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600:, a handwritten work that contained observations by over 150 French scholars and scientists begun between 1798 and 1801 during French occupation in Egypt. In 2012, the institute was reopened after extensive restoration. Works that had not been damaged in the fire were returned, as well as donated collections. The restored Institute is two levels. The first houses a reading area complete with computers, and the second level comprises lecture and seminar halls, meeting rooms, a lounge for high-profile guests, an event hall and a main hall which includes the library.
677:'s visit to Paris in 2017, President Macron was asked to comment on Egypt's alleged abuse of human rights. He said that it was not his place to “lecture” his counterpart on such matters. The matter resurfaced during Macron's official visit to Egypt in 2019, where discussions over human rights again dominated a press conference between him and President Sisi. Macron stated that stability cannot be separated from human rights. President Sisi responded that it was inappropriate to view Egypt and its issues from a European perspective, saying “We are not Europe”.
38:
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460:. The pro-democracy protests led to the collapse of governments in Tunisia, Libya, Yemen and Egypt. The breakdown of authoritarian governments in the MENA region posed a series of problems to Europe and the United States. For example, the loss of former authoritarian allies, concerns that prices of oil would increase and a fear that an influx of illegal migrants would arrive in Europe from the Middle East.
434:. Secretly the British, French and Israelis plotted an invasion, despite demands from the United States that no force be used. They invaded and captured the Canal in October 1956. The United States forced them to quickly withdraw, but the Canal was blocked for years. Nasser became a hero in the Arab world, and France and especially Britain suffered global humiliation.
227:(Rashid). Although accounts of the exact circumstances under which it was found differ, it is generally accepted that French soldiers discovered it by accident while building a fort in the Nile Delta. After Napoleon's defeat, the Rosetta Stone was seized by Britain, under terms of the Treaty of Alexandria in 1801. It is now housed in the
696:, to release arbitrarily detained human rights defenders. The request came during President Sisi's three-day state visit to France that started on December 6. In January 2018, Macron had raised human rights concerns, during a visit to Cairo, mentioning "respect for individual freedoms, dignity of everyone and the rule of law".
639:
A €5.2 billion deal was signed by the
Egyptian administration in 2015 for the purchase of fighter jets, missiles, and a frigate from France. In 2016, Egypt purchased military equipment including fighter jets, warships and a military satellite from France in a deal worth more than €1 billion. In 2017,
625:
or the French
University of Egypt, was established in Cairo in 2002. It offers courses in Arabic, English and French and encourages students to study overseas in France. The interim President Dr Taha Abdallah described the university as “a private scientific, cultural and professional establishment”.
516:
with an opening show featuring dancers from the Paris and Cairo Operas. This was the first of four concerts featuring the ‘Independanse x Egypte’ dance show, held at both the Cairo and
Alexandria opera houses. The show was choreographed by Grégory Gaillard, including music by Florent Astrudeau, which
372:
Between the two governments there was a brief battle of wills, with the
British insisting on immediate and unconditional French withdrawal from Fashoda. The French had to accept these terms, amounting to a public humiliation....Fashoda was long remembered in France as an example of British brutality
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utilized French support through the "Sirli" intelligence operation, ostensibly aimed at combating terrorism, to carry out airstrikes on suspected smugglers along the Libyan border. The report further alleged that French forces were implicated in a minimum of 19 attacks on civilians between 2016 and
399:
was founded in 1945 with independence of Arab nations as one of its key aims. The
Committee for the Liberation of North Africa, an organisation funded by the League of Arab States, established its headquarters in Cairo. In 1947, Moroccan and Algerian nationalists established the Arab Maghrib Bureau
538:
Egypt is represented in France through the
Egyptian Embassy in Paris, the Consulate General in Marseille and the Consulate in Paris. From 2016, Ehab Badawy has served as the Egyptian Ambassador to France. France is represented in Egypt through the French Embassy in Cairo, and Consulate-Generals in
314:
to build the Suez Canal, beginning construction on April 25, 1859. Although
Napoleon had originally conceived the idea to build the canal in 1799, the project never came to fruition. The Suez Canal Company was granted permission to construct the canal and operate the canal for 99 years, when its
511:
and the French
Ambassador to Egypt Stéphane Romatet held a press conference on 8 January to discuss the events of the year. Romatet said that the festivities would contribute to “strengthening the bilateral relations and exchanging the experiences and activities between the two countries in all
329:
In the 1875–1898 era, tensions between London and Paris escalated, especially over
Egyptian and African issues. At several points, these issues brought the two nations to the brink of war; but the situation was always defused diplomatically. For two decades, there was peace—but it was "an armed
608:
The
Institut Français d’Égypte or the French Institute in Egypt was established in 1967. It currently has four branches across Egypt, with three in Cairo (Mounira, Heliopolis and New Cairo) as well as one in Alexandria. A new branch in Sheikh Zayed in Greater Cairo is expected to open in 2020.
