336:(NRTEE) have all recognized that eco-efficiency is a practical approach that businesses should adopt in setting and achieving their environmental performance objectives. It has been proven to heighten market values for firms, serve as an effective management tool for governments, benefit civil society, and increase quality of life. "It does this by changing industrial processes, creating new products and changing and influencing markets with new ideas and with new rules." More people aim to get more value for their money in the market, while also enjoying a better environment.
188:, which is similar to the win-win variant, but removes all irrelevant alternatives to heighten potential for optimal technologies while comparing two alternatives. Now the macro-level is much less defined and has shown less accurate results. However, "the ultimate aim of eco-efficiency analysis is to help move micro-level decision making into macro-level optimality." The main goal in years to come is to create headline indicators to carry out macro-level analysis at a country/world scale.
123:. Schmidheiny set out "to change the perception of industry as being part of the problem of environmental degradation to the reality of its becoming part - a key part - of the solution for sustainability and global development". The major drivers in the early phase of eco-efficiency's development were the "forward-looking managers and thinkers in 3M and Dow". It was their involvement which catapulted eco-efficiency into development. The results of the
184:, which "gives a comparison between a historical reference situation and potentially new situations based on the use of new technologies." The win-win micro-method is limited because it cannot give a concrete answer on the question of whether it improves overall environmental performance. And the third is
294:
The view that improvements in eco-efficiency are sufficient for achieving sustainability has been challenged by
Huesemann and Huesemann, who demonstrate using extensive historical evidence that increases in technological efficiency have not reduced overall resource use and pollution. Moreover, with
167:
The ratios may be applied to any unit comprising economic activities because such activities always relate to cost and value, "and having some physical substrate, always influence the environment." Furthermore, there are two different levels upon which to orchestrate the ratios:
319:
Furthermore, eco-efficiency can adapt and flex to be fit different sizes of companies, while also maintaining relevance with the larger scale of government and national policies. For example, larger national players such as the
307:;" business has taken a key role in accelerating the use of this concept because businesses both consume and produce. Eco-efficiency is routinely a concept used because it combines performance along two of the three axes of
159:"The first two are environmental productivity and its inverse, environmental intensity of production, referring to the realm of production. The second pair, environmental improvement cost and its inverse, environmental
276:
of transformation. The emphasis is on firms designing new products, shifting to new production processes, and investing in R&D, etc., more than on the retailer or the consumer, let alone the citizen.
343:
approval process; looking at "eco-integrated economic risks of a customer". Besides, it plays a growing role where "eco-efficient choices are always preferred," especially in service sectors such as
115:. Furthermore, the concept of eco-efficiency was first described by McIntyre and Thornton in 1978, but it wasn't until 1992, when the term was formally coined and widely publicized by
630:
261:" movement, which claims to go beyond eco-efficiency in abolishing the very idea of waste. According to Boulanger, all versions of eco-efficiency share four key characteristics:
853:"Eco-Efficiency and Cleaner Production: Charting the Course to Sustainability The World Business Council for Sustainable Development United Nations Development Programme"
127:'s work creating the "linkage between environmental performance and the bottom line was published in 1997 in its report Environmental Performance and Shareholder Value".
180:, which "specifies the effects of the total value of a product system or sector and its total concomitant environmental effects." Second, an analysis method nicknamed
63:. "It is measured as the ratio between the (added) value of what has been produced (e.g. GDP) and the (added) environment impacts of the product or service (e.g. SO
135:
According to the WBCSD definition, eco-efficiency is achieved through the delivery of "competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring
907:
871:
333:
321:
581:
257:", which call for specific reductions in resource use, "natural capitalism", which incorporates eco-efficiency as part of a broader strategy, and the "
913:
877:
124:
68:
23:
to meet human needs and improve quality of life while progressively reducing their environmental impacts of goods and resource intensity during their
475:
OECD Secretariat. (2002). Indicators to measure decoupling of environmental pressure from economic growth. Sustainable development, Retrieved from
987:
800:
612:
690:
1217:
51:. "Eco-efficiency" has been proposed as one of the main tools to promote a transformation from unsustainable development to one of
427:
Huppes, G., & Mansanobu, I. (2007). Quantified eco-efficiency: An introduction with applications. (Vol. 22). Springer London.
921:
885:
579:
World
Business Council for Sustainable Development. (2000, August). Eco-efficiency: Creating more with less. Retrieved from
339:
Eco-efficiency is also implemented in more non-traditional ways, such as the integration of environmental criteria into the
1273:
1035:
942:
442:
Yadong, Y (2013). "Eco-efficiency trends in china, 1978-2010:decoupling environmental pressure from economic growth".
927:
891:
1151:
980:
776:, Chapter 5, "In Search of Solutions II: Efficiency Improvements", New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, Canada.
