401:(47 percent) than girls (40 percent) attended school at this point. The World Bank estimated the primary-school enrollment rate at 60 percent in 2004, with a 49-percent completion rate; comparable figures for 2000 were 51 percent enrollment and 39 percent completion. Secondary enrollment in 2004 was 33 percent compared with 26 percent in 2000. However, data from a 2006 household health survey in North and South Sudan showed that only 53.7 percent of children were attending primary school. Unfortunately, many students came to school or not as their situations allowed, and perhaps half or more were unable to complete the education program mandated by the national government. For the period 1998-2001, the UN reported that 80 percent of eligible children in what was then the North attended elementary school.
91:
405:
in their temporary communities. A second program was designed to address the problem of education among nomadic groups, at least 80 of which still existed in Sudan. Many resided in North
Kordofan State, where most primary schools, supported with UN funds, went only through fourth grade. In 2009 Sudanese education officials began a shift from mobile schools to stationary schools, including boarding schools, for the estimated 500,000 nomadic children of primary age in the North. They hoped to increase enrollment from 32 percent to 70 percent by 2011, improve the relevance of the curriculum, and provide more trained teachers. A third initiative, also launched in 2009, aimed at increasing the enrollment of girls in primary schools in the North by more than 1 million by 2011.
158:
development of schools in the south was entirely in the hands of the missionaries. Although the government made clear a wish that the schools should focus on social and educational work rather than conversion, the distinction was in practice meaningless. In 1922 the government began to give some financial assistance to the missionary schools, and substantially increased it from 1926. The objective was to train southerners to be suitable for government employment as clerks, teachers, minor officials etc., and government inspectors were appointed to assist with the task. The first government school opened in 1940. Education was in local languages at primary level, and in
English at higher level.
19:
207:
392:
especially at older institutions, along with the qualifications of the student body. The impact of
Arabization and Islamization of the universities’ curricula produced a preoccupation among students with the passing of examinations rather than with the development of skills of analysis and critical thinking. The economic surge resulting from petroleum exports gave hope that these trends might be reversed. In addition, after the signing of the CPA in 2005, there was some improvement in the relationship between the government and the faculty and students in the universities.
433:
226:
107:
302:, a secondary school, and then became affiliated with the University of London in 1937, offering bachelor’s degrees. In 1956, at independence, it became a fully independent degree-granting institution. The University of Khartoum, with four campuses, remained the country’s flagship university, but even it was not immune to the pressures of politics and war. About 70 faculty who opposed al-Bashir’s Islamist reforms were dismissed in the early 1990s, and in January 1997, the university closed temporarily to allow students to join the armed forces.
99:
310:
learning were in the North. Colleges in Sudan were specialized degree-granting entities; institutes granted diplomas and certificates for periods of study shorter than those commonly demanded at universities and colleges. These postsecondary institutions and universities had provided Sudan with a substantial number of well-educated persons in some fields but left it short of technical personnel and specialists in sciences relevant to the country’s largely rural character. By 1980 two new universities had opened, one at Wad Madani (
291:; teaching in English there recommenced as stipulated in the peace agreement of 2005. Admission was open to students with the highest scores on the Sudan School Certificate examination, which was administered at the conclusion of secondary school. Males usually had to serve in the military before they could enter the university. These requirements, along with the country’s overall poverty, constrained university enrollment.
424:, documented evidence of chaining, beatings, torture and sexual abuse. Al-Hamdani published his findings as a documentary film in October 2020. By December 2020, the film had led to a major public reaction in Sudan, with legislative changes and governmental promises of prosecutions. However a follow-up report by Al-Hamdani in December 2020 found the government had been slow to respond and there had been little real change.
213:
211:
208:
212:
1205:
1043:
210:
417:, or religious schools, usually run by sheik in which children are taught to memorise the Qur'an. The schools provide free meals, drink and accommodation and often poor families send their children there rather than to public schools. A two-year investigation made by Fateh al-Rahman al-Hamdani during 2018–2019 into 23 khalwa schools, with the support of
306:
schools as a result of the “socialist” experiment in the 1970s, combined with the disappearance of
English as the language of instruction in secondary and university systems after 1990, continued to reduce the quality of incoming students. These developments at the nation’s premier university were replicated throughout the higher education establishment.
388:. Academics, professionals, and businessmen founded it in 1982 to meet the ever-growing demand for higher education and practical training. Support came mainly from private donations and foreign foundations as well as from the government. Its curriculum, taught in English and oriented to job training pertinent to the needs of Sudan, proved popular.