529:
In 2019, around 700,000 French tourists visited Egypt. French Ambassador to Egypt Stéphane Romatet stated in 2019 that he is devoted to promoting Egypt in France, saying that he believes that numbers of French tourists travelling to Egypt will increase in 2020. Egypt was ranked the world's 4th
196:
commanded a French campaign to occupy Egypt. This was possibly due to the unstable political situation in Egypt. The objectives of the campaign were to cut off Britain's trade route to India and to establish French trade in the Middle East. Early in the occupation, the French established mass
215:
Following Napoleon's departure from Egypt in 1799, the French occupiers in Egypt became divided into two factions: Republicans favouring withdrawal from Egypt, and Colonialists wanting to maintain the French presence in Egypt. The colonial effort soon collapsed, and by 1801 French forces had
280:, also known as Mehmet Ali Pesha, the first governor of Egypt. It arrived in Paris in 1833, and was erected in the Place de la Concorde where it still stands. It is made of red granite and is 22.5 metres tall, weighing over 200 tons. It was originally one of two obelisks that stood at the
357:, and popular opinion in France later put this action down to duplicity. Egypt was nominally owned by the Ottoman Empire, but in practice the British made all the decisions and counted it as a major asset regarding control of the route to India, as well as the Sudan and Eastern Africa.
334:
in the 1880s, the British and French generally recognised each other's spheres of influence. In an agreement in 1890 Great Britain was recognized in Bahr-el-Ghazal and Darfur, while Wadai, Bagirmi, Kanem, and the territory to the north and east of Lake Chad were assigned to France.
640:
trade between Egypt and France increased by 21.8%, totalling €2.5 billion after a 27.5% decrease in trade each year between 2006 and 2016 between the two countries. For the fiscal year 2016–2017, France was ranked as Egypt's 11th largest trade partner. According to the
315:
control would be returned to the Egyptian government. Shares in the company were originally divided primarily between French and Egyptian parties, however, the British government purchased Egypt's shares in 1875, resulting in French and British control of the canal.
609:
According to its website, the institute's mission is to "contribute to the influence of French culture, language and expertise in Egypt" and to improve relations between Egypt and France in the areas of education, linguistics, culture, science and technology.
652:
A free trade agreement between Egypt and France under the EU-Egypt Agreement has been in force since 2004. The agreement facilitates free trade through the removal of tariffs on industrial goods, and facilitates the trade of agricultural goods.
123:(1956). As of 2020, relations are strong and consist of shared cultural activities such as the France-Egypt Cultural Year (2019), tourism, diplomatic missions, trade, and a close political relationship. Institutions like the
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521:. Events were held throughout the year in both Egypt and France and consisted of operas, musical and dance performances, exhibitions of art and historical artefacts, as well as celebrations of French culinary.
342:, initially built by the French, became a joint British-French project in 1875, as both saw it as vital to maintaining their influence and empires in Asia. In 1882, ongoing civil disturbances in Egypt (
364:
in 1898 when a small body of French troops tried to claim an area in the Southern Sudan. As the same moment as much more powerful British force arrived, purporting to be acting in the interests of the
1974:
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allege that France's supply of arms violates international law, and that the weapons supplied had been used to violently shut down protests. At a joint press conference during Egyptian President
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to outlaw external aid to the FLN in Algeria. This was targeted towards Egypt's supply of military equipment to Algerian rebels, via a ship that had been intercepted by the French navy.
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in 1798 to facilitate French scholarship in Egypt. In 2011, the Institute caught fire during protests, and 192,000 books and journals were damaged or lost. This included the 24-volume
204:
was created in 1798 as a replication of the Institut National de France, to encourage study of Egypt by French scholars. The Institut D’Égypte published the first newspapers in Egypt,
507:'s official visit to Egypt. The activities of the year were coordinated by the Institut Français in Cairo and the Egyptian Cultural Centre in Paris. The Minister of Culture for Egypt
539:
Cairo and Alexandria. As of 2020, the French Ambassador to Egypt is Stéphane Romatet. Official state visits are frequent between the two countries. In January 2019, French President
1716:
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Fashoda worked to the advantage of both sides, because the French realized that in the long run they needed friendship with Britain in case of a war between France and Germany.
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was out of office, and the government was unwilling to send more than an intimidating fleet to the region. Britain established a protectorate, as France had a year earlier in
2008:
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368:. The French withdrew and Britain took control over the area, and France recognized British control of the Sudan. France had failed in its main goals. P.M.H. Bell says:
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leave office. Before the protests broke out, Mubarak was considered a close ally to the United States and Europe. The United States swayed its support between the
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644:, French companies have a significant role in the Egyptian economy, in industries such as pharmaceuticals, electrical equipment, tourism and infrastructure.
