800:
a seat on the gun-deck, where he was closely questioned as to just where the ship was and the extent of government and defenses. Being informed the ship bore an envoy anxious to reach the capital, the old man cheerfully said the ship might return northward to it in three or four days. This remark was forgotten at the time, and ruefully recalled after the mission failed to receive an official invitation to Hue. Roberts attributes subsequent misunderstandings to their national vanity and prejudices, and gives a detailed record of his own. Miller says a modern
Vietnamese suggests Roberts seemed to lack "diplomatic flexibility," and his descriptions of the people are "denuded of all goodwill and understanding." Roberts died before publication of his account, without having had a chance to revise it. As published, he reports playing a joke on court deputies when pressed for his titles, which in the usage of the day, were usually quite long.)
746:, remained over a fortnight at Canton, where American merchants advised him that an annual naval visit would be valuable – if their commanders would show "the same deference toward the customs of China, and conciliatory disposition as exhibited by yourself", which Finch duly reports to the Navy department. There is no indication that Finch's report was forwarded to State, or that Roberts had seen it, even though conditions were practically the same in all nearby "Sinicized" tributary kingdoms, i.e., conduct oneself circumspectly, with no guarantees one way or the other.
1837:
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1269:...Frances Lear Roberts, wife of Calvin H. Bell, was the youngest daughter of Edmund and Catharine Whipple (Langdon) Roberts, of Portsmouth, N.H. ... The Roberts family are of English ancestry... Their grandfather was Captain Edmund Roberts, of the British navy; and their father was Edmund Roberts, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States to several Asiatic courts. He died at Macao, China, June 12, 1836, and was buried there.
1958:
430:
689:
708:, Chinese mercantile houses granted imperial monopolies in foreign commerce. The trade was lucrative, but foreign traders were social and political inferiors, with no guarantees for their lives, property, or rights of trade or residence. While this rankled the English, Americans and others were unwilling to meddle, lest that bring about what they feared most — a trade embargo.
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A raggedly-dressed and dirty old man came on board there who appeared to be somewhat superior to the fishermen who brought him. Rather disconcerted at not being offered a seat, he expressed a desire to leave. Once it was learned that he was the principal person in the village, he was invited down to
808:
and half a sheet of paper, sat down to write. I immediately observed to him, that it was necessary to commence with a whole sheet.... Having determined to give them, in the first place, the names of all the counties, and the two hundred and odd towns in my native state, as well as the mountains,
749:
In the latter months of 1832, Roberts visited Macao and Canton City, where he notes, "The
Chinese merchants have a well-earned reputation as shrewd dealers : they have little confidence in each other; every contract of importance must be 'fixed,' and made sure by the payment of a stipulated
1055:
already paid, from the time of his appointment
January 27, 1832, until six months after his death June 13, 1836. Roberts' account of his mission was published posthumously; his papers were placed on deposit by the Portsmouth Historical Society in July 1991. His mission was commemorated in a
809:
rivers, and lakes, which would supply the places of titles, and then, if they were not satisfied, to proceed in the same manner with all the other states in the Union... &c., would probably occupy them for some days, if they had had sufficient perseverance to proceed to the
792:. Arriving off the bay on 1 January 1833, contrary winds from the northwest rather than the expected northeast quarter, coupled with a strong southward current caused the ship to lose ground on every tack, until on January 6, she sailed into an unknown bay which proved to host
291:
Roberts' own account mentions neither
Demerara nor the slave revolt but his palpable aversion to slavery colors his negotiating stance, where subjects act as slaves to the king). By 1827, nearly impoverished by depredations of French and Spanish privateers on his ships in the
817:
I then commenced as follows, Mr. Morrison acting as interpreter and frequently translator: Edmund
Roberts, a special envoy from the United States, and a citizen of Portsmouth, in the state of New Hampshire. I then proceeded with the counties of Rockingham, Strafford,
1406:
Shillaber was appointed consul on July 23, 1824, and served from
February 14, 1825, until October 1832. He officially resigned in China on June 10, 1835. Office of the Historian, Department of State, Washington, D.C., electronic communication, Dec. 17,
1079:
Neither
Roberts' nor Ruschenberger's accounts are those of a polished diplomat, but were written "for a general American audience to acquaint them with the realities of a far-off land and culture" – subsequently collected and republished as
1335:
Judge
Woodbury Langdon, of Portsmouth, N. H.; Delegate to the Continental Congress, 1779; President of N. H. Senate, 1784; Judge of the Superior Court of N. H., 1782-91....(a) Catherine Whipple Langdon: m. 1808, Edmund Roberts, of Portsmouth, N.