483:
programs, such as those that educated women to teach in rural areas. The newly wealthy elites considered Ahfad as the first choice for their daughters, and its graduates often went on to advanced studies abroad. Stipends were also available to women students of modest means, a step toward improving access by females to education at all levels.
46:, to return to 6+3+3 in the 2020/2021 academic year. The primary language at all levels is Arabic. Starting in the 2020/2021 academic year, English is to be taught starting at kindergarten. Schools are concentrated in urban areas; many in the South and West were damaged or destroyed by years of civil war. In 2001 the
287:(public institutions only). In 2007–8, more than 50,000 students graduated from public universities. The Ministry of Higher Education reported that in 2009–10, about 513,000 students were attending public and private universities. Before 2005, instruction was solely in Arabic with few exceptions, among which was the
126:
education for the masses. With this in mind, in 1900 the colonial authorities started to create a school system, geared to provide
Sudanese officials for the lower grades of the administration, and decided to appoint as many Sudanese as possible to posts not requiring education. They made efforts to reopen as many
404:
Other initiatives aimed specifically at expanding educational opportunity were part of Sudan's planning. First, the government started to respond to the education needs that stemmed from internal displacement. With the help of international organizations, displaced students began to receive education
196:. The optional course of study would permit the student to select certain specializations according to individual aptitudes and inclinations. In addition, membership in the Popular Defense Forces, a paramilitary body allied to the National Islamic Front, became a requirement for university admission.
221:
By 2006 there were 27 public universities, 5 private universities, 9 public technical colleges, and 46 private colleges. The IAU World Higher
Education Database 2006 indicates that the number of students rose from 6,080 in 1989 to 38,623 in 1999/2000, an increase of 535%. Total tertiary enrollment
130:
as possible, by giving subsidies to teachers. Instructional workshops were set up at
Kassala, Omdurman, and at the Gordon College. But higher class Sudanese refused to send their children to these workshops. So four government primary schools were created. By 1914 the policy was working, and the
469:
This slow development of girls’ education was the product of tradition. Parents of
Sudanese girls tended to look upon girls’ schools with suspicion, if not fear, that they would corrupt the morals of their daughters. Moreover, preference was given to sons, who, if educated, could advance themselves
286:
Sudan in 2005 was home to 27 public universities and at least 46 private universities and colleges, the vast majority of them in the North. These institutions enrolled 447,000 students, 69,000 of whom completed their studies. Comparable figures for 1997–98 were 152,000 students and 26,000 graduates
153:
In the 1930s and 1940s there was an expansion in secondary schools in the northern Sudan. In 1938 the decision was taken to provide post-secondary schooling, leading towards the establishment of a university. In 1944 these schools were amalgamated to form a university, offering degrees equivalent
400:
As of 2011, the government provided free primary education for children aged six to 14, at least in theory. School closings resulted from civil conflict. Still, some encouraging trends emerged. In 1996, for example, only 44 percent of the age-relevant population attended school in Sudan. More boys
199:
Within a year the government ordered that Arabic should be used as the language of instruction, replacing
English. It also dismissed around seventy faculty members of the University of Khartoum, who were opposed to the new policy. It also ordered that the number of university students should be
267:
Second: elementary school. First grade pupils enter at the age of 6-7. During the al-Bashir presidency, this consisted 8 years of schooling, which is to be changed to 6 years starting in the 2020/2021 academic year. Under the system finishing in the 2019/2020 school year, by the eighth grade, a
125:
The policy of the condominium was to gradually
Sudanize the administration in the Sudan, replacing the Lebanese and Egyptians who had previously held official posts. Lord Cromer in 1903 defined the policy clearly, and also insisted that education policy should concentrate on a basic elementary
391:
The expansion of higher education in the 1990s was not accompanied by an increase in funding; hence, the share of funds allocated to each institution was less than what was needed for full operation. Consequently, buildings, laboratories, libraries, and other facilities deteriorated seriously,
309:
Higher education was primarily the domain of Northern Sudanese after independence, particularly those living in the capital region. In the mid-1970s, there were four universities, 11 colleges, and 23 institutes in Sudan. The universities were in the capital area, and all institutions of higher
305:
Most observers agreed that by the early 2000s, this once-elite institution in Africa had become a mere shadow of its former self. Successive purges of the faculty following the 1964, 1969, and 1989 “revolutions” had deprived the campus of some of its best talent. Lowered standards in secondary
482:
in Omdurman. Originally founded in 1907 as a primary school for girls, in the early 2000s it was the oldest and largest private university in Sudan, having evolved into the premier women’s university with an enrollment approaching 5,000 in 2006. It offered a mixture of academic and practical
191:
A Muslim curriculum was devised and imposed on all schools, colleges and universities. It consisted of two parts, the first obligatory for all students and the second optional. All the essential elements of the obligatory course would be drawn from the Quran and the recognized books of the
64:
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) finds that Sudan is fulfilling only 42.3% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income. HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary
157:
Between 1898 and 1930, the condominium government policy in the South was simply to maintain a basic military control of the area, which otherwise remained undeveloped. The Christian missionary societies were allowed to establish schools in the south, but not in the north. Up to 1922, the
50:
estimated that primary enrolment was 46 percent of eligible pupils and 21 percent of secondary students. Enrolment varies widely, falling below 20 percent in some provinces. Sudan has 36 government universities and 19 private universities, in which instruction is primarily in Arabic.