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and the Egyptian people, before arguing that Mubarak should step down, a sentiment that was soon echoed by France, Germany, Britain, Italy and Spain.
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In an effort to promote cultural exchange, 2019 was declared the France-Egypt Cultural Year, celebrating the 150th anniversary of the opening of the
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Pnina Lahav, "The Suez Crisis of 1956 and Its Aftermath: A Comparative Study of Constituons, Use of Force, Diplomacy and International Relations."
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political and social reforms in Egypt, such as the founding of a new governing body called the Diwan, and reconstructing many of the large cities.
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in Cairo, with the intent of creating anti-French propaganda. From 1954 to 1962, the Algerian War was fought for Algeria's independence from
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of providing intelligence assistance to Egypt, resulting in the deaths of civilians. In November 2021, Disclose, a news site, revealed that
478:
became president in 2014, despite differences over human rights and strong criticism of Egypt by rights activists and some foreign states.
127:, the French Institute in Egypt and the French University of Egypt (UFE) also aid in promoting cultural exchange between Egypt and France.
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Fedorak, Charles John. "The French Capitulation in Egypt and the Preliminary Anglo-French Treaty of Peace in October 1801: A Note."
111:(1798-1801), a strong French presence has remained in Egypt. Egyptian influence is also evident in France, in monuments such as the
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669:. This was in reference to a €5.2 billion deal signed in 2015, in which France sold fighter jets, missiles and a frigate to Egypt.
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has faced criticism over his promotion of trade relations between the two countries, from the public as well as organisations like
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In 2010, a series of anti-government protests arose across the Middle East and North Africa, becoming what is known as the
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162:, in which the Sultan of Egypt had made concessions to the French and the Catalans, and which would be later extended by
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T. G. Otte, "From 'War-in-Sight' to Nearly War: Anglo–French Relations in the Age of High Imperialism, 1875–1898,"
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412:(FLN). Egypt supplied the Algerian rebels with military equipment and training soldiers. In 1956, France asked the
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Tageldin, Shaden M. "The Sword and the Pen: Egyptian Musings on European Penetration, Persuasion, and Power."
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in Paris. Over 3,300 years old, the obelisk is inscribed with hieroglyphs that detail the rule of Pharaohs
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Control of the canal was in British hands but in July 1956 it was nationalised by the Egyptian President
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Abul-Magd, Zeinab. "A Crisis of Images: The French, Jihad, and the Plague in Upper Egypt, 1798—1801."
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D.W. Brogan, France under the Republic: The Development of Modern France (1870–1930) (1940) pp 321–26
1822:
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2661:
2610:
1693:"Cultural events held to celebrate 'Egypt-France Cultural Year' - City Lights - Arts & Culture"
163:
147:
349:) prompted Britain to intervene, extending a hand to France. France's expansionist Prime Minister
185:
2966:
2425:
Troen, S. Ilan. "The Protocol of Sèvres: British/French/Israeli Collusion Against Egypt, 1956."
1603:
Metawe, Mohamed (2013). "How and Why the West Reacted to the Arab Spring: An Arab Perspective".
1565:
Metawe, Mohamed (2013). "How and Why the West Reacted to the Arab Spring: An Arab Perspective".
583:
575:
565:
201:
124:
2148:"Egypt: France flouts international law by continuing to export arms used in deadly crackdowns"
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was discovered during French occupation in Egypt in 1799. It was found in the Egyptian city of
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Fashoda reconsidered: the impact of domestic politics on French policy in Africa, 1893-1898
1209:
Fashoda reconsidered: the impact of domestic politics on French policy in Africa, 1893–1898
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311:
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253:
8:
2123:"Global indifference to human rights violations in MENA fuelling atrocities and impunity"
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was a strong vocal supporter of the resistance movement and provided military aid to the
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On January 25, 2011, a series of protests broke out in Cairo, demanding that President
431:
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307:
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Atkins, Richard A. "The Origins of the Anglo‐French Condominium in Egypt, 1875‐1876."
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visited Egypt for an official three-day visit. In August 2019, Egyptian President
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cultural and artistic fields.” The festivities commenced on 8 January 2019 at the
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689:
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540:
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Taylor, A. J. P. "Prelude to Fashoda: The Question of the Upper Nile, 1894-5."
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249:
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Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at Its Annual Meeting
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Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at Its Annual Meeting
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Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at Its Annual Meeting
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Appletons' Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1899
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peace, characterized by alarms, distrust, rancour and irritation." During the
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1922:
1774:"Egypt is the World's 4th Fastest Growing Tourist Destination: AFAR Magazine"
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1464:
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A.J.P. Taylor, "Prelude to Fashoda: The Question of the Upper Nile, 1894-5."