495:; while in passage he was to gather as much as possible of the knowledge previously requested of Shillaber; his duties as envoy would then begin at Cochin-China. Livingston added a postscript that Roberts is to receive $ 6
372:, requesting a more precise knowledge of the nature and character of the governments in question, and more details on difficulties encountered. Matters came to a head after Charles Moses Endicott, master of the merchantman
1181:
That treaty with Oman was part of a bigger picture. That bigger picture included Siam — today's
Thailand — and Cochin China — today's Vietnam. Edmund Roberts also traveled to those countries to initiate broader commercial
753:
Roberts devoted most of
Chapters VI to XVII to history, customs and governance of the "Celestial Kingdom", and leaves it to the reader to conclude why "Celestials" have little confidence in one another. He engages
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for the settlement of the accounts of Edmund Roberts, late diplomatic agent of the United States to Cochin China, Muscat, and Siam, proposed that his legal representatives be authorized to draw the salary of a
1314:
440:
Roberts’ friend Woodbury, who as senator had been pressing for increased naval appropriations when he received Robert's letter on the need for trade negotiations, had just become Jackson's
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1662:
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lost seven men; many who recovered died of other diseases. No new case of cholera occurred after she got under way 2 November 1833 for Macau. Within two leagues (9.7 km) of
288:"The 1823 revolt had a special significance...t attracted attention in Britain inside and outside Parliament to the terrible evil slavery and the need to abolish it."
358:
or supercargoes contributed to the beginnings of US international relations during the period of 1788 to 1845. From 1826 to 1832, John Shillaber, American consul in
729:. Advised by the U.S. consul that no adverse action would be taken, Captain Henley boldly entered to re-provision his ship. In January 1830, the sloop-of-war
2095:
Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat in the U. S. Sloop-of-war Peacock, David Geisinger, Commander, During the Years 1832-3-4
1947:
Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat in the U. S. Sloop-of-war Peacock, David Geisinger, Commander, During the Years 1832-3-4
93:
Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat in the U. S. Sloop-of-war Peacock, David Geisinger, Commander, During the Years 1832-3-4
739:
471:
but due to lack of funds diverted to duty in the West Indies, had returned for re-fit. Woodbury convinced Jackson to send both 10-gun ships to support
565:'s 1822 mission to Siam and Cochinchina. Roberts, in both his report to State and in his journal, cites page 269 of his copy of Mr. Crawford [
867:
74:
1322:
312:, who was so anxious to counterbalance British influence that he asked Roberts to escort some vessels to the United States to petition for trade.
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and London; and among Portsmouth's wealthiest and most politically connected citizens. Of the couple's 11 children, 8 survived their parents.
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1781:
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Vung Lam bay used to be the most bustling trading port of Phu Yen in the past, the door connecting Phu Yen to the outer trading worlds.
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309:
171:
1856:
319:, a personal friend, of the aggravations endured by American shipping, that might be alleviated by negotiating commercial treaties.
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found on the eastern side of the islands 150 feet (46 m) from the shore boiled furiously up, through many fathoms of water.
499:. Jackson later explained to the Senate in his message of 30 May 1834, "The expenses of the agency have been defrayed out of the
1830:
1172:
2082:
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2029:
2008:
1751:
Cotheal, Alexander I. (2008-01-17). "Treaty between the United States of America and the Sultân of Masḳaáą: The Arabic Text".