37:
is free and/or compulsory for children aged 6 to 13 years. Primary education up to the 2019/2020 academic year consists of eight years, followed by three years of secondary education. The primary/secondary educational ladder of 6+3+3 years was switched in 1965 and during the
82:, decided to open five schools in different towns in northern Sudan. These taught Islamic studies, arithmetic, and the Arabic and Turkish languages. The teachers in the schools were Egyptians. The schools were all destroyed during the Mahdist period between 1881-1898.
274:
Third (to 2019/2020 inclusive): upper second school and high school. At this level the school methods add some main academic subjects such as chemistry, biology, physics, geography, etc... there are three grades in this level. The students ages are about 14-15 to 17-18.
322:(also referred to as Khartoum Polytechnic). Some of its affiliates were outside the capital area, for example, the College of Mechanical Engineering at Atbarah, northeast of Khartoum, and Al-Gezira College of Agriculture and Natural Resources at Abu Naamah in Al-Awsat.
380:, founded in 1921, existed primarily to train Muslim religious judges and scholars. The Al-Gezira College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, set in Sudan’s most fertile agricultural region, focused on protecting and utilizing Sudan’s environmental resources.
209:
477:
Female education claimed approximately one-third of all available educational resources by 1970, when there were 1,086 primary schools, 268 intermediate schools, and 52 vocational schools for girls. Among notable successes with female education was
453:
in Khartoum. By 1920 the government had provided five elementary schools for girls. Expansion was slow, however, and female education remained restricted to the elementary level until 1940, when the first intermediate school for girls, the
448:
studies were taught. Such basic schools did not prepare girls for the secular learning mainstream, from which they were virtually excluded. In 1902 the Coptic community in Khartoum opened a private school for girls which later became the
910:
1596:
65:
education. While taking into consideration Sudan's income level, the nation is achieving 47.0% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education but only 37.6% for secondary education.
1244:
121:
in the Moslem north. These taught little more than the memorization of the Koran, and even these were disrupted by the disorders before 120 B.C. There were no educational facilities at all in the South.
203:
These changes were very unwelcome in the South and contributed to turn the insurgency in the south into a real civil war. In consequence educational facilities in the South have largely disappeared.
462:, with about 265 students, was the only girls’ secondary school operated by the government. By 1960 there were only two upper-secondary schools for girls and no vocational schools except for the
455:
459:
665:
1622:
1665:
54:
Education at the secondary and university levels is seriously hampered by the requirement that most males perform military service before completing their education. During the
131:
students from these schools were filling the lower ranks of the administration, including the sons of the three Kalifahs and various Mahdist Amirs. For higher education, the
246:, the percentage of the national budget allocated to education was planned to increase by a factor of nearly seven, from the al-Bashir era of 3 percent in 2018 to 20 percent.
463:
531:
2004:
605:
161:
In 1947 there were 70,457 students at government schools and 14,369 students and non-government schools in the north. There were 19.195 students at schools in the south.
470:
in society to the pride and profit of the family, something girls could not do. Their value was enhanced not at school but at home in preparation for marriage and the
1652:
2385:
1094:
114:
Prior to the establishment of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium in 1898, the only educational facilities remaining in the Sudan were the village Koran schools, or
2168:
1648:
1639:
1630:
325:
The 1990s saw a major expansion of higher education in regions outside the traditional Northern hub. A number of new universities were established, among them
1987:
1937:
1844:
1626:
2322:
2432:
1864:
1366:
1083:
Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.
222:
in 2000 was 204,114 students, of which 47% were female. The World Bank estimated in 2018 that more than 40% of children aged 5–13 had no education.
