Tables game - Knowledge

2083: 1278: 1971: 906: 2182:("university tavla") is a variant of the game played with two or more tavlas and four or more players, with the players forming groups. The dice are thrown only by two opposing players and the rest must play the same dice. If a team member gets beaten and cannot enter, his teammates cannot play for that round. Although the dice are the same, the game on every board differs, where the case of one team member winning and another losing is very common. This variant is considered much harder because the player must take more than one play into account while only being capable of making decisions on his own board. 1468: 721: 1679:. Players start with all 15 of their counters on opposite corners of the board, and play around counter-clockwise. Besides bearing off, there are several other ways to win, such as arranging all of one's counters in certain pre-determined patterns, or by hitting so many counters that one's opponent can not bring them in again. Additional points are awarded for a victory while one's opponent has counters on the bar. Brädspel is played without the doubling cube. Interest in brädspel experienced a resurgence following the recovery of a 17th-century board from the wreck of the 619: 1020: 2384: 1651: 2201: 1354: 1210: 809: 4158: 1956:: A game that starts with all fifteen pieces are placed in a line on the 24-point and on the 11-point. The two players move their pieces in parallel directions, from the 24-point towards the 1-point, or home board. In Long Nardi, one piece by itself can block a point. There is no hitting in Long Nardi. The objective of the game is bearing all pieces off the board, and there is no doubling cube. 45: 2037:. All 15 of a player's counters are initially positioned on his own 24-point, but there is a major difference. One is forbidden to put his counter at a point occupied by one's opponent's counter, so there is no hitting or imprisonment in the long narde game. The main strategy is to secure playing "big pairs" by one's own counter and prevent as much as possible doing the same by the opponent. 1832:

moved until the opponent removes his piece. Sometimes, a rule is used that requires a player to bring his first counter around to his home board before moving any others. In any case, a rapid advance to one's own home board is desirable, as imprisoning the opponent's counter there is highly advantageous. Mahbusa is similar to

2178:("soldiers' tavla") where the pieces are thrown to the board randomly and the opponents try to flip their pieces over the opponents' pieces to beat them. The player with no pieces left loses the game. This variant doesn't involve dice at all and the play depends more on hand-eye coordination than tactical decision making. 147:, the tables board representing a linear race track with start and finish points, the aim being to be first to the finish line, but the characteristic features that distinguish tables games from other race games are that they are two-player games using a large number of pieces, usually fifteen per player. 306:

Like other members of the tables family, games in this last group are often mistaken for Backgammon or assumed to be its variants, yet the direction of movement and hence play is quite different. Players move in the same direction around the board and that direction is always anticlockwise. The group

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means "imprisoned". Each player begins with 15 counters on his opponent's 24-point. If a counter is hit, it is not placed on the bar, but instead, the hitting piece is placed on top, and the point is then controlled by the hitting player. The counter which has been hit is 'imprisoned' and cannot be

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The three games are normally played consecutively, in three-, five- or seven-point matches. Before starting a match, each player rolls 1 die, and the player with the highest roll picks up both dice and re-rolls (i.e. it is possible to roll doubles for the opening move). Players use the same pair of

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belongs. Some start with all pieces off the board, others with a fixed starting layout, but the aim in every case is to race them around the board in opposite directions and be first to bear them off. The group also includes Acey Deucey, known as Gegenpuff in German-speaking countries, Plakota, the

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during the 19th century, a race game with a number of distinctive features. First, players circulated the board in the same direction rather than in opposing directions. Second, players could not move the majority of their pieces until the first piece, the 'courier' or 'postilion', had reached the

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who became known as "The Father of Modern Backgammon". "Obe", as he was called by friends, co-founded the International Backgammon Association, which published a set of official rules. He also established the World Backgammon Club of Manhattan, devised a backgammon tournament system in 1963, then

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unearthed objects that appear to be part of a game set dating to around 3000 BC. These artefacts include an ebony board, two dice and 60 pieces, with the playing fields represented by the coils of a serpent. The rules of this game, like others found in Egypt, have yet to be discovered. It is,

1453:) on the 12th point of the board. The men may not pass over one another nor may there be more than one on a point except in the home corner. If a man moves to a point opposite that of an opposing man, the latter is 'hit'. It must be removed from the board and re-entered from the start. 264:

A small number of tables games involve no actual movement of pieces around the board. Instead pieces are entered or borne off or both, the aim being to be the first player to do so. Examples include Alfonso's Los Doze Canes also called Los Doze Hermanos, the English games of

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occupied by two opposing (black) men. The black and white tablemen were so distributed on the points that the only way to use all three results, as required by the game rules, was to break the three stacks of two men into blots, exposing them and ruining the game for Zeno.

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dice in turns. After the first game, the winner of the previous game starts first. Each game counts as 1 point, if the opponent has borne off at least 1 stone, otherwise 2 points. There is no doubling cube. Tavli is considered the national board game of Cyprus and Greece.

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are also games of contrary movement. However, no hitting is allowed. Instead, the attacking player may pin a blot by moving a piece onto the same point. The blot is not removed from the board, but is trapped and not permitted to move until the covering man is moved off.

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was in 1650. In 1666, it is reported that the "old name for backgammon used by Shakespeare and others" was Tables. However, it is clear from Willughby that "tables" was a generic name and that the phrase "playing at tables" was used in a similar way to "playing at

707:, men that stood alone on a point and were therefore in danger of being put outside the board by an incoming opposing man. Zeno threw the three dice with which the game was played and obtained 2, 5 and 6. The rules meant that Zeno could not move to a 3510:

A disk and dice game that has been played in Middle Eastern streets for thousands of years, in English homes for hundreds of years, and on Bronx stoops for dozens of years has suddenly gripped the bankers and brokers of old-line men's clubs all over

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Backgammon's predecessor was the tables game of Irish, which was popular at the Scottish court of James IV and considered "the more serious and solid game" when Backgammon began to emerge in the first half of the 17th century. In the 16th century,

1336:(USBGF) was organized in 2009 to re-popularize the game in the United States. Board and committee members include many of the top players, tournament directors and writers in the worldwide backgammon community. The USBGF has recently created a 1316:

and at country clubs; stockbrokers and bankers began playing at conservative men's clubs. People young and old all across the country dusted off their boards and 'checkers'. Cigarette, liquor and car companies began to sponsor tournaments, and

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is another old French tables game and more one of chance than skill. Using a tables board, each player only takes 3 pieces. The aim is to enter them onto the board using the throws of the dice and be first to move all 3 to the 'home corner'

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off the board. To do this a point must be occupied by only one opposing piece – this is called a blot – and the attacking player must move a piece onto that point. The blot is 'hit' or 'knocked off' the board and is usually placed on the

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has the same layout and scheme of movement as backgammon. He suggests that it may date back, perhaps in an older form, to 300–500 AD in the Babylonian Talmud, although others believe the Talmud references the Greek race game

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used a board with three rows of 12 points each, with the 15 men being moved in opposing directions by the two players across three rows according to the roll of the three cubical dice. Little specific text about the play of

1233:. By the 19th century it had superseded other tables games in popularity and spread abroad to Europe and America. The scoring rules have changed over time and a doubling cube added that enables players to raise the stakes. 1241:

laws and church regulations had prohibited playing tables in England, but by the 18th century, tables games were on the rise again and Backgammon had superseded Irish and become popular among the English clergy.