1598:
274:
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871:
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Cotheal, Alexander I. (1854). "Treaty between the United States of America and the Sultân of Masḳaáą: The Arabic Text".
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1256:. Boston: Biographical Review Publishing Company (at Delaware County, NY Genealogy and History Site). 27 January 2011
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and secret agent Roberts. His published account follows the general outline of that published two years previously of
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822:
The opening line subsequently appears above his signature to the treaty he successfully negotiates with Thailand.
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says Roberts lost his accumulated wealth in a series of misfortunes, but succeeded in 1823 in being appointed US
1023:
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898:
846:
539:
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sum : but they place the most unlimited confidence in the integrity of their foreign customers"(pg. 128)
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leaving his son a half-orphan in his mother's care. Young Edmund at age 13 received through his congressman a
248:
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145:
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30 June 1834. He returned in 1836 to exchange ratifications with Oman and Thailand and to the court of
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until age 24. Returning in 1808, he married Miss Catherine Whipple Langdon — daughter of Judge
203:
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281:. However, Miller erroneously places Demerara on the east coast of Africa, and does not mention the
776:
Six weeks after arriving at Linting, and after enduring several days of rainy and squally weather,
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1793:
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historical perspective on gifts to the United States of America at the Smithsonian Institution's
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602:
379:
1831:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875"
1806:
Commissioning with the USS Peacock in 1836, William Ruschenberger sailed with Edmund Roberts....
1048:
550:
1585:
Gold braid and foreign relations : diplomatic activities of U.S. naval officers, 1798–1883
1521:
Journal of an Embassy from the Governor-general of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China
725:
Chinese officials, alarmed at the arrival of a warship, commanded her captain not to enter the
234:
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218:, but waived the appointment at his mother's wish for him to remain at home while she lived.
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985:
969:
793:
270:
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8:
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A Voyage Round the World: Including an Embassy to Muscat and Siam in 1835, 1836, and 1837
2021:
Gold Braid and Foreign Relations: Diplomatic Activities of U.S. Naval Officers, 1798-1883
1619:
Gold Braid and Foreign Relations: Diplomatic Activities of U.S. Naval Officers, 1798-1883
981:
788:, about fifty miles distant, it being impossible to anchor off the bar of Hue due to the
726:
709:
673:
362:, sent a series of letters suggesting that he be empowered to negotiate trade treaties.
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Roberts' interest in becoming a diplomat was sparked by an earlier visit around 1827 to
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Roberts promised to bring the matter up with his Government. Upon returning, he wrote
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2004:
1951:
1937:
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996:
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as Chinese translator and personal secretary, who was to return by way of Singapore.
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were treated much the same as other foreigners willing to conduct trade through the
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1968:
Cole, Allan B. (July 1941). "Plans of Edmund Roberts for Negotiations in Nippon".
128:(June 29, 1784 – June 12, 1836) was an American diplomat. Appointed by President
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546:
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417:, which had been preparing to sail for the west coast, to proceed instead on the
164:
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I at once concluded to humour them.... The principal deputy having prepared his
526:, but the ships failed to rendezvous until 5 June 1834 – in the unhealthy
715:
677:
649:
589:
sailed by way of the Cape Horn and made Bencoolen on 23 August 1833; the Dutch
504:
327:
129:
1386:"Letters from the Middle Kingdom : The Origins of America's China Policy"
660:
were prevalent among the crew from Angier to Manila. After a fortnight there,
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replied in a letter dated 13 December 1830, sent over the signature of clerk
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137:
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718:, the first US naval vessel to call on China, arrived on 3 November 1819 at
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1060:. Roberts is also known for having requested issues of 1804-dated American
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491:, his mission's purpose concealed except from the captain and those with a
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in October 1827, and the next year, had an audience with the newly arrived
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in Vietnam for a second attempt at negotiation. He fell seriously ill with
259:
Roberts entered the New England triangular trade as shipowner and his own
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661:
622:
468:
355:
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264:
156:
2063:
Bibliographie critique sur les relations entre le ViĂŞt-Nam et l'Occident
1282:"In Memory of Capt. Edmund Roberts who departed this life Nov. 15, 1787"
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Pursuant to orders to gather information before going to Cochinchina,
475:– with Roberts as Jackson's "special agent". Secretary of State
409:
346:, established in 1799 and composed of those who had sailed beyond the
210:
Captain Edmund Roberts, who died 15 November 1787 and was interred in
1946:
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1981:
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Edmund Roberts" signed 27 January 1832, ordering him to embark upon
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160:
141:
1782:"A report on the origin and therapeutic properties of cundurango"
1524:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley.
