History of the Jews in Egypt

4127: 3622: 3776:, who were sympathetic to the various models evinced by the Axis Powers in Europe, and organized themselves along similar lines, were also increasingly antagonistic to Jews. Groups including the Muslim Brotherhood circulated reports in Egyptian mosques and factories claiming that Jews and the British were destroying holy places in Jerusalem, as well as sending other false reports stating that hundreds of Arab women and children were being killed. Much of the anti-Semitism of the 1930s and 1940s was fueled by a close association between Hitler's new regime in Germany and anti-imperialist Arab powers. One of these Arab authorities was 2679: 3141: 4135: 3633: 3198:(1137) there was a Jewish master of finances, whose name, however, is unknown. His enemies succeeded in procuring his downfall, and he lost all his property. He was succeeded by a brother of the Christian patriarch, who tried to drive the Jews out of the kingdom. Four leading Jews worked and conspired against the Christian, with what result is not known. There has been preserved a letter from this ex-minister to the Jews of Constantinople, begging for aid in a remarkably intricate poetical style. One of the physicians of the caliph Al-Ḥafiẓ (1131–49) was a Jew, Abu Manṣur ( 4215:), some 25,000 Jews, almost half of the Jewish community left for Israel, Europe, the United States, and South America, after being forced to sign declarations that they were leaving "voluntarily" and to agree with the confiscation of their assets. Some 1,000 more Jews were imprisoned. Similar measures were enacted against British and French nationals in retaliation for the invasion. In Joel Beinin's summary: "Between 1919 and 1956, the entire Egyptian Jewish community, like the Cicurel firm, was transformed from a national asset into a 3680: 5456:" die griechische Bibelübersetzung, die einem innerjüdischen Bedürfnis entsprang Rabbinern zuerst gerühmt (..) Später jedoch, als manche ungenaue Übertragung des hebräischen Textes in der Septuaginta und Übersetzungsfehler die Grundlage für hellenistische Irrlehren abgaben, lehnte man die Septuaginta ab." Verband der Deutschen Juden (Hrsg.), neu hrsg. von Walter Homolka, Walter Jacob, Tovia Ben Chorin: Die Lehren des Judentums nach den Quellen; München, Knesebeck, 1999, Bd.3, S. 43ff 4280:, anti-semitic and anti-Israel sentiments continued to run high. Israel and Zionism were frequently associated with conspiracy theories of subverting and weakening the state. Nevertheless, the Egyptian government began renovating an old delapidated synagogue that year in what was once a Jewish neighborhood in Old Cairo. Zahi Hawass, general secretary of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, said: "If you don't restore the Jewish synagogues, you lose part of your history." 3800:

Moslem countries would be jeopardized by the establishment of a Jewish state." On 24 November 1947, Dr. Heykal Pasha said: "if the U.N. decide to amputate a part of Palestine in order to establish a Jewish state ... Jewish blood will necessarily be shed elsewhere in the Arab world ... to place in certain and serious danger a million Jews." Mahmud Bey Fawzi (Egypt) said: "Imposed partition was sure to result in bloodshed in Palestine and in the rest of the Arab world".

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centuries and later amended in 1354 to force all Jews to wear a sign in addition to yellow headwear. On multiple occasions the ulema persuaded the government to close or convert synagogues. Even major places of pilgrimage for Egyptian Jews such as the Dammah Synagogue were forced to close in 1301. Jews subsequently were excluded from bath houses and were prohibited to work in the national treasury. This repression of the Jewish community would continue for centuries.

3001:, and anger at discriminatory laws. Jewish communities are thought to have rebelled due to messianic expectations, hoping for the ingathering of the exiles and the reconstruction of the Temple. A festival celebrating the victory over the Jews continued to be observed eighty years later in Oxyrhynchus. It was not until the third century that Jewish communities were able to re-establish themselves in Egypt, although they never regained their former level of influence. 3296: 2890:, 332 BCE, at which they were present. They were numerous from the very outset, forming a notable portion of the city's population under Alexander's successors. The Ptolemies assigned them a separate section, two of the five districts of the city, to enable them to keep their laws pure of indigenous cultic influences. The Alexandrian Jews enjoyed a greater degree of political independence than elsewhere. While the Jewish population elsewhere throughout the later 10747: 7831: 3380:, which is a mystical manual written in Arabic and filled with Sufi technical terms. In it he laid out how one may obtain union with the unintelligible world, showing his full adherence and advocacy of mysticism. He also began to reform practices advocating for celibacy and Halwa, solitary meditation, to better tune oneself to the spiritual plane. These were imitations of long held Sufi practices. In fact, he would often portrayed Jewish patriarchs such as 3824: 10757: 7841: 61: 96: 3649:, Egypt was friendly towards its Jewish population, although between 86% and 94% of Jews in Egypt, mostly European immigrants, did not possess Egyptian nationality. Jews played important roles in the economy, and their population climbed to nearly 80,000 as Jewish refugees settled there in response to increasing persecution in Europe. Many Jewish families, such as the Qattawi family, had extensive economic relations with non-Jews. 4571: 4557: 114: 3764:) had given the minority groups trading within Egypt highly favourable advantages. Many European Jews used Egyptian banks as a vehicle for transferring money from central Europe, not least those Jews escaping the Fascist regimes. In addition to this, many Jewish people living in Egypt were known to possess foreign citizenship, while those possessing Egyptian citizenship often had extensive ties to European countries. 10767: 3347:

attempt to promote a new state religion. All throughout the country new government-backed Sufi brotherhoods and saint cults grew almost overnight and was able to quell the disapproval of the population. The Mamluk Sultanate would become a safe haven for Sufi mystics all throughout the Islamic world. Across the empire state-sponsored Sufi ceremonies were a clear sign of the full-fledged shift that took hold.

10777: 4189:, which caused him to feel deep humiliation that he had lied to the world, and was one factor in Sharett's resignation as prime minister. The operation blew up Western targets (without causing any deaths), led to deeper distrust of Jews—key agents in the operation had been recruited from the Egyptian Jewish community—and led to sharply increased emigration of Jews from Egypt. In his summing up statement 4193:, the prosecutor at the trial of captured operatives, repeated the official government stance: "The Jews of Egypt are living among us and are sons of Egypt. Egypt makes no difference between its sons whether Muslims, Christians, or Jews. These defendants happen to be Jews who reside in Egypt, but we are trying them because they committed crimes against Egypt, although they are Egypt's sons." 3125: 6841: 2675:– is considered to be inaccurate or ahistorical by a majority of scholars. At the same time, most scholars also hold that that the Exodus probably has some sort of historical basis, and that a small group of Egyptian origins may have merged with the early Israelites, who were predominantly indigenous to Canaan and begin appearing in the historical record by around 1200 BCE. 3796:

that 75% of salaried employees, and 90% of all workers, must be Egyptian. As Jews were denied citizenship as a rule, this constrained Jewish and foreign-owned entrepreneurs to reduce recruitment for employment positions from their own ranks. The law also required that just over half of the paid-up capital of joint stock companies be Egyptian.

2962:(now Behneseh), on the west side of the Nile, there was a Jewish community of some importance. Many of the Jews there may have become Christians, though they retained their Biblical names (e.g., "David" and "Elizabeth," who appear in litigation concerning an inheritance). Another example was Jacob, son of Achilles (c. 300 CE), who worked as a 3362:. It is believed by historians such as Paul Fenton that the Karaites settled in Egypt as early as the seventh century, and Egypt would remain a bastion for Karaites all the way through the 19th century. As time passed in contact with these relatively new Sufi ideas many Karaites began to push towards reform. Admiration for the structure of 3251:'s war with the Crusaders (1169–93) does not seem to have affected the Jewish population with communal struggle. A Karaite doctor, Abu al-Bayyan al-Mudawwar (d. 1184), who had been physician to the last Fatimid, treated Saladin also. Abu al-Ma'ali, brother-in-law of Maimonides, was likewise in his service. In 1166 4265:, of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees stated: "I refer to our recent discussion concerning Jews from Middle Eastern and North African countries in consequence of recent events. I am now able to inform you that such persons may be considered prima facie within the mandate of this Office." 4219:." Hundreds of Jews were arrested or detained without charges, imprisoned, or interned in Jewish schools. Jews were also denaturalized, i.e. deprived of their Egyptian citizenship, and had their assets sequestered. Some Egyptian and stateless Jews were expelled from Egypt, creating a refugee crisis. 3799:

The Egyptian Prime Minister Nuqrashi told the British ambassador: “All Jews were potential Zionists ... anyhow all Zionists were Communists". On 24 November 1947, the head of the Egyptian delegation to the UN General Assembly, Muhammad Hussein Heykal Pasha, said that "the lives of 1,000,000 Jews in

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visited Egypt in 1840, and the last two did much to raise the intellectual status of their Egyptian brethren by the founding, in connection with Rabbi Moses Joseph Algazi, of schools in Cairo. According to the official census published in 1898 (i., xviii.), there were in Egypt 25,200 Jews in a total

3404:

forced large number of Jews to resettle to Egypt, many of whom would join the Pietist movement enthusiastically. This enthusiasm may have been largely practical, as the adoption of Sufi ideas did much to ingratiate the Mamluk Jewish community with their Muslim overlords. This may have appealed

3350:

Jews who for the most part were kept segregated from Arab communities first came into contact with Sufism in these state sponsored ceremonies, as they were obliged to attend out of a show of loyalty to the sultan. It is in these ceremonies where many Egyptian Jews first came into contact with Sufism

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As for government power in Egypt, the highest legal authority who was called chief scholar was held by Ephraim. Later on in the 11th century, this position was held by a father and son with the names of Shemarya b. Elhanan and Elhanan b. Shemarya. Soon the chief of the Palestinian Jews took over the

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was at the head of the Department of Agriculture. He is especially known as the constructor of a Nile sluice (1112), which was called after him "Baḥr Abi al-Munajja". He fell into disfavor because of the heavy expenses connected with the work, and was incarcerated in Alexandria, but was soon able to

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in 969. These Jewish immigrants made up a significant amount of the population from all the Jews living in Egypt. Due to the discovery of the Cairo Geniza documents at the end of the 19th century, a lot is known about Egyptian Jews. From private records, letters, public records, and documents, these

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From 1956 to 1970, under the Nasser regime, the military government of Egypt and its agents monitored the Jewish population, implementing measures such as police detention, and arresting suspects. Jewish families in Cairo and Alexandria were held in confinement at their homes for lengthy periods of

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European immigrants), and who then numbered 75,000. That year, bombings of Jewish areas killed 70 Jews and wounded nearly 200, while riots claimed many more lives. During the Arab-Israeli war, the Cicurel department store near Cairo's Opera Square was firebombed. The government helped with funds to

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There was vehement opposition to the revisionism of Pietism just as there was with Hasidism. Opposition was so strong there are records of Jews reporting fellow Jews to Muslim authorities on the grounds that they were practicing Islamic heresy. David Maimonides, brother of Obadyah and his heir, was

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The Jewish population continued to dwindle. In 2007, an estimated 200 Jews lived in Egypt, less than 40 in 2014, but by 2017 this dropped to 18: 6 in Cairo, 12 in Alexandria. In 2018, the estimated Jewish population was 10. In April 2021, one of the last members of the community, Albert Arie, died

4240:

stated in his Report to the UNREF Executive Committee's Fourth Session (Geneva 29 January to 4 February 1957) "Another emergency problem is now arising: that of refugees from Egypt. There is no doubt in my mind that those refugees from Egypt who are not able, or not willing, to avail themselves of

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and Tura, where they were incarcerated and tortured for more than three years. The eventual result was the almost-complete disappearance of the 3,000-year-old Jewish community in Egypt; the vast majority of Jews left the country. Most Egyptian Jews fled to Israel (35,000), Brazil (15,000), France

3795:

and the founding of Israel drew closer, hostility towards the Egyptian Jews strengthened, fed also by press attacks on all foreigners accompanying the rising ethnocentric nationalism of the age. In 1947, the Company Laws set quotas for employing Egyptian nationals in incorporated firms, requiring

3045:

Without any legal sentence, without any royal mandate, the patriarch (Saint Cyril), at the dawn of day, led a seditious multitude to the attack of the synagogues. Unarmed and unprepared, the Jews were incapable of resistance; their houses of prayer were leveled with the ground, and the episcopal

3009:

By the late third century, there is substantial evidence of established Jewish communities in Egypt. A papyrus from Oxyrhynchus, dated to 291 CE, confirms the existence of an active synagogue and identifies one of its officials as having come from Palestine. This period likely saw an increase in

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in an attempt to assuage dissatisfaction with traditional Sunni Islam facilitated solely by the Sultan. At the same time the Mamluk government was unwilling to relinquish control of religion to a clerical class. They endeavored on a massive project of inviting and subsidizing Sufi clerics in an

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As for the Jewish population, there were over 90 Jewish habitations known during the 11th and 12th centuries. These included cities, towns, and villages, contained over 4,000 Jewish citizens. Also for the Jewish population, a little more light is thrown upon the communities in Egypt through the

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were quick to denounce foreign influences to safeguard the purity of Islam. This led to unfortunate situations for Mamluk Jews. In 1300 Sultan Al-Nasir Qalawan ordered all Jews under his rule to wear yellow headgear to isolate the Egyptian Jewish community. This law would be enforced for

3757:

In 1937, the Egyptian government annulled the Capitulations, which gave foreign nationals a virtual status of exterritoriality: the minority groups affected were mainly from Syria, Greece, and Italy, ethnic Armenians, and some Jews who were nationals of other countries. The foreign nationals‘

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The impact of the well-publicized Arab-Jewish clash in Palestine from 1936 to 1939, together with the rise of Nazi Germany, also began to affect Jewish relations with Egyptian society, despite the fact that the number of active Zionists in their ranks was small. The rise of local militant

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rebuild it, but it was again burnt down in 1952, and eventually passed into Egyptian control. Amidst the violence, many Egyptian Jews emigrated abroad. By 1950, nearly 40% of Egypt's Jewish population had emigrated. About 14,000 of them went to Israel, and the rest to other countries.

