175:) to 1851, the Kingdom of Hungary maintained its own customs controls, which separated it from the other parts of the Habsburg-ruled territories. After 1867, the Austrian and Hungarian customs union agreement had to be renegotiated and stipulated every ten years. The agreements were renewed and signed by Vienna and Budapest at the end of every decade because both countries hoped to derive mutual economic benefit from the customs union. The Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary contracted their foreign commercial treaties independently of each other.
266:
for iron and steel, coal, rolling stock, terminals, yards, construction projects, skilled workers and manual labor. Although much of the engineering expertise was imported, most of the labor and materials were provided by the empire itself. When
Austria and Hungary united in 1867, 6000 km of lines had been built, chiefly in the more industrialized Austria. Quickly all the major cities were linked together by 7600 km of new lines. This promoted rapid industrialization around Vienna, Bohemia, and Silesia. The worldwide economic
151:, led to an even more rapid economic growth throughout Austria-Hungary by the early 20th century. The most important trading partner was Germany (1910: 48% of all exports, 39% of all imports), followed by Great Britain (1910: almost 10% of all exports, 8% of all imports). Trade with the geographically neighboring Russia, however, had a relatively low weight (1910: 3% of all exports /mainly machinery for Russia, 7% of all imports /mainly raw materials from Russia). In the Galician north, the
19:
50:
relatively little international trade. In the Alpine and
Bohemian regions, proto-industrialization at begun by 1750, and became the center of the first phases of the industrial revolution after 1800. The textile industry was the main factor, utilizing mechanization, steam engines, and the factory system. Much of machinery was purchased from the British.
54:
replacement of charcoal by coal, introduction of steam engine, and the rolling regard. The first steam engine appeared in 1816 but the abundance of water power slowed its dissemination. Hungary was heavily rural with little industry before 1870. The first machine building factories appeared in the 1840s.
463:
is a
Hungarian manufacturer of light bulbs and vacuum tubes since 1896. On 13 December 1904, Hungarian SĂĄndor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for the world's first tungsten filament lamp. The tungsten filament lasted longer and gave brighter light than the
86:
growing industries, Vienna raised tariffs in the 1870s and 1880s . As a result economic growth was strong as the GNP doubled from 1870 to 1913. Austria-Hungary grew by 93%, compared to growth of 115% for the remainder of Europe. Per capita growth of wealth was slightly higher than the rest of Europe.
265:
The Austro-Hungarian Empire realized it needed railways for it had a large population and large territory where travel was difficult. It needed long lines to coastal ports on the Black Sea and the
Adriatic Sea. The railway system was built for light duty traffic. The system provided a local demand
85:
Foreign investment in the Empire, 1870 to 1913, was dominated by
Germany, followed by France, and to a lesser extent Great Britain. However Austria exported more capital than it imported. Foreign trade during this period, imports plus exports, averaged about a fourth of Austria's GNP. To protect its
53:
In the
Bohemian regions, machine spinning started later and only became a major factor by 1840. Bohemia's resources were successfully exploited, growing 10% a year. The iron industry had developed in the Alpine regions after 1750, with smaller centers in Bohemia and Moravia. Key factors included the
214:
The two most important trading partners were traditionally
Germany (1910: 48% of all exports, 39% of all imports), and Great Britain (1910: almost 10% of all exports, 8% of all imports), the third most important partner was the United States, it followed by Russia, France, Switzerland, Romania, the
41:
way of production spread throughout the Empire during its 50-year existence replacing medieval institutions. In 1873, the old capital Buda and Ăbuda (ancient Buda) merged with the third city, Pest, thus creating the new metropolis of
Budapest. The dynamic Pest grew into Hungary's administrative,
278:
Although of lighter weight and not as well-managed as the German lines, the Austro-Hungarian system played a major role in supporting the Army in the First World War. Half of the rolling stock was reserved for the Army, and the rest was being run down and cannibalized. The system was in virtual
117:
