247:
360:
590:, it means that they were set free from slavery. To say that they were emancipated means that they were free from ownership or control by another, and since they were considered their owner's property, the transaction was documented by a legal deed of emancipation and filed with the government. There are therefore two fundamental ways for a person to be free: one is being freed, generally through purchase, of an owner, the other is the status of being a free person. Virginia had different laws beginning in 1619, and cities within Virginia also had their own laws, for manumission of slaves that specified the manner in which someone may be free. For instance, Virginia enacted a law in 1806 in which freed slaves could be returned to slavery if they stayed in the state more than 12 months.
432:. As a child, he performed odd jobs around the plantation and fabricated nails. He was made a blacksmith at the age of 16. In the summer of 1806, while Jefferson was visiting Monticello and Edith was in Washington, Joseph received word that there was disturbing news, perhaps about his wife, at the President's House. Joseph escaped from Monticello on July 29, and Jefferson thought that he may have been headed towards Washington, D.C., to be with Edith. Joseph was returned on August 7 by a man Jefferson had hired to retrieve him. He was found on the lawn of the President's House.
547:
307:
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273:, Jefferson's grandson. Lily was her sister. James was an enslaved foreman of farm labor. James's wife was at another plantation. Moses was a blacksmith who would walk six miles from Monticello each Sunday to visit his wife and sons. James and Moses ultimately convinced Jefferson to buy their family members so that they could be together. David, also called Davy, was married to Fanny Gillette.
595:
grandchildren James, Joseph, Thomas and Maria
Elizabeth an infant. And I heareby declare the said Eady, Elizabeth Ann, William, Daniel, Lucy and Jesse, James, Joseph, Thomas and Maria Elizabeth hereby emancipated are of the following description ages and height—viz.: Eady a woman of brown complexion 5 feet 2 inches and 44 years old.
485:(also known as Elizabeth-Ann or Betsy) (1812–1902) was purchased at the 1827 auction by John Winn, a local merchant. She was freed by her father and moved to Ohio in 1840 with her husband, Tucker Isaacs, and children. Because they still had family members in slavery, the Isaacs returned to Charlottesville. They then moved to
389:
Jefferson had the kitchen upgraded to be "one of the most modern kitchens in the country". Situated below
Jefferson's private terrace, it had a bread-baking oven, a stew stove with eight individually regulated burners, a large hearth, and a "set kettle", which generated hot water on demand. The women
198:
When Hern returned to
Monticello, she became the chief cook. She had access to a modern kitchen for its time, which allowed her to cook up to eight items on individually controlled burners, using up to 60 copperware pans and relying on the best tall clock in the house for timing. Her ingredients were
594:
Know all men by these presents that I Joseph
Fossett of the County of Albemarle and state of Virginia have manumitted, emancipated and set free, and by these presents do manumit, emancipate and set free the following negro slaves to wit, Eady, Elizabeth Ann, William, Daniel, Lucy and Jesse and her
510:
Isabella (1819–1872) escaped her enslaver and went to Boston with forged identity papers that had been made by her brother, Peter. She was living in
Cincinnati by 1860. Isabella married a man with the surname Turner and had a daughter named Josephine Turner, who married William W. Powell. Isabella
350:
Edith and Fanny were the only slaves from
Monticello to regularly live in Washington. Edith did not receive a wage, but earned a two-dollar gratuity each month. Also called "Edy", she had a common-law marriage with Joseph Fossett (November 1780 – September 19, 1858). During the nearly seven years
194:
from Honoré Julien, a French chef. Three of her children with Joseph
Fossett were born during her tenure at the President's House. They stayed with her until 1809, the end of Jefferson's second term. While she worked in Washington, D.C., she did not receive a salary, but she earned a two-dollar a
435:
The next year, Joseph was made chief blacksmith after the white man who held that position was fired for drunkenness. He was chief blacksmith from 1807 to 1827. Slaves did not generally receive pay at
Monticello, but as a manager of the blacksmith shop, Joseph received a percentage of the shop's
605:
The family then moved to Ohio where most of the children were able to establish a life for themselves. By 1843, they were settled in
Cincinnati. Joseph Fossett was a blacksmith, as were his sons, Daniel, William and Jesse. The Fossett family helped people obtain their freedom on the Underground
474:
Charles H. Twombly, who was a poor man when they married but became wealthy. Patsy died in 1879 leaving an estate of $ 10,000, and her will stated that she wanted the money to go to her relatives in
Cincinnati, but her husband had forced her to make another will. Fossett's family members (Jesse
398:
to ensure precise timing as they cooked. Coffee beans were roasted, hot chocolate was made from blocks of hard chocolate, dinners consisted of three or four meats and fish, and every meal had four desserts. To plan their menus, the women met with the enslaved head gardener, Wormley Hughes, to
327:
was president, he brought Edith Hern and Fanny (Gillette) Hern to Washington, D.C., in 1802 and they learned to cook at the President's House. Edith was 15 years old and Fanny was 18. Honoré Julien, a French chef, taught them how to cook and create French-style foods and elegant desserts.