1353:
785:
781:
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after settling on a fee of thirteen dollars and a bottle of rum.
577:
having failed to show by the time appointed, orders were left at
383:
1911:
1663:"Dossier of Xuan Dai Bay (Phu Yen Province) submitted to UNESCO"
1608:
2150:
Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations (Thailand–United States)
618:
523:
395:
222:
688:
52:
1811:
1720:
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322:
1997:
Mc Gowan, Winston; Rose, James G.; Grange, David (2009).
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1643:
1448:
567:
1173:"Baucus Floor Statement on US-Oman Free Trade Agreement"
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401:
In the wake of public outcry, President Jackson ordered
190:, which precluded his becoming America's first envoy to
251:
in Maine are credited with shaping Roberts' character.
247:(with only 16 miles (26 km) of coastline) and the
221:
Roberts set out to sea in 1800, eventually residing in
2145:
Townsend Harris § Harris Treaty of 1856 with Siam
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1396:(4). U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
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struck, despite the overall cleanliness of the ship.
571:] – page 414 in Crawfurd's second edition.
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1288:. A Very Grave Matter. June 23, 2006. Archived from
995:
A. S. Campbell; both under the command of Commodore
202:
Roberts was born 29 June 1784 to Sarah Griffiths of
1665:. Vietnam Tours. September 21, 2011. Archived from
398:who had plundered her, murdering several crewmen.
338:The stage was set for Roberts diplomatic career by
1996:
1582:
1359:
1321:. Access Genealogy. April 23, 2012. Archived from
1108:
2157:
2071:Roberts, Edmund; Ruschenberger, William (2002).
421:, departing New York harbor on 19 August 1831.
216:Midshipman's warrant in the United States Navy
2102:
1817:
1726:
1589:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp.
1102:
868:Siamese–American Treaty of Amity and Commerce
170:Roberts concluded treaties with Thailand and
75:Siamese–American Treaty of Amity and Commerce
1617:Joyce S. Goldberg (February 1990). "Review:
340:Salem's trade with China and the East Indies
1437:, New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons,
1424:
1205:"Edmund Roberts, Our First Envoy to Japan"
1203:Griffis, Williom Elliot (August 6, 1905).
1167:
919:Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman
394:of New York, had recaptured his ship from
310:Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman
172:Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman
1786:Published by order of the Navy Department
1383:
1377:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
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921:. A treaty with the Sultan was signed at
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1882:"The Treaty of Amity and Commerce, 1833"
1754:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1514:
1508:
1141:Journal of the American Oriental Society
784:) as the best point to communicate with
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597:had completed her mission, thus freeing
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770:Minh Mạng's isolationist foreign policy
323:To the farthest port of the rich Indies
254:
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1714:
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2186:People from Portsmouth, New Hampshire
1076:to be carried on his second mission.
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333:Divitis Indiae usque ad ultimum sinum
2191:19th-century American businesspeople
2017:
1967:
1576:
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424:
2042:United States and Vietnam 1787-1941
2018:Long, David Foster (January 1988).
1857:"Portsmouth Athenaeum Finding Aids"
1780:W.S.W. Ruschenberger, M.D. (1873).
1082:Two Yankee Diplomats In 1830s Siam.
386:coast, returned to report the brig
233:, both of whom were engaged in the
13:
2123:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
2074:Two Yankee Diplomats in 1830s Siam
2000:Themes in African-Guyanese History
1890:National Museum of Natural History
1058:National Museum of Natural History
698:Americans arriving at the port of
644:proving useless, she threaded the
14:
2207:
1976:(2). Sophia University: 497–513.