2847:. Thus, their history in this period centers almost completely on Alexandria, though daughter communities rose up in places like the present Kafr ed-Dawar, and Jews served in the administration as custodians of the river. As early as the third century BCE, there was a widespread 4226:

were in full support of establishing an Arab-Egyptian nationalism, and were opposed to the rise of Zionism and the establishment of the State of Israel. Nonetheless, even this social elite of the Jewish population was not believed to have any place in the new Egyptian regime.

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At the turn of the 20th century, a Jewish observer noted with 'true satisfaction that a great spirit of tolerance sustains the majority of our fellow Jews in Egypt, and it would be difficult to find a more liberal population or one more respectful of all religious beliefs.’

3183:, and compelled the Jewish residents to wear bells and to carry in public the wooden image of a calf. A street in the city, al-Jawdariyyah, was designated for Jewish residency. Al-Hakim, hearing allegations that some mocked him in verses, had the whole quarter burned down. 3733:, who founded 'The Egyptian Movement for National Liberation' in 1943, an organization that was to form the core of the Egyptian Communist party. Curiel was later to play an important role in establishing early informal contacts between the PLO and Israel. 3408:

Pietism would in some ways become indistinguishable from Sufism. Pietists would clean their hands and feet before praying in the temple. They would face Jerusalem as they prayed. They frequently practiced daytime fasting and group meditation or muraqaba.

3581:("generalissimo," not a proper name) sent from Constantinople to Egypt, who robbed and oppressed them, and whose death was in a certain measure occasioned by the graveyard invocation of one Moses of Damwah. This may have occurred in the 17th century. 8483: 7361: 7796: 3287:; and in 1173 he forwarded a request to the North African communities for help to secure the release of a number of captives. The original of the last document has been preserved. He caused the Karaites to be removed from the court. 3668:. René Qattawi, leader of the Cairo Sephardi community, endorsed the creation in 1935 of the Association of Egyptian Jewish Youth, with its slogan: 'Egypt is our homeland, Arabic is our language.' Qattawi strongly opposed political 3376:(1204–1237), who was considered to be the most prominent leader and government representative of all Mamluk Jews, advocated reorganizing Jewish schools to be more like Sufi Hanaqas. His heir Obadyah Maimonides(1228-1265) wrote the 3214:

whose names were Judah b. Såadya, Mevorakh b. Såadya, and Moses b. Mevorakh. The position was eventually handed down from Moses Maimonides in the late 12th century to early 15th centuries and was given to his descendants.

7116: 7806: 3563:. In 1641 Samuel ben David, a Karaite, visited Egypt. The account of his journey supplies special information in regard to his fellow sectarians. He describes three synagogues of the Rabbinites at Alexandria and two at 3307:

was plagued with famine, disease, and conflict; a great period of upheaval would see the Golden Islamic Period come to a violent end. Foreign powers began to encircle the Islamic World as the French endeavored on the

3033:) a Jewish-led massacre in response. Later violence took on a decidedly anti-Semitic context with calls for ethnic cleansing. Before that time, state/religious-sanctioned claims of a Jewish pariah were not common. In 3652:

A sharp distinction had long existed between the respective Karaite and Rabbanite communities, among whom traditionally intermarriage was forbidden. They dwelt in Cairo in two contiguous areas, the former in the

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Pietism gained a huge following, mainly amongst the Jewish elite, and it would continue to gain momentum until the end of the Maimonides dynasty in the 15th century. Additionally, forced conversions in Yemen,

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Some authors estimate that around 100 thousand Jews were expelled from the city. The expulsion then continued in the nearby regions of Egypt and Palestine followed by a forced Christianization of the Jews.

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was in Egypt; he gives a general account of the Jewish communities which he found there. At Cairo there were 2,000 Jews; at Alexandria 3,000, whose head was the French-born R. Phineas b. Meshullam; in the

3780:, who was influential in securing Nazi funds that were appropriated to the Muslim Brotherhood for the operation of a printing press for the distribution of thousands of Anti-Semitic propaganda pamphlets. 3499:

was in Egypt for a time (Frumkin, l.c. p. 69), as well as Ḥayyim Vital Aaron ibn Ḥayyim, the Biblical and Talmudical commentator (1609; Frumkin, l.c. pp. 71, 72). Of Isaac Luria's pupils, a

7151: 2875:. With them, many other Jews, attracted by the fertile soil and Ptolemy's liberality, emigrated there of their own accord. An inscription recording a Jewish dedication of a synagogue to Ptolemy and 7801: 7434: 7430: 6227: 5354:, New Updated Edition (Translated by William Whiston, A.M.; Peabody Massachusetts:Hendrickson Publishers, 1987; Fifth Printing:Jan.1991 Bk. 12, chapters. 1, 2, pp. 308-309 (Bk. 12: verses 7, 9, 11) 4287:

In March 2022, part of the Jews of Cairo archives were confiscated by the Egyptian government. As of December 2022, there are only 3 Egyptian Jews living in Egypt, all women, of whom the youngest

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aged 90; he had converted to Islam, married an Egyptian Muslim woman, and was buried as a Muslim. One of the four remaining Jews in Egypt, Reb Yosef Ben-Gaon of Alexandria, died in November 2021.

8164: 4963:"The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" 4256:, who lived in Cairo at the time, said that nearly all Egyptian Jewish men between the ages of 17 and 60 were either thrown out of the country immediately, or taken to the detention centers of 7021: 3413:

eventually exiled to Palestine at the behest of other leaders in the Jewish community. Eventually Pietism fell out of favor in Egypt, as its leaders were exiled and Jewish immigration slowed.

2633:. As of 2019, there were at least 5 known Jews in Cairo and as of 2017, 12 were still reported in Alexandria. In December 2022, it was reported that only 3 Egyptian Jews were living in Cairo. 3093:

The Treaty of Alexandria, signed on in November 641, which sealed the Arab conquest of Egypt, provided for the rights of Jews (and Christians) to continue to practice their religion freely.

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and married to a Catholic. Her two daughters are not living in Egypt. Her sister Nadia, the former deputy leader of the community and one of its youngest remaining members, died in 2014.

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After 1956, prominent families, like the Qattawis, were left with only a fraction of the social clout they had once enjoyed, if they could remain in Egypt at all. Ironically, Jews like

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became the new sultan. The Mamluks were quick to consolidate power using a strong spirit of defense growing among Muslim faithfuls to rally victoriously against the Mongols in the

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What is generally agreed, however, is that between 1200 and 1000 B.C.E., the Israelites emerged as a distinct group of people, possibly united into tribes or a league of tribes

10596: 7816: 7391: 7261: 3440:, the last of the Mamelukes. He made radical changes in the governance of the Jewish community, abolishing the office of nagid, making each community independent, and placing 3014:, as indicated by the rising number of inscriptions, letters, legal documents, liturgical poetry, and magical texts in Hebrew and Aramaic from the fourth and fifth centuries. 9629: 7321: 7121: 4102: 8448: 7131: 3388:

as hermits who relied on isolated meditation to remain in touch with God. The Maimonides dynasty would essentially spark a new movement, Pietism, amongst Egyptian Jews.

1206: 9624: 9619: 3568: 2622:, Jewish (estimated at between 75,000 and 80,000 in 1948), and European groups like the French and British emigrated, much of their property was also confiscated (see 3698:(1866–1956) was both an Egyptian nationalist and a passionate Zionist. His poem, 'My Homeland Egypt, Place of my Birth', expresses loyalty to Egypt, while his book, 3312:

in 1248 and the Mongol campaigns in the east rapidly making its way into the heartland of Islam. These internal and external pressure weakened the Ayyubid empire.

2898:

merchants in the large commercial centers, those of Alexandria constituted an independent political community, side by side with that of the other ethnic groups.

7932: 4121: 3172:'s reign. The foundation of Talmudic schools in Egypt is usually placed at this period. One of the Jewish citizens who rose to high position in that society was 3034: 2623: 6949: 3714: 3488: 1784: 6550: 4797: 4513:

from the Hebrew Bible depict the Israelites, ancestors of Jews, as having resided in ancient Egypt for a lengthy period of time. The narrative describes the

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were implemented, which severely restricted the right to work and to own companies of non-Egyptian citizens. (Jews were not in general allowed citizenship.)

1439: 1134: 4231:

time, often without funds, food, or other supplies, and were under surveillance by building concierges who had police authority to control Jewish tenants.

4181:, who did not know of the operation. Sharett did not learn the truth until after he had denounced the charges by the Egyptian government in a speech in the 6936: 4190: 2879:

was discovered in the 19th century near Alexandria. Josephus also claims that, soon after, these 120,000 captives were freed from bondage by Philadelphus.

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is perhaps the most eloquent defense of Zionism in the Arabic language. Mourad Farag was also one of the coauthors of Egypt's first Constitution in 1923.

2785:) However, before long Gedaliah was assassinated, and the population that was left in the land and those that had returned ran away to Egypt for safety. ( 1326: 8387: 4028: 2571:

and Karaite Jews began to migrate to Egypt, and then their numbers increased significantly with the growth of trading prospects after the opening of the

6418: 5086:. Quantitative Methods in the Humanities and Social Sciences (1st ed. 2015 ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer. 3661:

quarter. Notwithstanding the division, they often worked together and the younger educated generation pressed for improving relations between the two.

3500: 2534: 2985:(115–117) led to the near-total expulsion and annihilation of Jews from Egypt and nearby Cyrenaica. The Jewish revolt, which is said to have begun in 10151: 8504: 6680: 5800: 4257: 4095: 298: 6523: 8516: 7136: 3484: 1321: 3223:

was in Alexandria in 1141, and dedicated some beautiful verses to his fellow resident and friend Aaron Ben-Zion ibn Alamani and his five sons. At

10806: 9398: 8948: 8643: 7877: 7720: 6384: 4253: 4237: 4201: 1569: 6926: 4983:

The people of Judah survived, eventually becoming known as the Jews and giving their name to Judaism, the religion of Yahweh, the Israelite God.

4894: 4126: 4663: 4427: 4348: 4223: 4038: 3987: 3688: 3539:, or 'treasurer,' who gathers the taxes of the land. At present Abraham Alkula holds the position". He was succeeded by Raphael Joseph Çelebi, 10020: 8549: 8011: 7765: 6958: 6575: 6324:

Under international law, Jews displaced from Arab countries were indeed bona fide refugees, subject to full UN protection, Stanley A. Urman,

4262: 4204:, was killed, and the authorities did not make arrests. Other members of the sabotage rings had families who lost their livelihood after the 1823: 8476: 3132:

fragment, dating to 1168-1204, with words in Arabic and their Romance translations, both in Hebrew script, believed to have been written by

8659: 8287: 4088: 3807: 6870:, New Updated Edition (Translated by William Whiston, A.M.) Peabody Massachusetts:Hendrickson Publishers, 1987 (Fifth Printing:Jan.1991): 3405:

to many of these refugees, as some historians state that the Maimonides dynasty itself originated from Al Andalus and resettled in Egypt.

4842: 808: 771: 6878: 3483:, who as a young man had gone to Egypt to visit a rich uncle, the tax-farmer Mordecai Francis (Azulai, "Shem ha-Gedolim," No. 332); and 9646: 9614: 3917: 6941: 5256: 5108: 10475: 10003: 9485: 8347: 8067: 7387: 5552:

Kerkeslager, Allen; Setzer, Claudia; Trebilco, Paul; Goodblatt, David (2006). "The Diaspora From 66 to c. 235 CE". In T. Katz (ed.).

4920: 3547:. Sabbatai Zevi was twice in Cairo, the second time in 1660. It was there that he married Sarah Ashkenazi, who had been brought from 3496: 1747: 10487: 9878: 7555: 4700: 1770: 3210:

meaning the head of the Jews in Egypt. Later for a sixty-year rule, three family members of court physicians took the position of

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warrior, after rewarding his troops with the plunder of their goods, expelled from the city the remnant of the unbelieving nation.