276:
Three generations of the Hern family, which included Isabel and David's grandchildren, "raised Jefferson's crops, drove his wagons, cooked his meals, cared for his children, built his barns, directed his laborers, and made nails, barrels, plows and plow chains."
556:
Joseph was freed in accordance with Thomas Jefferson's will, but Edith and her children were not. An auction was held at Monticello in January 1827, where "130 valuable negroes" were put up for sale, and resulted in the separation of families. Jesse Scott, a
289:
in the late 18th century, enjoyed French cuisine, but employing a French chef for all of his dining and entertaining needs was financially out of reach for him. He therefore had French chefs train a few enslaved people to cook for him, starting with
583:. Joseph saved money from working as a blacksmith to purchase his family members. Joseph, with the help of his mother, Mary Hemings Bell, freed Edith, their five children, and four grandchildren in 1837. Peter's owner refused to sell him.
561:" bought Edith and two of her children, Daniel and William, for $ 505. Scott, the husband of Fossett's free half-sister, Sarah Bell Scott, had represented Joseph Fossett in the sale. (Sarah Bell Scott was the daughter of Fossett's mother,
675:
Tucker Isaacs was the son of Nancy West, an African American woman, and David Isaacs who was a Jewish white man and owned a store. Tucker, born free, owned a lot of land in the Charlottesville area until the early 1850s. Isaacs died in
436:
profits. He was able to earn money at the shop after work hours and keep one sixth of the earnings. He made tools for local farmers, shod horses, and made all the metal parts for a carriage designed in 1814 by Thomas Jefferson.
257:
Edith Hern was born to David Hern (1755–after 1827) and Isabel Hern (1758–1819) of Monticello. David was an enslaved carpenter. Isabel was an enslaved woman who worked as a domestic and farm laborer. As a girl, Edith tended to
226:, Jefferson's grandson. Joseph was able to arrange for the purchase of Edith and two children in 1827 and more family members in 1837. That year, Joseph made a statement listing the family members, including Edith, who were
336:
They were at the absolute top of the chef's game. But because they were women, because they were black, because they were enslaved and because this was the beginning of the 19th century, they were just known as 'the
170:
before being freed. Three generations of her family, the Herns, worked in Jefferson's fields, performed domestic and leadership duties, and made tools. Like Hern, they also took care of children. She cared for
475:
Fossett, W.B. Fossett, Lucy Loving, Elizabeth Isaacs, Peter Fossett, and Josephine Powell) claimed that the will was made under duress and their marriage was not legal due to the California law against
399:
determine what was fresh or soon to ripen from the berry patches, vegetable gardens, and the orchards. Edith and Fanny worked together in Washington, D.C., and at Monticello until Jefferson's death.
332:
remarked of the food, "The excellence and superior skill of his French cook was acknowledged by all who frequented his table, for never before had such dinners been given in the President's House".