928:
304:. Roberts arrived in the port of
2135:Thailand–United States relations
2120:Compilation of Treaties in Force
1959:Works by or about Edmund Roberts
1918:Roberts & Ruschenberger 2002
1384:Gedalecia, David (Winter 2002).
1360:Mc Gowan, Rose & Grange 2009
1319:extract from Bell Family History
1010:
936:
885:
872:Thailand–United States relations
833:
153:non-resident diplomatic missions
2196:19th-century American merchants
2176:19th-century American diplomats
2117:United States Congress (1904).
2039:Miller, Robert Hopkins (1990).
1927:
1892:. June 21, 2007. Archived from
1874:
1849:
1823:
1773:
1744:
1655:
1307:
1051:, without the outfit, less the
601:to continue Roberts' quest for
167:during the years 1832–6.
1623:The American Historical Review
1274:
1240:
1161:
1132:
1:
2112:. Carey, Lea & Blanchard.
1431:Trow, Charles Edward (1905),
1086:
815:I intended should be endless.
780:sailed for the bay of Turan (
342:. Pursuits of members of the
197:
2140:Oman–United States relations
1434:The old shipmasters of Salem
1302:image © 2004 Gravematter.com
235:New England triangular trade
7:
2128:
2066:. Maisonneuve & Larose.
1577:Long, David Foster (1988).
1315:"Calvin Howard Bell Family"
1177:Senate Committee on Finance
1127:United States Congress 1904
1072:) as parts of presentation
444:and saw an opportunity. As
10:
2212:
980:, commanded by lieutenant
742:, then on America's first
436:. Alfred T. Agate. Pencil.
317:U.S. Senator Levi Woodbury
283:Demerara rebellion of 1823
2024:. Naval Institute Press.
1886:Royal Gifts from Thailand
877:
419:first Sumatran expedition
378:of Salem, engaged in the
344:East India Marine Society
249:Portsmouth Naval Shipyard
204:Portsmouth, New Hampshire
115:
111:Catherine Whipple Langdon
107:
82:
70:
59:
45:
40:Portsmouth, New Hampshire
33:
21:
2098:. Harper & brothers.
2092:Roberts, Edmund (1837).
2060:Nguyá»…n, Tháşż Anh (1967).
538:sailed for Brazil under
237:between Portsmouth, the
1934:Works by Edmund Roberts
925:on September 21, 1833.
825:
744:global circumnavigation
2104:Ruschenberger, William
993:lieutenants commanding
820:
695:
609:Roberts' first mission
581:for her to join up at
518:. with orders to join
510:In mid-February 1832,
437:
335:
229:and niece of Governor
2181:Deaths from dysentery
970:William Ruschenberger
802:
796:'s Vung-lam harbour.
691:
684:Macao and Canton City
442:Secretary of the Navy
432:
390:, also of Salem, and
330:
271:Robert Hopkins Miller
49:June 12, 1836, age 51
2045:. DIANE Publishing.
1899:on December 22, 2015
1003:Aftermath and legacy
756:John Robert Morrison
676:, she took aboard a
487:in the guise of the
479:'s "Instructions to
255:Roberts the merchant
78:Omani treaty of 1834
1970:Monumenta Nipponica
1669:on October 25, 2011
1621:by David F. Long".
1518:(21 August 2006) .
1457:, pp. 308–309.
1253:Biographical Review
1237:, pp. 497–513.
1066:Draped Bust dollars
982:Cornelius Stribling
674:Wanshan Archipelago
642:marine chronometers
505:foreign intercourse
132:, he served as the
65:Envoy Extraordinary
1818:Ruschenberger 1838
1727:Ruschenberger 1838
1652:, pp. 72–171.
