board of seven concentric circles, divided radially into twelve areas, each associated with a constellation of the
1426:
1110:
918:(PhD diss., University of Arizona, 2007), 31. Although Golladay is not the first to assert that 1283 is the finish date of the
693:
In the thirteenth century, chess had been played in Europe for almost two hundred years, having been introduced into Europe by
609:
605:
279:("chess of the four seasons"). This game is a chess variant for four players, described as representing a conflict between the
17:
1229:, edited by Vicent García Editores, Valencia, and Ediciones Poniente (Madrid, Spain: Patrimonio Nacional, 1987): 125–386, 138.
1093:
1143:, edited by Vicent García Editores, Valencia, and Ediciones Poniente (Madrid, Spain: Patrimonio Nacional, 1987): 29–123, 32.
996:, edited by Vicent García Editores, Valencia, and Ediciones Poniente (Madrid, Spain: Patrimonio Nacional, 1987): 13–28, 17.
159:, which combines elements of both skill and chance. These games are discussed in the final section of the book at both an
820:
of the Peninsula underway, inroads into Islamic territories were successfully incorporating lands previously held by the
140:
1478:
1389:
Golladay, Sonja Musser, "Alfonso X's Book of Games: A translation" (old link archived from the University of Arizona:
1059:
845:
experiences can be played out and studied as they are lived, or as game moves played and analysed in the pages of the
909:"Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X’s Book of Games"
620:
affectations in figural representation coming out of France during the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries.
1527:
1522:
230:
1466:
1152:
Thomas F. Glick, "'My Master, the Jew': Observations on Interfaith Scholarly Interactions in the Middle Ages," in
1537:
958:
Wollesen, Jens T. "Sub specie ludi...: Text and Images in Alfonso El Sabio's Libro de Acedrex, Dados e Tablas",
119:. This "celebrated MS book of games" has been described as "one of the choicest treasures of the library of the
1502:
1453:
834:
As an inheritor of a dynamic mixture of Arabic and Latin culture, Alfonso was steeped in the rich heritage of
550:
vary between half- and full-page illustrations. The half-page miniatures typically occupy the upper half of a
93:
in 1283. It contains the earliest European treatise on chess as well as being the oldest document on European
1532:
554:, with text explaining the game "problem" solved in the image occupying the bottom half. The back or second (
193:
98:
1165:
Ellen Kosmer and James F. Powers, "Manuscript Illustration: The Cantigas in Contemporary Art Context," in
697:
around the year 1000. The Arabs had become familiar with the game as early as the eighth century when the
1497:
608:, inner arm of each player (the arm that is closest to the board) is raised in a speaking gesture; the
528:
217:
and chance. The book is divided into three parts reflecting this: the first on chess (a game purely of
65:
treaty of chess which synthesized the information from other Arabic works on this same topic, dice and
1412:
1169:, edited by Robert I. Burns (Philadelphia, PA: University of Philadelphia Press, 1990): 46–58, 50.
639:
Other visual details contemporaneous of Alfonso's court and social and cultural milieu infuse the
558:) side of Folio 1, in a half-page illustration, depicts the initial stages of the creation of the
1547:
1517:
1507:
860:
690:, but it does occupy the primary position in the text and is given the most attention to detail.
810:, thereby unifying the kingdoms of Castile and León, bringing together the northern half of the
116:
348:
to determine the movement of pieces, an example of Alfonso's preference for the number seven.
578:
various artisans could have labored at the same job, such as the work of illustration in the
1288:, ed. Robert I. Burns (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990): 33–45, 34.
1156:, edited by Harvey J. Hames (Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2004): 157–182, 159.
807:
1512:
1368:(Italian: "ALFONSO X EL SABIO – Il Libro dei giochi – Introduzione, edizione e commento").
1286:
Emperor of Culture: Alfonso X the Learned of Castile and His Thirteenth-Century Renaissance
1167:
Emperor of Culture: Alfonso X the Learned of Castile and His Thirteenth-Century Renaissance
893:
Emperor of Culture: Alfonso X the Learned of Castile and His Thirteenth-Century Renaissance
835:
539:
226:
1259:
Dwayne E. Carpenter, "'Alea jacta est': at the Gaming Table with Alfonso the Learned," in
1020:
895:, ed. Robert I. Burns (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990): 1–13, 2.