551:. President Sisi also travelled to France for official state visits in 2017.
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Bankers and pashas: international finance and economic imperialism in Egypt
2176:"Macron risks new criticism over human rights with lucrative trip to Egypt"
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392:
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281:
273:
116:
1823:"Egypt | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"
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Napoleon in Egypt: Al-Jabartī's chronicle of the French occupation, 1798.
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2226:"Macron urged to press Egypt's Sisi on human rights during Paris visit"
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339:
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103:. Relations between the two countries have spanned centuries, from the
2419:
2252:"NGOs file claim that France spied for Egypt in European rights court"
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245:
1287:
The Battle for Algeria: Sovereignty, Health Care, and Humanitarianism
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France has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
155:
2385:
Shlaim, Avi. “The Protocol of Sevres, 1956: Anatomy of a War Plot.”
1518:
Avi Shlaim, "The Protocol of Séevres, 1956: anatomy of a war plot."
491:
2289:
Baer, Werner. "The promoting and the financing of the Suez Canal."
721:
Egypt has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Marseille.
587:
193:
1750:"700,000 French tourists visited Egypt in 2019: French ambassador"
2201:"Sisi gives firm response to concerns over human rights in Egypt"
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261:
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in Paris. The relationship is also marked by conflicts like the
3132:
1128:
France and the Alliances: The Struggle for the Balance of Power
704:
260:
The Luxor Obelisk (Obélisque du Louxor) is an ancient Egyptian
100:
72:
306:
In 1858, the Universal Company of the Maritime Suez Canal, or
2482:
1443:
Fraleigh, Arnold (1967). "The Algerian War of Independence".
1400:
Fraleigh, Arnold (1967). "The Algerian War of Independence".
1323:
Fraleigh, Arnold (1967). "The Algerian War of Independence".
708:
395:, opposition to French imperialism in North Africa grew. The
289:
151:
96:
61:
996:"Everything you ever wanted to know about the Rosetta Stone"
957:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 128.
894:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 127.
834:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 122.
518:
1891:
France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs
2330:
French Soldier in Egypt 1798–1801: The Army of the Orient
927:"The 'Institut d'Égypte' and the Description de l'Égypte"
699:
On February 8, 2024, two NGOs lodged complaints with the
380:
2346:
de Groot, Emile. "Europe and Egypt in the 19th Century"
1538:"What was the Arab Spring and what caused it to happen?"
1271:
The diplomacy of imperialism: 1890–1902 (1951) pp 537–80
2071:"Egypt's human rights abuses overshadow Macron's visit"
1224:
France and Britain, 1900–1940: Entente and Estrangement
3970:
1661:"Launch of the France-Egypt Cultural Year (10.01.19)"
1639:
France agrees to 1.8 bln euros in financing for Egypt
1501:
Ralph Dietl, "Suez 1956: A European Intervention?."
586:
or Egyptian Scientific Institute was established by
360:
One brief but dangerous dispute occurred during the
1947:"Institut d'Egypte reopened following restoration"
292:, in Egypt. Its pair remains at the temple there.
1975:"Egypt's Scientific Institute comes back to life"
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1289:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 29.
612:
1284:
715:
2041:"University – l'Université Française d'Egypte"
474:France and Egypt have forged close ties since
3115:
2465:
1803:France Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs
1285:Johnson, Jennifer; Lockwood, Bert B. (2016).
1249:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918
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1166:
1124:
1028:"Luxor Obelisk - Place de la Concorde, Paris"
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603:
530:fastest growing tourism destination in 2019.
486:
169:
2350:(Jan 1952), Vol. 2 Issue 1, pp 34–44. online
2314:Browne, O'Brien. "Napoleon's Desert Storm."
955:The French Revolution in Global Perspective
892:The French Revolution in Global Perspective
832:The French Revolution in Global Perspective
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2323:Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East
2316:MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History
761:Consulate-General of France in Alexandria
2302:De Lesseps of Suez: the man and his times
686:International Federation for Human Rights
4042:Relations of colonizer and former colony
1972:
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1060:"Luxor Obelisk monument in Paris France"
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2311:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970).
1944:
1911:"Cairo institute burned during clashes"
1665:Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs
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2405:Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers
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1799:"Représentations étrangères en France"
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381:Independence Movements in North Africa
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503:and coinciding with French President
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404:. During the war, Egyptian President
276:. In 1829 it was gifted to France by
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1169:France: The Third Republic 1870–1914
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578:by French artist J C Protain c. 1800
140:France had signed a first treaty or
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1436:
749:Consulate-General of Egypt in Paris
692:to press his Egyptian counterpart,
24:
3043:
2262:
1311:
1275:
1076:
1045:
642:French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
188:depicting Napoleon in Egypt (1867)
176:French campaign in Egypt and Syria
107:to the present day. Following the
25:
4053:
2767:
2437:
2357:(Markus Wiener Publishers, 2004)
1717:"FRANCE EGYPT 2019 Cultural Year"
1013:
979:
943:
916:
880:
4004:
3992:
3980:
3131:
2921:
2481:
1945:Al-Youm, Al-Masry (2012-10-22).
