434:
168:
179:
22:
1855:
426:
152:(IEC) to take up the issue of sockets and holders. All IEC attempts to reach consensus by 1925 failed, but lamp makers continued the work in an independent committee and developed two standards—one for Europe, another for Americas—which were endorsed by the IEC in 1930 and 1931 respectively. It was in this period when E-designations of screws first originated in Germany (where seven
800:
1007:(applied 1890, awarded 1890) A lamp base that is compatible with 3 competing socket systems (Edison, Westinghouse, Thomson-Houston). This patent is not about Edison system itself. It rather is an enhancement to the already existing Edison system. Beware patents.google.com's preview mode lacks several pages, must download full PDF.
74:
In North
America and continental Europe, Edison screws displaced other socket types for general lighting. In the early days of electrification, Edison screws were the only standard connector, and appliances other than light bulbs were connected to AC power via lamp sockets. Today Edison screw sockets
790:
DII uses the same E27 thread as standard 230 V lamps, but have a longer body and cannot be screwed into a lamp holder (socket). A lamp base is too short to contact the bottom terminal of a fuse holder. However it is possible (but not useful) to screw a DII fuse holder without a fuse in an E27
957:(applied 1881, awarded 1881) Two examples of screw system appear, including the kerosene-can lid, but their overall formations are incompatible with today's Edison sockets. No explicit claims for the screw system. Beware patents.google.com's preview mode lacks several pages, must download full PDF.
741:
suffix to indicate double contacts, usually E26d or E27d, or rarely E39d. The second contact is used for the lower-wattage filament of the two inside the lamp. This extra contact is a ring located around the main contact. Unlike bayonet sockets, three-way and regular lamps are interchangeable,
856:
over a few hours and lasts for a few days or weeks thereafter, and still allows the attached lamp to operate normally. There have also been electronics that stick onto the end of the screw base and allow the attached lamp to flash, for example, to attract the attention of arriving guests or
244:
The E26 and E27 are usually interchangeable, as are the E39 and E40, although less so; although there is only a 1 mm difference in thread outside diameter, there is a small difference in pitch; an E40 cap will often fit in an E39 holder but not the other way around. E11 and E12 are not
103:
base used a spring clip acting on grooves in the bulb base and a contact stud at the bottom of the lamp. Most smaller competitors had to produce lamps for all three types, and some used their own designs as well. Other lamp bases include the
222:
in millimeters as measured across the peaks of the thread on the base (male), e.g., E12 has a diameter of 12 mm. This is distinct from the glass envelope (bulb) diameter, which in the U.S. is given in eighths of an inch, e.g., A19,
412:
to tighten), but left-hand threaded screws are sometimes used, usually for a non-standard voltage or wattage bulb. This prevents the use of an incorrect bulb, which could cause damage. Public locations such as railway trains and the
90:
used several different and incompatible bases in the 1880s and 1890s. In designing his screw, Edison copied the lid of a kerosene can in his workshop, even sawing it off to make a prototype in 1880. Another company, the
1732:
927:
fitting is the most common light bulb fitting in the UK and many
British Commonwealth countries, and is found in older installations in some other countries, including France and Greece.
1401:
1320:
1724:
397:
There are also adapters between screw sizes, and for adapting to or from bayonet caps. A socket extender makes the bulb stick out further, such as to accommodate a
260:, general-use lamps over 300 W cannot use an E26 base and must instead use the E39 base. Medium Edison screw (MES) bulbs for 12 V are also produced for
145:, which gradually adopted the Edison screw and made it prevalent. By about 1908, the Edison base was most common in the U.S. with the others falling out of use.
2593:
2424:
1824:
1374:
3021:
1825:"2007 Energy Bill – Are They Phasing Out or Making Incandescent Bulbs Illegal? Incandescent Exemptions: Where You Can Still Use Existing Bulbs"
1560:
837:
use an Edison screw, allowing a light socket to become an ungrounded electrical outlet (such as to install
Christmas lights temporarily via a
2039:
1410:
1383:
1356:
1329:
2130:
777:
1791:
1756:
467:
195:
149:
1254:
Wegweiser für die vorschriftsgemäße Ausführung von
Starkstromanlagen: Im Einverständnis mit dem Verbande Deutscher Elektrotechniker
1077:
134:
After some design tweaks Edison settled upon a screw 1 inch in diameter with 7 threads per inch of length, which much later became
1586:
3462:
2145:
1892:
1780:
845:
switch with two outlets, or to split it for two lamps. Another adapter can make a wall outlet into a lamp holder (lamp socket).