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is Fevga with the feature that, on a double, one has to play all doubles subsequently till the 6–6. If a dice throw cannot be fulfilled in any way, his opponent takes the turn for the remaining moves of that

3492: 1097:, completed in 1283, describes rules for a number of dice and table games in addition to its extensive discussion of chess. Tables games were played in Germany in the 12th century, and had reached 1414:

meaning 'square', literally) after the tendency of inexperienced players to rush to this point too soon in the game. Statistically, the most difficult points in the game to reach aside from the

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organized the first major international backgammon tournament in March 1964, which attracted royalty, celebrities and the press. The game became a huge fad and was played on college campuses, in

1541:, Greek for "double"), not triple, when a player bears off all the counters while the opponent has yet to bear off any and has still counters on the winner's home board or on the bar. 1300:. The cube required players not only to select the best move in a given position, but also to estimate the probability of winning from that position, transforming backgammon into the 2051:

is a simplified form of Ifranjiah. In Georgia, ifranjiah is played as elsewhere, but called "nardi". In Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia many experienced players also play

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includes the old German games of Langer Puff (known confusingly in English as German or Russian Backgammon) and Buffa, the Italian game of Buffa Cortese, the Spanish games of

143:, and many different varieties are played throughout the world. They are called 'tables' games because the boards consist of four quadrants or 'tables'. The vast majority are 869:

Meanwhile, Persian tradition places the invention of nard in the 3rd or even 6th century AD. The name of the game nard is an abbreviated version of the original Persian name

1856:, each player begins with 15 counters on the opponent's 24-point. However, this game involves neither hitting not pinning. Instead, one or more pieces on a point act as a 1881:

texts which refer to the game comment on the debate regarding the legality and morality of playing the game. This debate was settled by the eighth century when all four

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all of one's men. Modern Backgammon follows the similar rules to Tabula. The key differences being that Tabula uses an extra die (three rather than two), there is no

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and ancient texts give an idea of their play in some cases. These bilateral race games may well be the ancestors of the tables game family. They include the Alea,

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tables game of the 17th and 18th centuries in the same way that backgammon that now is in the English-speaking world. There are two main forms of the game,

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among the belongings of the ship's officers. Tables games appear widely in paintings of this period, mainly those of Dutch and German painters, such as

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shaped points provides a potential transitional phase between the Roman square points, and the triangular points that were common in the 13th century.

531:. These finds are significant because of two Babylonian tablets with cuneiform descriptions of the game played on these game sets, the later one dated 206:. The reason for the plural is twofold: first, that a tables board comprises four separate quadrants which are a feature of the play; and second, that 1440:

final quadrant. Jacquet was largely ousted by Anglo-American games in the 1960s, but its rules are still published and boards are still manufactured.

1579:; players moving in the same direction. There is not hitting or pinning and a point is blocked to the opponent even when occupied by a single piece. 1077:

issued a decree prohibiting his court officials and subjects from playing. Tables games were played in Germany in the 12th century, and had reached

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and the players may not hit and run in their home boards. Matches are usually played to five points. It is customary to call the dice rolls their

4197: 1709:, however it differs from most other tables variants in that the pieces are never borne off. Additionally, the use of primes is not permitted. 2797: 2058:

One of the most famous narde championships is the championship of Azerbaijan – Gizil Zar – Golden Dawn. The winner is awarded with gold dice.

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Le Jeu du trictrac, Enrichi De Figures Avec les Jeux du Revertier, du Toute-Table, du Tourne-Case, de Dames Rabattues, du Plain et du Toc.

3223: 1896:. Today they continue to be commonly played in various forms in Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Egypt, Syria, Jordan and throughout the Arab world. 1860:. Moreover, a player must initially advance only one counter to the opponent's 'home board' before being able to move additional pieces. 1229:

The earliest known mention of Backgammon was in a letter dated 1635 and it was a variant of the popular mediaeval Anglo-Scottish game of

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and cafes. The epigram of Zeno describes a particularly bad dice roll the emperor had for his given position. Zeno, who was white, had a

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Sebbane, Michael (2001). "Board Games from Canaan in the Early and Intermediate Bronze Ages and the Origin of the Egyptian Senet Game".

3346: 2821:"Perancangan Permainan Media Edukasi Sebagai Pembelajaran Cara Melindungi Diri Dalam Menghadapi Bencana Alam Bagi Anak Usia 7–12 Tahun" 1705:, while the other is played on a 24-point tables board, using standard tables equipment. The starting position is identical to that of 594:

Senet was played in neighbouring cultures, probably arriving there through trade links with the Egyptians. It has been found in the

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is a game where all pieces are off the board at the outset and players enter either by rolling doubles or an Ace-Deuce combination.

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is the name for the Persian tables game. H. J. R. Murray details many versions of tables games; his description of modern Persian

3544: 2119:"tawleh"), is a very popular game in Turkey. It lacks a doubling cube, gammons and backgammons are counted as two points called 4084: 1292:

The most recent major development in backgammon was the addition of the doubling cube. It was first introduced in the 1920s in

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Tables period: tables games from their arrival in Spain or Italy from the Arabic world around the turn of the first millennium

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There are many variants of Tavla in Turkey, where the course of play changes drastically. The usual tavla is also known as

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Crist, Walter; et al. (2016). "Facilitating Interaction: Board Games as Social Lubricants in the Ancient Near East".

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Winning double in Backgammon occurs when the player bears off all the counters while the opponent has yet to bear any off.

