270:
215:
19:
843:
73:, and teacher autonomy. Such ideas and ambitious initial plans, however, proved very difficult to carry out. After some trial and error, a new national education system emerged. As an indication of its success, elementary school enrollments climbed from about 30% percent of the school-age population in the 1870s to more than 90 percent by 1900, despite strong public protest, especially against school fees.
262:. One of the main emphases of the Council was in higher education. Prior to 1918, "university" was synonymous with "imperial university", but as a result of the Council, many private universities obtained officially recognized status. The Council also introduced subsidies for families too poor to afford the tuitions for compulsory education, and also pushed for more emphasis on
57:
were limited to none. What these low-class people did learn was generally geared towards the basic and practical subjects such as reading, writing, and arithmetic. By the late 1860s, the Meiji leaders had established a system that declared equality in education for all in the process of modernizing
80:
was established. Elementary school was made compulsory from 1872, and was intended to create loyal subjects of the
Emperor. Middle Schools were preparatory schools for students destined to enter one of the Imperial Universities, and the Imperial Universities were intended to create westernized
315:
Specialized schools for the blind and for the deaf were established as early as 1878, and were regulated and standardized by the government in the Blind, Deaf and Dumb
Schools Order of 1926. Blind people were encouraged toward vocations such as
144:
was signed to articulate government policy on the guiding principles of education on the Empire of Japan. The
Imperial Rescript along with highly centralized government control over education, largely guided Japanese education until the end of
90:
304:
led to teachers unions and student protest movements against the nationalist educational curriculum. The government responded with increased repression, and adding some influences from the
1857:
178:
was extended to six years in 1907. According to the new laws, textbooks could only be issued upon the approval of the
Ministry of Education. The curriculum was centered on
1130:
1048:
485:
became required to be read. The principal educational objective was teaching the traditional national political values, religion and morality. This had prevailed from the
1852:
1253:
240:, from 1912-1937, the education system in Japan became increasingly centralized. From 1917-1919, the government created the Extraordinary Council on Education
1283:
790:
1741:
77:
1887:
817:
1759:
1892:
1273:
1204:
97:
created the foundation of the Empire of Japan's educational system by issuing a series of orders from 1886. These laws established an
69:
were sent abroad to study the education systems of leading
Western countries. They returned with the ideas of decentralization, local
1607:
1217:
1099:
727:
309:
1000:
990:
505:
795:
1805:
1779:
269:
1749:
468:
was to produce a professional class, rather than intellectual elite. In the pre-war period, all higher school for women were
1577:
1333:
1209:
1109:
1094:
1005:
965:
529:
1877:
1872:
1592:
1089:
1444:
1439:
1338:
1278:
1069:
1059:
750:
489:. The Japanese state modernized organizationally, but preserved its national idiosyncrasies. Emphasis was laid on the
760:
755:
696:
677:
658:
635:
1784:
1769:
1764:
1474:
1233:
1166:
955:
770:
1467:
1847:
1489:
1190:
960:
765:
141:
493:
cult, and loyalty to the most important values of the nation, and the importance of ancient military virtues.
1774:
1199:
1114:
1104:
720:
524:
1754:
1625:
1079:
1020:
1010:
1913:
1429:
1248:
1119:
110:
479:
in 1941, nationalistic and militaristic indoctrination were further strengthened. Textbooks such as the
1716:
1685:
604:
65:. The Meiji leaders established a public education system to modernize the country. Missions like the
1675:
1670:
1597:
1552:
1343:
1030:
274:
218:
30:
1532:
822:
1918:
1789:
1572:
1514:
1462:
1084:
912:
713:
349:
308:
system in an attempt to increase the patriotic spirit and step up the militarization of Japan. The
1612:
1484:
1414:
1223:
975:
902:
118:
670:
Japan and
Germany under the U.S. Occupation: A Comparative Analysis of Post-War Education Reform
1562:
1324:
1288:
1264:
1161:
1146:
995:
907:
122:
1348:
810:
539:
226:
605:"学制（明治五年八月三日文部省布達第十三・十四号・明治六年三月十八日文部省布達第三十号・明治六年四月十七日文部省布達代五十一号・明治六年四月二十八日文部省布達第五十七号）：文部科学省"
1479:
1303:
1293:
805:
453:
345:
191:
187:
175:
8:
1711:
1658:
1631:
1621:
1567:
1557:
1542:
1419:
1243:
922:
917:
800:
461:
353:
341:
161:
134:
1494:
1680:
1617:
1434:
1404:
945:
647:
512:
497:
259:
203:
199:
114:
81:
leaders who would be able to direct the modernization of Japan. In
December, 1885, the
206:. All children of the same age learned each subject from the same series of textbook.