499:(1815–1901) was purchased by Tucker Isaacs (his brother-in-law) at an auction in 1850. He moved to Cincinnati where he was a popular Baptist minister, prominent caterer, and a conductor on the
1860:
1801:
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that she worked in Washington, she gave birth to three children: James, Maria, and a child who did not survive to adulthood. Her children were kept with her at the President's House.
711:
Snodgrass states that Isaacs purchased his wife in 1850, but there are a number of sources that state that she was purchased by Joseph in 1837 and the Isaacs went to Ohio in 1840.
702:
magazine states that Joseph and Edith lost three daughters, but it does not appear that includes any enumerated children, except perhaps the first known baby who was born in 1803.
2146:
203:
fields or its ancillary operations, such as the brewery. Every day, she created sumptuous meals—with multiple meat, vegetable, and dessert dishes—for 12 to 25 people a time.
662:
There was a James Fossett who identified as white (other Fossetts identified as mulatto or white). He married a woman named Catherine and was a railroad worker who lived in
374:
and became the chief cook, preparing meals for 12 to 25 people each day and up to 57 people for special occasions. Edith and Fanny regularly cooked for Jefferson's daughter
606:
Railroad. Tucker Isaacs, Elizabeth Anns's husband, purchased Peter in 1850. By the time of Joseph and Edith's deaths, almost all of the Fossett children were in Ohio.
448:
They had ten children, in addition to a baby who was born in 1803 but died in infancy. Jefferson often paid for a midwife named Rachel to attend to Edith's births.
1382:
Virginia Deaths and Burials, 1853–1912." Index. FamilySearch, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2010. Index entries derived from digital copies of original and compiled records.
1276:
Jefferson gave men in management positions—Little George in the nailery and Joseph Fossett in the blacksmith shop—a percentage of the profits of their operations.
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200:
246:
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Born and reared as free, not knowing that I was a slave, then suddenly, at the death of Jefferson, put upon an auction block and sold to strangers.
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1809:
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622:. Their descendants include attorneys, artists, caterers, musicians, and civil servants. Every generation has "fought for freedom and equality".
586:
Fossett went through several processes to ensure that his family members were considered free. When he states below that his family members were
811:
565:, and Thomas Bell.) The Fossett, Bell, and Scott families were only able to come up with enough money for Edith and two children at that time.
470:, for $ 395. The sixteen-year-old ran away after a few months and by 1850 was living in Cincinnati. "Patsy" moved to California about 1850 and
2245:
359:
2230:
525:
Daniel (born 1825) was purchased by Jesse Scott in 1827 and was declared free and emancipated by his father in 1837. He was a blacksmith.
2120:
President's Kitchen Cabinet: The Story of the African Americans Who Have Fed Our First Families, from the Washingtons to the Obamas
1745:
298:, his residence in Paris. Hemings was granted his freedom on February 5, 1796, after agreeing to train his brother Peter to cook.
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440:, the Monticello overseer, stated that Fossett was "a very fine workman; could do anything... with steel or iron."
219:
2225:
2205:
522:
by his father in 1837. He was a blacksmith who later had a prominent career as a caterer. He died in August 1901.
386:
remarked that the cooking at Monticello was "in half Virginian, half French style, in good taste and abundance".
2235:
541:
371:
1660:
775:
1890:
653:
Peter Hemings, who had been the head cook, was transferred to brewing beer when Edith returned to Monticello.
238:
in 1843. Most of Joseph and Edith's children were with them before they died in 1858 and 1854, respectively.
482:
437:
163:
118:
579:
Separate buyers purchased Joseph and Edith's other children: Ann-Elizabeth, Martha (Patsy), Isabella, and
528:
Lucy was declared free and emancipated by her father in 1837. She married someone with the surname Loving.