1932:
1884:
911:"World Bank Project to Boost Reforms and Quality Education in Sudan Approved with $ 61.5 Million Grant from the Global Partnership for Education"
1288:
58:, the percentage of the national budget spent on education is planned to increase from the al-Bashir 2018 value of 3 percent to 20 percent.
1977:
655:
1742:
474:
that accompanied the ceremony. Finally, the lack of schools discouraged even those who desired elementary education for their daughters.
319:
1511:
1351:
2519:
2253:
521:
595:
1982:
1957:
1707:
1371:
1256:. Vol. 2. London: Ithaca Press. Babikr's own account of his work in Women's education can be found in vol. 2, pp. 109–70.
345:(at Kosti). In a parallel development, a number of provincial colleges were upgraded to university status, including those at
169:
The school system was in good shape at independence, and the new government continued to create new schools and universities.
1899:
1076:
794:
239:
55:
43:
2238:
1874:
1829:
1177:
Durham University Library Special Collections Catalogue, Reference code: GB-0033- SAD, 1902-1991, Retrieved 18 October 2020
373:, originally founded in 1955. In August 2006, however, ground was broken in Khartoum for a new campus of Cairo University.
885:
761:
2390:
559:
1129:
711:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries"
1834:
1784:
1281:
1187:
860:
844:
90:
814:
264:
First: kindergarten and day-care. It begins in the age of 3-4, consists of 1-2 grades, (depending on the parents).
1879:
1757:
318:. By 1990 some institutes had been upgraded to colleges, and many had become part of an autonomous body called the
2243:
1854:
1814:
1777:
1894:
1869:
1839:
1824:
1809:
1799:
1794:
2462:
1386:
1669:
492:
2233:
1804:
1737:
1274:
334:
440:
Girls’ education was traditionally of the most rudimentary kind, frequently provided in Muslim areas by a
384:
in Omdurman was the premier women’s education institution in Sudan. Of particular interest is the case of
2595:
2327:
1214:
377:
342:
136:
2183:
2296:
2198:
1859:
1700:
1426:
479:
381:
1992:
1819:
1661:
1536:
1526:
1331:
1220:
1064:
632:
466:
with just 11 students, nursing not being regarded by many Sudanese as a suitable vocation for women.
450:
385:
278:
Fourth (from 2020/2021): Starting in the 2020/2021 academic year, this is scheduled to last 3 years.
1752:
1962:
1789:
1541:
1431:
1361:
311:
271:
Third: middle school. Starting in the 2020/2021 academic year, this is scheduled to last 3 years.
18:
2437:
2368:
2248:
2142:
2012:
1942:
1601:
1521:
1486:
1471:
1456:
1411:
1346:
299:
132:
2497:
2084:
1967:
1889:
1476:
326:
295:
23:
1747:
2467:
2407:
2375:
2289:
2228:
2223:
2203:
2178:
1693:
1576:
1551:
1401:
1396:
1376:
1341:
1326:
1234:
362:
358:
350:
338:
786:
369:
University was created when the Sudanese government took over the former Khartoum branch of
2524:
2472:
2279:
2207:
2017:
1772:
1561:
1531:
1516:
1501:
1491:
1481:
1446:
1441:
1391:
1336:
1311:
1174:
871:"Sudan Almanac 1949" Public Relations Office, Sudan Government, Khartoum, Pp. 102 & 103
330:
686:
268:
student is 13–14 years old and ready to take the certificate exams and enter high school.
188:
and Islamic teachers and administrators, who were the strongest supporters of the regime.
150:
at Rufa`a in the Blue Nile province. Eventually this, too, received a government subsidy.
8:
2504:
2217:
2188:
1571:
1566:
1506:
1461:
1421:
1316:
1297:
1068:
629:
346:
243:
432:
2427:
2402:
2332:
2193:
2137:
1947:
1915:
1496:
1451:
1436:
1416:
1406:
1381:
1321:
366:
354:
315:
288:
225:
185:
79:
774:
2482:
2417:
2412:
2363:
2358:
2213:
2156:
1952:
1556:
1466:
1356:
1072:
790:
98:
61:
The literacy rate in 2018 was 60.7% of total population, male: 65.4%, female: 56.1%.
2548:
2454:
2422:
2346:
2284:
2267:
2173:
2124:
2094:
2044:
1927:
1725:
1119:
782:
370:
172:
In 1989 there were five public universities and two private universities in Sudan.
143:
106:
625:
2487:
2477:
2397:
2309:
2049:
2031:
1972:
1249:
El Mahdi, Mandour. (1965). A Short History of the Sudan. Oxford University Press.