8:
1542:
803:
596:
325:
1384:
Chess in Iceland and in Icelandic literature: with Historical Notes on other Table-Games
1403:
865:
768:
698:
306:", played over a 12x12 board with alternative pieces as the giraffe and the unicornio.
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78:
74:
1114:
82:
1212:
William L. Tronzo, "Moral Hieroglyphs: Chess and Dice at San Savino in Piacenza," in
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and Europe; yet Alfonso never desisted in his promotion of the Castilian vernacular.
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280:
218:
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870:
342:
62:
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915:
741:(Book of dice) illustrates that chance has supremacy over pure intellect, and the
754:
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the game of life, while also providing a teaching tool for others. The game of
600:
485:
1139:
Ana Domínguez Rodríguez, "El Libro del los juegos y la miniatura alfonsi," in
562:, accompanied by text on the bottom half of the page, and the front or first (
1491:
799:
778:
303:
272:
268:
144:
90:
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ethnicities in various stages of solving the challenges presented by games.
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1051:
470:
333:
253:
164:
160:
143:. The text is a treatise that addresses the playing of three game types: a
94:
66:
1272:
Tronzo, "Moral Hieroglyphs: Chess and Dice at San Savino in Piacenza," 21.
1241:
Tronzo, "Moral Hieroglyphs: Chess and Dice at San Savino in Piacenza," 15.
275:. Among its more notable entries is a depiction of what Alfonso calls the
1250:
Tronzo, "Moral Hieroglyphs: Chess and Dice at San Savino in Piacenza," 19
816:
671:
650:
633:
288:
284:
185:
172:
168:
156:
124:
86:
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conservatism, with their modeled three-dimensionality and allusion to a
1463:
617:
337:
1005:
Dwayne E. Carpenter, "Fickle Fortune: Gambling in Medieval Spain," in
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551:
314:
592:
336:, which some scholars have argued has several similarities to modern
267:
contains an extensive collection of writings on chess, with over 100
222:
214:
210:
136:
70:
1450:
676:
234:
120:
1225:
Ricardo Calvo, "El libro de los juegos de Alfonso X el Sabio," in
763:
570:
245:
32:
702:
636:, again perhaps indicative of the work of a particular artist.
477:
388:
296:
197:
189:
1154:
Jews, Muslims and Christians in and Around the Crown of Aragón
184:
The earliest manuscript is in the library of the monastery of
1111:"Los libros de acedrex dados y tablas by Alfonso X, el Sabio"
831:
established by the Muslim emirate several centuries earlier.
822:
773:
737:(Book of chess) demonstrates the value of the intellect, the
694:
563:
555:
148:
1429:) Cf. especially section on "The Alfonso X 'Book of Games'".
1411:(4). Houston: Aramco Services Company: 18–23. Archived from
1346:
345:
213:
context. He conceives of gaming as a dichotomy between the
152:
115:
is one of the most important documents for researching the
324:
The book describes the rules for a number of games in the
167:
level. Examining further, the text can also be read as an
97:, and is an exemplary piece of the literary legacy of the
61:("Book of chess, dice and tables", in Old Spanish), was a
599:
style, yet the iconic hand gestures are reminiscent of a
1108:
229:, among others. The text may have been influenced by
758:
openness in Castile, initiated by Islamic rulers in
582:, thereby revealing a variety hands or styles. The
684:, or chess, is not the only game explained in the
139:, many with color illustrations, and contains 150
55:
1489:
992:Luis Vázquez de Parga, "Alfonso X el Sabio," in
814:under one Christian throne. With the Christian
332:, the equivalent of the Anglo-Scottish game of
1308:Miniatura Gótica Castellana: Siglos VIII y XIV
1180:Miniatura Gótica Castellana: Siglos VIII y XIV
302:Another variant described in the book is the "
69:(backgammon forebears) games, commissioned by
1386:. Florence: Florentine Typographical Society.