1213:The New York Times
1103:Ruschenberger 1838
1062:Turban Head eagles
1022:. You can help by
972:(1807–1895)
948:. You can help by
897:. You can help by
845:. You can help by
790:East Asian Monsoon
762:Kingdom of Vietnam
696:
559:East India Company
514:was dispatched to
448:was departing the
438:
336:
2084:978-974-524-004-9
2052:978-0-7881-0810-5
2031:978-0-87021-228-4
2010:978-1-906190-18-7
1952:Project Gutenberg
1938:Project Gutenberg
1761:(1854): 341–343.
1693:, p. 178ff..
1600:978-0-87021-228-4
1390:Prologue Magazine
1286:Gravestone images
1049:chargé d'affaires
1040:
1039:
997:Edmund P. Kennedy
984:, accompanied by
966:
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915:
914:
863:
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551:chargé d'affaires
534:. In March 1832,
522:off the coast of
477:Edward Livingston
425:Subsequent events
388:Governor Endicott
348:Cape of Good Hope
263:, but never as a
155:to the courts of
123:
122:
98:Project Gutenberg
16:American diplomat
2203:
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2077:. Orchid Press.
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2014:
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1963:Internet Archive
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1859:. Archived from
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1792:. Archived from
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1615:Lay summary in:
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1171:(29 June 2006).
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1147:: 341, 343–356.
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837:
830:
794:PhĂş YĂŞn Province
740:William B. Finch
639:
467:, outfitted for
366:Martin van Buren
300:to trade in the
227:Woodbury Langdon
188:Portuguese Macau
176:Washington, D.C.
100:
85:
19:
18:
2211:
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2204:
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2200:
2156:
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2085:
2053:
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2011:
1982:10.2307/2382639
1944:
1930:
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1900:
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1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1020:needs expansion
1005:
962:
956:
953:
946:needs expansion
931:
911:
905:
902:
895:needs expansion
880:
859:
853:
850:
843:needs expansion
828:
764:
686:
637:
611:
547:Francis Baylies
543:David Geisinger
501:contingent fund
489:captain's clerk
427:
325:
296:, he chartered
257:
200:
165:Muscat and Oman
90:
83:
77:
55:
50:
41:
38:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2209:
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2100:
2089:
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2015:
2009:
1994:
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1956:
1942:
1940:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1910:
1873:
1848:
1836:
1822:
1820:, p. 258.
1810:
1788:. Washington:
1772:
1743:
1741:, p. 217.
1731:
1719:
1717:, p. 156.
1707:
1695:
1683:
1654:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1629:(1): 253–254.
1599:
1579:"Chapter Nine"
1569:
1557:
1545:
1516:Crawfurd, John
1507:
1505:, p. 198.
1495:
1493:, p. 305.
1483:
1481:, p. 327.
1471:
1459:
1447:
1423:
1411:
1376:
1364:
1362:, p. 149.
1352:
1340:
1306:
1273:
1267:BELL BROTHERS.
1239:
1227:
1186:
1160:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1091:
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1038:
1037:
1017:
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1004:
1001:
968:Naval surgeon
964:
963:
943:
941:
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929:Second mission
927:
913:
912:
892:
890:
879:
876:
875:
874:
861:
860:
840:
838:
827:
824:
806:Chinese pencil
774:
773:
763:
760:
716:John D. Henley
714:under Captain
685:
682:
678:maritime pilot
650:dead reckoning
610:
607:
426:
423:
324:
321:
256:
253:
212:North Cemetery
199:
196:
174:, ratified in
144:, and went on
130:Andrew Jackson
126:Edmund Roberts
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
103:
102:
86:
80:
79:
72:
71:Known for
68:
67:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
43:
42:
39:
35:
31:
30:
28:Edmund Roberts
27:
24:His Excellency
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2037:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1919:
1914:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1863:on 2011-08-14
1862:
1858:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1796:on 2012-04-27
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1729:, p. 23.
1728:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1668:
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1620:
1614:
1613:
1610:
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1602:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1567:, p. 65.
1566:
1561:
1555:, p. 32.
1554:
1549:
1543:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1469:, p. 21.
1468:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1421:, p. 30.