2082: 4011: 1333: 1277: 1073:('Games of Tables') first appeared in France during the 11th century and became a favorite pastime of gamblers. In 1254, 416:

Numerous archaeological discoveries witness to game boards and artefacts bearing a strong resemblance to those used in

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all one's pieces first. Points occupied even by one enemy man are blocked to the other side. They are usually games of

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Papahristou & Refanidis (2013) categorise tables games by the type of attacking tactics permitted during the game:

610:. Because of the local practice of making games out of stone, more Senet games have survived in Cyprus than in Egypt. 4022: 3976: 3946: 3938: 3730: 3177: 3076: 2759: 2726: 1811:(lion) referring to the two type of pieces used in play. A common legend associates the game with the founder of the 580:–2613 BC). People are depicted playing Senet in a painting in the tomb of Rashepes, as well as other tombs dating to 2174:("girls' tavla") is a game which depends only on the dice and involves no strategy. There is another variant called 4704: 4378: 4373: 3474: 3985: 3252: 4411: 2719:

Ancient Board Games in Perspective: Papers from the 1990 British Museum Colloquium, with Additional Contributions

3574:(in French). Avignon: Chez F.Girard & D. Seguin. p. 320NUC: Library of Congress, University of Chicago. 3308:

Wollesen, Jens T. "Sub specie ludi...: Text and Images in Alfonso El Sabio's Libro de Acedrex, Dados e Tablas",

1553:. It has some general similarities with Portes, but with a different opening layout of the pieces and blots are 3655: 3585: 3169: 3164:

Guo, Li; Eyman, Douglas; Sun, Hongmei (2024). "Introduction". In Guo, Li; Eyman, Douglas; Sun, Hongmei (eds.).

2928: 746:('Game of Twelve Lines') with the board's middle row of points removed, and only the two outer rows remaining. 2690: 4394: 3952: 2040:

The game is known as 'Fevga' in Greece, 'Moultezim' in Turkey, Mahbusa in the Middle East and 'Ifranjiah' or

211: 3456: 2188:(Turkish for "prison") is another tables game played in Turkey. It is very similar to Mahbusa played in the 3999: 17: 2666: 4620: 4610: 4560: 3527:"World Backgammon Championships History – Backgammon Masters – Backgammon Articles' Categories – Play65™" 1778: 174:

which primarily meant 'board' or 'plank', but also referred to this genre of game. From its plural form,

31: 3867: 1325:. Backgammon clubs were formed and tournaments were held, resulting in a World Championship promoted in 4678: 4077: 3849: 1572: 385: 3929:(revised edition with two volumes dated 1960 and 1969 bound into a single book) – Dover Publications, 1250:

in 1753; this described rules and strategy for the game and was bound together with a similar text on

4117: 1270: 1046: 742: 726: 458: 3526: 1970: 1117:, an unrelated class of board games (albeit linguistically related) played in medieval Scandinavia. 4555: 2805: 1185: 1165: 538:

and the other one dating to several centuries earlier. These represent the oldest rule sets of any

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The Historical Development of the Game of Senet and its Significance for Ancient Egyptian Religion

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forerunners can be traced back nearly 5,000 years to the Persia, where excavations in 2006 at the

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and the Levantine game of Eureika. Most of these games are simple pursuits suitable for children.

3968: 3751: 2820: 1638:) has two variations: there is no doubling cube and a backgammon counts only as a gammon (called 1308: 1258: 1169: 965:

period (1127–1279) recording over ten variants. Over time it was replaced by other games such as

588: 139:. Players roll dice to determine the movement of pieces. Tables games are among the oldest known 905: 779:('The Art of Love'), written between 1 BC and 8 AD. In Roman times, this game was also known as 470:

period: from its invention or earliest appearance in Southwestern Asia (or Persia) before AD 800

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and Catch Dolt, the French games Renette, Tables Rabattues and Paumecary, the Icelandic game of

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Finkel, Irving L. "Ancient board games in perspective." British Museum Colloquium. 2007. p. 224

1398:, are numbered to 12 on both sides of the board, with the 12th point on either side called the 559: 3231: 2434:

Parlett says "prehistoric" but means that period of ancient history before the 8th century BC.

4699: 4673: 4668: 4545: 4481: 4368: 4070: 3822: 3321: 2609: 1554: 1053: 720: 294:, the Italian games of Tavole Reales and Testa, and the French games of Tieste, Impérial and 3350: 3193: 2636: 681:

start off the board. Interestingly, the rules in Backgammon for re-entering pieces from the

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Modern period: the rise of more sophisticated games from the 15th century onwards including

4466: 4451: 1180: 946: 890: 788: 1467: 1269:, was by James Howell in a letter dated 1635. Meanwhile, the first use documented by the 1265:, meaning "game" or "play". The earliest mention of the game, which was under the name of 1002:, originally played only by the aristocracy, had become popular among the general public. 388:

is a game in which no hitting or pinning is allowed and the game is essentially a race to

8: 4383: 2226: 2208: 1857: 1092: 708: 700: 686: 658: 508: 454: 136: 4643: 4550: 4493: 4127: 4107: 3649: 3579: 3497: 3124: 3047: 3007: 2999: 2901: 1702: 1153: 1105: 1074: 704: 682: 352: 178:, come the names in other languages for this family of games including the Anglo-Saxon 1793:

is commonly used to refer to when a player scores a 5 and 6 at the same time on dice.

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issued a decree prohibiting his court officials and subjects from playing dice games.

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Chess in Iceland and Icelandic Literature: with historical notes on other table-games

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The popularity of backgammon surged in the mid-1960s, in part due to the charisma of

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It's all a game : the history of board games from Monopoly to Settlers of Catan

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Willughby (c. 1660-1672), entries for "Cards", "Tables", "Irish" and "Back Gammon."

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is thought to have been brought from China in the 6th century, and is mentioned in

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is still used for tables games in Greece, where they are frequently played in town

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from off the board, along with those for hitting a blot, and bearing off. The name

651: 524: 429: 425: 421: 3347:"A Foregone Conclusion: Fore-Edge Books Are Unique Additions to Ransom Collection" 3210: 1337: 443:

The history of tables games may be divided into different periods of development:

4658: 4615: 4598: 4565: 4503: 3804: 3599: 2580: 2444: 2002: 1770: 1734: 1510: 1322: 1297: 618: 266: 2897: 1617:(Jewish), a much simpler game depending entirely on luck with no room for skill. 1313: 1019: 4192: 4187: 4007: 3981: 2539: 2284: 2112: 1523: 1435: 1301: 654: 542:

and clearly show this Sumerian game to be ancestral to the tables game family.

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with sides numbered one to six. The object of the game was to be the first to

4693: 4648: 4585: 4434: 4147: 4041: 3995: 3425: 3096:. Vol. 1. Collection de l'institut français d'Athènes. pp. 200–204. 2769: 2736: 2714: 2455:

The fact that this is the earliest mention is stated in Fiske (1905), p. 285.