By the end of the 19th century, economic differences gradually began to even out, as economic growth in the eastern parts of the Empire consistently surpassed that in the western. The Empire built up the fourth-largest machine building industry of the world, after the United States, Germany, and
77:
per capita grew roughly 1.76% per year from 1870â1913. That level of growth compared very favorably to that of other
European nations such as Britain (1%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%). However, in a comparison with Germany and Britain: the Austro-Hungarian economy as a whole still lagged
441:
of
Budapest, determined that open-core devices were impractical, as they were incapable of reliably regulating voltage. When employed in parallel connected electric distribution systems, closed-core transformers finally made it technically and economically feasible to provide electric power for
81:
By 1913, the population of Austria-Hungary plus Bosnia-Herzegovina was 53 million, compared to 171 million in Russia, 67 million in Germany, 40 million in France, and 35 million in Italy, as well as 98 million in the United States. The population was heavily rural, with 67% of the workforce in
442:
lighting in homes, businesses and public spaces. The other essential milestone was the introduction of 'voltage source, voltage intensive' (VSVI) systems' by the invention of constant voltage generators in 1885. BlĂĄthy had suggested the use of closed cores, Zipernowsky had suggested the use of
49:
The Habsburg realms included 23 million inhabitants in 1800, growing to 36 million by 1870, third in population size behind Russia and Germany. Nationally the per capita rate of industrial growth averaged about 3% between 1818 and 1870. However there were strong regional differences. That was
274:
from Vienna to Constantinople was a prestige line, but added little to the economy. After 1900 a new major factor was outward emigration â over 2 million left for the United States in 1900â1914. By 1914 43,280 km were in operation, exceeded in length only by Russia and Germany.
593:
for the Navy. The company went bankrupt in 1874 and in the following year Whitehead bought it to establish the Whitehead & Co. Next to torpedoes the company went on to produce submarines during WWI. On the Danube, the DDSG had established the Ăbuda Shipyard on the Hungarian
537:(1916), and Marta in Arad (1914). During the First World War, fighter planes, bombers and reconnaissance planes were produced in these factories. The most important aero-engine factories were Weiss Manfred Works, GANZ Works, and Hungarian Automobile Joint-stock Company Arad.
82:
agriculture in 1870, and 60% in 1913. They concentrated in grain production, not livestock. Only 16% of the workforce was employed by industry in 1870, rising to 22%. The output of coal, iron and beer was comparable to Belgium, which had only one sixth the population.
45:
Austria-Hungary was a large, heavily rural country with wealth and income levels comparable to France or the USA in 1870. Growth rates were similar to Europe as a whole. After 1895 emigration became a major factor, with most headed to the United States.
1347:
118:
Great Britain. Austria-Hungary was also the world's third largest manufacturer and exporter of electric home appliances, electric industrial appliances and facilities for power plants, after the United States and the German Empire.
449:
The first Hungarian water turbine was designed by the engineers of the Ganz Works in 1866, the mass production with dynamo generators started in 1883. The manufacturing of steam turbo generators started in the Ganz Works in 1903.
215:
Balkan states and South America. Trade with the geographically neighbouring Russia, however, had a relatively low weight (1910: 3% of all exports /mainly machinery for Russia, 7% of all imports /mainly raw materials from Russia).
529:) was flown at RĂĄkosmezĆ on 4 November 1909. The earliest Hungarian airplane with Hungarian built radial engine was flown in 1913. Between 1912 and 1918, the Hungarian aircraft industry began developing. The three greatest:
134:
and Vienna, excelled in various manufacturing industries. However, since the turn of the twentieth century, the Austrian half of the Empire could preserve its dominance within the empire in the sectors of the first
283:
129:
in the 1860s, Hungary became the world's second-largest exporter of flour after the United States, and Budapest the world's largest flour-milling centre. Meanwhile, western areas, concentrated mainly around
1672:
496:
The first Hungarian telephone factory (Factory for Telephone Apparatuses) was founded by JĂĄnos Neuhold in Budapest in 1879, which produced telephones microphones, telegraphs, and telephone exchanges.