1420:
1415:
1408:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1350:, p. 23.
1349:
1344:
1337:
1325:on 2011-11-04
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1292:on 2010-12-02
1291:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1216:. p. SM2
1215:
1214:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1129:, p. 10.
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1074:proof coinage
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1034:
1031:February 2012
1025:
1021:
1018:This section
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
989:
983:
979:
975:
971:
960:
957:February 2012
951:
947:
944:This section
942:
939:
935:
934:
926:
924:
920:
909:
900:
896:
893:This section
891:
888:
884:
883:
873:
869:
865:
864:
857:
848:
844:
841:This section
839:
836:
832:
831:
823:
819:
818:Merrimack....
816:
812:
807:
801:
797:
795:
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771:
766:
765:
759:
757:
751:
747:
745:
741:
738:
734:
733:
728:
723:
721:
720:Lintin Island
717:
713:
712:
707:
706:
701:
694:
690:
681:
679:
675:
671:
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616:
606:
604:
600:
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592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
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569:
564:
563:John Crawfurd
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:Special Agent
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:
460:
459:commissioning
456:
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245:New Hampshire
242:
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228:
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219:
217:
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189:
185:
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177:
173:
168:
166:
163:("Siam") and
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:
143:
139:
135:
134:United States
131:
127:
118:
114:
110:
106:
99:
95:
94:
89:
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87:
81:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
60:Occupation(s)
58:
54:
48:
44:
37:June 29, 1784
36:
32:
25:
20:
2119:
2108:
2094:
2073:
2062:
2041:
2020:
1999:
1973:
1969:
1945:
1928:Bibliography
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:(exhibition)
1894:the original
1885:
1876:
1865:. Retrieved
1861:the original
1851:
1846:, p. =.
1844:Roberts 1837
1839:
1825:
1813:
1805:
1798:. Retrieved
1794:the original
1785:
1775:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1739:Roberts 1837
1734:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1691:Roberts 1837
1686:
1678:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:the original
1657:
1650:Roberts 1837
1645:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1584:
1572:
1565:Roberts 1837
1560:
1553:Roberts 1837
1548:
1533:. Retrieved
1520:
1510:
1503:Roberts 1837
1498:
1486:
1479:Roberts 1837
1474:
1462:
1450:
1433:
1426:
1414:
1405:
1398:. Retrieved
1393:
1389:
1379:
1374:, p. 5.
1372:Roberts 1837
1367:
1355:
1343:
1334:
1327:. Retrieved
1323:the original
1318:
1309:
1301:
1294:. Retrieved
1290:the original
1285:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1260:February 11,
1258:. Retrieved
1252:
1242:
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1211:
1180:
1163:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1122:
1115:Roberts 1837
1110:
1081:
1078:
1068:(the famous
1041:
1028:
1024:adding to it
1019:
987:
977:
974:commissioned
967:
954:
950:adding to it
945:
916:
903:
899:adding to it
894:
851:
847:adding to it
842:
821:
814:
810:
803:
798:
777:
775:
767:
752:
748:
731:
724:
710:
703:
697:
692:
670:Lamma Island
665:
646:Sunda Strait
634:
614:
612:
603:intelligence
598:
594:
586:
574:
573:
566:
555:Buenos Aires
535:
519:
511:
509:
493:need to know
484:
472:
463:
457:was nearing
453:
445:
439:
433:
413:
400:
392:James Monroe
391:
387:
374:
370:Daniel Brent
364:
337:
332:
314:
302:Indian Ocean
297:
290:
287:
269:
258:
243:
231:John Langdon
220:
201:
186:and died in
169:
147:
125:
124:
101:(posthumous)
91:
84:Notable work
2171:1836 deaths
2166:1784 births
1715:Nguyá»…n 1967
1705:, p. .
1703:Miller 1990
1535:February 2,
1491:Miller 1990
1467:Miller 1990
1455:Miller 1990
1419:Miller 1990
1348:Miller 1990
1248:"Section 4"
1070:1804 dollar
727:Pearl River
700:Canton City
631:hot springs
623:Long Island
617:sailed for
469:exploration
406:John Downes
380:spice trade
294:West Indies
157:Cochinchina
2160:Categories
2003:. Hansib.