2417:
2135:
2034:
1262:
1228:
291:
E29 "Admedium" bases are used for special applications, for example UV spotlight lamps in magnetic crack detection machines.
191:
3163:
301:, standard-size E27 and small E14 are the most common screw-mount sizes and are prevalent throughout continental Europe and
148:
Proposals to introduce one or several international standards for Edison screws began in 1918, when France suggested to the
3452:
2376:
2150:
1632:
1157:
1023:
336:
215:
Generally, the two standards are harmonized, although several types of screw mount are still defined in only one standard.
1347:
3131:
1687:
1646:
2886:
272:
signs also tended to use the intermediate base, but U.S. and
Canadian rules now require long-life and energy-efficient
2410:
1117:
American standard rolled threads for screw shells of electric lamp holders and screw shells of unassembled lamp bases
386:
located where the base meets the glass envelope of the bulb). The E11 base is sometimes used for 50/75/100 Watt
100:
3185:
2926:
153:
78:
Their types are designated as "Exx", such as "E26", where "xx" indicates the diameter of the socket in millimeters.
3168:
2571:
2391:
2351:
1679:
92:
3429:
3326:
3301:
3064:
2931:
2211:
417:
have used light bulbs with left-hand threads to discourage theft of the bulbs for use in regular light fixtures.
128:
1673:
3156:
2941:
2155:
2089:
2074:
2064:
1162:
1081:
390:
in North
America, where it is called the "mini-can", and tighter threads are used to keep them out of E12 base
370:
bulbs" if they are globe-shaped, but they commonly look like sub-miniature
Christmas bulbs, or large "grain-of-
3457:
3151:
2951:
2858:
2304:
2115:
1859:
253:
1150:
3321:
2482:
2280:
2253:
2054:
1828:
1125:
1097:
1115:
343:
for T1¾ mini-lights. For a short time early on, these mini lights were manufactured using E5 screw bases.
3213:
2981:
2261:
2044:
1927:
1885:
1087:
245:
interchangeable. Other semi-standard screw thread sizes are available for certain specific applications.
64:
2615:
2125:
2099:
2059:
1605:
1191:
834:
323:
E12 is typically used for candelabra fixtures. E14 or E17 are also sometimes used, especially in small
3190:
3333:
2894:
2881:
2477:
973:
1564:
3394:
2609:
2583:
2296:
1638:
827:
398:
363:
257:
63:
metal bases (caps) which screw into matching threaded sockets (lamp holders). For bulbs powered by
1185:
3254:
2538:
2386:
2120:
2003:
1993:
1983:
87:
29:
3467:
3011:
2936:
2177:
2029:
1917:
1878:
894:
224:
1252:
1217:
3424:
2312:
1045:
375:
1532:
1286:
1285:
1216:
3136:
2639:
2361:
2288:
2049:
1957:
853:
781:
414:
261:
1748:
211:
Guidelines for
Electrical Lamp Bases, Lampholders and Gauges – ANSI C81.64 and IEC 60061-4
119:. Edison himself filed his applications in 1881 and 1890. In response to Edison's patent,
8:
3264:
3123:
2588:
2566:
2371:
2356:
2008:
1978:
889:
295:
252:, and high-wattage lamps (such as a 100 W / 200 W / 300 W 3-way) and many
1486:
Incandescent Lamps (manual). General
Electric. 1976. p. 12. publication no. TP 110.
3414:
3086:
2871:
2814:
2806:
2335:
1590:
1124:. National Bureau of Standards Handbook. Vol. H28(1957) PART III (1957 ed.).
787:
784:
only applies to the medium Edison screw, all other being considered "specialty" lamps.
264:. Large outdoor Christmas lights use Intermediate base, as do some desk lamps and many
120:
68:
56:
1795:
1634:
Right Hand, Left Hand: The origins of asymmetry in brains, bodies, atoms, and cultures
1402:"Guidelines and General Information for Electrical Lamp Bases, Lampholders and Gauges"
60:
2956:
2904:
2876:
2796:
2634:
2622:
2578:
2506:
2452:
2226:
2140:
1922:
1683:
1642:
1460:
1258:
1224:
904:
899:
858:
823:
812:
447:
433:
347:
298:
96:
1089:
American national rolled threads for screw shells of electric sockets and lamp bases
3239:
3173:
3103:
3054:
2786:
2605:
2494:
2489:
2195:
2084:
746:
332:
172:
142:
138:. Screw shells produced as early as 1888 had a lighter taper than the modern ones.