754:
742:
730:
419:
310:, was formed by French diplomat
234:
66:
55:
36:
2244:
2218:
2193:
2140:
2115:
1903:
1839:
1815:
1791:
1766:
1709:
1631:
1512:
1503:Journal of Contemporary History
1495:
1479:
1393:
1359:
1263:
1254:
1241:
1214:
1201:
1185:
1160:
1151:
1135:
1118:
1105:
2332:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012).
2318:(Autumn 2012) 23#$ 1 pp 30–41.
2009:"L'Institut français d'Égypte"
856:
823:
809:
795:
783:Egypt–European Union relations
701:European Court of Human Rights
688:(FIDH) urged French President
437:
13:
1:
4037:Bilateral relations of France
3947:Diplomatic missions of France
3937:French entry into World War I
3926:
2389:73#3 1997, pp. 509–530.
1973:al-Khair, Waleed Abu (2013).
1847:"Biographie de l'Ambassadeur"
1637:Aidan Lewis (June 13, 2021),
817:Three years in Constantinople
803:Three years in Constantinople
788:
619:Université Française d’Égypte
613:Université Française d’Égypte
295:
154:in 1500, during the rules of
4032:Bilateral relations of Egypt
3200:Democratic Republic of Congo
3015:
2337:International History Review
1487:Boston University Law Review
716:Resident diplomatic missions
7:
3942:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3361:Dominica, (Commonwealth of)
3138:Foreign relations of France
3054:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2986:Union for the Mediterranean
2013:institutfrancais-egypte.com
1853:(in French). Archived from
1721:institutfrancais-egypte.com
778:Foreign relations of France
766:
10:
4058:
2488:Foreign relations of Egypt
2325:(2007), scholarly history.
1748:Mira, Maged (2019-12-27).
773:Foreign relations of Egypt
657:Controversies and disputes
604:Institut Français d’Égypte
563:
524:
487:France-Egypt Cultural Year
441:
423:
384:
322:
299:
238:
173:
170:French occupation of Egypt
130:
109:French occupation of Egypt
3932:
3921:
3884:
3870:
3841:
3800:
3624:
3424:
3318:
3162:
3158:
3144:
3049:
3038:
3021:
3010:
2944:
2930:
2919:
2897:
2878:
2760:
2629:
2583:
2512:
2508:
2494:
2416:English Historical Review
1457:10.1017/S0272503700010879
1414:10.1017/S0272503700010879
1337:10.1017/S0272503700010879
1193:English Historical Review
737:Embassy of Egypt in Paris
452:Protestors in Egypt, 2011
410:National Liberation Front
200:On Napoleon's orders the
89:Egyptian–French relations
78:
65:
54:
44:
35:
3185:Central African Republic
2353:Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman.
2270:Journal of World History
1227:. Routledge. p. 3.
1113:Diplomacy and Statecraft
634:
264:that is situated in the
164:Suleiman the Magnificent
18:Egypt - France relations
3904:Commonwealth of Nations
2291:Business History Review
1115:(2006) 17#4 pp 693–714.
1000:The British Museum Blog
593:Description de l’Égypte
547:visited France for the
284:in the ancient city of
4027:Egypt–France relations
3066:Diplomatic missions of
2283:36.2 (1974): 264–282.
1979:Culture in Development
1221:P. M. H. Bell (2014).
1167:Keith Randell (1991).
1125:André Tardieu (1908).
819:by Charles White p.147
805:by Charles White p.139
579:
574:Artwork depicting the
496:
453:
257:
206:Le Courier de l’Égypte
192:Between 1798 and 1801
189:
85:Egypt–France relations
31:Egypt–France relations
3195:Republic of the Congo
3026:Arab–Israeli conflict
2418:65.254 (1950): 52-80
2387:International Affairs
2339:15.3 (1993): 525-534
2152:Amnesty International
2127:Amnesty International
1522:73.3 (1997): 509-530.
1520:International Affairs
1505:43.2 (2008): 259-278
1489:95 (2015): 1297–1354
1372:Nasser, the Last Arab
1195:65.254 (1950): 52-80
1171:. Access to History.
1089:"SCA - Canal History"
682:Amnesty International
671:Amnesty International
667:Amnesty International
573:
560:The Institut d'Égypte
494:
451:
397:League of Arab States
319:Fashoda crisis, 1890s
248:
183:
3611:United Arab Emirates
2991:Non-Aligned Movement
2752:United Arab Emirates
2429:1.2 (1996): 122-139
2368:(Harvard UP, 1979).