1045:
1040:
375:
112:
588:
1176:
713:"The Positive Impact Factory–Transition from Eco-efficiency to Eco–effectiveness Strategies in Manufacturing"
303:(SPC). "This concept involves changes in production and consumption patterns that lead to sustainable use of
1116:
55:. It is based on the concept of creating more goods and services while using fewer resources and creating
1278:
1060:
973:
785:
Baker, Susan. (2013). Sustainable
Development. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 9 February 2013, from <
329:
711:
Herrmann, Christoph; Blume, Stefan; Kurle, Denis; Schmidt, Christopher; Thiede, Sebastian (2015-01-01).
1212:
1126:
385:
195:(LCA)–based calculation systems on eco-efficiency: the analysis method of BASF, and the method of the
79:
in the private sector. The term has now become synonymous with a management philosophy geared towards
1015:
48:
1227:
1136:
1075:
273:
266:
1242:
1232:
1171:
1166:
1111:
395:
311:, making it easier for academics and leading thinkers to tease out the associated social issues.
308:
52:
1080:
1055:
1156:
1070:
360:
212:
208:
196:
192:
75:, eco-efficiency was endorsed as a new business concept and means for companies to implement
804:
176:. There are three different methods to determine eco-efficiency at the micro-level. First,
1222:
1161:
1141:
1090:
1030:
140:
36:
687:
530:
McIntyre, R.; Thornton, J. (1978). "On the environmental efficiency of economic systems".
8:
1131:
325:
116:
88:
147:
throughout the entire life-cycle to a level at least in line with the Earth's estimated
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20:
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40:
24:
654:
99:
Although eco-efficiency is a rather new method, the idea is not. In the early 1970s
1252:
1106:
834:
825:
Sinkin, C.; Wright, C. J.; Burnett, R. D. (2008). "Eco-efficiency and firm value".
724:
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80:
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950:
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243:
233:
751:
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Strategies that have been linked to eco-efficiency include "Factor 4" and "
104:
72:
798:
Government of Canada. (2011, October 06). Eco-efficiency. Retrieved from
771:
674:
BSD Global. (2013). Eco-efficiency: Strategies and tools. Retrieved from
495:
Ehrenfeld, J. R. (2005). "Eco-efficiency: Philosophy, theory and tools".
163:, are defined from an environmental improvements measures point-of-view."
1085:
852:
754:
Boulanger, P.M. (2010) "Three strategies for sustainable consumption".
348:
84:
1065:
965:
786:
254:
76:
60:
1025:
207:
The reduction in ecological impacts translates into an increase in
108:
909:
Measuring Eco-Efficiency: A guide to reporting company performance
215:. According to the WBCSD, critical aspects of eco-efficiency are:
1050:
344:
1146:
340:
152:
71:(WBCSD) in its 1992 publication "Changing Course". At the 1992
1020:
628:
219:
A reduction in the material intensity of goods or services;
773:
Technofix: Why
Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment
629:
Guenster, N.; Bauer, R.; Derwall, J.; Koedijk, K. (2011).
295:"cradle-to-cradle", growth is conducive to sustainability
286:"Growthphilia": the idea that there is nothing wrong with
710:
334:
National Round Table on the
Environment and the Economy
719:. The 22nd CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering.
322:
Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development
873:
Eco-Efficiency: Creating more value with less impact
477:
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/84838188/oecd_decoupling
824:
35:As countries and regions around the world began to
914:World Business Council for Sustainable Development
878:World Business Council for Sustainable Development
676:http://www.iisd.org/business/tools/bt_eco_eff.aspx
249:Increased service intensity of goods and services.
69:World Business Council for Sustainable Development
1265:
631:"The economic value of corporate eco-efficiency"
529:
981:
151:". It works by implementing 4 main types of
770:Huesemann, M.H., and J.A. Huesemann (2011).
113:impact of human activity on the environment
988:
974:
818:
801:"What is Eco-efficiency? - Eco-efficiency"
269:as the main solution to un-sustainability;
728:
494:
1218:Earth systems engineering and management
752:http://sapiens.revues.org/index1022.html
575:
573:
437:
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67:emissions)." The term was coined by the
827:Journal of Accounting and Public Policy
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490:
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199:of the Delft University of Technology.
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611:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
471:
469:
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301:Sustainable Production and Consumption
272:Reliance on business as the principal
229:Reduced dispersion of toxic materials;
969:
905:
869:
845:
792:
779:
680:
430:
408:
550:
481:
661:
619:
462:
239:Maximum use of renewable resources;
13:
1036:Environmental full-cost accounting
863:
787:http://lib.myilibrary.com?ID=40826
14:
1290:
299:. This broader concept is called
1152:Extended producer responsibility
839:10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2008.01.003
647:10.1111/j.1468-036X.2009.00532.x
107:developed the lettering formula
39:, it slowly became evident that
1046:Environmental management system
1041:Environmental impact assessment
764:
745:
704:
376:Material input per service unit
283:(if they are functioning well);
523:
30:
1:
943:"Innovation & Technology"
635:European Financial Management
497:Journal of Industrial Ecology
456:10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.06.007
401:
211:, which in turn can create a
139:while progressively reducing
730:10.1016/j.procir.2015.02.066
7:
1274:Economics of sustainability
1061:Integrated chain management
354:
330:European Environment Agency
314:
10:
1295:
1127:Eco-industrial development
686:Lovins, L. Hunter (2008).