1721:
1409:
1389:
1156:
785:
692:
673:
654:
631:
402:
165:
153:
130:
865:
1862:
1582:
1298:
970:
481:
325:
195:
169:
157:
82:
1837:
508:
abolished the old educational framework and established the foundation of Japan's
233:
1882:
1587:
1504:
1424:
897:
736:
504:
Education
Missions to Japan in 1946 and again in 1950 under the direction of the
288:
exerted influences on teachers and teaching methods. The New
Educational Movement
263:
214:
66:
18:
1499:
237:
164:. Inoue Kowashi, who followed Mori as Minister of Education established a state
1832:
1726:
1547:
1537:
1394:
1358:
780:
406:
344:
of 1931, the curriculum of the national educational system became increasingly
126:
98:
1867:
1842:
1907:
1353:
1074:
1064:
892:
857:
509:
501:
490:
106:
102:
94:
62:
1454:
401:
vocational training schools on graduation, which mixed vocational and basic
950:
827:
486:
329:
146:
86:
70:
34:
1524:
1141:
1602:
1151:
476:
457:
378:
357:
321:
1399:
1015:
183:
46:
29:
was a high priority for its government, as the leadership of the early
1308:
1731:
1706:
1701:
1509:
1380:
1313:
985:
534:
445:
285:
281:
54:
50:
1810:
1238:
929:
873:
449:
437:
179:
705:
363:
In 1941, elementary schools were renamed
National People's Schools
980:
317:
305:
1663:
832:
133:
were also created in each prefecture. Other advisors, such as
1025:
576:
A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present
222:
619:
History of Japanese Education and Present Educational System
413:
also conducted classes at night for working boys and girls.
312:
became compulsory reading for students during this period.
356:
and was influenced by ultranationalist Education Minister
441:
137:, were recruited to create specific types of curriculum.
61:
After 1868 new leadership set Japan on a rapid course of
258:, which issued numerous reports and recommendations on
689:
Vocational Education in the Industrialization of Japan
40:
432:, and were often affiliated with a university. The
646:
385:and students were required to attend Youth Schools
273:Haruo Hayashi, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at
1905:
1888:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1858:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
425:
416:Normal schools were renamed Specialized Schools
394:
372:
297:
249:
842:
419:
388:
366:
291:
243:
721:
591:Fukuzawa Yukichi: From Samurai to Capitalist
352:in 1937, the curriculum became increasingly
190:, design, reading and writing, composition,
1205:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
616:
561:Fukuzaw Yukichi: From Samurai to Capitalist
728:
714:
85:system of government was established, and
22:Ministry of Education of Japan, circa 1890
1608:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1218:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
649:Henry Dyer, Pioneer Of Education In Japan
628:Japanese Moral Education Past and Present
310:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
172:through a separate girls' school system.
991:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
630:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
268:
213:
17:
667:
644:
1906:
1806:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
686:
588:
573:
558:
37:in its drive to modernize the nation.
709:
1210:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
966:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
625:
578:. New York: Oxford University Press.
530:Educational reform in occupied Japan
1878:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
1120:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
735:
49:, education that were given to the
13:
14:
1930:
202:, science, drawing, singing, and
41:Education policy during Meiji era
1578:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
841:
33:realized the need for universal
27:Education in the Empire of Japan
1593:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
506:American occupation authorities
156:of Japan, demand increased for
1848:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
961:Imperial Rescript on Education
597:
582:
567:
552:
142:Imperial Rescript on Education
93:of Japan. Mori, together with
1:
1294:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
1200:Imperial General Headquarters
791:Foreign commerce and shipping
691:. United Nations University.
617:Kennleyside, Hugh LI (1937).
545:
525:History of education in Japan
117:, such as American educators
1626:Hirohito surrender broadcast
1021:Greater East Asia Conference
593:. New York: Pearson/Longman.
335:
209:
182:(mostly aimed at instilling
7:
1006:Supreme Court of Judicature
563:. New York: Person/Longman.
518:
426:
395:
373:
348:and after the start of the
298:
250:
10:
1935:
1717:Second Philippine Republic
1490:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
645:Miyoshi, Nobuhiro (2004).
168:system, and also promoted
1825:
1798:
1740:
1694:
1651:
1644:
1598:Japan during World War II
1553:Pacification of Manchukuo
1523:
1453:
1445:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
1440:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
1378:
1371:
1322:
1309:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
1262:
1188:
1181:
1128:
1046:
1039:
1031:Imperial Japanese Airways
938:
885:
850:
839:
743:
626:Khan, Yoshimitsu (1998).