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around the same time. Board fragments that could be Senet have been found in

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Prior to the Persian discovery, the oldest board game sets had been found in

511:, which indicates such board games may be more widespread than once thought. 462: 256:

Parlett (1999) identifies three different modes of movement in tables games:

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numbers, rather than Arabic ones, are called out by a player announcing his

1889:(forbidden), however the game is still played today in many Arab countries. 523:

and are thought to be around 100 to 200 years later. They were used for the

400:, where players move around the board in the same direction, but some, like 4260: 2389: 2367: 2320: 2275: 2271: 1819:. The oldest known reference to the game is thought to be a passage in the 1738: 1722: 1654:

Tables board with counters recovered from the Swedish 17th century warship

1243: 1230: 1217: 1189: 942: 934: 783:, and a likely apocryphal Latin story linked this name, and the game, to a 774: 674: 495: 368: 344: 291: 287: 4034: 3880: 3764: 3726: 2383: 2214:

Many of the ancestors of modern tables games are no longer widely played.

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of Zeno's time is believed to be a direct descendant of the earlier Roman

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Seys Does e As (Six, Two and Ace), related to the English game of Six-Ace

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In English, the word "backgammon" is most likely derived from "back" and

1238: 938: 926: 843: 816: 796: 657:(AD 476–491). It had the typical tables board layout with 24 rectangular 635: 528: 467: 437: 408:

where players race their pieces past one another in opposing directions.

319:, Turkish Moultezim and a curious Icelandic game called Chase the Girls. 270: 112: 1387:

However, it is not a race game; rather the main aim is to score points.

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The situation in Zeno's game of tabula when he had an unlucky dice throw

4603: 4520: 4443: 4245: 4207: 4112: 3922: 3227: 2870: 2323:, 16th and 17th century British game; directly ancestral to Backgammon. 2189: 2026: 2010: 1953: 1816: 1706: 1224: 1175: 1113: 1024: 878: 417: 340: 282: 144: 140: 128: 124: 3701: 3003: 2200: 1650: 990: 984:. As a gambling game, it was made illegal several times. In the early 4663: 4537: 4476: 4456: 4300: 3677: 1927: 1742: 1496: 1358: 1353: 1157: 1086: 999: 894: 827: 539: 499: 239:

Played on a board with four quarters known as tables, hence the name.

223: 159: 1789:). It is also played by some Kurdish, Persian and Turkish speakers. 1765:(pronounced Sheesh Beesh in Arabic), which is a rhyming combination 1737:(meaning "table"). This may represent a shared name origin with the 1126: 1122: 846:

in the 6th century. He describes an encounter between Borzuya and a

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however, made from ebony, a material more likely to be found in the

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Played on a rectangular board with players sitting on the long sides

4653: 4508: 4471: 4305: 4295: 4285: 4223: 4182: 3644:. Paris: Chez Henry Charpentier. 1701. p. 198ASIN: B004FKIFEY. 2995: 2818: 2691:"Burnt City: World's oldest "Backgammon" Game? – Dr. Kaveh Farrokh" 2418: 2351: 2345: 2315: 2062: 2006: 1693: 1672: 1480: 1476: 1371: 1209: 1146:. A wooden board and counters were recovered from the wreck of the 976: 835: 678: 670: 599: 477: 389: 312: 295: 155: 108: 1671:("Swedish Tables") is an elaborate version of the historical game 913:

Nard was popular in China for a time and was known as "shuanglu" (

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points', for this reason. The home boards are referred to as the

1098: 1078: 1061: 967: 839: 696: 647: 646:), is the oldest identifiable tables game. It is described in an 448: 373: 316: 2754:(First ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 13–16. 2289:

Buffa Cortesa (Courtly Puff), related to the German game of Puff

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In the modern Middle East, tables games are a common feature of

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by either player. Doubles are treated as two identical numbers.

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This article is about the board game genre. For other uses, see

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Le Grand Trictrac. Ou Méthode Facile pour Apprendre san Maître

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Lillich, Meredith Parsons. "The Tric-Trac Window of Le Mans",

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Hayes, William C. "Egyptian Tomb Reliefs of the Old Kingdom",

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Boueri, Marijean; Boutros, Jill; Sayad, Joanne (April 2006).

2107: 1882: 1870: 1848: 1842: 1698: 1527: 1472: 1462: 1423: 1251: 1082: 1039: 897:(r. 531–79), who is credited with the invention of the game. 859: 855: 851: 551: 433: 401: 397: 343:

where players move their pieces in opposing directions. In a

44: 3381: 3278: 3030:

Austin, Roland G. (February 1935). "Roman Board Games. II".

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Doce Canes or Doce Hermanos (Twelve Dogs or Twelve Brothers)

858:, and Borzuya demonstrates Nard, played with dice made from 4525: 2846:(PhD (unpublished) thesis). Chicago: University of Chicago. 2014: 1904: 1754: 1045:. Its first use referring to board games documented by the 889:(Explanation of Chess and the Invention of Nardshir) it is 863: 847: 820: 784: 768: 666: 98: 3992:

ed. Irving Finkel. London: British Museum. pp. 16–32.

3475:"The Father Of Modern Backgammon – GammonVillage Magazine" 3107:

Austin, Roland G. (October 1934). "Roman Board Games. I".

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has no doubling cube, and players only win double (called

569:, but the first painting of this ancient game is from the 248:

Tables games may be classified by movement or by tactics.

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Multiplex games i.e. players have a large number of pieces

2246:

Fallas (Drop Dead), related to the English game of Fayles

1188:(the tables board is in the lower right). Others include 985: 135:, typically with two rows of 12 vertical markings called 1899:

A feature of tables play in some Arab countries is that

1340:

to address issues which tournament rules fail to touch.

925:). Shuanglu came from western India to China during the 1950:: the local name for Backgammon; same setup and rules. 520: 230:

Played by two players and hence bilaterally symmetrical

2819:

Metha Melissa Wijoyono; Alvin Raditya (10 July 2014).

2301: 2044:

in Arabia. It can also be spelt as 'Nard' or 'Nardi'.