1831:
518:
William B. (1821–1901), born in 1821, he was purchased by Jesse Scott in 1827 and was declared free and
218:. Although Joseph Fossett was freed through Jefferson's will, Edith and nine of their ten children were
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1773:
286:
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453:
375:
270:
223:
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had use of 60 pieces of French copper cookware, including tart pans, fish cookers, skillets, and
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467:
138:
67:
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1354:
1294:
1193:
1105:
1433:
1402:
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: Retirement Series, Volume 16: 1 June 1820 to 28 February 1821
975:
329:
1554:"Of Early California Days: A Wealthy Man Married a Colored Woman – Cincinnatians Interested"
2200:
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619:
512:
500:
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476:
471:
269:
She had a number of siblings. Thruston was also trained by Julien and was then enslaved by
143:
133:
1940:
630:
Edith died September 10, 1854, and Joseph died September 18, 1858. They are buried at the
379:
8:
1915:
1107:
Founding Foodies: How Washington, Jefferson, and Franklin Revolutionized American Cuisine
207:
295:
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2025:
1990:
1982:
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908:
466:
Martha "Patsy" Fossett (1810–1879) was sold to Charles Bonnycastle, an official at the
186:
Hern worked as a cook for President Jefferson at the President's House, now called the
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1994:
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562:
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486:
214:, he lived at Monticello as a child and worked his way up from a nail-maker to chief
190:, with her sister-in-law Fanny Gillette Hern beginning in 1802. They learned to cook
2173:, Cuisine at Monticello by James Hemings, Edith Hern Fossett, and Fanny Hern (video)
977:"Most Blessed of the Patriarchs": Thomas Jefferson and the Empire of the Imagination
2123:
2017:
1974:
531:
Jesse was declared free and emancipated by his father in 1837. He was a blacksmith.
463:, one of Jefferson's farms, in 1827. It is unknown what happened to her after that.
324:
167:
156:
87:
56:
2147:"At the White House: Honoré Julien, Edith Hern Fossett, and Frances Gillette Hern"
685:
Jefferson would not sell Joseph Fossett and Betsy Hemings, the oldest children of
1688:
395:
259:
172:
2176:
634:, Cincinnati, Ohio, with their names engraved on the Fossett family tombstone.
383:
191:
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580:
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342:
291:
263:
176:
114:
1356:"Those who Labor for My Happiness": Slavery at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello
2180:
1721:
The Underground Railroad: An Encyclopedia of People, Places, and Operations
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91:
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1986:
364:
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180:
95:
2008:
Jackson, Luther P. (1930). "Manumission in Certain Virginia Cities".
1965:
Jackson, Luther P. (1930). "Manumission in Certain Virginia Cities".
2021:
1978:
2081:
Abrams, Melanie (November–December 2004). "Upstairs Down Stairs".
2052:"Extraordinary California Women Artists Working from 1860 to 1960"
489:, where they acquired a 158 acre farm, which was a station on the
1432:. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. pp.
1380:"James Fossett, died November 5, 1879 at Alexandria, Virginia",
850:"Meet Edith and Fanny, Thomas Jefferson's Enslaved Master Chefs"
950:"Slavery and French Cuisine in Jefferson's Working White House"
222:
in 1827. One of their children had already been given away to
1256:"Plantation Database – Work – Did Jefferson Pay His Slaves?"
452:
James (born January 1805) was given by Thomas Jefferson to
234:. Joseph and Edith moved to Ohio about 1837 and settled in
159:
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1226:
Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves
1163:
Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves
974:
Gordon-Reed, Annette; Onuf, Peter S. (April 13, 2016).
910:
Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves
793:
535:
1548:
1546:
1470:
1605:"Monticello database – lookup of Betsy-Ann Fossett"
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370:Edith returned to Monticello in 1809 at the end of
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1195:Jefferson's White House: Monticello on the Potomac
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728:
1802:"Monticello database – lookup of William Fossett"
1543:
1296:Ties That Bound: Founding First Ladies and Slaves
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1011:
1009:
1007:
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1001:
999:
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428:Edith's husband, Joseph, was the enslaved son of
2187:
1861:"Monticello database – lookup of Daniel Fossett"
1348:
1346:
867:
1448:"Monticello database – lookup of Maria Fossett"
1359:. University of Virginia Press. p. PT443.
