21:
48:
1988:
940:
1440:(to whom appeal lies) after he had satisfied himself of the validity of the appeal. Lawsuits, therefore, pending before the Apostolic See were to be tried by a judge belonging to the place whence the appeal came, and especially appointed by the pope. In the late Middle Ages rulers of countries were frequently granted for their domains the papal
1472:). As on account of the remoteness of the place where the dispute arose and the consequent lack of knowledge of local persons, unsuitable judges have been at times appointed at the place where the dispute arose, the bishops are each to select, on occasion of the provincial—or diocesan synod, at least four men (
1482:, and present their names to the Apostolic See, which in its selection of judges is to be so limited to the persons thus named that the delegation of any other person is invalid; as provincial and diocesan synods are no longer regularly held, bishops are permitted to make this selection with the advice of the
1310:), i.e. in a criminal suit the defendant can, on his side, accuse the plaintiff in the court of the judge before whom he himself is to be tried. If the judge wishes to bring an accusation, the superior appoints the judge who is to hear it. The decision of an incompetent judge is valid if by common error (
1501:
entirely independently, but it is so arranged that the delegation is bestowed on neighbor bishops and archbishops for a definite term of years. Such delegation is all the more necessary in case a State does not permit ecclesiastical suits to be tried outside of its boundaries, or will only permit the
1423:
In the Middle Ages the lower courts were often evaded, or the popes summoned the suits at one before their forum. This custom had some advantages on account of the better legal education and greater impartiality of the members of the papal court, but the administration of justice was delayed and made
1461:
decreed: the court of the bishop is the court of first instance Each suit must be brought to a close within at least two years. During this period no appeal is permitted, neither can the higher judge summon the case before his forum; an appeal before the lapse of two years is permissible only if a
1126:
The judge must be impartial; a suspicion of partiality attaches to the judge who is personally interested in a case or is related by blood within the fourth degree to one of the parties, or connected with one by marriage, or who lives in the same house, or dines at a common table, or is otherwise
1249:
is that place where one actually resides with the intention of always remaining there. Quasi-domicile is determined by actual residence at the place and the intention to remain there at least the greater part of the year; there is also a domicile by operation of law, legal or fictitious domicile
1143:
are to pass on the objection; if, however, objection be raised against the delegate of the bishop, the decision rests with the bishop. If the objection be declared well-founded, the judge transfers the case, with the concurrence of the party who brought the accusation, to another or to a higher
1110:
The ecclesiastical judge must have certain physical and moral qualities. He must be competent, i.e. must be authorized to pass judgment on a given person in a given case. Proceedings held before a judge without competence are null and void. It is necessary to have full use of his senses and
1147:
If the judge lacks the necessary qualifications, and this be known to the parties in the suit, the decision is invalid; if, however, his unfitness be unknown to the parties, and he follow statute canon law, the church supplements the deficiency, even if the judge have acted in bad faith.
1424:
more costly by the rule enforced in the papal courts that the parties must appear in person. Such summonses to Rome, as to the court of first instance, diminish unduly the authority of the lower courts. To put an end, therefore, to constant complaint on this point, the
1068:
etc. The procurators and advocates conduct the case as the representatives or defenders of the parties to the suit; the syndic is the counsel of a juridical person, a collegiate body or a chapter. The chief duty of the conservators is to represent the rights of the
1397:
is vacant the vicar-capitular is judge of the court of first instance. The judge of the second instance is the metropolitan. For archdioceses, as a rule, the judge of second instance is a neighbouring archbishop or bishop appointed by the
1037:), whose duty is to keep a record of the proceedings and the decision. As a rule, however, an ecclesiastical court forms a collegiate tribunal, the members of which either join with the presiding officer in giving the decision as judges (
1465:
In case of appeal to the
Apostolic See, or if the latter, for good reasons, summons a suit from the beginning before its forum, the suit is to be decided either at Rome or by delegated judges on the spot
1256:)—thus a wife may be subject to the jurisdiction of the domicile of the husband, children to that of the parents, religious to that of the place where the monastery is situated, persons having
1352:
or in the corresponding administrative district, so far as such suits were not withdrawn from his jurisdiction by the common law. The court of second instance was originally the provincial
900:
1324:
If the judge render a defective decision, appeal can be taken to the next higher judge; this relation of the courts to one another and the successive course of appeals (
970:
1279:, where the thing is situated), i.e. complaint can be brought before the judge in whose district the controverted object is; the forum where the contract is made (
1192:) is either ordinary, if the proper course of the regular courts is followed, or extraordinary, if for legal reasons a regular court is passed over. Moreover, the
1393:, or some other diocesan authority) became the judge of the court of first instance, so far as common law has not withdrawn from him this jurisdiction. If the
1156:
Ecclesiastical jurisdiction is exercised over all baptized persons. Those subject to the jurisdiction of a certain judge are said to be within the competence (
1998:
1450:
1081:) is appointed by the ecclesiastical authorities to watch over ecclesiastical discipline, consequently in penal cases he appears as public prosecutor. A
1139:). If objection be raised against a judge on the ground of prejudice, which must be done in writing and if possible before the beginning of the action,
1111:
understanding, and suitable legal knowledge; the person appointed must be at least 20 years old; but 18 years will suffice for a judge appointed by the
1483:
1428:
ordained that in future, before the rendering of the sentence, no one could appeal to a higher court without giving a sufficient reason to the judge
1360:. The court of the third instance was that of the pope. The court of the first instance for bishops was the provincial synod, the metropolitan, the
1454:
895:
963:
1186:. Ecclesiastics can choose another judge only with the permission of the bishop, and in this case he must be an ecclesiastic The legal forum (
1301:
956:
64:
1368:; the court of second instance was that of the pope; only the pope could be the judge of first instance for exarchs and patriarchs.