998:

quickly dwindled. By the 13th century, the board game

2946:

Ancient Egyptians at Play: Board Games across Borders

2721:. London, England: British Museum Press. p. 16. 2660: 2658: 1747: 290:', the Spanish games of Emperador, Quinze Tablas and 3166:

Games & Play in Chinese & Sinophone Cultures

2540:"World's Oldest Backgammon Discovered In Burnt City" 2379: 2274:(All Pieces), related to the Anglo-Scottish game of 2170:("boys' tavla" or "men's tavla"). The other variant 1727: 1514: 1433:

Trictrac was superseded by the much simpler game of

1304:-driven game played in the 20th and 21st centuries. 1129:) may, on the other hand, be descendants of tabula. 759:

has survived; it may have been related to the older

735: 3349:. The University of Texas at Austin. Archived from 1761:and many Arabic-speaking countries, it is known as 3941:; reprinted by Exeter Books, New York City, 1983. 3820: 3788:. February 26, 2003. Retrieved on August 12, 2006. 2713:Becker, Andrea (2007). "The Royal Game of Ur". In 2655: 2243:(Doublet), related to the English game of Doublets 2074:", is a tables game in which there is no hitting. 1406:. The 11th point (on either side) is often called 909:Table game set from around the 10th century, China 214:' or 'men' for short – used in the various games. 4012:"The Tables Turned: Backgammon from Ur to Us" in 3814: 3773: 3702:"Playing Tavli (Backgammon) in Greece with Omilo" 3432:(Second Printing ed.). Cardoza. p. 22. 2982:Austin, Roland G (1934). "Zeno's Game of τάβλη". 2921:The Kent State Expedition to Episkopi-Phaneromeni 1944:). There are two games of Nardi commonly played: 1885:schools of jurisprudence declared the game to be 4691: 3025: 3023: 3021: 2804:. Canada: University of Waterloo. Archived from 3894:"Top Tavla tips for expats to play like a Turk" 3570:Soumille, Abbot (abbé) Bernard Laurent (1738). 3420: 3418: 2665:Schädler, Ulrich; Dunn-Vaturi, Anne-Elizabeth. 2664: 2055:, which some see as requiring deeper strategy. 1712: 1642:). Matches are usually played to three points. 1142:By the 17th century, table games had spread to 767:. The earliest known mention of the game is in 587:. The oldest complete Senet boards date to the 311:and Pareia de Entrada, the continental game of 210:also came to refer to the individual pieces – ' 3719: 3682:at salondesjeux.fr. Retrieved 29 October 2021. 3493:"Urge to Play Backgammon Sweeping Men's Clubs" 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2495: 2493: 2342:Additional games described by Seymour (1754): 703:of seven men, three stacks of two men and two 222:Most, but not all, tables games are a type of 4419: 4078: 4004:. Florence: Florentine Typographical Society. 3927:Board And Table Games From Many Civilizations 3798:"Vasamuseet — The Swedish-Tables Association" 3283:Second Edition, 1989. (Subscription required) 3100: 3069:Board and table games from many civilizations 3018: 2358:Additional games described by Murray (1941): 2331:Additional games described by Cotton (1674): 2224: 2217: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 1931: 1357:A tables board found in the shipwreck of the 1111:Mediaeval tables should not be confused with 1090: 956: 950: 920: 914: 685:are the same as those in Tabula for entering 301: 276: 3415: 3087: 3085: 2559:Wilkinson, Charles K. "Chessmen and Chess", 2511:Papahristou & Refanidis (2013), pp. 2–3. 2223:Games described in the royal book of games, 1390:In Trictrac, the starting point is called a 1178:(the tables board is in the lower left) and 1068: 1006: 929:and was a significant table game during the 794: 170:The word 'tables' is derived from the Latin 3791: 3163: 3157: 2962: 2555: 2553: 2490: 2483: 2481: 1557:(so they cannot move) instead of being hit. 1500: 1248:A Short Treatise on the Game of Back-Gammon 1214:A Short Treatise on the Game of Back-Gammon 887:Wičārišn ī čatrang ud nihišn ī nēw-ardaxšēr 772: 754: 747: 690: 4433: 4426: 4412: 4085: 4071: 3850:"Կարճ նարդի խաղալու կանոնները և օրենքները" 3758: 3556: 3554: 3291: 3289: 3216: 2195: 885:, whereas in the Middle Persian narrative 3965:A History of Board-Games other than Chess 3604:A History of Board Games Other than Chess 3521: 3519: 3406: 3326:at cyningstan.com. Retrieved 7 July 2022. 3091: 3082: 2786:, New Series 4:7. March 1946. pp 170–178. 2585:A History of Board-Games Other than Chess 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2507: 2505: 1343: 1204: 1121:and tablan (as well as the related games 1005:In Korea, a similar game exists known as 988:era, a new and fast gambling game called 259: 150:Tables games should not be confused with 3569: 3457:"The Inventor of Doubling in Backgammon" 3424: 3302: 2841: 2789: 2628: 2601: 2550: 2478: 2199: 2081: 1969: 1930:. The word is derived from Persian word 1649: 1466: 1352: 1276: 1208: 1018: 904: 877:, associates the invention of nard with 807: 719: 617: 335:This is the standard tactic in games of 3986:"On the Rules for the Royal Game of Ur" 3971:, reissued by Hacker Art Books (1978), 3892:Ergil, Leyla Yvonne (11 October 2014). 3824:Lebanon A to Z: A Middle Eastern Mosaic 3551: 3286: 3063: 3061: 2883: 2877: 2784:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 2749: 2614:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 31–. 2563:. New Series 1:9, May 1943. pp. 271–279 2561:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 1634:(meaning "board", cognate of the Latin 1418:are the 8th points, and they are named 730:board from the 2nd century, Aphrodisias 484: 14: 4692: 3847: 3598: 3516: 3451: 3449: 3150:Jacoby, Oswald, and John R. Crawford. 3106: 3029: 2981: 2712: 2697: 2579: 2566: 2502: 1717:Tables games are played widely in the 661:, 12 on each side. Each player had 15 4407: 4066: 3891: 2943: 2918: 2856: 2812: 2350:Grand Trick Track, related to French 2307:Games described by Willughby (1672): 1505:. A game of the tables family called 1296:among members of gaming clubs in the 360:between the two halves of the board. 154:which are casino gambling games like 3373: 3270: 3071:, Courier Dover Publications, 1979, 3058: 2795: 2634: 2607: 2127:number names, with local spellings: 1519:) is described in an epigram of the 1456: 1038:, the word "tables" is derived from 3733:from the original on 13 August 2006 3545:"Tudor Games & Indoor Pastimes" 3485: 3446: 2944:Crist, Walter; et al. (2016). 2798:"In search of the meaning of Senet" 2667:"Board Games in pre-Islamic Persia" 2302:16th and 17th century English games 1941: 1487:Tables games are popular among the 1334:United States Backgammon Federation 626: 613: 428:, the Game of Twenty, Grammai, the 226:. They are characterised as being: 202:and, of course, English and French 24: 3990:Ancient Board Games in Perspective 3957:3rd edn. Paris: Henry Charpentier. 