1321:"Monticello database – lookup of James Fossett"
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725:
1519:
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1212:
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1343:
1152:
899:
2241:People who were enslaved by Thomas Jefferson
2128:10.5149/northcarolina/9781469632537.001.0001
1713:
1711:
1709:
1299:. University of Chicago Press. p. 381.
1124:
980:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. PT63.
1510:
1405:. Princeton University Press. p. 674.
2094:
1768:
1766:
1683:
1681:
1855:
1853:
1796:
1794:
1717:
1706:
1398:
1293:Schwartz, Marie Jenkins (April 6, 2017).
1198:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 189.
511:died in 1872. She was the grandmother of
1718:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (March 26, 2015).
1292:
843:
841:
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837:
545:
402:
358:
305:
245:
2007:
1964:
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1523:
1425:
1399:Jefferson, Thomas (February 18, 2020).
1352:
1221:
1158:
1139:
905:
649:
647:
382:and her three children, and Jefferson.
2188:
2117:
2080:
1850:
1791:
1689:"Tucker Issacs – Ohio History Central"
1493:"The 1827 Slave Auction at Monticello"
1429:Thomas Jefferson, soil conservationist
1191:
1103:
954:The White House Historical Association
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
847:
2091:– about Edith Hern and Joseph Fossett
1230:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p.
1192:Conroy, James B. (October 23, 2019).
1167:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p.
914:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p.
834:
378:and her children, Jefferson's sister
16:Slave who cooked for Thomas Jefferson
2246:19th-century African-American people
644:
301:
210:husband, Joseph Fossett. The son of
2231:19th-century African-American women
2144:
1526:"The Dark Side of Thomas Jefferson"
1222:Wiencek, Henry (October 16, 2012).
1159:Wiencek, Henry (October 16, 2012).
1077:
932:
906:Wiencek, Henry (October 16, 2012).
536:Family separation and reunification
394:. They also had a costly, accurate
13:
2074:
1633:
505:Once the Slave of Thomas Jefferson
14:
2257:
2158:
1832:"William B. Fossett death notice"
1110:. Sourcebooks, Inc. p. 168.
1104:DeWitt, Dave (November 1, 2010).
459:Maria (born October 1807) was at
2151:The Henri Peyre French Institute
1746:"Recollections of Peter Fossett"
1142:"Thomas Jefferson, Slave Master"
947:
415:
183:plantation when she was a girl.
2099:Thomas Jefferson's Crème Brûlée
2044:
2001:
1958:
1933:
1908:
1883:
1824:
1738:
1653:
1627:
1597:
1572:
1524:Wiencek, Henry (October 2012).
1440:
1419:
1373:
1313:
1248:
1185:
1140:Wiencek, Henry (October 2012).
1097:
1071:
1046:
705:
692:
679:
669:
656:
345:, Monticello research historian
206:Hern had ten children with her
2095:Craughwell, Thomas J. (2012).
1661:"Ann-Elizabeth Fossett Isaacs"
1636:"Ann-Elizabeth Fossett Isaacs"
1426:Bennett, Hugh Hammond (1944).
967:
848:Rhodes, Jesse (July 9, 2012).
609:
542:History of slavery in Virginia
294:, who became his head chef at
280:
1:
1560:. August 19, 1896. p. 10
718:
614:Fossett's great-grandson was
503:. His remembrances, entitled
372:Jefferson's presidential term
354:
241:
162:who for much of her life was
2211:19th-century American slaves
2010:The Journal of Negro History
1967:The Journal of Negro History
1941:"Definition of Emancipating"
1838:. August 17, 1901. p. 4
1080:"Joseph Fossett (1780–1858)"
618:. A great-granddaughter was
119:Ann-Elizabeth Fossett Isaacs
53:1854 (aged 66–67)
7:
1865:plantationdb.monticello.org
1806:plantationdb.monticello.org
1609:plantationdb.monticello.org
1580:"Slaves Who Gained Freedom"
1452:plantationdb.monticello.org
1325:plantationdb.monticello.org
443:
10:
2262:
1724:. Routledge. p. 195.