124:
44:
335:' use several base sizes: E17 for C9 bulbs, E12 for C7 bulbs, E10 for decades-old
167:
3399:
3358:
3316:
3311:
3146:
2966:
2743:
2472:
2447:
2218:
2203:
1865:
1709:
1435:
55:(1847–1931), patented in 1881, and was licensed in 1909 under General Electric's
95:, used a threaded stud at the bottom of the socket and a flat contact ring. The
71:
and the contact on the bottom tip of the base is connected to the "live" phase.
3287:
3178:
3069:
3033:
3006:
2976:
2843:
2462:
2457:
2381:
2245:
2171:
2079:
2069:
1669:
849:
402:
355:
269:
265:
227:, T12. There are four commonly used thread size groups for mains supply lamps:
183:
48:
1096:. National Bureau of Standards Handbook. Vol. H28(1942) (1942 ed.).
141:
In 1892, Edison
General Electric Company merged with Thomson-Houston to found
3446:
3368:
3098:
3001:
2996:
2918:
2819:
2726:
2704:
2530:
2511:
2467:
2366:
1937:
1901:
1003:
953:
924:
750:
454:
324:
309:
105:
52:
1720:"E5.5" designation does not exist in IEC 60061 database. Examples of usage:
1018:
974:"Let There Be Light Bulbs: How Incandescents Became the Icons of Innovation"
382:, as are bayonet mounts (although those are usually held in with a circular
178:
3378:
3274:
3269:
3244:
3234:
3195:
3016:
2971:
2848:
2699:
2664:
2600:
2558:
2543:
1998:
1497:
387:
277:
249:
830:
would screw into a fuse socket similar to Edison-base incandescent lamps.
3419:
3373:
3249:
3108:
2836:
2831:
2791:
2763:
2758:
2689:
2684:
2669:
2627:
2548:
2013:
1988:
1942:
877:
328:
285:
218:
In the designation "Exx", "E" stands for "Edison" and "xx" indicates the
3028:
3363:
3229:
3224:
3113:
3076:
3059:
2991:
2986:
2961:
2656:
2094:
1952:
1947:
842:
391:
379:
340:
109:
742:
although the low filament or low setting does not work if mismatched.
3409:
3306:
3259:
2824:
2753:
2733:
2330:
1962:
409:
276:, which can be purchased inside a conventional Edison base bulb as a
190:
Specifications for all lamp mount types are defined in the following
21:
3141:
3081:
2778:
2748:
2709:
2674:
2644:
2433:
1675:
Beyond Fear: Thinking sensibly about security in an uncertain world
816:
576:
230 V candelabra/chandelier, night lamps, some pendant lights
351:
273:
219:
208:
Gauges (to ensure interchangeability) – ANSI C81.63 and IEC 60061-3
156:
766:
The medium Edison screw has seven threads per inch, or a pitch of
237:
Medium or standard: E26 (MES) in North America, E27 (ES) in Europe
3093:
3038:
2738:
2716:
870:
808:
359:
1870:
2721:
2679:
1854:
1787:
862:
383:
317:
281:
116:
1294:. International Electrotechnical Commission. 1935. p. 160
425:
234:
Intermediate: E17 North America, E14 (Small ES, SES) in Europe
159:
standards were enacted in 1924—1925) and then adopted by IEC.
3404:
2768:
2694:
866:
838:
704:
Single-contact (Mogul in America) Goliath Edison Screw (GES)
371:
313:
302:
2402:
1195:. No. 127. Morgan-Grampian. 14 March 1919. p. 256
807:
The Edison screw socket was used as an outlet (such as for
408:
Most Edison screws have right-hand threads (lamp is turned
327:
and novelty lighting, and occasionally the lights on newer
26:
1781:"IEC 60061 International Standard – Lamp caps and holders"
1387:. 6 September 2019. ANSI C81.63 American National Standard
1046:"American Standard for Threads for Lamp Sockets and Bases"
799:
1516:
367:
280:. A medium screw base should not carry more than 25
248:
The large E39 "Mogul" and E40 "Goliath" base are used on
880:, such as certain rectifiers, use an Edison screw base.
776: in or 3.6286 mm per thread. In the U.S., the
1414:. 19 June 2020. ANSI C81.64 American National Standard
848:
Various other accessories have been made, including a
320:, the standard size for general-purpose lamps is E26.
1360:. 3 July 2019. ANSI C81.62 American National Standard
1333:. 3 July 2019. ANSI C81.61 American National Standard
1219:
Engineering Rules: Global Standard Setting since 1880
240:
Mogul: E39 North America, E40 (Goliath ES) in Europe.