1151:
1053:
441:
414:
2557:
2529:
2514:
2509:
2444:
2314:
2301:
2109:
2079:
2069:
2054:
181:
39:
811:
The Sudan under Wingate: administration in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1899-1916
261:
Progression through the Sudanese educational system is structured as follows.
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2119:
2089:
2064:
1849:
1767:
1762:
1209:
1047:
660:
638:
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242:
that is scheduled to complete the institutional transitions of the 2018–2019
2104:
2099:
2074:
2039:
147:
2114:
2059:
1095:"Revealed: chaining, beatings and torture inside Sudan's Islamic schools"
687:"Africa :: Sudan — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
184:
government decided to Islamize the schools, backed by the leaders of the
884:, International studies in higher education, Taylor and Francis: 2011,
250:
47:
1266:
710:
142:
However, this all concerned education for boys. It was in 1907 that
1124:
760:
Joshua A. Fishman &c, Post-imperial English, De Gruyter, 1996,
419:
1685:
1208:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1046:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
637:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
560:"Education in Sudan: A Long History but Deeply Troubled Reality"
857:
Class and power in the Sudan: the dynamics of Sudanese politics
841:
Class and power in the Sudan: the dynamics of Sudanese politics
193:
135:
was founded by the British in Khartoum in 1920 and the Islamic
116:
577:
376:
Various institutions were designed for specific training. The
1716:
737:
732:
730:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
471:
445:
27:
650:
648:
1111:
78:
In the 1850s, the Turks, who were ruling Sudan through the
727:
656:"Large spending on army: Economists criticise 2018 budget"
505:
458:, opened. By 1955 there were 10 such schools. In 1956 the
200:
doubled, and that many new universities should be opened.
645:
73:
436:
Female student dormitory, University of Khartoum, 2009
253:
granted $ 61.5 million to improve education in Sudan,
1235:
Mongabay.com article on education since independence
1152:"Going undercover in the schools that chain boys"
1120:"Going undercover in the schools that chain boys"
2587:
2003:
217:Graduation ceremony at Garden City college, 2013
68:
779:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History
522:"Sudan to significantly raise education budget"
42:presidency to 8+3 and is scheduled, during the
30:established by the British colonial authorities
1261:A study of neo-Mahdism in the Sudan, 1899-1956
1252:Bedri, Y. (Translator) & P. Hogg. (1980).
1188:Unity High School for Girls Khartoum 1928-1949
596:"Major overhaul in Sudan education curriculum"
1701:
1282:
85:
1180:
1037:
1035:
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1027:
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1021:
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951:
772:
1708:
1694:
1289:
1275:
1150:Al-Hamdani, Fateh Al-Rahman (2020-12-07).
1149:
1118:al-Hamdani, Fateh al-Rahman (2020-12-07).
1117:
1093:Al-Hamdani, Fateh al-Rahman (2020-10-19).
1092:
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947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
395:
164:
1865:Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
1051:
775:"Education in Colonial Sudan, 1900–1957"
431:
320:Khartoum Institute of Technical Colleges
224:
205:
175:
105:
97:
89:
17:
1296:
928:
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1168:
679:
256:
2030:
1689:
1270:
787:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.12
240:2019 Sudanese transition to democracy
56:2019 Sudanese transition to democracy
44:2019 Sudanese transition to democracy
1875:Second Transitional Military Council
554:
552:
550:
548:
413:In 2020 there were more than 30,000
233:
74:Egyptian rule and the Mahdist period
1830:First Transitional Military Council
460:Omdurman Secondary School for Girls
456:Omdurman Girls' Intermediate School
427:
281:
13:
1715:
1063:(5th ed.). Washington, D.C.:
146:began on the initiative of Sheikh
14:
2607:
1885:2019–2021 transition to democracy
619:
545:
1880:Transitional Sovereignty Council
1597:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1367:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1203:
1041:
773:Seri-Hersch, Iris (2017-02-28).
444:, or religious school, in which
102:Gordon College in Khartoum, 1936
2570:
1143:
1132:from the original on 2020-12-08
1086:
903:
890:
874:
865:
849:
833:
820:
803:
766:
668:from the original on 2019-11-27
608:from the original on 2019-11-27
534:from the original on 2019-11-27
754:
703:
378:Islamic University of Omdurman
298:, opened in 1902. It began as
294:Sudan’s first university, the
1:
1186:Wheeler, Jack, Editor (1949)
738:"Sudan - HRMI Rights Tracker"
498:
493:List of universities in Sudan
137:Omdurman Scientific Institute
69:History of education in Sudan
154:to a United Kingdom degree.