2307:Brown, Roger Glenn.
1379:. pp. 209–211.
1147:. 1900. p. 260.
1093:www.suezcanal.gov.eg
953:Coller, Ian (2013).
890:Coller, Ian (2013).
830:Coller, Ian (2013).
694:Abdel Fattah al-Sisi
680:On 6 December 2020,
675:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
598:Description of Egypt
545:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
534:Diplomatic relations
517:was inspired by the
476:Abdel Fattah al-Sisi
312:Ferdinand de Lesseps
266:Place de la Concorde
254:Place de la Concorde
210:La Décade Égyptienne
119:(1954-1962) and the
3391:Trinidad and Tobago
2376:The race to Fashoda
2103:European Commission
1851:La France en Égypte
1542:National Geographic
1269:William L. Langer,
1207:Roger Glenn Brown,
973:10.7591/j.ctt1xx62b
910:10.7591/j.ctt1xx62b
864:"Napoleon in Egypt"
850:10.7591/j.ctt1xx62b
555:Education relations
332:Scramble for Africa
93:bilateral relations
32:
27:Bilateral relations
3080:Egyptian diplomats
1377:St. Martin's Press
1032:Archaeology Travel
868:www.ngv.vic.gov.au
648:EU-Egypt Agreement
630:Economic relations
588:Napoleon Bonaparte
580:
497:
482:Cultural relations
454:
432:Gamal Abdel Nasser
406:Gamal Abdel Nasser
308:Suez Canal Company
258:
194:Napoleon Bonaparte
190:
30:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3917:
3916:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3075:Egyptian diaspora
3034:
3033:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2970:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2835:
2834:
2398:Napoleon in Egypt
2396:Strathern, Paul.
2364:Landes, David S.
2300:Beatty, Charles.
2232:. 6 December 2020
1951:Egypt Independent
1778:Egypt Independent
1754:Egypt Independent
1691:El-Adawi, Reham.
1386:978-0-312-28683-5
1375:. New York City:
1296:978-0-8122-4771-8
1178:978-0-340-55569-9
1064:www.eutouring.com
964:978-0-8014-5096-9
901:978-0-8014-5096-9
841:978-0-8014-5096-9
661:French President
584:Institut d’Égypte
576:Institut d'Égypte
566:Institut d'Égypte
514:Cairo Opera House
495:Cairo Opera House
216:abandoned Egypt.
202:Institut D’Égypte
136:Sixteenth century
125:Institut d’Égypte
82:
81:
16:(Redirected from
4049:
4009:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3985:
3984:
3976:
3923:
3922:
3872:
3871:
3828:Papua New Guinea
3499:Kurdistan Region
3404:
3160:
3159:
3146:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3040:
3039:
3012:
3011:
2993:
2956:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2765:
2764:
2510:
2509:
2496:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2407:(2002): 196-218
2374:Lewis, David L.
2293:(1956): 361-381
2272:(2012): 315-343
2256:
2255:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2067:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2043:. Archived from
2037:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2015:. Archived from
2005:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1981:. Archived from
1970:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1883:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1723:. Archived from
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1688:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1657:
1648:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1534:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1499:
1493:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1367:Aburish, Said K.
1363:
1357:
1356:
1320:
1309:
1308:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1251:(1954) pp 381–88
1245:
1239:
1238:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1085:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1056:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1024:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
992:
977:
976:
950:
941:
940:
938:
937:
923:
914:
913:
887:
878:
877:
875:
874:
860:
854:
853:
827:
821:
813:
807:
799:
758:
746:
734:
509:Ines Abdel-Dayem
366:Khedive of Egypt
362:Fashoda Incident
325:Fashoda incident
186:Jean-Léon Gérôme
148:Mamluk Sultanate
87:, also known as
70:
69:
59:
58:
40:
33:
29:
21:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3979:
3971:
3969:
3960:
3928:
3913:
3880:
3858:
3837:
3796:
3620:
3420:
3402:
3314:
3154:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3098:
3089:
3045:
3030:
3017:
3002:
2940:
2926:
2909:
2893:
2874:
2831:
2756:
2625:
2579:
2504:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2440:
2328:Crowdy, Terry.
2304:(Harper, 1956).
2265:
2263:Further reading
2260:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2155:
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2145:
2141:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2007:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1986:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1925:
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1387:
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1360:
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1312:
1297:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1247:A.J.P. Taylor,
1246:
1242:
1235:
1219:
1215:
1206:
1202:
1190:
1186:
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857:
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814:
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769:
762:
759:
750:
747:
738:
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718:
690:Emmanuel Macron
663:Emmanuel Macron
659:
650:
637:
632:
615:
606:
568:
562:
557:
541:Emmanuel Macron
536:
527:
505:Emmanuel Macron
489:
484:
446:
440:
428:
422:
389:
383:
373:and injustice."