1548:
The E26 is the standard 120 Volt American base.
1411:
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
1384:
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
1357:
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
1330:
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
1321:"Specifications for Bases (Caps) for Electric Lamps"
339:
C6 bulb sets in the U.S., and an entirely different
1400:
1373:
1346:
1319:
1184:
1215:Yates, JoAnne; Murphy, Craig N. (30 March 2021).
998:
996:
994:
967:
965:
963:
948:
946:
944:
3444:
1375:"Gauges for Electric Lamp Bases and Lampholders"
826:were used in buildings wired before 1960. These
394:and other places where they could start a fire.
284:current; this may limit the practical rating of
1725:"(advertisement) Pisello E5.5 Fused 3V 1.5W CL"
991:
960:
941:
2418:
2040:Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe
1886:
1056:(2). American Standards Association.: 83 1932
86:In the United States, early manufacturers of
1563:. support pages. Sharp Japan. Archived from
778:Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
477:
231:Candelabra: E12 North America, E11 in Europe
1257:(in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 130.
1214:
1122:Screw-thread standards for federal services
1094:Screw-thread standards for federal services
971:
437:E27 (230 V / 200 W) and E10 (2,5 V / 0,5 W)
429:From left to right: E27, E14, and E10 bulbs
2425:
2411:
1893:
1879:
1603:
205:Lamp Holders – ANSI C81.62 and IEC 60061-2
1786:(in French and English) (3.51 ed.).
819:, and before wall outlets became common.
196:International Electrotechnical Commission
150:International Electrotechnical Commission
1773:
1749:"(advertisement) Midget Screw Base (E5)"
1668:
798:
613:120 V appliance, decorative lights
529:Mini-Candelabra Edison Screw (mini-can)
432:
424:
346:A tiny E5 or E5.5 size is only used for
177:
166:
20:
1630:
1606:"Left handed incandescent light bulbs?"
1309:
1250:
763: in or 2.8222 mm per thread.
202:Lamp Caps – ANSI C81.61 and IEC 60061-1
67:, the thread is generally connected to
3445:
2035:Edison and Swan Electric Light Company
1165:. 1908 . p. S43 p41 (web 215/632)
1142:
1010:
2406:
1874:
1822:
192:American National Standards Institute
75:comply with international standards.
2151:General Electric Research Laboratory
1024:SPARK Museum of Electrical Invention
647:(Medium one-inch) Edison Screw (ES)
610:Intermediate Edison Screw (IES), C9
492:Indicator lights, decorative lights
1759:from the original on 25 August 2017
1604:Eisenbraun, Blair (24 March 2011).
1161:. Vol. 4B. New York: Scranton
1016:
724:(Mogul) Goliath Edison Screw (GES)
532:120 V halogen mini-candelabra
294:In countries that use 220–240 Volt
13:
1816:
1735:from the original on 19 March 2021
727:230 V 250+ W industrial
707:120 V 250+ W industrial
553:Candelabra Edison Screw (CES), C7
16:Lightbulb socket standard (E5-E40)
14:
3479:
1900:
1847:
1461:"Light Bulb Shape and Size Chart"
556:120 V candelabra/night lamp
509:Miniature Edison Screw (MES), C6
374:" bulbs. E10 bulbs are common on
2392:Thomas Alva Edison silver dollar
2352:Thomas Edison in popular culture
2146:Storage Battery Company Building
1866:Edison screw thread (in English)
1853:
1589:. lamp evolution. Archived from
1251:Dettmar, Georg (13 March 2013).
869:, or dim gradually in a child's
745:The small Edison screw has nine
93:Thomson-Houston Electric Company
2942:Parabolic aluminized reflector
2212:The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace
1794:. December 2014. Archived from
1714:
1703:
1680:Springer Science+Business Media
1662:
1624:
1597:
1579:
1553:
1525:
1490:
1479:
1453:
1428:
1278:
1244:
1074:Historical American standards:
917:
803:A 1909 toaster with Edison plug
3463:Standards of the United States
2887:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
2090:Motion Picture Patents Company
2075:Edison Storage Battery Company
2065:Edison Portland Cement Company
1292:IEC Report of Plenary Meetings
1208:
1177:
1163:International Textbook Company
1068:
1038:
401:that is too large to fit in a
256:. In areas following the U.S.