7:
1254:The Memoirs of Babikr Bedri
1175:Unity High School, Khartoum
1059:. In Berry, LaVerle (ed.).
1052:Bechtold, Peter K. (2015).
486:
10:
2612:
1743:Pre-independence governors
1228:
715:humanrightsmeasurement.org
480:Ahfad University for Women
408:
382:Ahfad University for Women
110:Sisters' School (Khartoum)
86:The condominium, 1898–1956
2542:
2453:
2354:
2345:
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2155:
1923:
1914:
1773:Anglo-Egyptian occupation
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1724:
1610:
1585:
1304:
1221:Federal Research Division
1190:Retrieved 20 October 2020
1065:Federal Research Division
633:Federal Research Division
386:Omdurman Ahlia University
94:Anatomy class around 1900
2578:Class and power in Sudan
1352:Central African Republic
1243:. Google books preview
464:Nurses' Training College
229:Open University of Sudan
1815:National Reconciliation
828:The Sudan under Wingate
396:Educational opportunity
300:Gordon Memorial College
133:Gordon Memorial College
1855:United Nations Mission
1259:Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim,
1241:Short history of Sudan
1239:Mohammed H. Fadlalla,
1061:Sudan: a country study
898:The engaged university
882:The Engaged University
880:David Watson, &c,
437:
296:University of Khartoum
230:
218:
180:In September 1990 the
165:Independence and after
111:
103:
95:
31:
24:University of Khartoum
2229:Native administration
1835:Coalitions/Bashir Era
1748:Pre and early history
1512:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1372:Republic of the Congo
626:Sudan country profile
435:
228:
216:
176:The Bashir government
139:was founded in 1912.
109:
101:
93:
21:
1071:. pp. 120–131.
312:University of Gezira
22:Faculty of Science,
1988:Non-marine molluscs
1587:States with limited
1298:Education in Africa
1069:Library of Congress
630:Library of Congress
314:) and the other in
257:Levels of education
244:Sudanese Revolution
144:education for girls
2596:Education in Sudan
2328:Telecommunications
1763:Turkish occupation
438:
289:University of Juba
231:
219:
186:Muslim Brotherhood
112:
104:
96:
35:Education in Sudan
32:
2566:
2565:
2538:
2537:
2341:
2340:
2304:(former currency)
2262:
2261:
2199:Foreign relations
2151:
2150:
2133:
2132:
2026:
2025:
2005:Natural disasters
1910:
1909:
1895:October 2021 coup
1860:Nomadic conflicts
1785:Independent Sudan
1683:
1682:
1614:other territories
1387:Equatorial Guinea
1078:978-0-8444-0750-0
809:Gabriel Warburg,
796:978-0-19-027773-4
742:rightstracker.org
635:(December 2004).
451:Unity High School
333:(at Al-Damazin),
234:Hamdok government
214:
2603:
2581:
2574:
2551:
2352:
2351:
2318:
2305:
2273:
2272:
2162:
2161:
2028:
2027:
2001:
2000:
1921:
1920:
1820:Second Civil War
1731:
1730:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1675:
1674:(United Kingdom)
1670:Tristan da Cunha
1666:Ascension Island
1658:
1645:
1636:
1612:Dependencies and
1305:Sovereign states
1291:
1284:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1224:
1207:
1206:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1039:
926:
925:
923:
922:
907:
901:
894:
888:
878:
872:
869:
863:
853:
847:
837:
831:
824:
818:
807:
801:
800:
770:
764:
758:
752:
751:
749:
748:
734:
725:
724:
722:
721:
707:
701:
700:
698:
697:
683:
677:
676:
674:
673:
652:
643:
623:
617:
616:
614:
613:
592:
575:
574:
572:
571:
556:
543:
542:
540:
539:
518:
428:Female education
371:Cairo University
343:Al-Imam Al-Mahdi
282:Higher education
215:
80:Khedive of Egypt
2611:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2554:
2547:
2534:
2449:
2337:
2316:
2303:
2258:
2254:State Governors
2147:
2129:
2022:
1999:
1906:
1790:First Civil War
1720:
1714:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1656:
1643:
1634:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1590:
1588:
1581:
1300:
1295:
1231:
1216:Country Studies
1213:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1056:
1042:
1040:
929:
920:
918:
909:
908:
904:
896:Watson &c,
895:
891:
879:
875:
870:
866:
854:
850:
838:
834:
825:
821:
808:
804:
797:
771:
767:
759:
755:
746:
744:
736:
735:
728:
719:
717:
709:
708:
704:
695:
693:
685:
684:
680:
671:
669:
654:
653:
646:
624:
620:
611:
609:
594:
593:
578:
569:
567:
558:
557:
546:
537:
535:
520:
519:
506:
501:
489:
430:
411:
398:
284:
259:
236:
206:
178:
167:
88:
76:
71:
12:
11:
5:
2609:
2599:
2598:
2583:
2582:
2580:, p.314, n.92.