327:
321:
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298:
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56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
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3911:
3909:United Nations
3906:
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3882:
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3798:
3797:
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3792:United Kingdom
3789:
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3779:
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3667:Czech Republic
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3333:
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3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:Related topics
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2988:
2983:
2981:European Union
2978:
2977:
2976:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2928:
2927:
2920:
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2875:
2873:
2872:
2870:United Kingdom
2867:
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2857:
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2491:
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2454:
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2447:
2439:
2438:External links
2436:
2435:
2434:
2427:Israel Studies
2423:
2412:
2401:
2394:
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2372:
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2351:
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2192:
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2139:
2114:
2087:
2057:
2029:
1995:
1962:
1934:
1917:. 2011-12-19.
1902:
1867:
1838:
1814:
1790:
1765:
1737:
1708:
1676:
1649:
1630:
1605:Insight Turkey
1592:
1567:Insight Turkey
1554:
1524:
1511:
1494:
1478:
1435:
1392:
1385:
1358:
1310:
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2348:History Today
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2064:
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2047:on 2020-07-06
2046:
2042:
2036:
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2019:on 2020-12-02
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1985:on 2018-01-22
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1952:
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1857:on 2020-02-02
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1157:Turner p.26-7
1154:
1146:
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1131:. p. 45.
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465:Hosni Mubarak
461:
459:
450:
445:
435:
433:
427:
420:Invasion 1956
417:
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398:
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267:
263:
255:
251:
250:Luxor Obelisk
247:
242:
235:Luxor Obelisk
232:
230:
226:
222:
221:Rosetta Stone
217:
213:
211:
207:
203:
198:
195:
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182:
177:
167:
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161:
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153:
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118:
114:
113:Luxor Obelisk
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
77:
74:
63:
53:
50:
48:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3877:Multilateral
3849:Soviet Union
3606:Turkmenistan
3571:Saudi Arabia
3295:South Africa
3209:
2937:Multilateral
2796:
2727:Saudi Arabia
2555:South Africa
2446:sis.gov.e.g.
2444:Egypt-France
2426:
2415:
2404:
2397:
2386:
2375:
2365:
2354:
2347:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2321:Cole, Juan.
2315:
2308:
2301:
2290:
2280:
2269:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2229:
2220:
2209:. Retrieved
2207:. 2019-01-28
2204:
2195:
2184:. Retrieved
2182:. 2019-01-27
2179:
2156:. Retrieved
2154:. 2018-10-16
2151:
2142:
2131:. Retrieved
2129:. 2019-02-26
2126:
2117:
2106:. Retrieved
2102:
2079:. Retrieved
2077:. 2019-01-28
2074:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:the original
2021:. Retrieved
2017:the original
2012:
1987:. Retrieved
1983:the original
1978:
1954:. Retrieved
1950:
1926:. Retrieved
1915:The Guardian
1914:
1905:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:
1859:. Retrieved
1855:the original
1850:
1841:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:
1817:
1806:. Retrieved
1802:
1793:
1782:. Retrieved
1780:. 2019-11-15
1777:
1768:
1757:. Retrieved
1753:
1729:. Retrieved
1725:the original
1720:
1711:
1700:. Retrieved
1697:Ahram Online
1696:
1668:. Retrieved
1664:
1642:
1633:
1608:
1604:
1570:
1566:
1546:. Retrieved
1544:. 2019-03-29
1541:
1519:
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1448:
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1405:
1401:
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1371:
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1328:
1324:
1305:j.ctt18z4g2g
1286:
1270:
1265:
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1203:
1192:
1187:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1143:
1137:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1096:. Retrieved
1092:
1067:. Retrieved
1063:
1036:. Retrieved
1034:. 2017-05-23
1031:
1004:. Retrieved
1002:. 2017-07-14
999:
954:
934:. Retrieved
931:napoleon.org
930:
891:
871:. Retrieved
867:
858:
831:
825:
816:
811:
802:
797:
698:
679:
660:
651:
638:
622:
616:
607:
597:
591:
581:
537:
528:
498:
473:
462:
455:
429:
393:World War II
390:
387:Algerian War
376:
359:
346:Urabi Revolt
343:
337:
328:
305:
282:Luxor Temple
278:Muhammad Ali
259:
218:
214:
209:
205:
199:
191:
184:Painting by
143:Capitulation
141:
139:
117:Algerian War
88:
84:
83:
3823:New Zealand
3782:Switzerland
3737:Netherlands
3581:South Korea
3561:Philippines
3546:North Korea
3432:Afghanistan
3366:El Salvador
3225:Ivory Coast
2954:Arab League
2890:New Zealand
2860:Switzerland
2732:South Korea
2717:Philippines
2702:North Korea
2560:South Sudan
2205:Egypt Today
703:, accusing
458:Arab Spring
444:Arab Spring
438:Arab Spring
426:Suez Crisis
402:French rule
351:Jules Ferry
274:Rameses III
231:in London.