254:high-intensity discharge lamps
1:
1287:"(drawings of screw threads)"
934:
794:
115:All three major designs were
2432:
2281:The Execution of Mary Stuart
2055:Edison Manufacturing Company
1610:eLightBulbs (lightbulbs.com)
1561:"E26: – 般電球、ボール電球の多くがこのサイズ。"
1126:National Bureau of Standards
1098:National Bureau of Standards
512:Flashlights, bicycle lights
489:Lilliput Edison Screw (LES)
483:5.5 mm (0.217 in)
7:
3453:Electrical power connectors
3132:Automotive light bulb types
2982:Intelligent street lighting
2262:Tales from the Bully Pulpit
2045:Edison Illuminating Company
1827:. About.com. Archived from
883:
718:40 mm (1.575 in)
698:39 mm (1.535 in)
681:33 mm (1.299 in)
667:(Medium) Edison Screw (ES)
661:27 mm (1.063 in)
641:26 mm (1.024 in)
624:18 mm (0.709 in)
604:17 mm (0.669 in)
587:16 mm (0.630 in)
567:14 mm (0.551 in)
547:12 mm (0.472 in)
523:11 mm (0.433 in)
503:10 mm (0.394 in)
420:
51:bulbs. It was developed by
10:
3484:
2895:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
2100:Oriental Telephone Company
2060:Edison Ore-Milling Company
1223:. JHU Press. p. 108.
1192:The Engineer (UK magazine)
1019:"Early Incandescent lamps"
815:was still mainly used for
670:Standard 230 V lamps
650:Standard 120 V lamps
366:. These are often called "
81:
59:trademark. The bulbs have
3387:
3342:
3334:Stage lighting instrument
3283:
3206:
3122:
3047:
2917:
2857:
2805:
2777:
2655:
2557:
2529:
2520:
2440:
2344:
2323:
2272:
2254:Edison's Conquest of Mars
2237:
2187:
2164:
2131:Memorial Tower and Museum
2108:
2022:
1971:
1908:
1729:Bailey - The lamp company
972:Oatman-Stanford, Hunter.
573:Small Edison Screw (SES)
3395:Battlefield illumination
3152:high-intensity discharge
2584:Electrochemiluminescence
2136:National Historical Park
1928:Edison's Phonograph Doll
1639:Harvard University Press
1537:LED waves (ledwaves.com)
1520:]的使用的螺口灯泡规格是：E14和E27
1158:I.C.S. Reference Library
1100:. 1942. pp. 140–142
910:
780:requirement for greater
399:compact fluorescent lamp
258:National Electrical Code
162:
135:
3255:Electroluminescent wire
2387:Statue of Thomas Edison
1994:Incandescent light bulb
1812:(subscription required)
1631:McManus, Chris (2004).
1128:. 1960 . pp. 34–36
861:; others function as a
737:Three-way lamps have a
30:incandescent light bulb
2937:Multifaceted reflector
2178:Theodore Miller Edison
2095:Mine Safety Appliances
2030:Thomas A. Edison, Inc.
1918:List of Edison patents
1348:"Electric Lampholders"
900:Screw thread diameters
895:Multifaceted reflector
804:
438:
430:
350:, such as in interior
187:
175:
33:
3327:ellipsoidal reflector
2932:Ellipsoidal reflector
2616:Fluorescent induction
2594:field-induced polymer
1436:"Lamp Size Reference"
1304:Medium screw cap E 27
1004:U.S. patent 0,438,310
954:U.S. patent 0,251,554
841:light), or to make a
802:
436:
428:
262:recreational vehicles
181:
170:
24:
3458:Mechanical standards
3164:Rear position lights
3137:Daytime running lamp
3065:Mechanically powered
2952:Aviation obstruction
2362:Pearl Street Station
2050:Edison Machine Works
1958:Quadruplex telegraph
1862:at Wikimedia Commons
415:New York City Subway
198:(IEC) publications:
182:E26 Edison screw to
2572:Electron-stimulated
2372:Thomas Edison House
2357:War of the currents
2009:Thermionic emission
2004:Nickel–iron battery
1984:Edison–Lalande cell
1979:Consolidated Edison
1593:on 20 October 2006.