2850: 2835: 1587:Other Greek tables games include: 854:. The Raja introduces the game of 842:with the invention of the game of 43: 25: 4716: 4028: 4014:The Oxford History of Board Games 3827:. PublishingWorks. pp. 59–. 3606:. Hacker Art Books. p. 279. 3430:501 Essential Backgammon Problems 3344: 2265:Paireia de Entrada (Paired Entry) 1852:(meaning "Moroccan"). Similar to 1745:tables games. The game is called 376:is an example of a pinning game. 4156: 4092: 3224:"History of Go in Japan: part 3" 3194:"CCTV.com-[博弈篇]舶来棋戏——双陆" 2923:. Nicosia: Paul Astroms Forlag. 2608:Bray, Chris (14 February 2011). 2382: 2283:, related to the French game of 1132: 881:(r. 224–41), the founder of the 379: 363: 330: 4017:. Oxford: OUP, pp. 58–87. 3885: 3874: 3860: 3841: 3811:. Retrieved on August 12, 2006. 3744: 3694: 3685: 3671: 3662: 3634: 3620: 3592: 3563: 3537: 3467: 3397: 3364: 3338: 3329: 3315: 3310:Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 3245: 3204: 3186: 3144: 3135: 2984:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 2937: 2912: 2776: 2743: 2706: 2683: 2458: 2449: 2437: 1725:. The most popular is known as 1321:held backgammon parties at the 1027:playing, from the 14th century 715: 4208:Long Nardy (Narde, Long Nardi) 4043:Fevga or Moultezim or Tawla 31 3770:. Retrieved on August 8, 2006. 3335:Howell (1635), Vol. 2, No. 68. 3170:University of Washington Press 3094:Vyzantinon Vios kai Politismos 2532: 2523: 2514: 2443:Meaning 'table' or 'board' in 2428: 2411: 2292:Buffa de Baldrac (Common Puff) 2268:Cab e Quinal (Alongside Fives) 2234:Quinze Tablas (Fifteen Pieces) 1549:is very similar to Mahbusa or 1168:. Some surviving artworks are 875:Kār-nāmag ī Ardaxšēr ī Pāpakān 803: 550:Another ancient race game was 514: 13: 1: 4036:Variants at Backgammon Galore 3916: 3868:"Backgammon, or Takheth Nard" 3383:The Oxford English Dictionary 3279:The Oxford English Dictionary 2859:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 2471: 1701:. One more closely resembles 1691:There are two games known as 1338:Standards of Ethical Practice 581: 574: 563: 532: 217: 60: 3729:. Backgammon Galore!. 2003. 3299:65:1, March 1983. pp. 23–33. 2404: 2066:, sometimes referred to as " 1713:Middle East and Central Asia 1056:, Discovered on the site of 900: 74:2 (or more in some variants) 51:A tables board from Damascus 7: 4621:Collectible miniatures game 4611:Constructible strategy game 3765:"Tavli (Greek Backgammon)". 3691:Fallavel (1715), pp. 63–77. 3211:Origin of Sugoroku in Japan 3092:Koukoules, Phaidon (1948). 2898:10.1179/tav.2001.2001.2.213 2842:Piccione, Peter A. (1990). 2375: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2033:, are very fond of playing 1932: 1748: 1728: 1686: 1526:(AD 476–481). The games of 1348: 1137: 1007: 951: 921: 873:. The Middle-Persian text, 281:This is the group to which 251: 10: 4721: 4679:Tabletop role-playing game 4234:Games of contrary movement 4166:Games of parallel movement 3785:The Game of Swedish Tables 3727:"Tavli (Greek Backgammon)" 3654:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 3584:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 2499:Parlett (1999), pp. 58–87. 2218:13th century Spanish games 2099: 1963: 1910: 1621: 1530:most commonly played are: 1515: 1499:times from the Latin word 1460: 1410:, or 'schoolboy's point' ( 1222: 736: 451:and other early race games 411: 322: 302:Games of parallel movement 277:Games of contrary movement 131:and which are played on a 29: 4636: 4584: 4536: 4442: 4392: 4361: 4330: 4233: 4165: 4154: 4100: 3121:10.1017/s0017383500002941 3044:10.1017/s0017383500003119 2750:Donovan, Tristan (2017). 2641:. Lulu Com. pp. 6–. 2583:(1952). "6: Race-Games". 2520:Parlett (1999), pp. 74–75 2077: 1923: 1645: 1491:. These games are called 1365: 1271:Oxford English Dictionary 1047:Oxford English Dictionary 1014: 957: 915: 815:demonstrates the game of 743:Ludus duodecim scriptorum 727:Ludus duodecim scriptorum 691: 489: 459:Ludus duodecim scriptorum 104: 94: 86: 78: 70: 56: 42: 4556:Dedicated deck card game 3312:53:3, 1990. pp. 277–308. 2400:('sowing' or seed games) 1926:) is very popular among 1186:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 1081:by the 13th century. In 545: 243: 64: 3rd millennium BC 4705:Traditional board games 3969:Oxford University Press 3403:Wheately (1666), p. 70. 3386:(Second ed.). 1989 2337:Catch-Dolt (Ketch-Dolt) 2196:Historical tables games 1959: 1567:or the Turkish variant 1309:Prince Alexis Obolensky 1262: 165: 4594:Abstract strategy game 4462:Cooperative board game 4331:Games without movement 3951:Fallavel J.M. (1715). 3560:Parlett (1999), p. 86. 3370:Howell (1650), p. 105. 3257:www.culturecontent.com 2919:Swiny, Stuart (1986). 2611:Backgammon For Dummies 2487:Parlett (1999), p. 58. 2225: 2211: 2207:from the 13th century 2097: 2009:region, especially in 1983: 1846:(meaning table 31) or 1661: 1501: 1484: 1479:with checkers made of 1362: 1344:Tables games by region 1289: 1282:The Backgammon Players 1220: 1205:The rise of Backgammon 1091: 1069: 1031: 910: 823: 773: 755: 748: 731: 623: 447:Pre-classical period: 260:Games without movement 48: 4674:Social deduction game 4669:Paper-and-pencil game 4546:Collectible card game 4482:Cross and circle game 4193:Jacquet de Versailles 3668:Fiske (1905), p. 183. 3479:www.gammonvillage.com 3067:Robert Charles Bell, 2703:Finkel (2007), p. 22. 2529:Fiske (1909), p. 173. 2421:, is not a race game 2203: 2085: 2068:Rosespring Backgammon 1973: 1653: 1470: 1420:les fleches de diable 1356: 1280: 1212: 1101:by the 13th century. 1054:Gloucester tabula set 1022: 961:) written during the 908: 811: 723: 621: 47: 4467:Deduction board game 4452:Adventure board game 4220:(Turkish backgammon) 2671:Encyclopædia Iranica 2635:Bray, Chris (2012). 2587:. Hacker Art Books. 1982:marquetry technique. 1181:The Triumph of Death 949:dynasties. The book 891:Bozorgmehr Bokhtagan 826:In the 11th century 677:or bar, and all the 527:, played in ancient 485:Pre-classical period 4561:Shedding-type games 4374:Tables (historical) 4118:Duodecim Scriptorum 3848:Ռաֆայելյան, Կարեն. 3234:on 14 November 2007 3152:The backgammon book 2825:Jurnal DKV Adiwarna 2796:Piccione, Peter A. 2227:Libro de los Juegos 2209:Libro de los juegos 2047:A version known as 1807:(Wooden block) and 1332:Most recently, the 1093:Libro de los juegos 756:Duodecim scriptorum 749:Duodecim scriptorum 509:Indian subcontinent 39: 27:Class of board game 4551:Deck-building game 4494:Running-fight game 4323:(Greek backgammon) 3803:2006-05-18 at the 3642:Le Jeu de Trictrac 3501:. January 13, 1966 3498:The New York Times 3461:www.gammonlife.com 3154:. Viking Pr, 1976. 2871:10.1111/ojoa.12084 2212: 2180:Üniversite tavlası 2098: 1984: 1978:Board made in the 1877:Many of the early 1785:, meaning five in 1703:Snakes and Ladders 1675:that is played in 1662: 1485: 1471:Traditional Greek 1385:le Petit Trictrac. 