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As of 2016, the president of Cairo's Jewish community said that there were 6 Jews in Cairo, all women over age 65, and 12 Jews in

9922: 9656: 8159: 7910: 7745: 3992: 1120: 6366: 10811: 9199: 8206: 8055: 7760: 7665: 7053: 4729: 3922: 2527: 1697: 1632: 1514: 5558:. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 4 (Steven ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 62, 67, 93–94, 96–98. 3025:. There was an expulsion of a large amount of Jews from Alexandria (the so-called "Alexandria Expulsion") in 414 or 415 CE by 10724: 8664: 8272: 7915: 6712: 6109: 6028: 6003: 5968: 5783: 5756: 5621: 5571: 5529: 5404: 5237: 5199: 5172: 5145: 5118: 5091: 5061: 5000: 4956: 4723: 4633: 3838: 2894:

frequently formed private societies for religious purposes, or organized corporations of ethnic groups like the Egyptian and

818: 6762: 4767: 10548: 10202: 10146: 10102: 9915: 9589: 9579: 9539: 7770: 7472: 7191: 4033: 3953: 3713:, who became a patriotic Egyptian nationalist advocating the removal of the British. He edited the nationalist publication 3460:, revenged himself upon the Jews because de Castro had revealed in 1524 to the sultan of his designs for independence. The 2697:

amply document the lives of a community of Jewish soldiers stationed there as part of a frontier garrison in Egypt for the

1256: 10396: 5683: 3074:

proselytizing. In addition to the Jewish population settled there from ancient times, some are said to have come from the

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position of chief scholar for the Rabbinates after the death of Elhanan. Around 1065, a Jewish leader was recognized as

3086:

in 630 is said by Al-Baladhuri to have been seen in Egypt. A copy, written in Hebrew characters, has been found in the

2919:. The translation of the Septuagint itself began in the 3rd century BCE and was completed by 132 BCE, initially in 10816: 10660: 10591: 10470: 10092: 9969: 9636: 9517: 9444: 9432: 9393: 8573: 8422: 8196: 7605: 7600: 7495: 7196: 7025: 6068: 4827: 3511: 1920: 1870: 1835: 1529: 1394: 1261: 6946: 3571:, has left a similar account of the year 1654, but it contains only a few points of special interest to the Karaites. 10195: 9724: 8829: 8752: 8542: 8169: 8043: 7725: 7700: 7615: 7595: 7545: 7515: 7505: 7251: 7221: 7176: 7111: 6977: 6202: 6129: 5488: 5029: 4976: 4382: 3420:, and some of the manuscripts authored under the Maimonides dynasty are still read and revered in Kabbalist circles. 3029:, following a number of controversies, including threats from Cyril and supposedly (according to Christian historian 2520: 1612: 1574: 1549: 1469: 1454: 1301: 1241: 1196: 8179: 4594: 10801: 10328: 9991: 9714: 8779: 8700: 8123: 7811: 7690: 7685: 7565: 7241: 4211:

In the immediate aftermath of trilateral invasion on 23 November 1956 by Britain, France, and Israel (known as the

3907: 2998: 1905: 1887: 1793: 1687: 1539: 1534: 1459: 1424: 1291: 6631: 10687: 10655: 10408: 10134: 9544: 9264: 8618: 8249: 8201: 8189: 8184: 8060: 8016: 7991: 7755: 7705: 7660: 7640: 7630: 7530: 7341: 7316: 7166: 7161: 7141: 7106: 7091: 6931: 4458:

The Lost World of the Egyptian Jews: First-person Accounts from Egypt's Jewish Community In the Twentieth Century

4061: 3441: 2423: 2322: 1877: 1860: 1813: 1712: 1622: 1559: 1509: 1489: 1484: 1404: 1378: 1353: 1231: 1221: 1211: 1191: 1186: 17: 10256: 10050: 10013: 8934: 8679: 8608: 8578: 8277: 8228: 8145: 8118: 8021: 8006: 7863: 7730: 7645: 7625: 7510: 7500: 7404: 7326: 7296: 7281: 7266: 7256: 7246: 7206: 7156: 7076: 5587: 5007:

Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites"

4618: 4389:(an autobiography of a Jewish family during their years in Egypt and after they emigrated to the United States) 3977: 3932: 3912: 3891: 3742: 2951:. The Jews of Alexandria celebrated the translation with an annual festival on the island of Pharos, where the 2690: 1896: 1882: 1850: 1830: 1798: 1742: 1717: 1692: 1672: 1662: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1617: 1607: 1602: 1579: 1494: 1479: 1399: 1358: 1311: 1306: 1226: 1171: 6737: 10543: 10338: 9744: 9269: 9252: 8603: 8598: 8372: 8097: 8092: 8082: 7775: 7710: 7675: 7610: 7590: 7580: 7540: 7336: 7331: 7226: 7186: 7081: 7062: 5274: 4868: 4648: 4628: 3560: 3535:

According to Manasseh b. Israel from 1656, "The viceroy of Egypt has always at his side a Jew with the title

2724: 2713: 2584: 2317: 1855: 1840: 1803: 1765: 1737: 1727: 1722: 1707: 1702: 1682: 1667: 1652: 1627: 1593: 1564: 1464: 1449: 1373: 1363: 1281: 1251: 1176: 1162: 10455: 3259:, where he gained much renown as a physician, practising in the family of Saladin and in that of his vizier 10323: 10291: 10107: 9739: 9532: 9126: 8638: 8633: 8623: 8535: 8438: 8174: 8128: 7920: 7735: 7695: 7670: 7650: 7585: 7560: 7535: 7311: 7216: 7201: 7181: 7171: 7086: 7007: 5365: 5021: 4690: 4638: 4076: 4071: 2753:

According to the Hebrew Bible, a large number of Judeans took refuge in Egypt after the destruction of the

2580: 2564: 1925: 1845: 1808: 1732: 1677: 1544: 1519: 1444: 1419: 1409: 1348: 1271: 1266: 1246: 1236: 1201: 1094: 798: 562: 557: 6605: 5391:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–141, 10770: 10682: 10524: 10266: 10156: 9979: 9774: 9641: 9584: 9480: 9355: 9000: 8613: 8593: 8588: 8153: 7655: 7620: 7575: 7570: 7231: 6916: 5257:"Ancient Sudan~ Nubia: Investigating the Origin of the Ancient Jewish Community at Elephantine: A Review" 4712: 3982: 3687:

Nevertheless, various wings of the Zionist movement had representatives in Egypt. Karaite Jewish scholar

3625: 3279: 1915: 1910: 1865: 1818: 1504: 1474: 1434: 1429: 1286: 592: 6321: 4445: 10677: 10482: 10379: 10362: 10345: 10286: 10112: 10067: 9998: 9937: 9910: 9554: 9413: 9192: 9146: 9010: 9005: 8443: 8404: 7046: 6587: 4653: 3063:

at first found support from Jewish residents as well, disgruntled by the corrupt administration of the

2994: 2389: 2234: 1942: 1336: 532: 522: 258: 6786: 6391: 10643: 10586: 10553: 10318: 10228: 10190: 10185: 10173: 10072: 9764: 9734: 9719: 9471: 8874: 8382: 8077: 8050: 5044:

Few would seriously challenge the belief that most modern Jews are descended from the ancient Hebrews

4921:"How Egypt's last Jews will mark Hanukkah, and make sure their culture doesn't "disappear" with them" 4170: 4150: 3865: 3191:

free himself. A document concerning a transaction of his with a banker has been preserved. Under the

3157: 2503: 2196: 2047: 1988: 879: 4540:

that devastate Egypt. Moses leads the Israelites out of Egypt, eventually arriving at Canaan, which

4134: 10719: 10699: 10507: 10333: 10129: 10117: 9954: 9932: 9599: 9549: 9490: 9449: 9325: 9320: 9286: 9247: 9121: 8864: 7487: 7465: 6854: 6433: 4685: 4486: 4299: 3574: 3449: 3060: 2952: 2822: 2206: 2186: 1296: 776: 317: 8223: 6987: 2920: 10628: 10251: 9986: 9838: 9811: 9796: 9791: 9527: 9427: 9091: 8905: 8814: 8757: 8737: 8412: 8211: 8112: 6992: 6859: 4521: 3283:, both of which evoked opposition from Jewish scholars. From this place he sent many letters and 3064: 2678: 2551:

communities in the world. The historic core of the Jewish community in Egypt mainly consisted of

2347: 2337: 2302: 2181: 2171: 1954: 1125: 1067: 901: 580: 537: 252: 3140: 10780: 10709: 10638: 10460: 10428: 10122: 10060: 10055: 9769: 9234: 9151: 9141: 9015: 8910: 8809: 8315: 6901:

Fenton, Paul. Muslim-Jewish Relations in the Middle Islamic Period. Bonn University Press. 2017

6225:

29th Meeting of the Ad Hoc Committee on Palestine: 24 November 1947: Retrieved 31 December 2013

4668: 4277: 4130:

Egyptian Alexandria Jewish choir of Rabbin Moshe Cohen at Samuel Menashe synagogue. Alexandria.

4044: 3997: 3792: 3556: 3529: 2466: 2201: 2115: 1181: 733: 352: 322: 6875: 5773: 5664:"Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 4: Chapter XLVII: Ecclesiastical Discord. Part II" 5637: 5424: 5162: 5135: 4946: 4261:(10,000), the US (9,000) and Argentina (9,000). A letter published by the Jerusalem Post from 3676:

in 1943 in which he argued that Palestine would be unable to absorb Europe's Jewish refugees.

10714: 10606: 10576: 10465: 10445: 10391: 10303: 9942: 9900: 9895: 9873: 9681: 9671: 9456: 9335: 9303: 9185: 9166: 8995: 8957: 8674: 8305: 8282: 8238: 7039: 5746: 5706:

By Christopher Haas, JHU Press, Nov 4, 2002 – History – 520 pages, Part IV "Jewish Community"

5328: 5189: 5051: 4623: 4529: 4498: 3673: 3169: 3094: 3030: 2932: 2746:

origins, and they maintained their own temple, functioning alongside that of the local deity

2357: 2352: 2297: 2085: 1000: 728: 715: 610: 327: 142: 6070:

The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora.

5084:

Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience

4990: 4241:

the protection of the Government of their nationality fall under the mandate of my office."

4153:, in which Egypt participated, difficulties multiplied for Egyptian Jews, most of whom were 2793:) The numbers that made their way to Egypt are subject to debate. In Egypt, they settled in 10581: 10531: 10401: 9505: 9495: 9096: 8978: 6465: 6163:

Küntzel, Matthias (Spring 2005). "National Socialism and Anti-Semitism in the Arab World".

6101:

The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora

4829:

The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora

4674: 4492: 3777: 3726: 3507: 3173: 2428: 2380: 2120: 1978: 791: 656: 645: 603: 30: 6998: 6969:

The Dispersion Of Egyptian Jewry Culture, Politics, And The Formation Of A Modern Diaspora

6942:

Briefly Investigating the Origin of the Ancient Jewish Community at Elephantine: A Review

5663: 4318:

Zeh 'im ha-panim eleynu ('The one facing us') (novel of life in an Egyptian Jewish family)

3586: 8: 10692: 10672: 10492: 10440: 10435: 10374: 10276: 9959: 9890: 9885: 9604: 9308: 8983: 8732: 8026: 7785: 7458: 5287: 4525: 4358: 3937: 3927: 3328: 3195: 3067: 3026: 2928: 2910: 2887: 2735: 2481: 2176: 854: 721: 624: 617: 547: 435: 310: 4462:(oral history project based on interviews with more than two dozen exiled Egyptian Jews) 3632: 3601: 3471:

Towards the end of the 16th century, Talmudic studies in Egypt were greatly fostered by

10502: 10413: 10313: 10180: 10008: 9974: 9927: 9905: 9801: 9703: 9574: 9461: 9408: 9101: 9076: 9071: 6301: 5300: 5292:

Une Communité Judéo-Araméenne à Éléphantine, en Egypte, aux vi et v siècles avant J.-C,

4738: 4717: 4589: 4524:) settling in Egypt, with their descendants later forced into slavery. Eventually, the 4514: 4467: 4421: 4342: 4303: 4177:

and to end secret negotiations with Egypt being pursued by then Israeli prime minister

4174: 4005: 3870: 3552: 3373: 3228: 2611: 2332: 2282: 2229: 2224: 2138: 2008: 1276: 1105: 864: 784: 638: 204: 8138: 6988:

A Family's Exodus from Cairo to the New World. Lucette Lagnado remembers her childhood

2913:

of Alexandria translated the Old Testament into Greek. This translation is called the

10756: 10650: 10450: 10357: 10308: 10261: 10246: 10161: 10077: 9964: 9862: 9843: 9676: 9350: 9345: 9276: 9259: 9242: 9116: 8988: 8965: 8509: 8394: 8320: 8000: 7840: 6973: 6688: 6504: 6441: 6293: 6198: 6125: 6105: 6024: 5999: 5964: 5779: 5752: 5617: 5567: 5525: 5484: 5480: 5400: 5295: 5268: 5233: 5195: 5168: 5141: 5114: 5087: 5057: 5035: 5025: 4996: 4972: 4952: 4695: 4378: 4371: 4324: 4245: 3788: 3503:

is mentioned, whose son Jacob, a prominent man, was put to death by the authorities.