1353:Stanton, Lucia C. (2012).
539:
199:freshly gathered from the
78:Honoré Julien, French chef
454:Thomas Jefferson Randolph
414:
409:
376:Martha Jefferson Randolph
271:Thomas Jefferson Randolph
224:Thomas Jefferson Randolph
124:
109:
101:
82:
74:
63:
49:
30:
23:
1530:The Smithsonian Magazine
637:
625:
319:, Washington, D.C., 1793
179:, at Thomas Jefferson's
2165:A Blacksmith Slips Away
2118:Miller, Adrian (2017).
1945:www.merriam-webster.com
1920:www.merriam-webster.com
1558:The Cincinnati Enquirer
1148:– via HistoryNet.
507:were published in 1898.
2226:People from Cincinnati
2206:People from Monticello
2171:Jefferson's Monticello
1774:"Pauline Powell Burns"
1693:ohiohistorycentral.org
632:Union Baptist Cemetery
616:William Monroe Trotter
603:
577:
553:
468:University of Virginia
421:Monticello labor force
367:
348:
320:
254:
139:William Monroe Trotter
90:at President's House (
68:Union Baptist Cemetery
2236:American women slaves
1836:Marietta Daily Leader
1084:Encyclopedia Virginia
592:
567:
549:
403:Marriage and children
362:
334:
330:Margaret Bayard Smith
309:
249:
146:(great-granddaughter)
1054:"The Fossett Family"
854:Smithsonian Magazine
822:on December 30, 2019
812:"Edith Hern Fossett"
776:"Edith Hern Fossett"
664:Alexandria, Virginia
620:Pauline Powell Burns
513:Pauline Powell Burns
501:Underground Railroad
491:Underground Railroad
477:mixed races marrying
144:Pauline Powell Burns
134:James Monroe Trotter
2058:. February 20, 2019
1891:"Mary Hemings Bell"
1640:Virginia Humanities
1634:Dabney, Wendell P.
285:Jefferson, who was
155:(1787–1854) was an
94:) and head cook at
2177:Edith Hern Fossett
1058:www.monticello.org
666:. He died in 1879.
554:
368:
321:
287:Minister to France
262:, the daughter of
255:
220:put up for auction
175:, the daughter of
153:Edith Hern Fossett
86:Enslaved cook for
70:, Cincinnati, Ohio
25:Edith Hern Fossett
2216:White House chefs
1871:on August 5, 2021
1812:on August 5, 2021
1731:978-1-317-45416-8
1615:on August 5, 2021
1458:on August 5, 2021
1412:978-0-691-19727-2
1366:978-0-8139-3223-1
1331:on August 5, 2021
1306:978-0-226-14755-0
1266:on August 5, 2021
1241:978-1-4668-2778-3
1205:978-1-5381-0847-5
1178:978-1-4668-2778-3
1117:978-1-4022-2771-4
987:978-1-63149-078-1
925:978-1-4668-2778-3
687:Mary Hemings Bell
563:Mary Hemings Bell
559:free man of color
487:Ross County, Ohio
426:
425:
316:President's House
302:President's House
150:
149:
136:(grandson-in-law)
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1953:
1951:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1867:. Archived from
1857:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1808:. Archived from
1798:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1715:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1611:. Archived from
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1521:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1489:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1454:. Archived from
1444:
1438:
1437:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1396:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1327:. Archived from
1317:
1311:
1310:
1290:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1262:. Archived from
1252:
1246:
1245:
1229:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1166:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1146:American History
1137:
1122:
1121:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1078:Stanton, Lucia.