1363: 1290: 1221: 1198:Interior of an Inn 1060:in 1983, with its 1049:was circa AD 700. 1032: 911: 824: 732: 624: 562:burials in Egypt, 347:, the players may 49: 37: 4687: 4686: 4576:Trick-taking game 4401: 4400: 3967:. 1st pub. 1952, 3931:Mineola, New York 3834:978-0-9744803-4-3 3768:Backgammon Galore 3679:Le jeu de Jacquet 3613:978-0-87817-211-5 3439:978-1-58042-019-8 3109:Greece & Rome 3032:Greece & Rome 2955:978-1-4742-2117-7 2827:(in Indonesian). 2648:978-1-291-01965-0 2638:Backgammon to Win 2621:978-1-119-99674-3 2594:978-0-87817-211-5 2364:Fails (or Fayles) 1813:Sassanian dynasty 1779:Northwest Semitic 1769:, meaning six in 1577:parallel movement 1457:Greece and Cyprus 1408:le case d'écolier 1394:, the points, or 1381:le Grand Trictrac 1286:Theodoor Rombouts 1058:Gloucester Castle 971:(Chinese chess). 665:and used cubical 598:at sites such as 556:ancient Egyptians 406:contrary movement 394:parallel movement 337:contrary movement 118: 117: 16:(Redirected from 4712: 4571:Tarot card games 4514:Chinese dominoes 4428: 4421: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4369:Tables (current) 4271:Ludus Anglicorum 4226:(Swedish tables) 4160: 4138:Royal Game of Ur 4108:Dogs and Jackals 4087: 4080: 4073: 4064: 4063: 3961:Murray, H. J. R. 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3900:. dailysabah.com 3889: 3883: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3818: 3812: 3795: 3789: 3779:Helmfrid, Sten, 3777: 3771: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3738: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3683: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3645: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3600:Murray, H. J. R. 3596: 3590: 3589: 3583: 3575: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3453: 3444: 3443: 3422: 3413: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3358: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3327: 3319: 3313: 3306: 3300: 3297:The Art Bulletin 3293: 3284: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3230:. Archived from 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3161: 3155: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3089: 3080: 3065: 3056: 3055: 3027: 3016: 3015: 2979: 2960: 2959: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2662: 2653: 2652: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2577: 2564: 2557: 2548: 2547: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2500: 2497: 2488: 2485: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2426: 2415: 2392: 2387: 2386: 2326:Early Backgammon 2230: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 1943: 1935: 1925: 1751: 1731: 1669:svenskt brädspel 1611:means "slayers". 1518: 1517: 1504: 1475:board made from 1375:was the classic 1162:Hieronymus Bosch 1096: 1072: 1010: 982:Genji monogatari 960: 959: 954: 924: 918: 917: 893:, the vizier of 883:Sasanian dynasty 778: 758: 751: 739: 738: 694: 693: 627:Byzantine Empire 614:Classical period 606:, as well as in 586: 583: 579: 576: 568: 565: 554:, played by the 537: 534: 525:Royal Game of Ur 455:Classical period 430:Royal Game of Ur 426:Duodecim Scripta 422:Dogs and Jackals 65: 62: 40: 36: 21: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4659:Icehouse pieces 4632: 4616:Miniatures game 4599:Connection game 4580: 4532: 4504:Tile-based game 4438: 4432: 4402: 4397: 4388: 4357: 4338:Dames Rabattues 4326: 4229: 4161: 4152: 4096: 4091: 4031: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3903: 3901: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3875: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3819: 3815: 3809:The Vasa Museum 3805:Wayback Machine 3796: 3792: 3778: 3774: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3736: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3647: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3597: 3593: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3552: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3525: 3524: 3517: 3504: 3502: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3455: 3454: 3447: 3440: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3389: 3387: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3356: 3354: 3345:Allee, Sheila. 3343: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3320: 3316: 3307: 3303: 3294: 3287: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3237: 3235: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3168:. Seattle, WA: 3162: 3158: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3105: 3101: 3090: 3083: 3066: 3059: 3028: 3019: 2980: 2963: 2956: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2917: 2913: 2882: 2878: 2855: 2851: 2840: 2836: 2817: 2813: 2794: 2790: 2781: 2777: 2762: 2748: 2744: 2729: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2675: 2673: 2663: 2656: 2649: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2578: 2567: 2558: 2551: 2544:www.payvand.com 2538: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2445:Byzantine Greek 2442: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2304: 2220: 2205:Seis, dos, y as 2198: 2104: 2080: 2003:Iranian plateau 1968: 1962: 1913: 1800:comes from the 1715: 1689: 1648: 1624: 1511:Byzantine Greek 1465: 1459: 1368: 1351: 1346: 1323:Playboy Mansion 1298:Lower East Side 1227: 1207: 1140: 1135: 1017: 903: 806: 801: 718: 629: 616: 584: 577: 566: 548: 535: 517: 494:The history of 492: 487: 414: 382: 366: 333: 325: 304: 279: 262: 254: 246: 220: 194:, Scandinavian 168: 123:are a class of 63: 52: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4718: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4590: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4435:Tabletop games 4431: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4408: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4123:Game of Twenty 4120: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4090: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4047: 4039: 4030: 4029:External links 4027: 4026: 4025: 4008:Parlett, David 4005: 3996:Fiske, Willard 3993: 3982:Finkel, Irving 3979: 3958: 3949: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3884: 3873: 3859: 3840: 3833: 3813: 3790: 3772: 3757: 3743: 3718: 3693: 3684: 3670: 3661: 3633: 3619: 3612: 3591: 3562: 3550: 3536: 3531:www.play65.com 3515: 3484: 3466: 3445: 3438: 3426:Robertie, Bill 3414: 3405: 3396: 3380:"backgammon". 3372: 3363: 3337: 3328: 3314: 3301: 3285: 3269: 3253:"쌍륙 – 문화콘텐츠닷컴" 3244: 3215: 3213:, sugoroku.net 3203: 3185: 3178: 3156: 3143: 3134: 3099: 3081: 3057: 3017: 2996:10.2307/626864 2990:(2): 202–205. 2961: 2954: 2948:. Bloomsbury. 2936: 2929: 2911: 2892:(2): 213–230. 2876: 2865:(2): 179–196. 2849: 2834: 2811: 2808:on 2008-09-18. 