3472: 3445: 3397: 3165: 3109: 3105: 3075: 2940: 2936: 2840: 2709: 2698: 2476: 2418: 2398: 2215: 1775: 1414: 874: 745: 675: 552: 465: 332: 10512: 6047:, University of Washington Press, 2003 p.163, quoting a document by S.Somekh of 1895 4414:

Growing Up Jewish in Alexandria: The Story of a Sephardic Family's Exodus from Egypt

3271:(Head of the Nation or of the Faith), was bestowed upon him. In Fostat he wrote his 10611: 10568: 10538: 10386: 10168: 10097: 10039: 9754: 9749: 9729: 9651: 9466: 9367: 9298: 9281: 9222: 9111: 9043: 8669: 8297: 6285: 5991: 5956: 5559: 5392: 4537: 4436: 4302: in Alexandria was restored, and in April 2022, restoration work began on the 3963: 3787:

took place in 1942 onward. The Jewish quarter of Cairo was severely damaged in the

3597: 3457: 3453: 3260: 3018: 3011: 2970:. Philo of Alexandria describes an isolated Jewish monastic community known as the 2883: 2754: 2739: 2556: 2446: 2327: 2287: 2251: 1949: 1499: 1010: 766: 670: 585: 475: 267: 10423: 6576:

Cairo Jews Protest at Egypt seizure of second Cairo Geniza accessed March 25, 2022

6341: 5801:"Q&A Wednesday: Maimonides, hiding in plain sight, with José Martínez Delgado" 5563: 5396: 3202:, p. 306). Abu al-Faḍa'il ibn al-Nakid (died 1189) was a celebrated oculist. 3168:

was in general favorable for the Jewish communities, except the latter portion of

10601: 10418: 10369: 10271: 10087: 9823: 9806: 9437: 9362: 9136: 9131: 9106: 8841: 8802: 8695: 8377: 8310: 8031: 7925: 6953: 6882: 6231: 6192: 6099: 5715: 5687: 5474: 4680: 4506: 4366: 3958: 3754:, 'The Sun'). The weekly was closed down by the Egyptian government in May 1948. 3747: 3718: 3693: 3679: 3646: 3593: 3355: 3309: 3304: 3180: 2982: 2967: 2944: 2856: 2683: 2560: 2552: 2408: 2367: 2362: 2342: 2264: 2258: 2191: 2143: 1983: 1964: 1115: 844: 756: 739: 283: 163: 138: 134: 7031: 5553: 5445:

La Bible grecque des Septante: Du judaïsme hellénistique au christianisme ancien

5214:

Rendsburg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn.

5164:

Tribes of Yahweh: A Sociology of the Religion of Liberated Israel, 1250-1050 BCE

4306:, as part of government efforts to resurrect Egypt's dwindling Jewish heritage. 2906:, who managed community affairs and legal matters similarly to a head of state. 2682:

Marriage document of Ananiah and Tamut, written in Aramaic, July 3, 449 B.C.E.,

10750: 10704: 10558: 10497: 10281: 10082: 9594: 9522: 9381: 9315: 9161: 9048: 8973: 8836: 8364: 8335: 8325: 8244: 7895: 7886: 6850: 6490: 6326: 5680: 5466: 4562: 4541: 4510: 4481: 3843: 3582: 3519: 3429: 3393: 3316: 2786: 2762: 2738:, something which suggests to certain scholars that the community was of mixed 2592: 2576: 2508: 2307: 2162: 2042: 2021: 1998: 1993: 1971: 1959: 1554: 1035: 969: 934: 912: 849: 687: 665: 527: 506: 482: 248: 230: 188: 184: 7450: 7003: 6967: 6289: 5960: 4992:

A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood

3559:, the Sabbatian prophet and physician, settled in 1703, becoming physician to 2782: 2599:'s Darb al-Barabira quarter, began to arrive in the aftermath of the waves of 10795: 10633: 10621: 10616: 10296: 9386: 9055: 8879: 8819: 8797: 8764: 8747: 8722: 8717: 8705: 8216: 8133: 7980: 7973: 7834: 6972:

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Amer Univ in Cairo Pr, 2005,

6845: 6692: 6445: 6297: 5614:

Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: from Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE–117 CE)

5522:

Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: from Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE–117 CE)

5431: 5011: 4601: 4197: 4178: 3853: 3544: 3273: 3227:

Halevi met his friend, the Spaniard Abu Sa'id ibn Ḥalfon ha-Levi. About 1160

3145: 3071: 3038: 2986: 2975: 2948: 2872: 2810: 2790: 2766: 2656: 2568: 2456: 2451: 1657: 1584: 1110: 959: 954: 949: 939: 917: 869: 631: 470: 375: 337: 288: 180: 5039: 3199: 10760: 10350: 9759: 9418: 8869: 8774: 8712: 8558: 8342: 6874:, Book 12, chapters 1 and 2, pp. 308–9. Earlier edition available at: 5985: 5470: 5313: 4747: 4576: 4326: 4292: 4288: 4216: 4166: 4154: 3848: 3730: 3628:

holding the Egyptian flag with Crescent, the Cross and Star of David on it.

3605: 3461: 3220: 3149: 3129: 3087: 3022: 2924: 2891: 2648: 2615: 2588: 2486: 2312: 2153: 2148: 2106: 2059: 1153: 1020: 1005: 964: 929: 542: 384: 176: 6713:"On Rosh Hashanah In Cairo, Egypt, A New Leader Rallies A Dying Community" 5995: 5389:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

3358:. This was an anti-rabbinical movement that rejected the teachings of the 3351:

and it would eventually spark a massive movement amongst the Mamluk Jews.

3219:

reports of certain Jewish scholars and travelers who visited the country.

2655:(the ancient Semitic-speaking people from whom Jews originate) settled in 9779: 9510: 9500: 9293: 9156: 9081: 8087: 7855: 7844: 6963: 6095: 5426:

Life after death: a history of the afterlife in the religions of the West

5015: 4895:"Only 5 Jews left in Cairo following death of Jewish community president" 4843:"Egypt's Jewish community diminished to 6 women after death of Lucy Saul" 4823: 4643: 4249: 4200:

and Shmuel Azzar, were sentenced to death. In 1953, a cousin of Marzouk,

4186: 4143: 3968: 3880: 3875: 3665: 3480: 3295: 2971: 2959: 2834: 2705: 2668: 2619: 2471: 2413: 2078: 984: 979: 974: 944: 192: 8926: 7952: 6912:

Bassatine News: The only Jewish newsletter reporting directly from Egypt

6844: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 6588:"How Egypt's last Jews will mark Hanukkah, and keep their culture alive" 6045:

Jews and Muslims: Images of Sephardi and Eastern Jewries in Modern Times

4468:"Revisiting Tolerance. Lessons Drawn from Egypt's Cosmopolitan Heritage" 3448:

to be master of the mint. It was during the reign of Selim's successor,

2863:, he led some 120,000 Jewish captives to Egypt from the areas of Judea, 2547:

Egyptian Jews constitute both one of the oldest and one of the youngest

9828: 9786: 8769: 8352: 8072: 7966: 7011: 6305: 6273: 6021:

Jewish questions: responsa on Sephardic life in the early modern period

5317:

The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt: The Struggle for Equal Rights,

5082:

Levy, Thomas E.; Propp, William H. C.; Schneider, Thomas, eds. (2015).

4139: 3823: 3760: 3737: 3710: 3401: 3252: 3156:

At this time, Jews from North Africa came to settle in Egypt after the

3133: 2915: 2844: 2720: 2672: 2652: 2630: 2587:

started to settle in the main cities of Egypt, where they thrived (see

2572: 2129: 1143: 1072: 1030: 859: 839: 398: 305: 225: 8527: 3323:, rose up and slaughtered all the Ayyubid heirs and the Mamluk leader 10667: 10139: 9038: 8824: 8727: 7945: 6124:

Gudrun Krämer (1989) The Jews in modern Egypt, 1914-1952 I.B.Tauris,

3437: 3367: 3342:

In all the religious fervor of the period the Mamluks began to adopt

3331:

in 1260 and consolidating the remnants of the Ayyubid Syria in 1299.

3161:

sources held the information about the society of the Egyptian Jews.

2895: 2864: 2798: 2757:

in 597 BCE, and the subsequent assassination of the Jewish governor,

2727: 2716: 2693:(c. 500 – 300 BCE), caches of legal documents and letters written in 2292: 2277: 1367: 1315: 1077: 1025: 1015: 696: 692: 682: 597: 357: 8889: 5591: 2769:) On hearing of the appointment, the Jewish population that fled to 1045: 9340: 8846: 7938: 7904: 5692:

Cyril of Alexandria, Against Julian: Critical edition of books 1-10

5590:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from 5343: 5232:(8th ed.). Australia: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. p. 33. 4742: 4212: 3577:

mentions a severe trial which came upon the Jews, due to a certain

3532:. The rabbi accepted the documents, enabling the women to remarry. 3515: 3417: 3284: 3224: 3113: 3079: 2903: 2876: 2852: 2848: 2826: 2758: 2461: 2071: 2003: 834: 342: 293: 159: 60: 6813:"In Egypt, an effort to restore the country's historic synagogues" 6524:"The Egyptian Man Who Was Persecuted as a Jew, Buried as a Muslim" 5551: 3370:

began to make many Egyptian Jews long to adopt something similar.

9086: 8884: 8330: 7959: 6528: 4182: 3860: 3784: 3669: 3564: 3548: 3514:

forced local Jews to flee to Ottoman lands, including Egypt. The

3433: 3363: 3248: 3237: 2990: 2958:

During the period of Roman occupation, there is evidence that at

2868: 2806: 2743: 2694: 2563:. Though Egypt had its own community of Egyptian Jews, after the 2437: 2403: 2272: 2066: 1055: 1050: 922: 813: 708: 704: 700: 449: 444: 421: 403: 278: 273: 263: 241: 216: 155: 6927:

A Jewish Refugee Answers... Middle East Times, October 30, 2004.

5507:

trans. Errol F. Rhodes, Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. Eerdmans, 1995.

4173:

designed to discredit and overthrow the then Egyptian president

3702:(Jerusalemica, 1923), defends the right of the Jews to a State. 3124: 9372: 9330: 9177: 8484:

Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture

6104:. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 245–246. 5465: 4832:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Introduction. 4502:) portrays the life of an Egyptian boy, son of a Jewish mother. 4066: 3901: 3722: 3523: 3359: 3343: 3320: 3256: 3233: 3192: 2963: 2955:

stood, and where the translation was said to have taken place.

2923:, but in time elsewhere as well. It became the source for the 2899: 2839:

Further waves of Jewish immigrants settled in Egypt during the

2794: 2731: 2664: 2604: 2600: 2097: 2092: 2052: 2037: 1148: 1040: 460: 426: 412: 347: 101: 70: 6317: 6315: 6023:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. pp. 66–67. 4309: 4248:, who served from 1960 until he left Egypt in 1972. After the 4142:

in 1955 for their Confirmation service, a ritual similar to a

3555:

naturally created a great stir in Egypt. It was in Cairo that

3528:

due to the chaos, faced challenges with the validity of their

9403: 9208: 8254: 7015: 6997:

Jewish Writer Reviews His Diary And a Wonderful Book Is Born

6681:"For Egypt, TV Show's Shocking Twist Is Its Sympathetic Jews" 4606: 4517: 4234: 3540: 3416:

Per Fenton, the influence of Sufism is still present in many

3385: 3381: 3335: 3324: 3243: 2860: 2830: 2774: 2747: 2660: 2596: 1060: 489: 393: 362: 119: 66: 6937:

Jews expelled from Egypt left behind a piece of their hearts

6434:"Private Motive for Egypt's Public Embrace of a Jewish Past" 6242:

Mangoubi, Rami, "A Jewish Refugee Answers Youssef Ibrahim",

5775:

Alexandria in Late Antiquity: Topography and Social Conflict

5704:

Alexandria in Late Antiquity: Topography and Social Conflict

3119: 3104:

Of the fortunes of the Jewish population of Egypt under the

9816: 8915: 8417: 6911: 6876:

https://www.scribd.com/doc/27097614/Josephus-COMPLETE-WORKS

6312: 4944: 4149:

After the foundation of Israel in 1948, and the subsequent

3717:

from exile. This was one of the first magazines written in

3465: 3098: 3017:

The greatest blow Alexandrian Jews received was during the

2802: 2778: 2770: 2548: 212: 6959:

Guernica Magazine (guernica.com) on the last Jews of Cairo

6656:"New head of Egyptian Jewish community: Zionism is racism" 5951:

Fenton, Paul B. (2017). "Sufis and Jews in Mamluk Egypt".

6982: 4948:

Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East

4533: 4115: 3186:

In the beginning of the 12th century, a Jewish man named

5137:

The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion

5017:

Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel

4399:

A Cairo Jewish boyhood during and after the Six-Day War.

4393:

Mangoubi, Rami (May 31, 2007). "My Longest 10 Minutes".