158:and Sultan
121:Suez Crisis
105:Middle Ages
4021:Categories
3854:Yugoslavia
3727:Luxembourg
3516:Kazakhstan
3447:Bangladesh
3442:Azerbaijan
3403:(historic)
3270:Mozambique
3255:Mauritania
3245:Madagascar
3180:Cape Verde
2996:2nd Summit
2905:Yugoslavia
2642:Bangladesh
2382:, on 1890s
2236:6 December
2211:2020-06-02
2186:2020-06-02
2158:2020-06-02
2133:2020-06-02
2108:2020-06-02
2081:2020-06-02
2051:2020-06-01
2023:2020-06-01
1989:2020-06-01
1956:2020-06-01
1928:2020-06-01
1896:2020-06-01
1861:2020-06-01
1832:2020-06-01
1808:2020-06-01
1784:2020-06-02
1759:2020-06-02
1731:2020-06-01
1702:2020-06-01
1670:2020-06-01
1611:(3): 145.
1573:(3): 142.
1548:2020-06-01
1098:2020-06-01
1069:2020-06-01
1038:2020-06-01
1006:2020-06-01
936:2020-06-01
873:2020-06-01
789:References
519:Nile River
501:Suez Canal
340:Suez Canal
302:Suez Canal
296:Suez Canal
270:Rameses II
160:Bayezid II
91:, are the
3951:in France
3927:Diplomacy
3879:relations
3808:Australia
3576:Singapore
3556:Palestine
3484:Indonesia
3467:Hong Kong
3416:Venezuela
3326:Argentina
3260:Mauritius
3153:relations
3151:Bilateral
2939:relations
2885:Australia
2712:Palestine
2657:Indonesia
2591:Argentina
2503:relations
2501:Bilateral
2281:Historian
2230:France 24
2180:France 24
2075:France 24
1923:0261-3077
1617:1302-177X
1579:1302-177X
1465:0272-5045
1422:0272-5045
1408:: 10–11.
1345:0272-5045
549:G7 Summit
156:Louis XII
146:with the
3987:Politics
3899:Americas
3818:Kiribati
3752:Portugal
3692:Holy See
3652:Bulgaria
3596:Thailand
3551:Pakistan
3531:Malaysia
3457:Cambodia
3386:Suriname
3351:Colombia
3331:Barbados
3319:Americas
3300:Tanzania
3215:Ethiopia
3205:Djibouti
3070:in Egypt
3059:Minister
3016:Disputes
2822:Slovenia
2777:Bulgaria
2742:Thailand
2707:Pakistan
2692:Mongolia
2687:Malaysia
2584:Americas
2570:Tanzania
2530:Ethiopia
1625:26299492
1587:26299492
1473:25657708
1430:25657708
1369:(2004).
1353:25657708
767:See also
256:, Paris.
95:between
3973:Portals
3833:Vanuatu
3801:Oceania
3787:Ukraine
3757:Romania
3707:Ireland
3702:Iceland
3697:Hungary
3682:Germany
3677:Finland
3672:Denmark
3657:Croatia
3647:Belgium
3642:Austria
3637:Andorra
3632:Albania
3616:Vietnam
3536:Myanmar
3526:Lebanon
3474:Georgia
3437:Armenia
3411:Uruguay
3310:Tunisia
3290:Somalia
3285:Senegal
3265:Morocco
3235:Liberia
3170:Algeria
2879:Oceania
2865:Ukraine
2840:Albania
2802:Germany
2792:Denmark
2782:Croatia
2637:Armenia
2621:Uruguay
2575:Tunisia
2550:Somalia
2545:Morocco
2525:Eritrea
2520:Algeria
2400:(2008).
2378:(1995)
2099:"Egypt"
1887:"Egypt"
1644:Reuters
712:2018.
525:Tourism
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225:Rosetta
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3999:France
3889:Africa
3842:Former
3777:Sweden
3767:Serbia
3762:Russia
3747:Poland
3742:Norway
3732:Monaco
3717:Kosovo
3687:Greece
3662:Cyprus
3625:Europe
3601:Turkey
3591:Taiwan
3506:Israel
3452:Brunei
3401:Texas
3376:Mexico
3341:Canada
3336:Brazil
3280:Rwanda
3175:Angola
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2850:Russia
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3210:Egypt
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