2788: 2775: 2760: 2742: 2727: 2715:Finkel, Irving 2705: 2696: 2682: 2654: 2647: 2627: 2620: 2600: 2593: 2581:Murray, H.J.R. 2565: 2549: 2531: 2522: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2457: 2448: 2436: 2427: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2394: 2393: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2348: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2313: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2278: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2262:(Half Emperor) 2256: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2219: 2216: 2197: 2194: 2115:τάβλη or from 2113:Medieval Greek 2100:Main article: 2086:Women playing 2079: 2076: 2001:People in the 1964:Main article: 1961: 1958: 1912: 1909: 1868:is similar to 1714: 1711: 1688: 1685: 1647: 1644: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1581: 1580: 1563:is similar to 1558: 1542: 1461:Main article: 1458: 1455: 1402:, or, simply, 1367: 1364: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1302:expected value 1259:Middle English 1223:Main article: 1206: 1203: 1201:by Jan Steen. 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1070:jeux de tables 1016: 1013: 902: 899: 850:visiting from 819:to the Indian 805: 802: 800: 793: 787:soldier named 717: 714: 628: 625: 615: 612: 589:Middle Kingdom 585: 2500 BC 567: 3100 BC 547: 544: 516: 513: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 481: 480:and Backgammon 474: 471: 465: 452: 413: 410: 381: 378: 365: 362: 332: 329: 324: 321: 303: 300: 278: 275: 261: 258: 253: 250: 245: 242: 241: 240: 237: 234: 231: 219: 216: 167: 164: 127:that includes 116: 115: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 80: 76: 75: 72: 68: 67: 58: 54: 53: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4717: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4649:Matching game 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4586:Strategy game 4583: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4024: 4023:9780192129987 4020: 4016: 4015: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3977:0-87817-211-4 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3948: 3947:0-486-23855-5 3944: 3940: 3939:0-486-23855-5 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3882: 3877: 3869: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3836: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3769: 3766: 3761: 3753: 3747: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3688: 3681: 3680: 3674: 3665: 3657: 3651: 3643: 3637: 3629: 3623: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3587: 3581: 3573: 3566: 3557: 3555: 3546: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3520: 3512: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3450: 3441: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3419: 3409: 3400: 3385: 3384: 3376: 3367: 3353:on 2006-06-21 3352: 3348: 3341: 3332: 3325: 3324: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3282: 3280: 3276:"table, n.", 3273: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3212: 3207: 3199: 3198:news.cctv.com 3195: 3189: 3181: 3179:9780295752402 3175: 3172:. p. 7. 3171: 3167: 3160: 3153: 3147: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3115:(10): 24–34. 3114: 3110: 3103: 3095: 3088: 3086: 3078: 3077:0-486-23855-5 3074: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3038:(11): 76–82. 3037: 3033: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2932: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2845: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2761:9781250082725 2757: 2753: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2728:9780714111537 2724: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2700: 2692: 2686: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2659: 2650: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2631: 2623: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2604: 2596: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2562: 2556: 2554: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2477: 2461: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2431: 2424: 2420: 2417:For example, 2414: 2410: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2380: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2305: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2176:asker tavlası 2173: 2169: 2168:erkek tavlası 2164: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2084: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1724: 1720: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1659: 1658: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1495:, derived in 1494: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1451:coin de repos 1447: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1431: 1429: 1428:jan de retour 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400:coin de repos 1397: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1360: 1355: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1294:New York City 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1234: 1232: 1226: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1133:Modern period 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1030: 1029:Codex Manesse 1026: 1021: 1012: 1009: 1003: 1001: 997: 994:appeared and 993: 992: 987: 983: 979: 978: 972: 970: 969: 964: 963:Southern Song 953: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 923: 907: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 822: 818: 814: 810: 798: 795:Nard period ( 792: 790: 786: 782: 777: 776: 770: 766: 762: 761:Ancient Greek 757: 750: 745: 744: 729: 728: 722: 713: 710: 706: 702: 698: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 634:(also called 633: 620: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 592: 590: 572: 571:Third Dynasty 561: 560:First Dynasty 557: 553: 543: 541: 536: 177 BC 530: 526: 522: 512: 510: 505: 501: 497: 479: 475: 472: 469: 466: 464: 460: 456: 453: 450: 446: 445: 444: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 409: 407: 404:are games of 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 380:Running games 377: 375: 370: 369:Pinning games 364:Pinning games 361: 359: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 331:Hitting games 328: 320: 318: 314: 310: 299: 297: 293: 289: 284: 274: 272: 268: 257: 249: 238: 235: 232: 229: 228: 227: 225: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 163: 161: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 114: 110: 107: 103: 100: 97: 93: 89: 85: 82:< 1 minute 81: 77: 73: 69: 59: 55: 46: 41: 38:Tables family 33: 19: 4700:Tables games 4498: 4251:English game 4094:Tables games 4093: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4035: 4013: 4000: 3989: 3964: 3953: 3926: 3902:. 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