4357:

Teboul, Victor (2002). Éditions les Intouchables (ed.).

3116:(863-905), the Karaite community enjoyed robust growth. 2575:

in 1869. As a result, Jews from many territories of the

6921: 4122:

20th century departures of foreign nationals from Egypt

3354:

Now most Egyptian Jews of the time were members of the

3101:

that there were 40,000 Jews in Alexandria at the time.

3035:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

2624:

20th century departures of foreign nationals from Egypt

5443:

Gilles Dorival, Marguerite Harl, and Olivier Munnich,

3468:

is still celebrated in commemoration of their escape.

3179:

The caliph al-Hakim (996–1020) vigorously applied the

4988: 4268:

The last Jewish wedding in Egypt took place in 1984.

3664:

Individual Jews played an important role in Egyptian

6983:

Jews Indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa

5953:

Muslim-Jewish Relations in the Middle Islamic Period

4822:

The 1947 census gives 65,639, possibly too low. See

4552: 4532:

free the Israelites. The pharaoh only relents after

3240:, east of the Nile, 300 persons; and at Damira 700. 3097:, the Arab commander, claimed in a letter to Caliph 2076: 2057: 480: 6999:

Victor Teboul - About my novel on our Second Exodus

6632:"Only 12 Jews left in Egypt, community leader says" 6466:"Egypt International Religious Freedom Report 2007" 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 4835: 4335:

Les juifs en Egypte: Aperçu sur 3000 ans d'histoire

3004: 2902:reported that the Jews of Alexandria had their own 7010:, including photos taken of Jewish communities in 5385:"The legal status of the Jews in the Roman Empire" 5081: 4370: 3725:, poking fun at the British as well as the ruling 2989:and spread to Egypt, was largely motivated by the 2659:, were enslaved, and were ultimately liberated by 29:"Jews of Egypt" redirects here. For the film, see 7061: 6367:"Egypt's Dwindling Jews Celebrate a Rare Wedding" 6274:"Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser Regime, 1956-70" 5872:The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book 5826:The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book 5733:Skizzen und Vorarbeiten IV = Medina vor dem Islam 5263:. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. 3672:and wrote a note on 'The Jewish Question' to the 2750:. The documents cover the period 495 to 399 BCE. 2651:describes a long period of time during which the 10793: 6932:The International Association of Jews from Egypt 6551:"BDE: One Of The Last Jews In Egypt Passes Away" 5538: 5332:The History of Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty 5249: 4860: 4798:"BDE: One Of The Last Jews In Egypt Passes Away" 4790: 4528:Moses demands, multiple times, that the unnamed 3518:of Hakham Mordecai ha-Levi document how several 3444:at the head of that of Cairo. He also appointed 2734:. Their religious system shows strong traces of 7480: 6419:"Egypt's Jewish community buries deputy leader" 6267: 6265: 6158: 6156: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5524:. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. pp. 118, 424. 5515: 5513: 5459: 5077: 5075: 5049: 4365: 4291:(born 1952) is the community leader, who is an 3783:By the 1940s, the situation worsened. Sporadic 3709:Another famous Egyptian Jew of this period was 3400:massacres in North Africa, and the collapse of 6868:The Works of Josephus, Complete and Unabridged 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5352:The Works of Josephus, Complete and Unabridged 5216:The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship 5053:Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People 4869:"Egypt's last Jews aim to keep heritage alive" 4475: 3729:, seen as puppets of the British. Another was 3423: 2851:of Jews in many Egyptian towns and cities. In 2816: 9193: 8942: 8543: 7871: 7466: 7047: 6891:Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1989 6413: 6411: 6194:1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war 6184: 5987:Ahmed Pacha et les juifs du Caire (1523-1524) 5798: 5383:Linder, Amnon (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), 4096: 2528: 8660:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries 8288:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries 6606:"Chehata Haroun; Egyptian Jewish Politician" 6470:BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR 6262: 6259:, Cambridge University Press 2008, pp. 63–64 6190: 6153: 5681:http://www.research-projects.uzh.ch/p498.htm 5510: 5363: 5072: 3616: 3299:Cairo Genizah fragment by Abraham ibn Maymun 3236:there were 20 families; at Damietta 200; at 45: 6849: 6678: 6094: 6050: 5917: 5056:. Oxford University Press. pp. 19–22. 4310:Works by Egyptian Jews on their communities 3366:(Sufi schools), and its doctrinal focus on 3334:In this period of aggressive posturing the 3021:rule and the rise of a new state religion: 772:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 9200: 9186: 8949: 8935: 8550: 8536: 7885: 7878: 7864: 7473: 7459: 7054: 7040: 7022:Digital Heritage Archive of Egyptian Jewry 6408: 5227: 4966: 4664:1956–1957 exodus and expulsions from Egypt 4426:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4347:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4103: 4089: 3543:of Egypt and rich friend and protector of 3290: 3244:From Saladin and Maimonides (1169 to 1250) 3054: 2535: 2521: 59: 8956: 5857:The Arab Lands: A History and Source Book 5580: 5497: 4465: 4329:), Yahudiya (1974) . in the Hebrew trans. 3120:Rule of the Fatimid Caliphs (969 to 1169) 2886:dates from the foundation of the city by 6947:Egyptian Jews look back with anger, love 6491:"Egypt's Jewish community's lost future" 6431: 6339: 5983: 5751:. Harvard University Press. p. 27. 5744: 5616:. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. p. 81. 5160: 5154: 5110:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 4995:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–. 4701:Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East 4520:and his twelve sons (progenitors of the 4392: 4337:(Editions de l'Avenir ed.). Geneva. 4252:in 1967, more confiscations took place. 4133: 4125: 3678: 3631: 3620: 3294: 3139: 3123: 2781:and other countries returned to Judah. ( 2677: 2607:in the latter part of the 19th century. 8557: 7018:in 1976 openly available to view online 6810: 6271: 6162: 6085:, 1882–1986, Lyons, NY: Wilprint, 1987. 6018: 5611: 5519: 5187: 4969:Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500 4918: 4866: 4455: 4443: 4434: 4411: 4325:Misriya (pseudonym of Giselle Littman, 3522:women, who arrived in Egypt and became 14: 10807:History of the Jews in the Middle East 10794: 6521: 5950: 5382: 5191:The Military History of Ancient Israel 5133: 5106: 4951:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 337–. 4402: 4356: 4116:After the foundation of Israel in 1948 3315:In 1250 following the death of Sultan 3263:, and Saladin's successors. The title 3112:(641–868), little is known. Under the 2855:'s history, it is claimed that, after 2712:'s reign, these soldiers assisted the 10226: 10037: 9860: 9701: 9220: 9181: 8930: 8665:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 8531: 8273:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 7859: 7454: 7035: 6922:Historical Society of Jews from Egypt 6896:The Karaite Jews of Egypt, 1882–1986, 6811:Procter, Rebecca Anne (2 June 2022). 6385:"Anti-Semitism in the Egyptian Media" 6197:. Yale University Press. p. 70. 5799:Schmierer-Lee, Melonie (2022-10-12). 5010: 4892: 4634:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 3839:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 3636:Former Jewish school, Abbasyia, Cairo 10776: 6889:The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952, 6679:Kirkpatrick, David D. (2015-06-23). 5869: 5854: 5823: 5771: 4971:. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 36. 4945:Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). 4768:"Jews, by Country of Origin and Age" 4359:"La Lente découverte de l'étrangeté" 88:Regions with significant populations 10766: 8472:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies 6483: 6150:Joel Beinin, op. cit., Introduction 5450: 4919:Shawkat, Ahmed (15 December 2022). 4867:Parisse, Emmanuel (26 March 2017). 4776:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics 4659:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 4373:The Man in the White Sharkskin Suit 4315: 4171:state-sponsored terrorist operation 3816:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 3751: 2643:Sources and parallels of the Exodus 46: 24: 8423:Sephardim and Oriental Communities 7026:Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library 6787:"Egypt's Jews bury veteran leader" 5778:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 5430:, Anchor Bible Reference Library, 5188:Gabriel, Richard A. (2003-10-30). 4276:According to a 2009 report by the 4244:The last chief Rabbi of Egypt was 3303:In the mid thirteenth century the 25: 10828: 10147:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces 8830:Bukharian (Judeo-Persian dialect) 6905: 6853:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). 5984:Lellouch, Benjamin (2024-01-01). 4235:UN High Commissioner for Refugees 3657:, and the latter in the adjacent 3041:describes the Alexandria pogrom: 563:Historical population comparisons 10775: 10765: 10755: 10746: 10745: 10004:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 9207: 9065:Minorities and Foreign nationals 7839: 7830: 7829: 7362:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 7132:Democratic Republic of the Congo 6863:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 6839: 6522:Aderet, Ofer (26 October 2021). 6432:Slackman, Michael (2009-09-07). 4569: 4555: 4353:the author is called Bat-Ye’or). 3822: 3152:. Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris 3005:Late Roman and Byzantine periods 2999:destruction of the Second Temple 2636: 1207:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1121:Historical population by country 112: 94: 10488:Identification card controversy 8489:Institute for Sephardic Studies 6833: 6804: 6779: 6755: 6730: 6705: 6672: 6648: 6629: 6623: 6598: 6580: 6569: 6543: 6515: 6497: 6458: 6425: 6377: 6359: 6340:Mangoubi, Rami (May 31, 2007). 6333: 6249: 6236: 6218: 6175: 6165:Jewish Political Studies Review 6144: 6135: 6118: 6088: 6075: 6037: 6012: 5977: 5905: 5896: 5887: 5878: 5863: 5848: 5832: 5817: 5792: 5765: 5738: 5725: 5709: 5697: 5674: 5656: 5630: 5605: 5437: 5418: 5376: 5357: 5337: 5322: 5307: 5281: 5228:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2012). 5221: 5208: 5181: 5161:Gottwald, Norman (1999-10-01). 5134:Turner, Bryan S. (2010-03-02). 5127: 5100: 4967:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2008). 4444:Mizrahi, Dr Maurice M. (2012). 4435:Mizrahi, Dr Maurice M. (2004). 4271: 4205: 4062:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews 3645:During British rule, and under 3442:David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra 2993:, aggravation after the failed 2663:, who led them out of Egypt to 9394:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt 8680:Antisemitism in the Arab world 8278:Antisemitism in the Arab world 7797:British Indian Ocean Territory 7063:History of the Jews in Africa 7024:on the Digital collections of 6738:"Just 12 Jews Remain in Egypt" 5555:The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period 5505:The Text of the Old Testament, 5107:Coogan, Michael David (2001). 4989:Raymond P. Scheindlin (1998). 4937: 4912: 4886: 4816: 4772:Statistical Abstract of Israel 4760: 4619:Antisemitism in the Arab world 4446:"History of the Jews of Egypt" 3892:Antisemitism in the Arab world 3626:Demonstration in Egypt in 1919 3136:. Cambridge University Library 2691:Elephantine papyri and ostraca 2595:community, mainly confined to 13: 1: 10812:History of the Jews in Africa 9702: 5828:. pp. Ch. 3 Egypt pg.46. 5564:10.1017/CHOL9780521772488.004 5397:10.1017/chol9780521772488.007 5304:, vol.5, (1939) 1964 p125 n.1 4753: 4629:History of the Jews in Africa 4300:Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue 4196:Two members of the ring, Dr. 3768:nationalistic societies like 3640: 3255:went to Egypt and settled in 2981:The Roman suppression of the 2723:in his campaigns against the 778:Christianity and Judaism 10021:Twin towns and sister cities 9861: 9533:Assassination of Anwar Sadat 8439:American Sephardi Federation 8432:Major communal organizations 7008:American Sephardi Federation 6509:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 6322:Who are the Jewish refugees? 6272:Laskier, Michael M. (1995). 5612:Barclay, John M. G. (1998). 5520:Barclay, John M. G. (1998). 5476:Invitation to the Septuagint 5022:University of Michigan Press 4893:Oster, Marcy (9 July 2019). 4691:Racism in Muslim communities 4595:Jewish temple at Elephantine 4072:Historical Jewish population 3683:Synagogue in Abbasyia, Cairo 2911:Hellenistic Jewish community 2725:Twenty-fifth Dynasty pharaoh 2714:Twenty-sixth Dynasty pharaoh 2671:of the Israelites– known as 7: 10549:Vehicle registration plates 10227: 10203:Water supply and sanitation 10038: 9221: 8154:Western Europe and overseas 7481:History of the Jews in Asia 5447:(Paris: Cerfs, 1988), p.111 5366:"Alexandria, Ancient Egypt" 5319:Mohr Siebeck, 1985 pp.107-8 5113:. Oxford University Press. 4730:Sha'ar Hashamayim Synagogue 4713:List of synagogues in Egypt 4548: 4476:Egyptian Jews in literature 4395:The Jerusalem Post Magazine 3424:Ottoman rule (1517 to 1914) 3280:The Guide for the Perplexed 2817:Ptolemaic and Roman periods 2565:Jewish expulsion from Spain 2077: 2058: 1785:Latin America and Caribbean 481: 10: 10833: 10208:Water resources management 8444:Sephardi Community Council 6898:Lyons, NY: Wilprint, 1987. 6421:. Al Jazeera. 12 Mar 2014. 6257:A History of Modern Israel 5772:Haas, Christopher (2006). 5748:Cairo: Histories of a City 4437:"Growing Up Under Pharaoh" 4412:Carasso, Lucienne (2014). 4119: 3774:Society of Muslim Brothers 3721:, and mostly consisted of 3188:Abu al-Munajja ibn Sha'yah 2947:versions of the Christian 2820: 2640: 2390:Jewish political movements 2087:Conversion to Judaism 28: 10817:Jews and Judaism in Egypt 10741: 10567: 10239: 10235: 10222: 10103:Impact on the environment 10093:Entrepreneurship policies 10046: 10033: 9869: 9856: 9710: 9697: 9665: 9567: 9233: 9229: 9216: 9064: 9031: 8964: 8898: 8875:Sephardic law and customs 8857: 8790: 8688: 8652: 8566: 8497: 8464: 8449:World Sephardi Federation 8431: 8403: 8363: 8296: 8265: 7990: 7894: 7825: 7784: 7744: 7486: 7375: 7350: 7069: 6290:10.1080/00263209508701070 6083:The Karaite Jews of Egypt 5961:10.14220/9783737007924.41 5874:. pp. Ch.3 pg.47–48. 5859:. pp. Ch.3 pg.48–50. 5720:A History of the Crusades 5273:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5140:. John Wiley & Sons. 4774:(in English and Hebrew). 4649:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 4456:Dammond, Liliane (2007). 3655:harat al-yahud al-qara’in 3617:Modern times (since 1919) 3609:population of 9,734,405. 3497:Joseph ben Moses di Trani 3428:On January 22, 1517, the 3158:Fatimid conquest of Egypt 793:Hinduism and Judaism 175: 170: 154: 149: 133: 128: 110: 92: 87: 82: 77: 58: 51: 9874:Administrative divisions 9550:2011 Egyptian revolution 9491:1952 Egyptian revolution 9287:Lighthouse of Alexandria 8865:Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah 7546:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 7117:Central African Republic 7004:Zeva Oelbaum Photographs 6230:31 December 2013 at the 5745:AlSayyad, Nezar (2013). 5348:Antiquities of the Jews, 5050:Harry Ostrer MD (2012). 4724:Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue 4686:Racism in the Arab world 4639:Islamic–Jewish relations 4487:Diary of a Jewish Muslim 4077:Islamic–Jewish relations 3758:immunity from taxation ( 3575:Joseph ben Isaac Sambari 3569:Moses ben Elijah ha-Levi 3479:. Among his pupils were 3450:Suleiman the Magnificent 3061:Muslim conquest of Egypt 2953:Lighthouse of Alexandria 2823:Leontopolis (Heliopolis) 2708:in about 650 BCE during 2610:In the aftermath of the 619:Temple in Jerusalem 312:Bar and bat mitzvah 10802:Jewish Egyptian history 10078:Egyptian stock exchange 8738:Jewish tribes of Arabia 7933:Expulsion from Portugal 7807:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6872:Antiquities of the Jews 6860:The Jewish Encyclopedia 6342:"My Longest 10 Minutes" 5839:Jewish Quarterly Review 5334:, New York 1899 p. 192. 5218:. NYU Press. pp. 11–12. 5194:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4522:Twelve Tribes of Israel 4466:Teboul, Ph.D., Victor. 3291:Mameluks (1250 to 1517) 3065:Patriarch of Alexandria 3055:Arab rule (641 to 1250) 581:Twelve Tribes of Israel 10409:International rankings 9414:Egyptian–Ethiopian War 6917:Jewish Virtual Library 6278:Middle Eastern Studies 6019:Goldish, Matt (2008). 4669:Mizrahi Jews in Israel 4654:Egypt–Israel relations 4403:Aciman, Andre (1994). 4278:Anti-Defamation League 4146: 4131: 4045:The Forgotten Refugees 3793:Partition of Palestine 3684: 3637: 3629: 3592:In consequence of the 3557:Abraham Miguel Cardoso 3300: 3153: 3137: 3048: 2686: 10014:Terrorism and tourism 9472:1948 Arab–Israeli War 9304:Library of Alexandria 8958:Demographics of Egypt 8675:Antisemitism in Islam 8283:Antisemitism in Islam 8001:Eastern Mediterranean 7277:São Tomé and Príncipe 7137:Republic of the Congo 7028:, University of Haifa 6660:www.timesofisrael.com 6636:www.timesofisrael.com 6191:Benny Morris (2008). 5996:10.1163/9789004688391 5364:Emil Schürer (1906). 5329:John Pentland Mahaffy 4624:Antisemitism in Islam 4499:Menorahs and Minarets 4151:1948 Arab–Israeli War 4137: 4129: 3866:Arab–Israeli conflict 3682: 3674:World Jewish Congress 3635: 3624: 3298: 3170:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 3143: 3127: 3078:. The letter sent by 3043: 3031:Socrates Scholasticus 2681: 2641:Further information: 1327:São Tomé and Príncipe 1322:Republic of the Congo 716:Second Temple Judaism 587:Kingdom of Judah 558:Modern historiography 171:Related ethnic groups 143:Judeo-Egyptian Arabic 10725:World Heritage Sites 10544:Units of measurement 9999:Proposed new capital 9745:Environmental issues 9506:United Arab Republic 9399:Muhammad Ali dynasty 8858:Religion and culture 8388:Sephardi chief rabbi 8365:Religion and culture 7921:Expulsion from Spain 7721:United Arab Emirates 6594:. December 15, 2022. 6141:Krämer (1989), p 158 5668:www.sacred-texts.com 5261:www.ancientsudan.org 5230:Western civilization 4675:Jews of Egypt (film) 4493:Days in the Diaspora 3778:Haj Amin al-Husseini 3727:Muhammad Ali dynasty 3567:. A second Karaite, 3508:Khmelnytsky Uprising 3489:Ishmael Kohen Tanuji 3378:Treatise of the Pool 3070:, notorious for his 2843:, especially around 2429:World Agudath Israel 1570:United Arab Emirates 657:Second Temple period 647:Babylonian captivity 10397:Freedom of religion 10292:Mass sexual assault 9657:Timekeeping devices 9555:2013 Rabaa massacre 9528:Egyptian–Libyan War 8744:North African Jews 7748:limited recognition 7352:States with limited 6744:. 23 September 2014 6493:. BBC. 18 Sep 2014. 6246:, October 30, 2004. 5841:ix. 29, x., p.430; 5735:, Berlin 1889.p.119 5731:Julius Wellhausen, 5722:1951 vol.1 pp.18-19 5638:"THE "I" OF CHRIST" 5588:"The Jews of Egypt" 5370:Jewish Encyclopedia 5294:London 1915 cited, 5288:Albin van Hoonacker 4873:The Times of Israel 4778:. 26 September 2011 3418:Kabbalistic rituals 3329:Battle of Ain Jalut 3068:Cyrus of Alexandria 2888:Alexander the Great 2882:The history of the 2736:Babylonian religion 722:Hellenistic Judaism 300:Land of Israel 259:Principles of faith 124:less than 20 (2021) 55: 10587:Art (contemporary) 10267:Capital punishment 10157:Telecommunications 9834:Towns and villages 9802:Qattara Depression 9615:Muslim Brotherhood 9585:Cigarette industry 9445:British occupation 9356:Crusader invasions 9326:Rashidun Caliphate 6952:2011-09-28 at the 6881:2012-06-05 at the 6685:The New York Times 6557:. 