1867:2012-05-24
1169:Max Baucus
1087:References
988:Enterprise
621:by way of
579:Montevideo
549:appointed
375:Friendship
261:supercargo
208:Royal Navy
198:Early life
63:Merchant;
1903:April 19,
1329:April 19,
1235:Cole 1941
1220:April 23,
986:Schooner
737:Commander
732:Vincennes
658:dysentery
593:reported
583:Bencoolen
540:Commander
528:roadstead
403:Commodore
352:Cape Horn
239:Caribbean
192:Edo Japan
184:dysentery
180:Minh Mạng
2129:See also
2106:(1838).
1800:26 April
1673:June 26,
1609:87034879
1530:03452414
1400:July 15,
1064:and the
1053:per diem
906:May 2012
854:May 2012
813:of what
711:Congress
693:Congress
654:Diarrhea
629:, where
627:Crokatoa
591:Resident
497:per diem
450:schooner
384:Sumatran
306:Zanzibar
298:Mary Ann
279:Demerara
161:Thailand
142:Far East
136:' first
116:Children
2152:of 1966
1990:2382639
1961:at the
1635:2163133
1542:Alt URL
1443:4669778
978:Peacock
782:Da Nang
778:Peacock
705:co-hong
666:Peacock
662:cholera
635:Peacock
615:Peacock
599:Peacock
595:Potomac
587:Peacock
545:, with
536:Peacock
532:Batavia
520:Peacock
516:Liberia
485:Peacock
473:Potomac
464:Peacock
446:Potomac
434:Peacock
414:Potomac
410:frigate
408:of the
396:pirates
382:on the
360:Batavia
356:masters
331:Latin:
265:captain
148:Peacock
140:to the
2081:
2049:
2028:
2007:
1988:
1767:592284
1765:
1633:
1607:
1597:
1528:
1441:
1296:May 5,
1154:592284
1151:
923:Muscat
878:Muscat
735:under
619:Manila
561:agent
524:Brazil
275:Consul
223:London
206:, and
108:Spouse
1986:JSTOR
1790:G.P.O
1763:JSTOR
1631:JSTOR
1591:207ff
1407:2001.
1208:(PDF)
1182:ties.
1149:JSTOR
638:'
575:Boxer
512:Boxer
454:Boxer
138:envoy
53:Macau
2079:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2026:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1905:2012
1802:2012
1675:2012
1605:LCCN
1595:ISBN
1537:2012
1526:OCLC
1439:OCLC
1402:2012
1331:2012
1298:2012
1262:2013
1222:2012
1044:bill
866:See
826:Siam
768:See
656:and
625:and
503:for
146:USS
46:Died
34:Born
1978:doi
1950:at
1936:at
1026:.
976:on
952:.
901:.
849:.
811:end
786:Huáşż
722:.
672:or
648:by
568:sic
553:to
530:of
507:".
354:as
350:or
277:at
151:on
96:at
2162::
1984:.
1972:.
1888:.
1884:.
1804:.
1784:.
1757:.
1677:.
1627:95
1625:.
1603:.
1593:.
1581:.
1404:.
1394:34
1392:.
1388:.
1336:H.
1333:.
1317:.
1300:.
1284:.
1264:.
1250:.
1210:.
1189:^
1179:.
1175:.
1143:.
1095:^
1042:A
999:.
991:,
870:;
652:.
640:s
605:.
585:.
461:;
285:.
267:.
194:.
159:,
119:11
2087:.
2055:.
2034:.
2013:.
1992:.
1980::
1974:4
1955:;
1920:.
1907:.
1870:.
1833:.
1769:.
1759:4
1637:.
1611:.
1539:.
1224:.
1157:.
1145:4
1117:.
1105:.
1033:)
1029:(
959:)
955:(
908:)
904:(
856:)
852:(
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