2568:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2438:Public toilets
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2369:Child marriage
2366:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2249:Vice President
2246:
2241:
2239:Prime Minister
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2218:September Laws
2211:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2110:South Kordofan
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2080:North Kordofan
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2055:Central Darfur
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2013:Climate change
2009:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1900:2023 Civil war
1897:
1892:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1810:Communist coup
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719: articles
1713:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1659:
1646:
1637:
1623:Canary Islands
1619:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1193:
1192:
1179:
1167:
1142:
1110:
1085:
1077:
927:
902:
900:, 2011, p.142.
889:
873:
864:
848:
832:
819:
802:
795:
765:
753:
726:
702:
678:
664:. 2018-12-26.
644:
618:
604:. 2019-11-26.
576:
544:
530:. 2019-11-11.
503:
502:
500:
497:
496:
495:
488:
485:
429:
426:
410:
407:
397:
394:
335:Bahr al-Ghazal
283:
280:
258:
255:
235:
232:
177:
174:
166:
163:
87:
84:
75:
72:
70:
67:
40:Omar al-Bashir
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2608:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2579:
2576:Tim Niblock,
2573:
2569:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
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2471:
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2464:
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2443:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:Ethnic groups
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:West Kordofan
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Peace process
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:War in Darfur
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
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1624:
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1609:
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1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Guinea-Bissau
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
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1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
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1353:
1350:
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1345:
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1340:
1338:
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1333:
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1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
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1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1210:public domain
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1049:
1048:public domain
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
916:
912:
906:
899:
893:
887:
883:
877:
868:
862:
859:, 1898-1985,
858:
855:Tim Niblock,
852:
846:
843:, 1898-1985,
842:
839:Tim Niblock,
836:
829:
823:
816:
812:
806:
798:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
763:
757:
743:
739:
733:
731:
716:
712:
706:
692:
688:
682:
667:
663:
662:
661:Radio Dabanga
657:
651:
649:
642:
640:
639:public domain
634:
631:
627:
622:
607:
603:
602:
601:Radio Dabanga
597:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
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561:
555:
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549:
533:
529:
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527:Radio Dabanga
523:
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279:
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262:
254:
252:
249:In 2020, the
247:
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227:
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201:
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189:
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92:
83:
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66:
62:
59:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
25:
20:
16:
2577:
2572:
2468:Architecture
2380:
2376:Demographics
2290:Central Bank
2204:Human rights
2179:Constitution
2105:South Darfur
2075:North Darfur
1758:Islamization
1662:Saint Helena
1633:
1546:
1537:South Africa
1527:Sierra Leone
1332:Burkina Faso
1260:
1253:
1240:
1215:
1198:Attribution:
1197:
1196:
1182:
1170:
1159:. Retrieved
1155:
1145:
1134:. Retrieved
1123:
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1099:The Guardian
1098:
1088:
1060:
919:. Retrieved
917:. 2020-11-18
914:
905:
897:
892:
881:
876:
867:
856:
851:
840:
835:
827:
822:
810:
805:
778:
768:
756:
745:. Retrieved
741:
718:. Retrieved
714:
705:
694:. Retrieved
690:
681:
670:. Retrieved
659:
636:
621:
610:. Retrieved
599:
568:. Retrieved
566:. 2020-10-06
563:
536:. Retrieved
525:
476:
468:
439:
418:
412:
403:
399:
390:
375:
324:
308:
304:
293:
285:
277:
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260:
248:
237:
220:
202:
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190:
179:
171:
168:
160:
156:
152:
148:Babikr Bedri
141:
127:
124:
115:
113:
77:
63:
60:
53:
34:
33:
15:
2525:Photography
2520:Decorations
2280:Agriculture
2208:LGBT rights
2169:Ambassadors
2115:West Darfur
2060:East Darfur
1978:Butterflies
1805:Nimeiry Era
1589:recognition
1542:South Sudan
1432:Ivory Coast
1054:"Education"
691:www.cia.gov
238:During the
2505:Literature
2391:minorities
2317:(currency)
2234:Parliament
2189:Corruption
2125:White Nile
2095:River Nile
2045:Al Qadarif
1644:(Portugal)
1602:Somaliland
1522:Seychelles
1487:Mozambique
1472:Mauritania
1457:Madagascar
1412:The Gambia
1347:Cape Verde
1161:2020-12-12
1136:2020-12-08
1104:2020-10-19
921:2020-12-12
915:World Bank
817:-88, p.30.