1375:Cazaux, Jean-Louis and Rick Knowlton (2017).
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846:
839:
728:
721:
715:
706:
685:
664:
533:
262:
110:
47:
37:
1476:Focus on Chess variants from Alfonso's codex
135:The book consists of ninety-seven leaves of
1464:Elliot Avedon Museum & Archive of Games
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1235:
1208:
1206:
1130:Vázquez de Parga, "Alfonso X el Sabio," 13.
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1018:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
1342:"A critical edition of The Book of Games"
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1278:
1086:A History of Board-Games Other than Chess
1232:
1203:
527:
396:Related to the English game of Doublets
313:
252:
244:
127:which have had their origin in Europe."
31:
1366:"The Book of Games: A critical edition"
1284:Lloyd Kasten, "Alfonso’s Language," in
1009:85, no. 3 (Summer, 1988): 267–278, 278.
970:
968:
933:
887:
885:
418:Related to the English game of Six-Ace
257:Chess problem featuring Moors of Spain.
14:
1490:
1396:
1275:
1109:Sonja Musser Golladay (9 March 2001).
1080:
1074:
1049:
838:philosophy, and the production of his
469:Related to the Anglo-Scottish game of
407:Related to the English game of Fayles
36:The game of astronomical tables, from
1436:(Spanish: "Alfonso X y el ajedrez").
1062:from the original on 24 February 2021
903:
901:
1397:Gordon, Stewart (July–August 2009).
1050:Cazaux, Jean-Louis (19 April 2020).
965:
891:Robert I. Burns, "Stupor Mundi," in
882:
1355:"The Book of Games: A bibliography"
1031:from the original on 9 October 2019
983:Cazaux and Knowlton (2017), p. 223.
748:
498:Related to the German game of Puff
24:
1334:
1227:Libros del ajedrex, dados y tablas
1141:Libros del ajedrex, dados y tablas
1019:Bodlaender, Hans (11 March 2000).
994:Libros del ajedrex, dados y tablas
898:
794:In 1217, Alfonso had captured the
25:
1559:
1444:
1328:Kasten, "Alfonso’s Language," 42.
351:The tables games described are:
57:Libro de axedrez, dados e tablas
1322:
1313:
1300:
1291:
1266:
1263:24, no. 4 (1998): 333–345, 336.
1253:
1244:
1219:
1194:
1185:
1172:
1159:
1146:
1133:
1102:
960:Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte
532:A 13th-century illustration in
104:
53:(Spanish: "Book of games"), or
1043:
1012:
999:
986:
977:
658:
484:Related to the French game of
130:
13:
1:
876:
328:family. One notable entry is
277:ajedrex de los quatro tiempos
203:
1216:16, no. 2 (1977): 15–26, 18.
381:Twelve Dogs, Twelve Brothers
99:Toledo School of Translators
7:
1379:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
1261:Journal of Medieval History
1052:"Alfonso X's Grant Acedrex"
854:
628:, the third section of the
179:
10:
1564:
27:Work from the 13th century
1469:24 September 2016 at the
1432:Vazquez-Campos, Braulio,
1319:Burns, "Stupor Mundi," 2.
1297:Burns, "Stupor Mundi," 7.
1084:(1952). "6: Race-Games".
789:
378:Doce Canes, Doce Hermanos
309:
171:initiation tale and as a
155:; and a third game type,
1481:24 February 2021 at the
1451:Alphonso X Book of Games
962:53:3, 1990. pp. 277–308.
240:
194:Royal Academy of History
1528:13th century in Castile
1523:Books about board games
1382:Fiske, Willard (1905).
1178:Jose Guerrero Lovillo,
907:Sonja Musser Golladay,
861:Literature of Alfonso X
56:
1538:Old Spanish literature
847:
840:
729:
722:
716:
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686:
665:
546:The miniatures in the
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542:being played with dice
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321:
263:
258:
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151:; games of chance, or
117:history of board games
111:
48:
42:
38:
18:El Libro de los Juegos
1503:13th century in chess
1456:26 April 2021 at the
1434:"Alfonso X and Chess"
531:
317:
256:
248:
85:and completed in his
35:
1533:Alfonso X of Castile
1117:on 8 September 2006.