1387:—more serious criminal charges against bishops Conformably to this the diocesan bishop or his representative (the vicar-general, or
1285:), i.e. the parties can bring action before the judge in whose district the disputed contract has been made; that of the offence (
60:
29:
1017:
The official body appointed by the qualified ecclesiastical authority for the administration of justice is called a court (
722:
1414:, the ordinary ecclesiastical judge of all, ecclesiastical suits without exception can be brought or summoned before the
1402:. The same ordinance also applies to exempt bishoprics. The court of the third instance is the Apostolic See, but in the
205:
905:
782:
520:
1009:
either in general or in the strict sense. The judge presides over all baptized persons within their jurisdiction.
699:
488:
37:
704:
513:
2021:
637:
195:
1495:
At present, this also is no longer customary: on the contrary, the
Apostolic See appoints its representatives
1300:), if the matters in dispute are so interrelated that one cannot be decided without the other; the forum of a
752:
168:
1316:) he is held to be competent In civil disputes the parties can entrust the decision to any desired arbiter.
336:
1006:
525:
326:
439:
86:
1027:
consists at the least of two sworn officials: the ecclesiastical judge who gives the decision and the
1381:), the number and extent of which are in no way exactly definable, but to which above all belong the
777:
1102:. Charges dealt in these courts were often very lenient, especially when dealt to church clergymen.
622:
316:
118:
293:
694:
321:
158:
1057:
944:
684:
395:
113:
2003:
1348:, was the judge in first instance for all suits, contentious or criminal, which arose in the
1127:
friendly, or on the other hand inimical, towards one of the parties, and he may be rejected (
530:
1330:), called succession of instances, follows the order of superiority. From the beginning the
466:
1099:
1088:
1024:
890:
767:
642:
627:
380:
341:
163:
101:
8:
1434:(from whom the appeal was made), and that the appeal could only be accepted by the judge
1357:
842:
689:
584:
390:
262:
178:
153:
353:
1928:(Martini V Pap. et Germ. nat. concordata, c. iv, in Hardouin, "Acta. Conc.", VIII, 891)
617:
493:
425:
250:
106:
1502:
judgement of such a court to be executed within its territories by the secular power.
1446:(exemption from summons); in some cases, they forbade the appeal to a foreign court.