420:
389:
367:
292:
275:Tokyo Imperial University
244:
219:Keijo Imperial University
1573:Second Sino-Japanese War
1515:Racial Equality Proposal
1095:Agriculture and Commerce
668:Shibata, Masako (2005).
376:, translated from German
350:Second Sino-Japanese War
113:system. With the aid of
1485:Washington Naval Treaty
1430:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
1415:First Sino-Japanese War
1234:Nuclear weapons program
976:Great Japan Youth Party
903:National seals of Japan
687:Toyoda, Toshio (1988).
574:Gordon, Andrew (2003).
475:After the start of the
1563:Motherland controversy
1533:Shōwa financial crisis
1325:Imperial Japanese Navy
1265:Imperial Japanese Army
996:Peace Preservation Law
589:Hopper, Helen (2005).
559:Hopper, Helen (2005).
277:
229:
123:Marion McCarrell Scott
23:
1475:Siberian Intervention
1284:Railways and Shipping
1100:Commerce and Industry
796:Industrial production
540:Imperial Universities
272:
227:Imperial Universities
217:
91:Minister of Education
78:Ministry of Education
21:
1893:Political dissidence
1742:Occupied territories
1480:General Election Law
1304:Taiwan Army of Japan
454:agricultural science
280:During this period,
192:Japanese calligraphy
176:Compulsory education
152:With the increasing
1712:Wang Jingwei regime
1622:Potsdam Declaration
1613:Soviet–Japanese War
1568:Anti-Comintern Pact
1558:January 28 incident
1543:London Naval Treaty
1420:Triple Intervention
1249:Supreme War Council
1133:deliberative bodies
672:. Lexington Books.
653:. Global Oriental.
621:. ASIN: B000RL6V3C.
462:business management
342:Manchurian Incident
162:vocational training
135:George Adams Leland
111:imperial university
1914:Education in Japan
1435:Russo-Japanese War
1405:Two Lords Incident
1060:Imperial Household
513:educational system
498:surrender of Japan
278:
260:educational reform
251:Rinji Kyōiku Kaigi
230:
225:, one of the nine
204:physical education
24:
1901:
1900:
1873:Socialist thought
1821:
1820:
1760:Dutch East Indies
1722:Empire of Vietnam
1640:
1639:
1410:Satsuma Rebellion
1390:Meiji Restoration
1367:
1366:
1177:
1176:
1115:Greater East Asia
1001:Political parties
956:Foreign relations
464:. The aim of the
409:(for girls). The
403:military training
170:women's education
166:vocational school
154:industrialization
131:teacher education
99:elementary school
89:became the first
1926:
1863:Shinmin no Michi
1853:Internment camps
1765:French Indochina
1649:
1648:
1495:Taishō Democracy
1376:
1375:
1299:Japanese holdout
1186:
1185:
1110:Colonial Affairs
1044:
1043:
971:Yokusan Sonendan
877:
869:
861:
845:
844:
771:Economic history
730:
723:
716:
707:
706:
702:
683:
664:
652:
641:
622:
609:
608:
601:
595:
594:
586:
580:
579:
571:
565:
564:
556:
482:Kokutai no Hongi
431:
429:
423:
422:
400:
398:
392:
391:
384:
382:
377:
370:
369:
326:physical therapy
303:
301:
299:Shin Kyōiku Undō
295:
294:
257:
256:
253:
247:
246:
196:Japanese history
158:higher education
115:foreign advisors
35:public education
31:Meiji government
1934:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1919:Empire of Japan
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1883:Yasukuni Shrine
1817:
1794:
1736:
1690:
1636:
1588:Tripartite Pact
1583:Rape of Nanking
1519:
1505:Tapani incident
1449:
1425:Boxer Rebellion
1383:
1363:
1327:
1318:
1267:
1258:
1193:
1173:
1167:Representatives
1135:
1132:
1131:Legislative and
1124:
1090:Foreign Affairs
1053:
1050:
1035:
934:
913:Government Seal
898:Rising Sun Flag
881:
875:
867:
859:
846:
837:
739:
737:Empire of Japan
734:
699:
680:
661:
638:
613:
612:
603:
602:
598:
587:
583:
572:
568:
557:
553:
548:
521:
491:Emperor worship
417:
405:(for boys) and
386:
375:
364:
338:
289:
264:moral education
254:
241:
212:
180:moral education
67:Iwakura mission
43:
12:
11:
5:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
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1822:
1819:
1818:
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1813:
1802:
1800:
1796:
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1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1727:State of Burma
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1696:
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1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1548:Musha Incident
1545:
1540:
1538:Jinan incident
1535:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
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1471:
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1459:
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1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1395:Beipu uprising
1392:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1359:Treaty Faction
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
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1289:Imperial Guard
1286:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1268:
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1260:
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1256:
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1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1049:Administration
1047:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
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998:
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983:
978:
973:
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815:
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710:
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703:
697:
684:
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659:
642:
636:
623:
611:
610:
596:
581:
566:
550:
549:
547:
544:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
520:
517:
407:home economics
337:
334:
211:
208:
127:normal schools
109:system and an
42:
39:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1931:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
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1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Fukoku kyōhei
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1797:
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1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:Puppet states
1693:
1687:
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1679:
1677:
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1403:
1401:
1398:
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1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1354:Fleet Faction
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:General Staff
1332:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1312:
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103:middle school
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95:Inoue Kowashi
92:
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76:In 1871, the
74:
72:
71:school boards
68:
64:
63:modernization
59:
58:the country.
