1072:
331:
238:
1286:
44:
285:, made up 44 million of the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan's 69 million people. The Dominion of Pakistan's government, civil services, and military, however, were dominated by personnel from the western wing of the Dominion of Pakistan. In 1947, a key resolution at a national education summit in
434:
Although the question of official languages was settled by 1956, the military regime of Ayub Khan promoted the interests of West
Pakistan at the expense of East Pakistan. Despite forming the majority of the national population, the East Pakistani population continued to be under-represented in the
357:
while others rallied towards the university premises cordoned by the police. The vice-chancellor asked police to stop firing and ordered the students to leave the area. However, the police arrested several students for violating
Section 144 as they attempted to leave. Enraged by the arrests, the
317:
campus on 8 December 1947 to formally demand that
Bengali be made an official language. To promote their cause, Bengali students organised processions and rallies in Dhaka. The language movement prompted the people of East Bengal (later East Pakistan) to establish a separate national identity,
419:
made attempts to re-establish Urdu as the sole national language. On 6 January 1959, the military regime issued an official statement and reinstated the official stance of supporting the 1956 constitution's policy of two state languages.
349:. The university vice-chancellor and other officials were present as armed police surrounded the campus. By a quarter past eleven, students gathered at the university gate and attempted to break the police line. Police fired
498:. The UNESCO General Conference took the decision that took effect on 17 November 1999, when it unanimously adopted a draft resolution submitted by Bangladesh and co-sponsored and supported by 28 other countries.
362:
and blocked the legislators' way, asking them to present their insistence at the assembly. When a group of students sought to storm into the building, police opened fire and killed a number of students, including
379:. As the news of the killings spread, disorder erupted across the city. Shops, offices and public transport were shut down and a general strike began. At the assembly, six legislators including
305:, a Bengali Islamic cultural organisation. The meeting stipulated Bengali as an official language of the Dominion of Pakistan and as a medium of education in East Bengal. However, the
797:
439:
in the fledgling state. Mainly due to regional economic imbalances sectional divisions grew, and support for the
Bengali ethnic nationalist Awami League, which invoked the
1253:
387:
visit wounded students in hospital and that the assembly be adjourned as a sign of mourning. This motion was supported by some of the treasury bench members including
961:
313:
made extensive preparations to make Urdu the only state language of the
Dominion of Pakistan. Public outrage spread and a large number of Bengali students met on the
408:'s support, to grant official status to Bengali. Bengali was recognised as the second official language of Pakistan on 29 February 1956, and article 214(1) of the
819:"Dhaka Medical College Hostel Prangone Chatro Shomabesher Upor Policer Guliborshon. Bishwabidyalayer Tinjon Chatroshoho Char Bekti Nihoto O Shotero Bekti Ahoto".
1531:
1038:
1215:
1243:
1060:
1270:
991:
586:
341:
At nine o'clock on the morning of 21 February 1952, students began gathering on the premises of the
University of Dhaka in defiance of
293:
as the sole state language and its exclusive use in the media and in schools. Opposition and protests immediately arose. Students from
789:
1023:
1208:
435:
civil and military services, and received a minority of state funding and other government help. This was mainly due to lack of
1572:
1028:
250:
309:
removed
Bengali from the list of approved subjects, as well as from currency notes and stamps. The central education minister
1582:
1068:
969:
855:
1577:
1201:
354:
306:
1521:
1053:
902:
849:
773:
546:
495:
476:
in April 1954, the anniversary of 21 February was declared a holiday. The day is revered in
Bangladesh where it is a
162:
388:
359:
1455:
1375:
1105:
391:, Shorfuddin Ahmed, Shamsuddin Ahmed Khondokar and Mosihuddin Ahmed. However Nurul Amin refused the requests.
1567:
1562:
1090:
1076:
582:
477:
364:
1248:
1046:
1033:
473:
125:
734:
719:
681:
310:
1390:
1224:
1100:
448:
429:
416:
232:
208:
116:
1475:
1430:
409:
405:
1425:
1340:
1305:
1275:
376:
121:
17:
1557:
1450:
1315:
999:
570:
1480:
1410:
298:
383:, Boshontokumar Das, Shamsuddin Ahmed and Dhirendranath Datta requested that chief minister
1506:
1465:
530:
466:
460:
282:
258:
212:
49:
8:
1435:
1335:
1325:
346:
314:
242:
52:
monument commemorates those who lost their lives during the protests on 21 February 1952.
412:
was amended to provide that "The state language of
Pakistan shall be Urdu and Bengali."
1330:
943:
706:
668:
642:
634:
440:
274:
254:
605:"'A Place Insufficiently Imagined': Language, Belief, and the Pakistan Crisis of 1971"
215:
to pay homage to the movement's martyrs and arrange seminars discussing and promoting
1501:
1415:
1355:
1320:
935:
898:
894:
845:
769:
765:
646:
626:
542:
368:
342:
246:
245:
were granted independence in 1947 and 1948, so becoming four new independent states:
1485:
1385:
1380:
1365:
1238:
927:
616:
302:
216:
193:
174:
80:
61:
1445:
1181:
882:
753:
380:
353:
shells towards the gate to warn the students. A section of students ran into the
330:
918:
Lambert, Richard D. (April 1959). "Factors in
Bengali Regionalism in Pakistan".