1140:
772:
267:
183:
148:
852:
1883:(Council of Trent, Sess. XXIV, De ref., c. xx; Vatic., Sess. III, De eccl., c. iii)
1458:
1213:
917:
481:
240:
235:
225:
220:
215:
143:
1115:
or if the parties agree to it. The judge must have a good reputation, must not be
173:
984:
662:
363:
210:
128:
1375:
the pope is the judge of first instance in all more important episcopal causes (
503:
1257:
1246:
1221:
As the jurisdiction of a judge is generally limited to a defined locality, the
1116:
992:
857:
837:
832:
572:
545:
410:
405:
230:
96:
91:
2015:
1992:
1479:
1345:
822:
747:
732:
652:
577:
555:
550:
540:
79:
1965:
1210:), resting on privilege, as in the case of ecclesiastics on account of the
872:
827:
727:
535:
449:
444:
432:
123:
1919:(c. xxviii, X, De rescript., I, iii; c. xi, in Vito, De rescript., I, iii)
1267:
against an ecclesiastic who is only accidentally there. Besides the—usual—
1075:, i.e. members of orders, the poor, widows, orphans. The fiscal promoter (
20:
1372:
1204:), corresponding to the universally valid law, or special or privileged (
1028:
862:
847:
787:
288:
52:
1511:
1335:
1168:
in him. The forum is either the free, voluntary choice of the parties (
912:
812:
807:
757:
742:
737:
456:
373:
200:
188:
1425:
1365:
1120:
1061:
924:
867:
817:
797:
672:
508:
471:
461:
415:
385:
358:
298:
1991: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1399:
1394:
939:
792:
562:
498:
331:
47:
1538:
cc. xvi, xxi, xxii, xxiii, X, De off. et pot. jud. deleg., I, xxix
1349:
1065:
802:
420:
283:
255:
245:
1408:
it is the court of first instance. As, however, the pope is the
1361:
1331:
1095:
1053:
679:
647:
607:
476:
368:
138:
133:
1874:(Sacr. Congr. pro negot. eccles. extraord., 11 September 1906)
1294:
There is also a forum arising from the connection of matters (
1859:(Concil. plenar. Baltimor., III, an. 1884, n. 316; Leo XIII,
1353:
1291:), within the jurisdiction where the offence was committed.
762:
632:
612:
567:
348:
1091:, assists in suits concerning the invalidity of a marriage.
1264:
1112:
657:
74:
1946:(Sess. XXIV, De ref., c. xx, and Sess. XXV, De ref., c. x)
1937:(Sess. XXXI, c. i, in Hardouin, "Acta. Conc.", VIII, 1425)
667:
1574:(Instructio Congr. Ep. et Reg., 11 June 1880, art. xiii)
1034:
scriba, secretarius, scriniarius, notarius, cancellarius
1547:(X, De postul., I, xxxvii; X, De procurat., I, xxxviii)
1052:
Connected with the courts are advocates, procurators,
1565:(c. xv, in VIto, De off. et pot. jud. deleg., I, xiv)
1180:), but in criminal and matrimonial cases there is no
1133:) by the accused or by both parties as prejudiced (
1802:X, De transact., I, xxxvi; X, De arbitr., I, xliii
1245:, the plaintiff goes to the court of the accused.
1094:Up until 1858, ecclesiastical judges tried church
2013:
1378:causae maiores, graviores, difficiliores, arduae
1486:; consequently, judges so appointed are called
1046:auditores, assessores, consultores, consiliarii
1841:(Council of Trent, Sess. XXIV, De ref., c. xx)
1297:forum connexitatis sive continentiae causarum
1020:judicium ecclesiasticum, tribunal, auditorium
964:
1607:(c. xxiv, X, De sent. et re jud., II, xxvii)
1384:causae criminales graviores contra episcopos
1043:) or merely advise with him as councillors (
1005:) is an ecclesiastical person who possesses
1969:
1860:
1827:
1800:
1776:
1761:
1746:
1731:
1698:
1688:(c. xii, xviii, X, De foro compet., II, ii)
1652:(c. xxxix, X, De off. jud. deleg., I, xxix)
1584:
1496:
1487:
1473:
1467:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1339:
1325:
1311:
1305:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1260:to that of the present place of residence.
1251:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1134:
1128:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1018:
1000:
1996:
1643:(c. xx, X, De sent. et re jud., II, xxvii)
971:
957:
1679:(c. ix, X, De in integr. restit., I, xli)
1634:(c. xxv, X, De off. jud. deleg., I, xxix)
1598:(c. xli, X, De off. jud. deleg., I, xxix)
1307:forum reconventionis sive reaccusationis
1616:(c. xxxvi, X, De appellat., II, xxviii)
1012:
2014:
1955:(c. xi, in VIto, De rescript., I, iii)
1700:c. v, viii, X, De foro compet., II, ii
1478:) having the qualities designated by
1119:, suspended from office, or under an
2007:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1850:(c. lxvi, X, De appell., II, xxviii)
1829:c. i, X, De translat. episc., I, vii
1721:(c. iii, X, De foro compet., II, ii)
1462:final sentence has been pronounced.
1273:, there is also that of the object (
1910:(c. lvi, X, De appell., II, xxviii)
1892:(c. lci, X, De appell., II, xxviii)
1763:c. i, X, De causa possess., II, xii
1733:c. xcii, X, De foro compet., II, ii
1712:(c. xx, X, De foro compet., II, ii)
1670:(c. lxi, X, De appell., II, xxviii)
1661:(c. iv, X, De foro compet., II, ii)
1130:recusari, exceptio judicis suspecti
13:
1997:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
1748:c. xiv, X, De foro compet., II, ii
311:Administrative and pastoral titles
14:
2033:
1420:as the court of first instance.