891:
812:
1354:
525:
The first Hungarian hydrogen-filled experimental balloons were built by IstvĂĄn Szabik and JĂłzsef Domin in 1784. The first Hungarian designed and produced airplane (powered by a Hungarian built
927:
Richard L. Rudolph: Banking and Industrialization in AustriaâHungary: The Role of Banks in the Industrialization of the Czech Crownlands, 1873â1914, Cambridge University Press, 2008 (page 17)
478:
was founded in 1913. Its main profiles were the production of electrical switches, sockets, wires, incandescent lamps, electric fans, electric kettles, and various household electronics.
464:
traditional carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often called Tungsram-bulbs in many European countries.
1121:
Kurt Bauer (2003), Faszination des Fahrens: unterwegs mit Fahrrad, Motorrad und Automobil (in German), Böhlau Verlag Wien, Kleine EnzyklopĂ€die des Fahrens, "Lohner", pp. 250â1
125:
of Hungary with its center at Budapest became predominant within the Empire and made up a large proportion of the export to the rest of Europe. Following the invention of the
114:
and to the Carpathian lands. As a result, wide disparities of development existed within the Empire. In general, the western areas became more developed than the eastern.
42:
political, economic, trade and cultural hub. Many of the state institutions and the modern administrative system of Hungary were established during this period.
1676:
1396:
1785:
1148:
Joseph H. Wherry: Automobiles of the World: The Story of the Development of the Automobile, with Many Rare Illustrations from a Score of Nations (Page:443)
1857:
417:. Hungarian car production started in 1900. Automotive factories in the Kingdom of Hungary manufactured motorcycles, cars, taxicabs, trucks and buses.
1867:
467:
Despite the long experimentation with vacuum tubes at Tungsram company, the mass production of radio tubes begun during WW1, and the production of
989:
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107:
952:
1535:
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In 1884, the Tungsram company also started to produce microphones, telephone apparatuses, telephone switchboards and cables.
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Hungarian Aircraft Factory (1914), Hungarian General Aircraft Factory (1916), Hungarian Lloyd Aircraft, Engine Factory at
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company in Budapest (steam engines and wagons) and the Ganz company in Budapest (steam engines, wagons, the production of
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such as locomotives, steam engines and wagons, but also bridges and other iron structures, were installed in Vienna (
1407:
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The largest shipyard in the dual monarchy and a strategic asset for the Austro-Hungarian Navy was the
246:
The Hungarian factories producing rolling stock as well as bridges and other iron structures were the
982:
757:
301:
297:
192:
1828:
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329:
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Prior to World War I, the Kingdom of Hungary had four car manufacturer companies. These were: the
1934:
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561:(present-day Rijeka, Croatia). Third in importance for the naval shipbuilding was the Navy's own
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1315:
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Prior to World War I, the Austrian Empire had five car manufacturer companies. These were:
62:
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ended the construction boom. After 1880 three-fourths of the lines were nationalized. The
8:
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870:
818:
710:
590:
475:
398:
313:
106:, as well as the Austrian lands (areas of modern Austria), the Alpine region and the
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1493:
808:
486:
375:
255:
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in Trieste, founded in 1857 by Wilhelm Strudthoff. Second in importance was the
1957:
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in 1835. The largest Hungarian shipbuilding company was the Ganz-Danubius.
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changed slowly during the existence of the Dual Monarchy, 1867â1918. The
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the country became the 4th biggest machine manufacturer in the world.
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1571:Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau
1563:
1528:
1507:
1482:
1470:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1389:
1372:
1340:
1279:
1267:from the original on 2022-10-09
1246:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1066:
1053:
1027:
1013:
999:
975:
960:
921:
801:
787:
751:
540:
1596:TanulmĂĄnyok Budapest mĂșltjĂĄbĂłl
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189:electric power industry
1946:(Cambridge UP, 1977).