1370:
1310:
1137:
538:
220:
1551:
1511:
1265:
939:
835:
630:
574:
469:, a solemn and symbolic sculpture, was erected in the place of the massacre.
443:
for greater provincial autonomy. One demand was that East Pakistan be called
319:
1193:
1536:
1460:
1440:
1420:
1526:
1405:
1400:
1350:
1345:
1300:
1164:
1158:
481:
372:
278:
262:
136:
1470:
1360:
1147:
1071:
947:
839:
638:
384:
266:
204:
99:
1142:
529:
Mamud, Hayat (1994). "This History of the Observance of Ekushey". In
436:
237:
931:
621:
604:
1395:
1259:
696:
350:
1034:
International Mother Language Day (21 February) Photo Contest 2012
962:"Commemorating the International Mother Language Day- February 21"
1121:
286:
1285:
43:
1152:
507:
491:
111:
790:"University of Dhaka, Language Movement and Birth of a Nation"
701:(in Bengali). Abul Kalam Shamsuddin, Dhaka. 11 December 1948.
335:
294:
472:
Following the formation of the provincial government by the
207:
taking place on 21 February each year and commemorating the
833:
404:
On 7 May 1954, the constituent assembly resolved, with the
290:
1254:
Role of political parties during Bengali Language Movement
447:(Land/Country of Bengal), which subsequently led to the
318:
distinct from that of the remainder of Pakistan (later
1532:
Artistic depictions of the Bengali Language Movement
742:(in Bengali). Dhaka: Agamee Prakashani. p. 35.
844:. Government Printing Office, Country Studies US.
1549:
1244:Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrobhasha Kormi Porishod
579:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
877:
875:
873:
736:Purbo-Banglar Bhasha Andolon O Totkalin Rajniti
598:
596:
1223:
1209:
1054:
564:
562:
560:
558:
535:Essays on Ekushey: The Language Movement 1952
423:
334:Procession march held on 21 February 1952 in
1029:International Mother Language Day at Toronto
870:
834:James Heitzman; Robert Worden, eds. (1989).
739:āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ°āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
593:
524:
522:
415:However, the military government formed by
211:and its martyrs. On this day, people visit
102:and Bengali speakers in India and elsewhere
1271:Pakistaner Rashtra Bhasha: Bangla Na Urdu?
1216:
1202:
1061:
1047:
555:
42:
620:
602:
281:, the non-contiguous eastern part of the
881:
827:
752:
726:
568:
519:
399:
329:
236:
917:
911:
14:
1550:
128:, entertainment and cultural programs.
1197:
1042:
800:from the original on 21 February 2021
528:
480:and, to a somewhat lesser extent, in
732:
277:in 1947, Bengali-speaking people in
24:
968:. 21 February 2016. Archived from
589:from the original on 7 March 2016.
494:decided to observe 21 February as
307:Pakistan Public Service Commission
25:
1594:
1522:International Mother Language Day
1017:
858:from the original on 22 June 2011
603:Oldenburg, Philip (August 1985).
496:International Mother Language Day
163:International Mother Language Day
1284:
1070:
891:History of the Language Movement
762:History of the Language Movement
454:
389:Maulana Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish
360:East Bengal Legislative Assembly
297:rallied under the leadership of
984:
954:
823:(in Bengali). 21 February 1952.
114:, singing patriotic songs, the
812:
782:
746:
688:
653:
465:To commemorate this movement,
27:National holiday of Bangladesh
13:
1:
1573:Public holidays in Bangladesh
1077:Public holidays in Bangladesh
583:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
513:
226:
1249:Rastrabhasa Sangram Parishad
609:The Journal of Asian Studies
203:), is a national holiday of
7:
1583:Spring events in Bangladesh
893:] (in Bengali). Dhaka:
841:Bangladesh: A Country Study
836:"Pakistan Period (1947â71)"
764:] (in Bengali). Dhaka:
501:
10:
1599:
1161:(Festival of Fastbreaking)
577:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
458:
427:
424:Independence of Bangladesh
394:
325:
241:Britain's holdings on the
230:
1578:Bengali language movement
1494:
1293:
1282:
1231:
1225:Bengali language movement
1174:
1130:
1114:
1083:
569:Al Helal, Bashir (2012).
449:Bangladesh Liberation War
437:representative government
430:Bangladesh Liberation War
233:Bengali language movement
209:Bengali language movement
197:
178:
158:
150:
142:
132:
117:Amar Bhaier Rokte Rangano
106:
95:
84:
76:
65:
57:
41:
34:
1476:Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish
1431:Mahbub Ul Alam Choudhury
738:
733:Umar, Badruddin (1979).