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1029:"Joseph Fossett"
1025:
992:
991:
971:
965:
964:
962:
960:
945:
930:
929:
913:
903:
897:
896:
894:
892:
878:
865:
864:
862:
860:
845:
832:
831:
829:
827:
818:. Archived from
808:
791:
790:
788:
786:
772:
712:
709:
703:
696:
690:
683:
677:
673:
667:
660:
654:
651:
601:
575:
419:
418:
407:
406:
380:Anna Scott Marks
346:
325:Thomas Jefferson
296:HĂ´tel de Langeac
195:month gratuity.
168:Thomas Jefferson
157:African American
141:(great-grandson)
88:Thomas Jefferson
57:Cincinnati, Ohio
45:
43:
21:
20:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2186:
2185:
2161:
2145:Soo-Hoo, Anna.
2138:
2111:
2103:. Quirk Books.
2077:
2075:Further reading
2072:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2022:10.2307/2713970
2006:
2002:
1979:10.2307/2713970
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1859:
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1851:
1841:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
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1772:
1771:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1744:
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1739:
1732:
1716:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
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1552:
1551:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1522:
1511:
1501:
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1471:
1461:
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1446:
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1413:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1351:
1344:
1334:
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1307:
1291:
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1269:
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1254:
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1213:
1206:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1157:
1153:
1138:
1125:
1118:
1102:
1098:
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1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1026:
995:
988:
972:
968:
958:
956:
946:
933:
926:
904:
900:
890:
888:
880:
879:
868:
858:
856:
846:
835:
825:
823:
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794:
784:
782:
774:
773:
726:
721:
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710:
706:
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684:
680:
674:
670:
661:
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652:
645:
640:
628:
612:
602:
599:
576:
573:
551:A slave auction
544:
538:
446:
416:
405:
396:tall-case clock
357:
347:
341:
304:
283:
260:Harriet Hemings
244:
173:Harriet Hemings
142:
137:
132:
131:(mother-in-law)
59:
54:
41:
39:
37:
36:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2259:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2221:Hemings family
2218:
2213:
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2203:
2198:
2184:
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2160:
2159:External links
2157:
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2115:
2110:978-1594745782
2109:
2092:
2076:
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1973:(3): 278–314.
1957:
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1895:monticello.org
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404:
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392:chafing dishes
384:Daniel Webster
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192:French cuisine
148:
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126:
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113:10, including
111:
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105:Joseph Fossett
103:
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84:
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2079:
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2057:
2056:Hyperallergic
2053:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1988:
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1972:
1968:
1961:
1946:
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1921:
1917:
1916:"Manumitting"
1911:
1896:
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882:"Hern Family"
877:
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855:
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844:
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821:
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650:
648:
643:
635:
633:
623:
621:
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589:
584:
582:
581:Peter Fossett
574:Peter Fossett
570:
566:
564:
560:
552:
548:
543:
530:
527:
524:
521:
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514:
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483:Ann-Elizabeth
481:
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344:
343:Leni Sorenson
338:
333:
331:
326:
318:
317:
312:
308:
299:
297:
293:
292:James Hemings
288:
278:
274:
272:
267:
265:
264:Sally Hemings
261:
252:
248:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
196:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
177:Sally Hemings
174:
169:
165:
161:
158:
154:
145:
140:
135:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
115:Peter Fossett
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
83:Occupation(s)
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
64:Resting place
62:
58:
52:
48:
33:
29:
22:
19:
2181:Find a Grave
2150:
2119:
2098:
2086:
2082:
2060:. Retrieved
2055:
2046:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1950:February 12,
1948:. Retrieved
1944:
1935:
1925:February 12,
1923:. Retrieved
1919:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:the original
1864:
1840:. Retrieved
1835:
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1810:the original
1805:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:
1753:. Retrieved
1749:
1740:
1720:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:
1668:. Retrieved
1664:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:the original
1608:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1583:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1557:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:
1460:. Retrieved
1456:the original
1451:
1442:
1428:
1421:
1401:
1381:
1375:
1355:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:the original
1324:
1315:
1295:
1275:
1268:. Retrieved
1264:the original
1259:
1250:
1225:
1194:
1187:
1162:
1154:
1145:
1106:
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1083:
1073:
1063:February 12,
1061:. Retrieved
1057:
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:
976:
969:
957:. Retrieved
953:
948:Mann, Lina.