1567:on 10 February 2015
890:A-series light bulb
448:Base major diameter
61:right-hand threaded
32:with E27 screw base
3415:Luminous gemstones
2589:Electroluminescent
2567:Cathodoluminescent
2336:Edisonian approach
1467:. Reference charts
859:emergency vehicles
833:Some adapters for
822:In North America,
805:
451:(thread external)
439:
431:
348:extra-low voltages
316:and 110 Volt
188:
176:
121:Reginald Fessenden
88:incandescent lamps
34:
3440:
3439:
2957:Balanced-arm lamp
2913:
2912:
2797:Yablochkov candle
2665:Acetylene/Carbide
2635:Radioluminescence
2507:Luminous efficacy
2453:Color temperature
2400:
2399:
2305:A Night of Terror
1923:Carbon microphone
1858:Media related to
1315:ANSI C81 series:
1264:978-3-642-47446-0
1230:978-1-4214-4003-3
978:Collectors Weekly
905:GU24 lamp fitting
828:Edison base fuses
813:mains electricity
782:energy efficiency
734:
733:
403:recessed lighting
308:In 120 Volt
129:1893 World's Fair
3475:
3240:Christmas lights
3174:Safety reflector
3169:Reversing lights
3104:Navigation light
3055:Bicycle lighting
2945:
2898:
2890:
2864:
2623:Photoluminescent
2606:Fluorescent lamp
2579:Chemiluminescent
2527:
2526:
2495:Bi-pin lamp base
2490:Lightbulb socket
2427:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2196:Young Tom Edison
2085:General Electric
1895:
1888:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1857:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1831:on 27 April 2009
1823:Formisano, Bob.
1820:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1801:on 16 April 2013
1800:
1785:
1777:
1771:
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1601:
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1574:
1572:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1511:
1509:
1498:"灯泡螺口规格、灯泡的选购技巧"
1494:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
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1407:
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1326:
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1299:
1289:
1282:
1276:
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1248:
1242:
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1239:
1237:
1222:
1212:
1206:
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1202:
1200:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1112:ASA C81.1-1951:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1000:
989:
988:
986:
984:
969:
958:
956:
950:
928:
921:
873:in the evening.
775:
774:
770:
762:
761:
757:
747:threads per inch
538:
479:
441:
440:
333:Christmas lights
312:, 100 Volt
143:General Electric
125:bi-pin connector
45:lightbulb socket
43:) is a standard
3483:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3400:Bioluminescence
3383:
3352:
3338:
3295:
3279:
3218:
3202:
3118:
3043:
2967:Emergency light
2943:
2909:
2896:
2888:
2862:
2860:
2853:
2801:
2773:
2744:Magnesium torch
2651:
2553:
2522:
2516:
2473:Light pollution
2448:Accent lighting
2436:
2431:
2401:
2396:
2340:
2319:
2268:
2233:
2219:The Current War
2204:Edison, the Man
2183:
2160:
2104:
2018:
1967:
1910:
1904:
1899:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1762:
1760:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1689:978-038702620-6
1682:. p. 221.
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1648:978-067401613-2
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1602:
1598:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1559:
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1541:
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1531:
1530:
1526:
1507:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1440:lightopedia.com
1434:
1433:
1429:
1417:
1415:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1378:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1351:
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1336:
1334:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1297:
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1279:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1213:
1209:
1198:
1196:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1152:Interior wiring
1148:
1147:
1143:
1131:
1129:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1085:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1017:Jenkins, John.
1015:
1011:
1002:
1001:
992:
982:
980:
970:
961:
952:
951:
942:
937:
932:
931:
922:
918:
913:
886:
797:
772:
768:
767:
759:
755:
754:
736:
536:
472:standard sheet
471:
457:
450:
423:
356:model buildings
266:microwave ovens
171:Three-way E26d
165:
84:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3481:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3388:Related topics
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3179:retroreflector
3171:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3034:Track lighting
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3009:
3007:Recessed light
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2977:Gooseneck lamp
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2859:High-intensity
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2628:Laser headlamp
2620:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2458:Electric light
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Telephonoscope
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2246:The Future Eve
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2208:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2172:Charles Edison
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2156:Winter Estates
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2080:Edison Studios
2077:
2072:
2070:Edison Records
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1911:and inventions
1906:
1905:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1849:
1848:External links
1846:
1843:
1842:
1815:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1745:
1713:
1702:
1688:
1661:
1647:
1641:. p. 46.