1827:61.2 (2013): 167â196.
1573:. Volume 24. page 658.
840:"Petroleum in Galicia"
705:Schulze, Max-Stephan.
287:
219:Rolling stock and rail
90:Geographical variation
27:
1956:11.2 (2007): 189-218
1919:(Princeton UP, 1983).
1849:6.18 (1928): 529-542.
1651:. lulu. p. 128.
1311:Smil, Vaclav (2005).
522:on 25 November 1909.
378:(motorcycles, cars),
285:
137:Industrial Revolution
21:
1942:Rudolph, Richard L.
1784:. NyugatiJelen.com.
1289:, Volume 2, p. 1848.
760:Austrian information
455:LĂĄng Machine Factory
372:Laurin & Klement
318:Czech Republic: see
252:electric locomotives
243:, founded in 1869).
63:Technological change
1926:(1977) pp 271â331.
655:Millward and Saul,
579:Whitehead & Co.
510:Aeronautic industry
358:Automotive industry
205:precision mechanics
197:automotive industry
193:locomotive industry
1981:(Routledge, 2004).
1738:: Hungary article.
1734:4 May 2014 at the
1679:on 15 October 2015
1645:IBP, Inc. (2015).
1360:on 15 October 2013
1234:on 2 December 2010
1063:(1977) pp 302â304.
427:KĂĄroly Zipernowsky
370:in Vienna (cars),
288:
145:division of labour
28:
1876:(1978) 31: 290â4.
1806:Victor-L. Tapie,
1658:978-1-514-52857-0
1624:978-3-939-19729-4
1515:"PuskĂĄs, Tivadar"
1496:on 8 October 2010
1463:978-1-587-65522-7
1330:978-0-198-03774-3
1076:34.3 (2000): 263.
876:978-0-89181-365-1
846:on April 10, 2016
824:978-1-135-91768-5
775:Missing or empty
739:Missing or empty
476:Orion Electronics
314:Croatian Railways
67:industrialization
2024:
1984:Turnock, David.
1977:Turnock, David.
1894:(1986): 137-151
1883:(1994): 869-891
1839:
1811:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1739:
1725:
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1695:
1689:
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1633:
1616:
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1599:
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1554:
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1523:
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1511:
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1504:
1502:
1501:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1404:General Electric
1401:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1359:
1353:. Archived from
1352:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:ZBD transformer.
1318:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1266:
1259:
1255:"Induction Coil"
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1199:
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1190:
1184:
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1011:
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979:
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972:
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937:
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918:
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904:
903:
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899:
887:
881:
880:
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
835:
829:
828:
805:
799:
798:
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785:
784:
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773:
771:
763:
755:
749:
748:
742:
737:
735:
727:
720:
714:
703:
697:
696:2:8, 12, 22, 36.
691:
685:
678:
672:
666:
660:
653:
647:
646:(2007) pp 24-27.
640:
634:
633:
626:
620:
619:
612:
596:HajĂłgyĂĄri Island
587:Robert Whitehead
382:in Nesselsdorf (
368:GrÀf & Stift
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2002:
2001:
1820:
1818:Further reading
1815:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1780:PĂ©ter, Puskel.
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1736:Wayback Machine
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
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1696:
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1680:
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1643:
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1606:
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1593:
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1577:
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1464:
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1363:
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1157:
1156:
1152:
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1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:on 1 June 2004.
1103:
1102:
1098:
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1080:
1071:
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907:
897:
895:
888:
884:
877:
863:
859:
849:
847:
836:
832:
825:
809:Berend, IvĂĄn T.
806:
802:
793:
792:
788:
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765:
764:
756:
752:
740:
738:
729:
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700:
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688:
679:
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663:
654:
650:
641:
637:
628:
627:
623:
614:
613:
609:
604:
543:
512:
423:
399:RĂBA Automobile
360:
293:
233:Wiener Neustadt
221:
181:
169:
112:Hungarian plain
92:
60:
34:Austria-Hungary
12:
11:
5:
2030:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1950:
1940:
1936:(2003), 699pp
1930:
1920:
1915:Komlos, John.