410:Constitution of Pakistan
358:students met around the
1426:Muhammad Habibur Rahman
1276:Romanisation of Bengali
1184:(Bangla New Year's Day)
1167:(Festival of Sacrifice)
1155:(Birth of the Prophet)
887:Bhasa Andolaner Itihas
758:Bhasa Andolaner Itihas
338:
270:
1517:Language Movement Day
1481:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
1411:Abul Kalam Shamsuddin
1096:Language Martyrs' Day
531:Islam, Syed Manzoorul
400:Constitutional reform
355:Dhaka Medical College
333:
240:
190:Language Martyrs' Day
171:Language Movement Day
35:Language Movement Day
1568:Language observances
1563:February observances
1466:Muhammad Shahidullah
1024:A timeline of events
897:. pp. 377â393.
768:. pp. 227â228.
461:Shaheed Minar, Dhaka
283:Dominion of Pakistan
182:Bhasha Andolôn Dibôs
70:Bhasha Andolôn Dibôs
1436:Mohammad Akram Khan
1336:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
1326:Dhirendranath Datta
992:"Language Movement"
699:(a daily newspaper)
581:(Second ed.).
571:"Language Movement"
315:University of Dhaka
301:, the secretary of
243:Indian subcontinent
89:Bhasha Shôhid Dibôs
1331:Khawaja Nazimuddin
1232:History and events
1153:Eid-e-Miladun-Nabi
920:Far Eastern Survey
663:. 7 December 1947.
541:. pp. 78â79.
339:
275:partition of India
271:
186:State Language Day
120:, speeches by the
1545:
1544:
1502:Ekushey Book Fair
1416:Kazi Golam Mahbub
1356:Nurul Huq Bhuiyan
1321:Rafiq Uddin Ahmed
1191:
1190:
895:Agamee Prakashani
766:Agamee Prakashani
714:Missing or empty
676:Missing or empty
369:Rafiq Uddin Ahmed
179:āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¸
168:
167:
66:āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¸
37:āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¸
16:(Redirected from
1590:
1486:Munier Choudhury
1391:Maulana Bhashani
1386:A. K. Fazlul Huq
1381:Abdul Malek Ukil
1366:Liaquat Ali Khan
1288:
1239:Tamaddun Majlish
1218:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1091:Independence Day
1075:
1074:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
998:. Archived from
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
958:
952:
951:
915:
909:
908:
883:Al Helal, Bashir
879:
868:
867:
865:
863:
831:
825:
824:
816:
810:
809:
807:
805:
786:
780:
779:
754:Al Helal, Bashir
750:
744:
743:
730:
724:
723:
717:
712:
710:
702:
692:
686:
685:
679:
674:
672:
664:
657:
651:
650:
624:
600:
591:
590:
566:
553:
552:
526:
441:6-point movement
303:Tamaddun Majlish
199:
180:
96:Observed by
86:
67:
46:
32:
31:
21:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1490:
1446:Mohammad Sultan
1289:
1280:
1227:
1222:
1192:
1187:
1182:Pohela Boishakh
1170:
1126:
1110:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1020:
1015:
1005:
1003:
1002:on 7 March 2016
990:
989:
985:
975:
973:
960:
959:
955:
932:10.2307/3024111
916:
912:
905:
880:
871:
861:
859:
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813:
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788:
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731:
727:
715:
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704:
703:
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689:
677:
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665:
659:
658:
654:
622:10.2307/2056443
601:
594:
567:
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549:
527:
520:
516:
504:
463:
457:
432:
426:
402:
397:
381:Manoranjan Dhar
328:
235:
229:
223:of Bangladesh.
184:), also called
159:Related to
151:First time
110:Flag hoisting,
53:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1596:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:Mohammad Toaha
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1341:Hamidur Rahman
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1311:Shafiur Rahman
1308:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1189:
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1185:
1178:
1176:
1172:
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1169:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1138:Buddho Purnima
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1106:Children's Day
1103:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1018:External links
1016:
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1013:
983:
953:
910:
903:
869:
850:
826:
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781:
774:
745:
725:
687:
652:
615:(4): 711â733.
592:
575:Islam, Sirajul
554:
547:
539:Bangla Academy
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
503:
500:
478:public holiday
456:
453:
428:Main article:
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231:Main article:
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85:āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻļāĻšā§āĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¸
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1558:1952 protests
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1538:
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1533:
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1520:
1518:
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1513:
1512:Ekushey Padak
1510:
1508:
1507:Shaheed Minar
1505:
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1500:
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1495:Commemoration
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1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:Urdu movement
1264:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
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1219:
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1199:
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1157:
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1144:
1141:
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1136:
1135:
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1129:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:International
1113:
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1104:
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1044:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1001:
997:
993:
987:
972:on 8 May 2016
971:
967:
963:
957:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
906:
904:984-401-523-5
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
878:
876:
874:
857:
853:
851:0-16-017720-0
847:
843:
842:
837:
830:
822:
815:
799:
795:
791:
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775:984-401-523-5
771:
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548:984-07-2968-3
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518:
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479:
475:
470:
468:
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1165:Eid ul-Adha
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