1623:
1596:
1587:"C6 bulb sets"
1578:
1552:
1524:
1489:
1478:
1452:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1397:
1370:
1343:
1308:
1277:
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1229:
1207:
1176:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1110:
1067:
1037:
1009:
990:
959:
939:
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933:
930:
929:
915:
914:
912:
909:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
885:
882:
850:smoke detector
796:
793:
732:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
712:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
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541:
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497:
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490:
487:
484:
481:
474:
473:
465:
462:
459:
452:
445:
422:
419:
299:domestic power
270:emergency exit
268:. Previously,
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
164:
161:
83:
80:
49:electric light
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3480:
3469:
3468:Types of lamp
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3369:Infrared lamp
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:Laser pointer
3097:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:Pendant light
3000:
2998:
2997:Neon lighting
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Mercury-vapor
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:Deuterium arc
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2807:Gas discharge
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2512:Task lighting
2510:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:Light fixture
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:Edison Museum
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2307:
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2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
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2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
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2275:
2271:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2251:
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2240:
2236:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
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2088:
2086:
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2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:Etheric force
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1902:Thomas Edison
1896:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1776:
1758:
1754:
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1746:
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1710:Edison thread
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310:North America
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123:invented the
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106:bayonet mount
102:
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66:
62:
58:
54:
53:Thomas Edison
50:
46:
42:
38:
31:
28:
23:
19:
3275:Strobe light
3270:Plasma globe
3245:Crackle tube
3235:Bubble light
3196:trafficators
3191:Turn signals
3017:Street light
2972:Gas lighting
2905:Sodium vapor
2877:Metal-halide
2779:Electric arc
2531:Incandescent
2500:Edison screw
2499:
2377:Edison Hotel
2311:
2303:
2297:Frankenstein
2295:
2287:
2279:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2225:
2217:
2202:
2194:
2126:Depot Museum
1999:Movie camera
1972:Advancements
1933:Edison screw
1932:
1860:Edison screw
1833:. Retrieved
1829:the original
1818:
1803:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1775:
1761:. Retrieved
1752:
1737:. Retrieved
1728:
1716:
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1674:
1670:Schneier, B.
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1633:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1609:
1599:
1591:the original
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1565:the original
1555:
1547:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:
1527:
1515:
1514:最长 [
1513:
1506:. Retrieved
1504:(in Chinese)
1501:
1492:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1464:
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1439:
1430:
1416:. Retrieved
1409:
1389:. Retrieved
1382:
1362:. Retrieved
1355:
1335:. Retrieved
1328:
1311:
1303:
1296:. Retrieved
1291:
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1253:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1218:
1210:
1197:. Retrieved
1190:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1156:
1151:
1144:
1130:. Retrieved
1121:
1116:
1102:. Retrieved
1093:
1088:
1080:1474(1915),
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1053:
1050:ASA Bulletin
1049:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1022:
1012:
981:. Retrieved
977:
919:
878:vacuum tubes
875:
847:
835:wall outlets
832:
821:
806:
788:Diazed fuses
786:
765:
744:
738:
735:
444:Designation
407:
396:
364:model trains
358:, and model
352:illumination
345:
337:series-wired
329:ceiling fans
322:
307:
293:
290:
247:
243:
217:
214:
189:
173:light socket
147:
140:
133:
114:
101:Westinghouse
85:
77:
73:
40:
37:Edison screw
36:
35:
18:
3420:Signal lamp
3374:Stroboscope
3250:DJ lighting
3186:Stop lights
3157:sealed beam
3109:Searchlight
2849:Xenon flash
2792:Klieg light
2640:Solid-state
2601:Fluorescent
2559:Luminescent
2273:Productions
2121:Black Maria
2014:Ticker tape
1989:Fluoroscopy
1943:Kinetoscope
1909:Discoveries
1508:28 February
1418:8 September
1391:8 September
1364:8 September
1337:8 September
1298:8 September
1270:7 September
1236:7 September
1199:8 September
1169:8 September
1132:8 September
1104:8 September
1060:7 September
1030:7 September
983:7 September
710:7004-24A-1
653:7004-21A-2
392:nightlights
380:flashlights
325:table lamps
286:low voltage
194:(ANSI) and
3447:Categories
3364:Grow light
3359:Germicidal
3349:Scientific
3346:Industrial
3302:Floodlight
3288:Theatrical
3230:Blacklight
3225:Aroma lamp
3214:Decorative
3124:Automotive
3114:Solar lamp
3077:Glow stick
3060:Flashlight
2992:Nightlight
2987:Light tube
2962:Chandelier
2919:Stationary
2861:discharge
2787:Carbon arc
2657:Combustion
2523:generation
2521:Methods of
2238:Literature
2141:State Park
2116:Birthplace
1953:Phonomotor
1948:Phonograph
1695:25 January
1654:25 January
1571:30 January
1542:5 February
1471:5 February
1084:C44-1931:
935:References
923:The BC or
843:pull-chain
795:Other uses
495:7004-25-3
341:wedge base
110:wedge base
97:Sawyer-Man
65:AC current
3430:Reflected
3410:Light art
3322:Spotlight
3307:Footlight
3292:Cinematic
3260:Lava lamp
3022:in the US
2927:Reflector
2844:Xenon arc
2825:Neon lamp
2754:Rushlight
2734:Limelight
2483:Hong Kong
2331:Edisonade
2313:Kidnapped
2109:Monuments
1963:Tasimeter
1465:Bulbs.com
1205:(snippet)
854:recharges
410:clockwise
405:fixture.