1239:of the accused. The axiom holds:
1105:
1986:
1778:c. ii, X, De mut. petit., II, iv
1449:Following the precedents of the
1253:domicilium legale sive fictitium
938:
602:Consecrated and professed titles
46:
19:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1793:
1784:
1769:
1754:
1739:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1529:(c. xi, X, De probat., II, xix)
1263:A process can be instituted at
1151:
1089:defender of the matrimonial tie
1601:
1592:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1162:) of his court, or have their
1:
1334:, or his representative, the
753:Captain General of the Church
169:Assistant to the papal throne
1218:which they cannot renounce.
1174:), or it is defined by law (
7:
1505:
1207:speciale sive privilegiatum
1007:ecclesiastical jurisdiction
901:Order of the Holy Sepulchre
10:
2038:
1980:
1443:privilegia de non evocando
1319:
945:Catholic Church portal
1556:(X, De syndic., I, xxxix)
778:Gonfalonier of the Church
1517:
1242:Actor sequitur forum rei
1056:, defenders, promoters,
119:Chaplain of His Holiness
1865:, 18 April 1897, n. 14)
1411:judex ordinarius omnium
1970:
1861:
1828:
1801:
1777:
1762:
1747:
1732:
1699:
1585:
1497:
1488:
1474:
1468:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1340:
1326:
1312:
1306:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1252:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1135:
1129:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1019:
1001:
996:
396:Diocesan administrator
114:Moderator of the curia
2022:Ecclesiastical titles
2004:Catholic Encyclopedia
1999:Ecclesiastical Courts
1790:(c. i, c. xvi, Q. vi)
1338:, or the "official" (
1100:ecclesiastical courts
531:Protonotary apostolic
61:Ecclesiastical titles
1489:judices prosynodales
1098:in church courts or
1072:personae miserabiles
1025:ecclesiastical court
1013:Ecclesiastical court
1002:judex ecclesiasticus
989:ecclesiastical judge
768:Commissary Apostolic
401:Ecclesiastical judge
381:Defender of the bond
1469:judices in partibus
1198:is either general (
1084:defensor matrimonii
896:Knights Hospitaller
885:Organization titles
690:Provincial superior
263:Territorial prelate
65:order of precedence
1971:"Quamvis paternae"
1589:, 3 November 1741)
1451:Synod of Constance
1029:clerk of the court
618:Consecrated virgin
139:Apostolic delegate
1974:, 26 August 1741)
1586:"Dei miseratione"
1475:judices synodales
1078:promotor fiscalis
981:
980:
717:Additional titles
653:Master of novices
342:Military ordinary
337:Military chaplain
278:Liturgical titles
268:Territorial abbot
164:Apostolic prefect
149:Apostolic visitor
2029:
2008:
1990:
1989:
1975:
1973:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1625:(c. xxxvi, cit.)
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1500:
1491:
1484:diocesan chapter
1477:
1471:
1459:Council of Trent
1445:
1439:
1433:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1343:
1329:
1315:
1309:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1282:forum contractus
1278:
1272:
1255:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1227:is fixed by the
1226:
1217:
1214:privilegium fori
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1183:forum prorogatum
1179:
1173:
1171:forum prorogatum
1167:
1161:
1138:
1132:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1022:
1004:
973:
966:
959:
943:
942:
918:Grand Inquisitor
906:Teutonic Knights
783:Honorary Prelate
705:Superior general
494:Personal prelate
482:Assistant pastor
391:Devil's advocate
241:Auxiliary bishop
236:Coadjutor bishop
226:Suffragan bishop
216:Major archbishop
159:Apostolic exarch
144:Apostolic Syndic
134:Apostolic nuncio
50:
38:Hierarchy of the
23:
16:
15:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2012:
2011:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1862:"Trans Oceanum"
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1774:
1770:
1759:
1755:
1744:
1740:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1583:(Benedict XIV,
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1508:
1322:
1276:forum rei sitae
1270:forum domicilii
1154:
1108:
1015:
985:Catholic Church
977:
937:
930:
929:
886:
878:
877:
718:
710:
709:
603:
595:
594:
312:
304:
303:
279:
211:Diocesan bishop
206:Bishop emeritus
154:Vicar apostolic
129:Papal majordomo
55:
40:Catholic Church
39:
12:
11:
5:
2035:
2025:
2024:
2010:
2009:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1792:
1783:
1768:
1753:
1738:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1455:Synod of Basle
1405:causae maiores
1321:
1318:
1313:error communis
1258:no fixed abode
1236:quasi-domicile
1153:
1150:
1117:excommunicated
1107:
1106:Qualifications
1104:
1014:
1011:
979:
978:
976:
975:
968:
961:
953:
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865:
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858:Protosyncellus
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850:
845:
843:Promotor Fidei
840:
838:Prince-provost
835:
833:Prince-primate
830:
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815:
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582:
581:
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573:Judicial vicar
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560:
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553:
548:
546:Servant of God
538:
533:
528:
523:
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231:Titular bishop
228:
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176:
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156:
151:
146:
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136:
131:
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92:Cardinal Vicar
84:
83:
82:
69:
68:
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56:
51:
43:
42:
34:
33:
25:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2034:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
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1994:
1993:public domain
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1480:Boniface VIII
1476:
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1021:
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823:Prince-bishop
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811:
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733:Archimandrite
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619:
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611:
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579:
578:Vicar general
576:
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569:
566:
564:
561:
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389:
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155:
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127:
125:
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117:
115:
112:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:Pope Emeritus
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
49:
45:
44:
41:
36:
35:
31:
27:
26:
22:
18:
17:
2002:
1966:Benedict XIV
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1822:
1816:
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1464:
1448:
1422:
1370:
1358:metropolitan
1356:, later the
1323:
1293:
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1195:forum legale
1189:forum legale
1177:forum legale
1155:
1152:Jurisdiction
1146:
1125:
1109:
1093:
1058:conservators
1051:
1016:
988:
982:
891:Grand master
828:Prince-abbot
728:Altar server
643:Grand master
585:Vicar forane
450:Minor orders
445:Major orders
433:Lay cardinal
426:Commendatory
400:
179:Metropolitan
124:Papal legate
1498:in partibus
1417:papal forum
1373:Middle Ages
1302:counterplea
1159:competentia
1141:arbitrators
983:Within the
863:Regionarius
853:Protodeacon
848:Protopriest
788:Minor canon
289:Consecrator
53:Saint Peter
1512:Officialis
1390:officialis
1371:Since the
1344:), or the
1341:officialis
1336:archdeacon
1066:messengers
1062:apparitors
913:Inquisitor
813:Prebendary
808:Postulator
758:Chorbishop
743:Archdeacon
738:Archpriest
563:Seminarian
467:Officialis
457:Missionary
374:Archdeacon
327:Chancellor
201:Archbishop
189:Catholicos
1426:decretals
1366:patriarch
1144:judge.
1136:suspectus
1121:interdict
925:Preceptor
868:Sacristan
818:Precentor
798:Ostiarius
700:Religious
673:Postulant
623:Corrector
556:Venerable
526:Principal
509:Presbyter
489:Palatinus
472:Ostiarius
462:Monsignor
416:Lay abbot
386:Definitor
359:Consultor
354:Confessor
299:Subdeacon
184:Patriarch
107:Protector
2016:Category
1506:See also
1400:Holy See
1247:Domicile
1230:domicile
793:Notarius
773:Datarius
589:Sub-dean
536:Reverend
499:Preacher
440:Minister
406:Exorcist
332:Chaplain
87:Cardinal
30:a series
28:Part of
1995::
1981:Sources
1901:(q. v.)
1437:ad quem
1364:or the
1350:diocese
1320:Appeals
1201:commune
1054:syndics
1040:judices
803:Peritus
723:Almoner
551:Blessed
504:Prefect
421:Abthain
322:Brother
317:Auditor
284:Acolyte
256:Pontiff
251:Provost
246:Prelate
221:Primate
1457:, the
1362:exarch
1332:bishop
1327:gradus
1096:clergy
695:Rector
680:Oblate
663:Novice
648:Hermit
628:Custos
608:Abbess
521:Priest
477:Pastor
369:Deacon
364:Curate
294:Lector
196:Bishop
174:Eparch
102:Prince
32:on the
1518:Notes
1431:a quo
1354:synod
1165:forum
1087:, or
999:, or
997:judex
993:Latin
987:, an
873:Usher
763:Coarb
748:Canon
685:Prior
633:Friar
613:Abbot
568:Vicar
541:Saint
514:Elder
411:Laity
349:Coarb
97:Crown
1453:and
1265:Rome
1123:.
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658:Monk
638:Dean
75:Pope
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