747:2022-03-28
720:2022-03-28
696:2020-10-19
672:2019-11-27
612:2019-11-26
570:2020-12-12
538:2019-11-26
499:References
367:Al-Neelain
365:. In 1993
363:Al-Gedaref
355:Port Sudan
339:Upper Nile
329:, Darfur,
251:World Bank
48:World Bank
2428:Squatting
2403:Languages
2381:Education
2333:Transport
2297:Companies
2244:President
2194:Elections
2138:Districts
2050:Blue Nile
1948:Volcanoes
1938:Mountains
1916:Geography
1870:2019 coup
1840:1989 coup
1825:1985 coup
1800:1969 coup
1795:1958 coup
1477:Mauritius
826:Warburg,
331:Blue Nile
2590:Category
2558:Category
2483:Clothing
2418:Religion
2413:Refugees
2364:Polygamy
2359:Marriage
2323:Taxation
2224:Military
2214:Islamism
2157:Politics
2085:Northern
2070:Khartoum
1993:Reptiles
1953:Wildlife
1768:Mahdiyya
1753:Medieval
1738:Timeline
1668: /
1664: /
1657:(France)
1651: /
1629: /
1625: /
1577:Zimbabwe
1552:Tanzania
1402:Ethiopia
1397:Eswatini
1377:Djibouti
1342:Cameroon
1327:Botswana
1156:BBC News
1130:Archived
1125:BBC News
666:Archived
606:Archived
532:Archived
487:See also
420:BBC News
327:Kordofan
2549:Outline
2498:History
2455:Culture
2433:Toilets
2423:Slavery
2347:Society
2285:Banking
2268:Economy
2174:Cabinet
2090:Red Sea
2065:Kassala
1963:Mammals
1928:Geology
1778:History
1726:History
1653:RĂ©union
1649:Mayotte
1640:Madeira
1635:(Spain)
1631:Melilla
1562:Tunisia
1532:Somalia
1517:Senegal
1502:Nigeria
1492:Namibia
1482:Morocco
1447:Liberia
1442:Lesotho
1392:Eritrea
1362:Comoros
1337:Burundi
1312:Algeria
1229:Sources
830:, p.91.
446:Quranic
415:khalwas
409:Khalwas
359:Kassala
351:Dongola
128:kuttabs
117:kuttabs
2488:Emblem
2478:Cinema
2463:Anthem
2398:Health
2315:Pound
2310:Energy
2302:Dinar
2143:Cities
2100:Sennar
2040:Gezira
2032:States
2018:Floods
1973:Horses
1943:Rivers
1672:
1655:
1642:
1572:Zambia
1567:Uganda
1507:Rwanda
1462:Malawi
1422:Guinea
1317:Angola
1212:.
1075:
1050::
793:
564:Fanack
442:khalwa
422:Arabic
361:, and
341:, and
194:hadith
182:Bashir
2530:Sport
2515:Music
2510:Media
2445:Women
2184:Coups
1983:Moths
1968:Birds
1958:Fauna
1933:Lakes
1845:RCCNS
1717:Sudan
1627:Ceuta
1547:Sudan
1497:Niger
1452:Libya
1437:Kenya
1417:Ghana
1407:Gabon
1382:Egypt
1322:Benin
1057:(PDF)
886:p.142
861:p.151
845:p.126
762:p.340
472:dowry
347:Nyala
28:Sudan
2493:Flag
2408:LGBT
1557:Togo
1467:Mali
1357:Chad
1245:here
1073:ISBN
815:p.87
791:ISBN
316:Juba
2473:Art
783:doi
2592::
1219:.
1154:.
1128:.
1122:.
1097:.
1067:,
930:^
913:.
813:,
789:.
781:.
777:.
740:.
729:^
713:.
689:.
658:.
647:^
628:.
598:.
579:^
562:.
547:^
524:.
507:^
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353:,
349:,
337:,
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2220:)
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1223:.
1164:.
1139:.
1107:.
1081:.
924:.
799:.
785::
750:.
723:.
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675:.
641:.
615:.
573:.
541:.
119:,
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