509:10.1162/108819805775248070
386:Sustainability measurement
178:incremental eco-efficiency
130:
94:
19:refers to the delivery of
1200:
1099:
1003:
544:10.1080/09668137808411179
186:difference eco-efficiency
49:environmental degradation
1228:Ecological modernization
1137:Ecological modernization
1076:Life-cycle cost analysis
267:technological innovation
1243:Sustainable development
1233:Environmental economics
1172:Precautionary principle
1167:Polluter pays principle
1112:Cradle-to-cradle design
699:State of the World 2008
396:Sustainable development
309:sustainable development
202:
53:sustainable development
47:come hand in hand with
1213:Design for environment
1081:Material flow analysis
1157:Industrial metabolism
1071:Life-cycle assessment
1016:Cost–benefit analysis
688:Rethinking production
444:Ecological Indicators
361:Eco-costs value ratio
226:of goods or services;
213:competitive advantage
209:resource productivity
197:eco-costs value ratio
193:life-cycle assessment
141:environmental impacts
1223:Ecological economics
1162:Industrial symbiosis
1142:Efficient energy use
1091:Stakeholder analysis
1031:Ecological footprint
1132:Eco-industrial park
326:European Commission
222:A reduction in the
117:Stephan Schmidheiny
89:economic efficiency
1279:Industrial ecology
1208:Cleaner production
1192:Waste valorization
1187:Waste minimisation
1056:Input–output model
997:Industrial ecology
693:2008-04-10 at the
391:Sustainable design
371:Industrial ecology
161:cost-effectiveness
145:resource intensity
21:goods and services
1261:
1260:
1117:Dematerialization
1011:Agent-based model
923:978-2-940240-14-2
887:978-2-940240-17-3
305:natural resources
149:carrying capacity
41:industrialization
1286:
1253:Urban metabolism
1107:Circular economy
990:
983:
976:
967:
966:
962:
960:
958:
949:. Archived from
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547:
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520:
492:
479:
473:
460:
459:
439:
428:
425:
381:Source reduction
259:cradle-to-cradle
224:energy intensity
111:to describe the
1294:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1285:
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1283:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1257:
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1196:
1182:Waste hierarchy
1095:
999:
994:
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954:
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931:
924:
897:
895:
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864:Further reading
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695:Wayback Machine
685:
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582:"Archived copy"
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482:
474:
463:
440:
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426:
409:
404:
357:
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137:quality of life
133:
121:Changing Course
101:Paul R. Ehrlich
97:
66:
45:economic growth
33:
12:
11:
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1292:
1282:
1281:
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1259:
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1210:
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1201:Related fields
1198:
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1194:
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1184:
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1177:Rebound effect
1174:
1169:
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1122:Eco-efficiency
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978:
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963:
953:on 15 May 2016
939:
922:
906:WBCSD (2000).
903:
886:
870:WBCSD (2000).
865:
862:
859:
858:
844:
833:(2): 167–176.
817:
791:
778:
763:
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703:
679:
660:
641:(4): 679–704.
618:
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538:(2): 173–192.
532:Soviet Studies
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398:
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366:Eco-innovation
363:
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332:(EEA) and the
324:(OECD 2002),
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291:
284:
277:
270:
265:Confidence in
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191:There are two
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81:sustainability
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1248:Urban ecology
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930:on 2016-03-03
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894:on 2016-03-03
893:
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883:
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867:
854:
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840:
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832:
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807:on 2013-02-06
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756:S.A.P.I.EN.S.
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717:Procedia CIRP
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594:on 2016-05-15
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105:John Holdren
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73:Earth Summit
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957:2 September
450:: 177–184.
328:(EU 2005),
31:Terminology
1268:Categories
1086:MET Matrix
934:2019-08-02
898:2019-08-02
811:2013-02-12
598:2013-02-12
503:(4): 6–8.
402:References
349:ecotourism
244:durability
85:ecological
57:less waste
25:life-cycle
1066:ISO 14000
739:2212-8271
723:: 19–27.
517:145062585
279:Trust in
255:Factor 10
232:Improved
77:Agenda 21
61:pollution
1100:Concepts
1026:Ecolabel
701:, p. 34.
691:Archived
655:59148023
607:cite web
355:See also
315:Examples
290:as such.
242:Greater
1051:EIO-LCA
345:tourism
281:markets
182:win-win
131:Methods
109:I = PAT
95:History
37:develop
1147:Exergy
920:
884:
737:
653:
515:
341:credit
297:per se
288:growth
153:ratios
1021:DPSIR
1004:Tools
947:WBCSD
651:S2CID
592:(PDF)
585:(PDF)
513:S2CID
347:(see
274:actor
174:macro
170:micro
125:WBCSD
959:2018
918:ISBN
882:ISBN
789:>
735:ISSN
613:link
203:Uses
172:and
103:and
87:and
59:and
43:and
835:doi
761:(2)
725:doi
697:in
643:doi
540:doi
505:doi
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