909:
901:
889:. Retrieved
885:
857:. Retrieved
853:
824:. Retrieved
820:the original
815:
783:. Retrieved
779:
707:
699:
694:
681:
671:
658:
629:
613:
604:
593:
585:
578:
568:
555:
504:
447:
438:Edmund Bacon
434:
430:Mary Hemings
427:
388:
369:
349:
335:
322:
314:
284:
275:
268:
256:
212:Mary Hemings
205:
197:
185:
152:
151:
129:Mary Hemings
18:
2201:1854 deaths
2196:1787 births
2089:(6): 28–32.
2062:January 19,
1900:January 21,
1875:January 21,
1842:January 21,
1816:January 21,
1783:January 21,
1755:January 19,
1698:January 21,
1670:January 21,
1645:January 19,
1619:January 21,
1589:January 21,
1564:January 21,
1535:January 20,
1502:January 19,
1462:January 21,
1335:January 21,
1270:January 20,
1038:January 19,
959:January 19,
891:January 19,
859:January 19,
826:January 19,
785:January 19,
700:Smithsonian
610:Descendants
520:emancipated
363:Kitchen at
311:James Hoban
281:French cook
228:emancipated
188:White House
92:White House
2190:Categories
2083:Humanities
2016:(3): 288.
1260:Monticello
719:References
588:manumitted
540:See also:
365:Monticello
355:Monticello
253:plantation
251:Monticello
242:Early life
236:Cincinnati
232:manumitted
216:blacksmith
208:common-law
201:plantation
181:Monticello
96:Monticello
35:Edith Hern
2038:149760169
1995:149760169
1089:April 12,
125:Relatives
75:Education
598:—
572:—
456:in 1816.
444:Children
340:—
164:enslaved
110:Children
2167:(video)
2030:2713970
1987:2713970
472:married
337:girls'.
40: (
2134:
2107:
2036:
2028:
1993:
1985:
1728:
1409:
1363:
1303:
1238:
1202:
1175:
1114:
984:
922:
461:Tufton
102:Spouse
2034:S2CID
2026:JSTOR
1991:S2CID
1983:JSTOR
676:1874.
638:Notes
626:Death
497:Peter
323:When
2132:ISBN
2105:ISBN
2064:2020
1952:2020
1927:2020
1902:2020
1877:2020
1844:2020
1818:2020
1785:2020
1757:2020
1726:ISBN
1700:2020
1672:2020
1647:2020
1621:2020
1591:2020
1566:2020
1537:2020
1504:2020
1464:2020
1407:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1337:2020
1301:ISBN
1272:2020
1236:ISBN
1200:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1091:2024
1065:2020
1040:2020
982:ISBN
961:2020
920:ISBN
893:2020
861:2020
828:2020
787:2020
698:The
230:and
160:chef
117:and
50:Died
42:1787
38:1787
31:Born
2179:at
2124:doi
2018:doi
1975:doi
1232:159
916:161
166:by
2192::
2149:.
2130:.
2122:.
2087:25
2085:.
2054:.
2032:.
2024:.
2014:15
2012:.
1989:.
1981:.
1971:15
1969:.
1943:.
1918:.
1893:.
1863:.
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1776:.
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1748:.
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1274:.
1258:.
1234:.
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2140:.
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2113:.
2066:.
2040:.
2020::
1997:.
1977::
1954:.
1929:.
1904:.
1879:.
1846:.
1820:.
1787:.
1759:.
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1466:.
1436:.
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963:.
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515:.
493:.
479:.
44:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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