56:
52:
48:
38:
36:
32:
28:
20:
16:
1826:Other topics
1662:
1500:Taishō Roman
1254:Conscription
1224:
1216:
1191:Armed Forces
1051:(ministries)
951:Charter Oath
946:Constitution
828:State Shinto
811:Essentialism
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761:Demographics
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480:
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470:Senmon Gakkō
469:
466:Senmon Gakkō
465:
434:Senmon Gakkō
433:
427:Senmon Gakkō
415:
411:Seinen Gakkō
410:
396:Seinen Gakkō
362:
354:militaristic
339:
330:piano tuning
314:
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231:
174:
151:
147:World War II
139:
119:David Murray
87:Mori Arinori
75:
60:
44:
26:
25:
15:
1868:Shōwa Modan
1843:Hakkō ichiu
1780:Philippines
1667:after 1943)
1645:Territories
1603:Pacific War
1463:World War I
1339:Air Service
1279:Air Service
1152:Gozen Kaigi
868:(Yoshihito)
860:(Mutsuhito)
806:Nationalism
751:Agriculture
477:Pacific War
458:engineering
379:Volksschule
358:Sadao Araki
322:acupuncture
232:During the
188:mathematics
45:During the
1908:Categories
1632:Occupation
1455:Taishō era
1400:Boshin War
1244:War crimes
1040:Government
1016:Tonarigumi
923:Privy Seal
918:State Seal
876:(Hirohito)
801:Militarism
756:Censorship
546:References
496:After the
340:After the
236:and early
184:patriotism
47:Edo period
1833:Sonnō jōi
1785:Singapore
1770:Hong Kong
1732:Azad Hind
1707:Mengjiang
1702:Manchukuo
1676:Kantō-shū
1618:Surrender
1525:Shōwa era
1510:Truku War
1381:Meiji era
1349:Tokkeitai
1314:Kempeitai
1225:Senjinkun
1142:Daijō-kan
1105:Munitions
986:Mokusatsu
776:Education
535:Ho an den
446:economics
336:1937–1945
286:communism
282:socialism
210:1912–1937
200:geography
140:By 1890,
51:commoners
1811:Yen bloc
1799:Ideology
1790:Thailand
1659:Karafuto
1652:Colonies
1239:Kamikaze
1182:Military
1085:Treasury
939:Policies
930:Kimigayo
851:Emperors
818:Politics
786:Eugenics
744:Overview
519:See also
510:post-war
450:commerce
438:medicine
105:system,
101:system,
55:outcasts
1372:History
1344:Marines
981:Kokutai
886:Symbols
866:Taishō
823:Statism
766:Economy
436:taught
318:massage
83:cabinet
1775:Malaya
1750:Borneo
1686:Taiwan
1681:Nan'yō
1671:Chōsen
1664:naichi
874:Shōwa
858:Meiji
833:Kazoku
781:System
695:
676:
657:
634:
328:, and
306:German
245:臨時教育会議
234:Taishō
1755:Burma
1468:Entry
1162:Peers
1026:Senbu
1011:Tokkō
293:新教育運動
223:Seoul
1080:Navy
1075:Army
693:ISBN
674:ISBN
655:ISBN
632:ISBN
421:専門学校
390:青年学校
368:国民学校
284:and
160:and
129:for
121:and
53:and
1070:War
460:or
442:law
221:in
186:),
1910::
1624:,
515:.
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125:,
1661:(
1628:)
1620:(
729:e
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663:.
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607:.
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418:(
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387:(
383:)
365:(
302:)
290:(
255:)
242:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