17 November 2021 6438:The New York Times 6371:The New York Times 6346:The Jerusalem Post 6181:Morris 2008 p. 412 5686:2019-05-28 at the 5301:A Study of History 4899:The Jerusalem Post 4804:. 17 November 2021 4739:Yaakov Abuhatzeira 4718:Ben Ezra Synagogue 4590:Elephantine papyri 4484:'s Gamal trilogy ( 4377:. Harper Collins. 4304:Ben Ezra Synagogue 4175:Gamal Abdel Nasser 4147: 4138:Jewish girls from 4132: 4006:Hurum air disaster 3740:founded newspaper 3685: 3638: 3630: 3589:in Egypt in 1671. 3553:Sabbatian movement 3495:in Egypt in 1543. 3477:Shiṭṭah Mequbbeṣet 3374:Abraham Maimonides 3319:, slave soldiers, 3301: 3229:Benjamin of Tudela 3154: 3144:Commentary on the 3138: 3110:Abbasid Caliphates 2687: 2612:1948 Palestine War 2283:Jewish Koine Greek 1825:Dominican Republic 1106:Judaism by country 785:Jews and Christmas 640:Assyrian captivity 42: 10789: 10788: 10737: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10661:Football stadiums 10592:Botanical gardens 10471:Catholic dioceses 10363:Gender inequality 10287:Human trafficking 10218: 10217: 10152:Tallest buildings 10113:Military industry 10029: 10028: 9970:Political parties 9923:Islamic extremism 9911:Foreign relations 9852: 9851: 9693: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9433:French occupation 9351:Fatimid Caliphate 9346:Ikhshidid dynasty 9175: 9174: 9049:Coptic Christians 9001:Oriental Orthodox 8924: 8923: 8525: 8524: 8321:Judaeo-Portuguese 7853: 7852: 7790:other territories 7448: 7447: 7379:other territories 7152:Equatorial Guinea 6894:Mourad El-Kodsi, 6767:www.aljazeera.com 6610:Los Angeles Times 6555:The Yeshiva World 6255:Shindler, Colin. 6244:Middle East Times 6111:978-977-424-890-0 6081:Mourad El-Kodsi, 6030:978-0-691-12264-9 6005:978-90-04-68839-1 5970:978-3-8471-0792-7 5893:B.A. ibid. § 155) 5805:www.lib.cam.ac.uk 5785:978-0-8018-8541-9 5758:978-0-674-07245-9 5623:978-0-567-08651-8 5573:978-0-521-77248-8 5531:978-0-567-08651-8 5503:Ernst Würthwein, 5481:Paternoster Press 5406:978-0-521-77248-8 5296:Arnold J. Toynbee 5239:978-0-495-91324-5 5201:978-0-275-97798-6 5174:978-1-84127-026-5 5167:. A&C Black. 5147:978-1-4443-2079-4 5120:978-0-19-513937-2 5093:978-3-319-04768-3 5063:978-0-19-997638-6 5002:978-0-19-513941-9 4958:978-1-4381-2676-0 4847:Egypt Independent 4802:The Yeshiva World 4696:Religion in Egypt 4542:they then conquer 4331:Yehudei mitzrayim 4246:Haim Moussa Douek 4206:1947 Company Laws 4113: 4112: 3946:Exodus by country 3789:1945 Cairo pogrom 3715:Abu Naddara 'Azra 3561:Kara Mehmed Pasha 3530:divorce documents 3493:Sefer ha-Zikkaron 3473:Bezalel Ashkenazi 3446:Abraham de Castro 3196:Al-Malik al-Afḍal 3174:Ya'qub ibn Killis 3166:Fatimid Caliphate 3076:Arabian Peninsula 3010:immigration from 2974:, who lived near 2841:Ptolemaic dynasty 2783:Jeremiah 40:11–12 2699:Achaemenid Empire 2616:1954 Lavon Affair 2545: 2544: 2494: 2493: 2242: 2241: 1989:Reconstructionist 1933: 1932: 1085: 1084: 892: 891: 729:Jewish–Roman wars 677:Hasmonean dynasty 593:Kingdom of Israel 497: 496: 198: 197: 16:(Redirected from 10824: 10779: 10778: 10769: 10768: 10759: 10749: 10748: 10554:Waste management 10319:Academic grading 10237: 10236: 10224: 10223: 10196:Railway stations 10174:Cultural tourism 10073:Economic regions 10035: 10034: 9858: 9857: 9699: 9698: 9368:Mamluk Sultanate 9299:Diocese of Egypt 9282:Battle of Actium 9231: 9230: 9218: 9217: 9202: 9195: 9188: 9179: 9178: 9006:Eastern Orthodox 8951: 8944: 8937: 8928: 8927: 8825:Juhuri/Judeo-Tat 8753:Alexandrian Jews 8733:Musta'arabi Jews 8670:Palestinian Jews 8552: 8545: 8538: 8529: 8528: 8513: 8480: 8457: 8383:Rite and customs 8356: 8239:Crypto-Sephardim 7880: 7873: 7866: 7857: 7856: 7843: 7833: 7832: 7802:Christmas Island 7488:Sovereign states 7475: 7468: 7461: 7452: 7451: 7440: 7439:(United Kingdom) 7435:Tristan da Cunha 7431:Ascension Island 7423: 7410: 7401: 7377:Dependencies and 7070:Sovereign states 7056: 7049: 7042: 7033: 7032: 6864: 6843: 6842: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6584: 6578: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6415: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6396: 6390:. Archived from 6389: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6337: 6331: 6319: 6310: 6309: 6269: 6260: 6253: 6247: 6240: 6234: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6188: 6182: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6160: 6151: 6148: 6142: 6139: 6133: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6092: 6086: 6079: 6073: 6065: 6048: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6016: 6010: 6009: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5948: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5885: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5852: 5846: 5843:Zionist D. M. G. 5836: 5830: 5829: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5742: 5736: 5729: 5723: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5549: 5536: 5535: 5517: 5508: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5448: 5441: 5435: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5361: 5355: 5341: 5335: 5326: 5320: 5311: 5305: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5272: 5264: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5225: 5219: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5079: 5070: 5067: 5046: 5006: 4985: 4962: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4839: 4833: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4764: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4471: 4461: 4452: 4450: 4440: 4431: 4425: 4417: 4408: 4398: 4388: 4376: 4362: 4352: 4346: 4338: 4321: 4316:Matalon, Ronit. 4105: 4098: 4091: 3964:Operation Yachin 3918:Oujda and Jerada 3826: 3803: 3802: 3753: 3697: 3602:Adolphe Crémieux 3598:Moses Montefiore 3475:, author of the 3458:Viceroy of Egypt 3454:Hain Ahmed Pasha 3261:al-Qadi al-Fadil 3164:The rule of the 3019:Byzantine Empire 3012:Syria Palaestina 2884:Alexandrian Jews 2763:2 Kings 25:22–24 2755:Kingdom of Judah 2537: 2530: 2523: 2386: 2385: 2267: 2088: 2082: 2063: 2027: 2026: 1974: 1921:New Zealand 1873: 1836:El Salvador 1826: 1758:Northern America 1750: 1344: 1100: 1099: 1011:Crimean Karaites 907: 906: 885: 883: 804: 802: 794: 788: 779: 767:Rabbinic Judaism 748: 742: 736: 724: 712: 678: 671:Maccabean Revolt 648: 641: 635: 627: 620: 614: 606: 588: 512: 511: 486: 381: 380: 313: 301: 200: 199: 118: 116: 115: 100: 98: 97: 78:Total population 65:The location of 63: 56: 53: 49: 48: 41: 21: 10832: 10831: 10827: 10826: 10825: 10823: 10822: 10821: 10792: 10791: 10790: 10785: 10729: 10720:Public holidays 10710:National anthem 10563: 10476:Coptic Churches 10419:Egyptian Arabic 10329:Medical schools 10231: 10214: 10130:Nuclear program 10042: 10025: 9955:Nationality law 9948:Supreme Council 9933:Law enforcement 9865: 9848: 9824:Sinai Peninsula 9807:Red Sea Riviera 9706: 9685: 9661: 9563: 9450:1919 revolution 9438:Revolt of Cairo 9363:Ayyubid dynasty 9341:Tulunid dynasty 9225: 9212: 9206: 9176: 9171: 9060: 9027: 8960: 8955: 8925: 8920: 8894: 8853: 8786: 8696:Babylonian Jews 8684: 8648: 8562: 8556: 8526: 8521: 8507: 8505:Philosephardism 8493: 8474: 8460: 8451: 8427: 8399: 8359: 8350: 8311:Sephardi Hebrew 8292: 8261: 7986: 7926:Alhambra Decree 7890: 7887:Sephardi Jewish 7884: 7854: 7849: 7821: 7789: 7780: 7761:Northern Cyprus 7747: 7740: 7482: 7479: 7449: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7421: 7408: 7399: 7380: 7378: 7371: 7355: 7353: 7346: 7065: 7060: 6954:Wayback Machine 6908: 6887:Gudrun Krämer, 6883:Wayback Machine 6851:Singer, Isidore 6840: 6836: 6831: 6830: 6821: 6819: 6809: 6805: 6796: 6794: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6771: 6769: 6763:"Egyptian Jews" 6761: 6760: 6756: 6747: 6745: 6736: 6735: 6731: 6722: 6720: 6717:Tablet Magazine 6711: 6710: 6706: 6697: 6695: 6677: 6673: 6664: 6662: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6640: 6638: 6628: 6624: 6615: 6613: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6570: 6560: 6558: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6534: 6532: 6520: 6516: 6505:"Jews of Egypt" 6503: 6502: 6498: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6474: 6472: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6450: 6448: 6430: 6426: 6417: 6416: 6409: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6338: 6334: 6320: 6313: 6270: 6263: 6254: 6250: 6241: 6237: 6232:Wayback Machine 6223: 6219: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6176: 6161: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6093: 6089: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6051: 6043:Aron Rodrigue, 6042: 6038: 6031: 6017: 6013: 6006: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5949: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5897: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5868: 5864: 5853: 5849: 5837: 5833: 5822: 5818: 5809: 5807: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5743: 5739: 5730: 5726: 5716:Steven Runciman 5714: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5688:Wayback Machine 5679: 5675: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5610: 5606: 5597: 5595: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5550: 5539: 5532: 5518: 5511: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5442: 5438: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5381: 5377: 5362: 5358: 5342: 5338: 5327: 5323: 5312: 5308: 5286: 5282: 5266: 5265: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5226: 5222: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5080: 5073: 5064: 5032: 5003: 4979: 4959: 4942: 4938: 4929: 4927: 4917: 4913: 4903: 4901: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4875: 4865: 4861: 4852: 4850: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4681:Pallache family 4584:Ancient history 4575: 4570: 4568: 4561: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4507:Book of Genesis 4478: 4448: 4419: 4418: 4385: 4367:Lucette Lagnado 4340: 4339: 4312: 4274: 4169:was an Israeli 4124: 4118: 4109: 3959:Operation Mural 3719:Egyptian Arabic 3691: 3643: 3619: 3594:Damascus affair 3579:qāḍī al-ʿasākir 3426: 3356:Karaite Judaism 3293: 3246: 3122: 3095:'Amr ibn al-'As 3057: 3007: 2983:Diaspora Revolt 2968:Egyptian temple 2857:Ptolemy I Soter 2837: 2819: 2791:Jeremiah 43:5–7 2767:Jeremiah 40:6–8 2704:Established at 2684:Brooklyn Museum 2645: 2639: 2553:Egyptian Arabic 2541: 2496: 2495: 2383: 2373: 2372: 2363:Judeo-Malayalam 2343:Judaeo-Georgian 2263: 2254: 2244: 2243: 2144:Yiddish theatre 2086: 2024: 2014: 2013: 1972: 1945: 1935: 1934: 1871: 1824: 1748: 1342: 1126:Genetic studies 1097: 1087: 1086: 904: 894: 893: 881: 880: 800: 799: 792: 782: 777: 759:and Middle Ages 757:Rabbinic period 744: 738: 731: 719: 690: 676: 646: 639: 630: 622: 618: 609: 604:in Judaism 601: 586: 509: 499: 498: 378: 368: 367: 311: 299: 244: 139:Egyptian Arabic 113: 111: 95: 93: 73: 50: 47:اليهود المصريون 44: 40: 37: 23: 22: 18:Egyptian Jewish 15: 12: 11: 5: 10830: 10820: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10787: 10786: 10784: 10783: 10773: 10763: 10753: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10735: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10696: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10670: 10665: 10664: 10663: 10658: 10656:Football clubs 10648: 10647: 10646: 10641: 10631: 10626: 10625: 10624: 10619: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10573: 10571: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10535: 10534: 10529: 10528: 10527: 10517: 10516: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10479: 10478: 10473: 10463: 10458: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10432: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10411: 10406: 10405: 10404: 10399: 10389: 10384: 10383: 10382: 10377: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10355: 10354: 10353: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10300: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10252:Animal welfare 10249: 10243: 10241: 10233: 10232: 10220: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10166: 10165: 10164: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10143: 10142: 10135:Power stations 10132: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10083:Egyptian pound 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10064: 10063: 10053: 10047: 10044: 10043: 10031: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10023: 10018: 10017: 10016: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9995: 9994: 9987:Prime Minister 9984: 9983: 9982: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9919: 9918: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9854: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9792:Northern coast 9789: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9711: 9708: 9707: 9695: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9667: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9571: 9569: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9557: 9552: 9542: 9537: 9536: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9523:Yom Kippur War 9515: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9478: 9477: 9476: 9475: 9474: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9453: 9452: 9442: 9441: 9440: 9425: 9424: 9423: 9422: 9421: 9416: 9406: 9401: 9391: 9390: 9389: 9379: 9378: 9377: 9376: 9375: 9365: 9360: 9359: 9358: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9318: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9284: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9267: 9257: 9256: 9255: 9245: 9239: 9237: 9227: 9226: 9214: 9213: 9205: 9204: 9197: 9190: 9182: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9068: 9066: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9058: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9046: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9025: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8970: 8968: 8962: 8961: 8954: 8953: 8946: 8939: 8931: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8906:Black Panthers 8902: 8900: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8861: 8859: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8837:Judaeo-Spanish 8834: 8833: 8832: 8827: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8806: 8805: 8798:Israeli Hebrew 8794: 8792: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8758:Sephardic Jews 8755: 8750: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8728:Jews in Arabia 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8709: 8708: 8703: 8692: 8690: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8656: 8654: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8567:By nationality 8564: 8563: 8555: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8532: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8517:Sephardization 8514: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8446: 8441: 8435: 8433: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8413:Black Panthers 8409: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8391: 8390: 8380: 8375: 8369: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8345: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8336:Tetuani Ladino 8333: 8326:Judaeo-Spanish 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8302: 8300: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8269: 8267: 8266:Modern history 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8232: 8231: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8167: 8162: 8150: 8149: 8148: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8053: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8029: 8019: 8014: 8009: 7996: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7956: 7949: 7942: 7935: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7900: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7883: 7882: 7875: 7868: 7860: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7837: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7793: 7791: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7752: 7750: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 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6332: 6327:Jerusalem Post 6311: 6284:(3): 573–619. 6261: 6248: 6235: 6217: 6203: 6183: 6174: 6152: 6143: 6134: 6117: 6110: 6087: 6074: 6049: 6036: 6029: 6011: 6004: 5976: 5969: 5916: 5904: 5895: 5886: 5877: 5862: 5847: 5831: 5816: 5791: 5784: 5764: 5757: 5737: 5724: 5708: 5696: 5673: 5655: 5629: 5622: 5604: 5579: 5572: 5537: 5530: 5509: 5496: 5489: 5467:Karen H. Jobes 5458: 5449: 5436: 5417: 5405: 5375: 5356: 5336: 5321: 5306: 5280: 5248: 5238: 5220: 5207: 5200: 5180: 5173: 5153: 5146: 5126: 5119: 5099: 5092: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5062: 5047: 5030: 5024:. p. 33. 5012:Cline, Eric H. 5008: 5001: 4986: 4977: 4957: 4936: 4911: 4885: 4859: 4849:. 