378:-powered
274:LED lamps
184:NEMA 1-15
3142:Headlamp
3082:Headlamp
3070:Tactical
3048:Portable
3029:Torchère
2710:Petromax
2705:Kerosene
2675:Campfire
2645:LED lamp
2441:Concepts
2434:Lighting
2289:The Kiss
2214:" (1998)
2023:Ventures
1835:22 March
1805:22 March
1763:19 March
1757:Archived
1753:BulbTown
1739:19 March
1733:Archived
1672:(2003).
1445:23 April
1186:"(p256)"
884:See also
817:lighting
809:toasters
730:7004-24
673:7004-21
616:7004-26
579:7004-23
559:7004-28
515:7004-22
421:Fittings
362:such as
360:vehicles
278:retrofit
220:diameter
127:for the
117:patented
3425:Sources
3379:Tanning
3265:Marquee
3210:Display
3094:Lantern
3087:outdoor
3039:Troffer
2882:ceramic
2739:Luchina
2717:Lantern
2610:compact
2608: (
2544:Halogen
2539:Regular
2345:Related
1616:27 July
1502:搜房网家居装修
871:bedroom
811:) when
771:⁄
758:⁄
749:, or a
480:(E5.5)
470:60061-1
376:battery
288:lamps.
282:amperes
186:adapter
82:History
69:neutral
3147:hidden
3012:Sconce
2837:Sulfur
2832:Plasma
2764:Tilley
2759:Safety
2722:Fanous
2685:Carcel
2680:Candle
2670:Argand
2549:Nernst
2478:Hawaii
2316:(1917)
2308:(1911)
2300:(1910)
2292:(1896)
2284:(1895)
2265:(2004)
2257:(1898)
2249:(1886)
2230:(2020)
2222:(2017)
2207:(1940)
2199:(1940)
2165:Family
1788:Geneva
1686:
1645:
1612:(blog)
1261:
1227:
1149:"20".
1114:"15".
1086:"10".
863:dimmer
384:flange
318:Taiwan
3405:Laser
3317:Scoop
2944:(PAR)
2897:(HQI)
2889:(HMI)
2863:(HID)
2769:Torch
2727:Paper
2695:Flare
2463:Glare
2324:Terms
2227:Tesla
2188:Films
2180:(son)
2174:(son)
1799:(PDF)
1784:(PDF)
1533:"FAQ"
1406:(pdf)
1379:(pdf)
1352:(pdf)
1325:(pdf)
911:Notes
876:Some
867:timer
852:that
839:porch
824:fuses
751:pitch
721:6.35
684:4.23
664:3.62
570:2.82
535:7004-
506:1.81
461:Name
455:Pitch
372:wheat
314:Japan
303:China
163:Types
57:Mazda
3312:Gobo
2820:Neon
2690:Diya
1837:2015
1807:2015
1765:2021
1741:2021
1697:2015
1684:ISBN
1656:2015
1643:ISBN
1618:2016
1573:2015
1544:2018
1510:2017
1473:2018
1447:2017
1420:2020
1393:2020
1366:2020
1339:2020
1300:2020
1272:2020
1259:ISBN
1238:2020
1225:ISBN
1201:2020
1171:2020
1134:2020
1106:2020
1078:ASME
1062:2020
1032:2020
985:2020
715:E40
695:E39
678:E33
658:E27
638:E26
627:3.0
621:E18
601:E17
590:2.5
584:E16
564:E14
550:2.6
544:E12
539:6-1
520:E11
500:E10
354:for
225:MR16
108:and
47:for
27:volt
25:230-
2749:Oil
2700:Gas
1792:IEC
1517:sic
1082:ASA
865:or
753:of
468:IEC
458:mm
368:pea
331:. '
157:VDE
154:DIN
136:E26
99:or
3449::
1790::
1755:.
1751:.
1731:.
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1608:.
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1302:.
1290:.
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1155:.
1120:.
1092:.
1052:.
1048:.
1021:.
993:^
976:.
962:^
943:^
701:—
644:—
607:—
526:—
486:1
478:E5
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296:AC
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41:ES
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1887:t
1880:v
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1620:.
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