1088:. Hacker Art Books.
1007:Studies in Philology
974:Fiske (1905), p. 87.
914:17 July 2011 at the
1399:"The Game of Kings"
1364:Canettieri, Paolo,
1353:Canettieri, Paolo,
1340:Canettieri, Paolo,
848:Libro de los Juegos
841:Libro de los Juegos
743:Libro de las tablas
730:Libro de los Juegos
723:Libro de los Juegos
717:Libro de los Juegos
708:Libro de los Juegos
687:Libro de los Juegos
666:Libro de los Juegos
535:Libro de los Juegos
264:Libro de los Juegos
112:Libro de los juegos
49:Libro de los juegos
39:Libro de los juegos
1498:13th-century books
1404:Saudi Aramco World
1306:Guerrero Lovillo,
866:Astronomical chess
806:, for his father,
769:Galaico-Portuguese
739:Libro de los dados
544:
443:Paireia de Entrada
322:
293:astronomical chess
259:
251:
43:
1460:at RenGeekCentral
1095:978-0-87817-211-5
812:Iberian Peninsula
796:Kingdom of Murcia
540:Nine men's morris
521:
520:
249:Chess problem #35
227:nine men's morris
219:abstract strategy
16:(Redirected from
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1377:A World of Chess
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1113:. Archived from
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1082:Murray, H. J. R.
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1056:History of Chess
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1021:"Grande Acedrex"
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735:Libro de ajedrex
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569:Having multiple
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503:Buffa de Baldrac
415:Six, Two and Ace
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1483:Wayback Machine
1471:Wayback Machine
1458:Wayback Machine
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1416:
1415:on 20 July 2009
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575:Libro de juegos
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446:Paired Entry
436:Half Emperor
357:Spanish name
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231:Frederick II
211:astrological
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173:metaphysical
165:astrological
161:astronomical
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105:Significance
95:tables games
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1513:Chess books
1440:collection.
1438:Google Knol
1427:PDF version
1372:collection.
1370:Google Knol
1361:collection.
1359:Google Knol
1350:collection.
1347:Google Knol
1066:13 February
1035:13 February
829:convivencia
817:Reconquista
672:macrocosmos
659:Iconography
651:convivencia
506:Common Puff
360:Translation
343:seven-sided
285:four humors
233:'s text on
186:El Escorial
169:allegorical
131:Description
87:scriptorium
1543:1283 works
1492:Categories
877:References
836:humanistic
701:conquered
601:Romanesque
513:Rencontrat
466:All Pieces
338:backgammon
204:Background
141:miniatures
798:, on the
597:Classical
593:Byzantine
423:Emperador
404:Drop Dead
223:alquerque
215:intellect
137:parchment
71:Alfonso X
1479:Archived
1467:Archived
1454:Archived
1060:Archived
1029:Archived
912:Archived
855:See also
804:Valencia
782:in both
776:was the
764:emirates
677:didactic
606:proximal
571:artisans
363:Remarks
289:chessmen
283:and the
273:variants
235:falconry
180:Location
121:Escorial
1419:22 June
760:Córdoba
682:ajedrex
645:Mudéjar
486:Jacquet
426:Emperor
393:Doublet
79:Galicia
75:Castile
63:Spanish
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922:, the
790:Legacy
784:Iberia
733:, the
703:Persia
618:Gothic
610:distal
478:Laquet
401:Fallas
389:Doblet
326:tables
310:Tables
297:Zodiac
287:. The
198:Madrid
190:Madrid
157:tables
125:tables
91:Toledo
67:tables
1310:, 13.
1214:Gesta
924:a quo
823:taifa
774:Latin
755:Greek
695:Arabs
564:recto
556:verso
552:folio
471:Irish
334:Irish
241:Chess
188:near
149:chess
147:, or
1421:2010
1090:ISBN
1068:2022
1037:2022
714:The
663:The
346:dice
271:and
261:The
225:and
163:and
153:dice
109:The
83:León
81:and
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538:of
524:Art
196:in
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