30 July 2016 4834: 4815: 4789: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4737:Tomb of rabbi 4735: 4734: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4613:Modern history 4610: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4566: 4563:Judaism portal 4550: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4511:Book of Exodus 4503: 4482:Kamal Ruhayyim 4477: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4463: 4453: 4441: 4432: 4409: 4400: 4390: 4383: 4363: 4354: 4322: 4311: 4308: 4273: 4270: 4191:Fu’ad al-Digwi 4120:Main article: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4056: 4055: 4054:Related topics 4051: 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2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2308:Judaeo-Spanish 2305: 2303:Judaeo-Iranian 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2219: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2166: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2133: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2083: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2032: 2031: 2025: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1946: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1900: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1788: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1749:United Kingdom 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1597: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1182:Bilad-el-Sudan 1179: 1174: 1166: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1138: 1137: 1135:Land of Israel 1131: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1098: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 995: 994: 993:Related groups 990: 989: 988: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 926: 925: 920: 905: 900: 899: 896: 895: 890: 889: 888: 887: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 850:Jewish atheism 847: 842: 837: 829: 828: 824: 823: 822: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801:Islamic–Jewish 796: 789: 774: 769: 761: 760: 753: 752: 751: 750: 726: 713: 685: 680: 673: 668: 666:Yehud Medinata 660: 659: 653: 652: 651: 650: 643: 636: 628: 615: 607: 595: 590: 583: 575: 574: 572:Ancient Israel 568: 567: 566: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 528:Land of Israel 525: 517: 516: 510: 505: 504: 501: 500: 495: 494: 493: 492: 487: 483:Shulchan Aruch 478: 473: 468: 463: 455: 454: 453: 452: 447: 439: 438: 432: 431: 430: 429: 424: 416: 415: 409: 408: 407: 406: 401: 396: 388: 387: 379: 374: 373: 370: 369: 366: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 308: 303: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 261: 256: 249:God in Judaism 245: 240: 239: 236: 235: 234: 233: 228: 220: 219: 209: 208: 196: 195: 189:Ethiopian Jews 185:Ashkenazi Jews 173: 172: 168: 167: 152: 151: 147: 146: 131: 130: 126: 125: 122: 108: 107: 104: 90: 89: 85: 84: 80: 79: 75: 74: 64: 43:Egyptian Jews 38: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10829: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10782: 10774: 10772: 10764: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10752: 10744: 10743: 10740: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10653: 10652: 10649: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10582:Art (ancient) 10580: 10578: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10570: 10566: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10533: 10530: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10518: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10500: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10461:Blasphemy law 10459: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10430: 10429:Sign Language 10427: 10425: 10424:Saʽidi Arabic 10422: 10420: 10417: 10416: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10394: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10372: 10371: 10368: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10356: 10352: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10344: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10225: 10221: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10201: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10179: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10167: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10158: 10155: 10153: 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9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9278: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9261: 9258: 9254: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9219: 9215: 9210: 9203: 9198: 9196: 9191: 9189: 9184: 9183: 9180: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9152:Syro-Lebanese 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9142:Roma (Romani) 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9057: 9054: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9030: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8994: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8952: 8947: 8945: 8940: 8938: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8897: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8880:Mizrahi music 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8856: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8835: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8821: 8820:Judeo-Persian 8818: 8816: 8815:Judeo-Aramaic 8813: 8811: 8808: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8789: 8781: 8780:Hadhrami Jews 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8767: 8766: 8765:Yemenite Jews 8763: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8748:Maghrebi Jews 8746: 8745: 8743: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8723:Bukharan Jews 8721: 8719: 8718:Mountain Jews 8716: 8714: 8711: 8707: 8706:Baghdadi Jews 8704: 8702: 8699: 8698: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8687: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8651: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8560: 8553: 8548: 8546: 8541: 8539: 8534: 8533: 8530: 8518: 8515: 8511: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8496: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8478: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8455: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8396: 8393: 8389: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8354: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8264: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8250:Belmonte Jews 8248: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8241: 8240: 8236: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8222: 8218: 8217:Paradesi Jews 8215: 8214: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8190:New Amsterdam 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8003: 8002: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7981:New Christian 7978: 7976: 7975: 7974:Maghrebi Jews 7971: 7969: 7968: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7955: 7954: 7950: 7948: 7947: 7943: 7941: 7940: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7888: 7881: 7876: 7874: 7869: 7867: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7836: 7828: 7827: 7824: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7771:South Ossetia 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 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7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7057: 7052: 7050: 7045: 7043: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7027: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6978:977-424-890-2 6975: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6852: 6847: 6846:public domain 6838: 6837: 6818: 6814: 6807: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6637: 6633: 6626: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6572: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6500: 6492: 6486: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6397:on 2013-09-28 6393: 6386: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6316: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6266: 6258: 6252: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6221: 6206: 6204:9780300126969 6200: 6196: 6195: 6187: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6159: 6157: 6147: 6138: 6131: 6130:1-85043-100-0 6127: 6121: 6113: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6091: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6067:Joel Beinin, 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6046: 6040: 6032: 6026: 6022: 6015: 6007: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5980: 5972: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5913: 5908: 5899: 5890: 5881: 5873: 5866: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5827: 5820: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5768: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5741: 5734: 5728: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5682: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5644:. August 2005 5643: 5639: 5633: 5625: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5594:on 2020-09-21 5593: 5589: 5583: 5575: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5514: 5506: 5500: 5492: 5490:1-84227-061-3 5486: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5453: 5446: 5440: 5433: 5432:Alan F. Segal 5429: 5427: 5421: 5408: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5333: 5330: 5325: 5318: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5276: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5211: 5203: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5184: 5176: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5157: 5149: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5130: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5103: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5076: 5065: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5031:0-472-11313-5 5027: 5023: 5020:. Ann Arbor: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5004: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4978:9780495502883 4974: 4970: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4940: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4819: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4728: 4726:in Alexandria 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4602:Land of Onias 4600: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4567: 4564: 4553: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4384:9780060822187 4380: 4375: 4374: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4313: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4298:In 2020, the 4296: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4279: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4254:Rami Mangoubi 4251: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4238:Auguste Lindt 4236: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4202:Kamal Massuda 4199: 4198:Moshe Marzouk 4194: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4179:Moshe Sharett 4176: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4128: 4123: 4106: 4101: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4024:Awareness day 4022: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 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3318: 3313: 3311: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3275: 3274:Mishneh Torah 3270: 3266: 3265:Ra'is al-Umma 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3212:ráīs al-Yahūd 3209: 3208:ráīs al-Yahūd 3203: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3182: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3146:Mishneh Torah 3142: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3039:Edward Gibbon 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2976:Lake Mareotis 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2949:Old Testament 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2873:Mount Gerizim 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2811:Jeremiah 44:1 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2787:2 Kings 25:26 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2669:founding myth 2666: 2662: 2658: 2657:ancient Egypt 2654: 2650: 2644: 2637:Ancient Egypt 2634: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2620:1956 Suez War 2617: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2348:Judeo-Aramaic 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2338:Judeo-Italian 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2318:Ghardaïa Sign 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 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1874: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1771:United States 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1257:Guinea-Bissau 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1111:Lists of Jews 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 998: 997: 996: 992: 991: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 924: 921: 919: 916: 915: 914: 911: 910: 909: 908: 903: 898: 897: 886: 878: 876: 873: 871: 870:The Holocaust 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 832: 831: 830: 826: 825: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 797: 795: 790: 786: 780: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 764: 763: 762: 758: 755: 754: 747: 741: 735: 730: 727: 723: 717: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 663: 662: 661: 658: 655: 654: 649: 644: 642: 637: 633: 629: 626: 621: 616: 612: 608: 605: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 584: 582: 579: 578: 577: 576: 573: 570: 569: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 520: 519: 518: 514: 513: 508: 503: 502: 491: 488: 485: 484: 479: 477: 474: 472: 471:Mishneh Torah 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 457: 456: 451: 448: 446: 443: 442: 441: 440: 437: 434: 433: 428: 425: 423: 420: 419: 418: 417: 414: 411: 410: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 391: 390: 389: 386: 383: 382: 377: 372: 371: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 309: 307: 304: 302: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 269: 265: 262: 260: 257: 254: 250: 247: 246: 243: 238: 237: 232: 231:Who is a Jew? 229: 227: 224: 223: 222: 221: 218: 214: 211: 210: 206: 202: 201: 194: 190: 186: 182: 181:Sephardi Jews 178: 174: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 127: 123: 121: 109: 105: 103: 91: 86: 81: 76: 72: 68: 62: 57: 35: 33: 32:Jews of Egypt 27: 19: 10607:Coat of arms 10577:Architecture 10519: 10466:Christianity 10446:Prostitution 10392:Human rights 10351:Abaza family 10339:Universities 10304:Demographics 10257:Billionaires 9901:Constitution 9896:Conscription 9879:Governorates 9760:Halfaya Pass 9630:1954–present 9609: 9590:Constitution 9545:2010s Crisis 9457:World War II 9419:Urabi revolt 9336:Islamization 9270:31st Dynasty 9265:27th Dynasty 9167:Palestinians 9022: 8996:Christianity 8870:Ovadia Yosef 8810:Judeo-Arabic 8775:Habbani Jews 8713:Persian Jews 8701:Kurdish Jews 8689:By community 8629:Saudi Arabia 8583: 8559:Mizrahi Jews 8343:Judeo-Gascon 8316:Judeo-Arabic 8306:Judeo-Berber 8237: 8152: 8124:Gibraltarian 8113:North Africa 8111: 8103:Thessalonian 8038: 7999: 7979: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7951: 7944: 7937: 7911:Roman Empire 7903: 7786:Dependencies 7716:Turkmenistan 7681:Saudi Arabia 7550: 7427:Saint Helena 7398: 7302:South Africa 7292:Sierra Leone 7146: 7097:Burkina Faso 6993:Out of Egypt 6968: 6964:Beinin, Joel 6895: 6888: 6871: 6867: 6858: 6834:Bibliography 6820:. Retrieved 6816: 6806: 6795:. Retrieved 6793:. 2013-04-18 6790: 6781: 6770:. Retrieved 6766: 6757: 6746:. Retrieved 6741: 6732: 6721:. Retrieved 6719:. 2013-09-10 6716: 6707: 6696:. Retrieved 6684: 6674: 6663:. Retrieved 6659: 6650: 6639:. Retrieved 6635: 6625: 6614:. Retrieved 6612:. 2001-03-20 6609: 6600: 6591: 6582: 6571: 6559:. Retrieved 6554: 6545: 6533:. Retrieved 6527: 6517: 6508: 6499: 6485: 6473:. Retrieved 6469: 6460: 6449:. Retrieved 6437: 6427: 6399:. Retrieved 6392:the original 6379: 6370: 6361: 6349:. Retrieved 6345: 6335: 6325: 6281: 6277: 6256: 6251: 6243: 6238: 6220: 6208:. Retrieved 6193: 6186: 6177: 6168: 6164: 6146: 6137: 6120: 6100: 6090: 6082: 6077: 6069: 6044: 6039: 6020: 6014: 5986: 5979: 5952: 5911: 5907: 5898: 5889: 5880: 5871: 5865: 5856: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5825: 5819: 5808:. Retrieved 5804: 5794: 5774: 5767: 5747: 5740: 5732: 5727: 5719: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5691: 5676: 5667: 5658: 5646:. Retrieved 5642:First Things 5641: 5632: 5613: 5607: 5596:. Retrieved 5592:the original 5582: 5554: 5521: 5504: 5499: 5475: 5471:Moises Silva 5461: 5452: 5444: 5439: 5425: 5420: 5410:, retrieved 5388: 5378: 5369: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5339: 5331: 5324: 5316: 5314:Aryeh Kasher 5309: 5299: 5291: 5283: 5260: 5251: 5243: 5229: 5223: 5215: 5210: 5190: 5183: 5163: 5156: 5136: 5129: 5109: 5102: 5083: 5052: 5043: 5016: 4991: 4982: 4968: 4947: 4939: 4928:. Retrieved 4924: 4914: 4902:. Retrieved 4898: 4888: 4876:. Retrieved 4872: 4862: 4851:. Retrieved 4846: 4837: 4828: 4818: 4806:. Retrieved 4801: 4792: 4780:. Retrieved 4771: 4762: 4748:Cairo Geniza 4707:Institutions 4673: 4577:Egypt portal 4497: 4491: 4485: 4457: 4413: 4405:Out of Egypt 4404: 4394: 4372: 4334: 4330: 4317: 4297: 4293:anti-Zionist 4289:Magda Haroun 4286: 4282: 4275: 4272:21st century 4267: 4258:Abou Za'abal 4243: 4233: 4229: 4224:Rene Qattawi 4221: 4217:fifth column 4210: 4195: 4167:Lavon Affair 4164: 4159:Egyptianized 4158: 4155:Mutamassirun 4148: 4043: 3969: 3923:Tripolitania 3900: 3798: 3782: 3773: 3769: 3766: 3759: 3756: 3741: 3735: 3731:Henri Curiel 3708: 3704:al-Qudsiyyat 3703: 3700:al-Qudsiyyat 3699: 3689:Mourad Farag 3686: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3644: 3611: 3606:Salomon Munk 3591: 3578: 3573: 3536: 3534: 3524: 3505: 3501:Joseph Ṭabul 3492: 3476: 3470: 3427: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3390: 3377: 3372: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3333: 3314: 3302: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3247: 3221:Judah Halevi 3217: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3185: 3181:Pact of Umar 3178: 3163: 3155: 3150:12th century 3130:Cairo Geniza 3103: 3092: 3088:Cairo Geniza 3083: 3072:Monotheletic 3058: 3049: 3044: 3023:Christianity 3016: 3008: 2995:Great Revolt 2980: 2957: 2914: 2908: 2892:Roman Empire 2881: 2838: 2752: 2703: 2688: 2649:Hebrew Bible 2646: 2628: 2609: 2589:Mutammasirun 2546: 2487:Post-Zionism 2358:Judeo-Berber 2353:Judeo-Arabic 2313:Judeo-Gascon 2060:Pidyon haben 1979:Conservative 1525:Saudi Arabia 1343:South Africa 1332:Sierra Leone 1216: 1154:Israeli Jews 1068:Mosaic Arabs 1021:Kaifeng Jews 882:Arab–Israeli 855:Emancipation 734:Great Revolt 543:Anti-Judaism 538:Antisemitism 533:Name "Judea" 328:Baal teshuva 177:Mizrahi Jews 39:Ethnic group 31: 26: 10771:WikiProject 10532:Scientology 10402:LGBT rights 10324:Law schools 10108:Lighthouses 10051:Agriculture 9780:Mount Sinai 9740:Earthquakes 9540:Mubarak era 9511:Six-Day War 9501:Suez Crisis 9496:Land reform 9243:Prehistoric 9097:Circassians 9032:Main groups 9011:Catholicism 8574:Afghanistan 8508: [ 8475: [ 8452: [ 8351: [ 8073:Palestinian 7845:Asia portal 7746:States with 7666:Philippines 7606:South Korea 7601:North Korea 7496:Afghanistan 7354:recognition 7307:South Sudan 7197:Ivory Coast 6742:The Forward 6096:Joel Beinin 5648:16 December 4878:1 September 4824:Joel Beinin 4782:19 December 4644:Suez Crisis 4538:ten plagues 4536:sends down 4416:. New York. 4361:. Montreal. 4263:Dr. E. 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Knowledge

History of the Jews in Egypt

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