1913:
1906:
1899:
1888:
1877:
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1850:
1843:
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1562:
1527:
1517:. Omikk.bme.hu
1506:
1481:
1469:
1462:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1413:on 30 May 2005
1388:
1371:
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948:Chisholm, Hugh
929:
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786:
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686:
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621:
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600:
554:Danubius Werft
542:
539:
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508:
487:Tivadar PuskĂĄs
422:
419:
376:MladĂĄ Boleslav
364:Austro-Daimler
359:
356:
355:
354:
350:Slovenia: see
348:
344:Slovakia: see
342:
332:
326:
316:
310:
304:
292:
289:
272:Orient Express
220:
217:
201:light industry
185:heavy industry
180:
177:
173:personal union
168:
165:
108:Bohemian lands
91:
88:
59:
56:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2029:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1932:Roman, Eric.
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1852:Good, David.
1851:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1809:
1803:
1787:
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1375:
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1332:
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1317:
1316:
1307:
1301:, p. 96.
1300:
1299:Hughes (1993)
1295:
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769:
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762:. p. 17.
761:
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725:
724:The Publisher
719:
712:
708:
702:
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690:
683:
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668:Good, David.
665:
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617:
611:
607:
599:
597:
592:
591:his torpedoes
588:
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564:
563:Marinearsenal
560:
556:
555:
550:
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538:
536:
532:
528:
527:inline engine
523:
521:
517:
516:Edvard Rusjan
507:
505:
500:
497:
494:
492:
491:Thomas Edison
488:
484:
479:
477:
472:
470:
465:
462:
458:
456:
453:In 1905, the
451:
447:
445:
440:
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380:Nesselsdorfer
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328:Hungary: see
327:
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312:Croatia: see
311:
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295:
294:
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268:panic of 1873
263:
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186:
183:The empire's
176:
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123:food industry
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395:Ganz company
392:
388:Lohner-Werke
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277:
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256:RĂBA Company
245:
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1417:23 December
1169:2 September
659:pp 271â331.
469:X-ray tubes
431:OttĂł BlĂĄthy
324:ÄeskĂ© drĂĄhy
209:World War I
199:, while in
163:of Europe.
157:ethnic Pole
127:roller mill
32:economy of
2006:Categories
1713:25 January
1542:2012-07-01
1521:2012-07-01
1500:2012-07-01
1238:29 January
602:References
575:Monfalcone
439:Ganz Works
435:Miksa DĂ©ri
384:KopĆivnice
39:capitalist
1569:E und M:
711:Frankfurt
485:engineer
483:Hungarian
425:In 1884,
407:Magomobil
1786:Archived
1756:Archived
1732:Archived
1707:Archived
1683:13 April
1629:Archived
1551:cite web
1364:20 April
1262:Archived
1163:Archived
1045:25 March
1039:Archived
990:Archived
811:(2013).
713:), 1996.
504:Ericsson
461:Tungsram
179:Industry
100:Budapest
1988:(1988)
1868:excerpt
1858:excerpt
1856:(1984)
1792:9 April
950:(ed.).
520:Gorizia
291:Regions
1990:online
1958:online
1948:online
1938:online
1928:online
1896:online
1885:online
1841:online
1829:online
1810:p. 267
1655:
1621:
1460:
1327:
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132:Prague
104:Prague
96:Vienna
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559:Fiume
535:AszĂłd
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248:MĂVAG
167:Trade
155:, an
24:crown
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1794:2016
1767:2014
1715:2017
1685:2015
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1619:ISBN
1557:link
1458:ISBN
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1366:2020
1325:ISBN
1273:2009
1240:2004
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1171:2013
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900:2016
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852:2016
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781:help
745:help
567:Pola
531:UFAG
502:The
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433:and
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403:GyĆr
338:and
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300:and
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