Church architecture

2822: 288: 3177: 311: 1849: 334: 3238: 2810: 1162: 3153: 3064: 3099: 3223: 2791: 3122: 1199:), and the elevation of the host, the bread of the communion, became the focus of the celebration: it was not at that time generally partaken of by the congregation. Given that the liturgy was said in Latin, the people contented themselves with their own private devotions until this point. Because of the difficulty of sight lines, some churches had holes, 'squints', cut strategically in walls and screens, through which the elevation could be seen from the nave. Again, from the twin principles that every priest must say his mass every day and that an altar could only be used once, in religious communities a number of altars were required for which space had to be found, at least within monastic churches. 1595: 66: 3258: 1626:, (1835–1861) Church architecture shows the values and personal beliefs of the architects who created them, while also showcasing Texan cultural history. Both the Catholic and Protestant buildings showed things such as the architectural traditions, economic circumstances, religious ordinances, and aesthetic tastes of those involved. The movement to keep ethnicities segregated during this time was also present in the very foundations of this architecture. Their physical appearances vary wildly from area to area though, as each served its own local purpose, and as mentioned before, due to the multitude of religious groups, each held a different set of beliefs. 3052: 77: 2994: 1395: 2712: 3201: 2890: 3141: 1255: 2859: 2933: 2730: 1829: 1820: 2650: 3040: 2945: 3006: 3189: 2837: 1429:(1759) replaced a building damaged by hurricane, the 1759 church was then constructed in cruciform shape to make it withstand the strongest winds. The length of trees (logs) also determined the length of walls according to Sæther. In Samnanger church for instance, outside corners have been cut to avoid splicing logs, the result is an octagonal floor plan rather than rectangular. The cruciform constructions provided a more rigid structure and larger churches, but view to the pulpit and altar was obstructed by interior corners for seats in the transept. The 2902: 2700: 2365: 44: 2045: 2742: 2095:, began in northeastern France and slowly spread throughout Europe. It was perhaps most characteristically expressed in the Rayonnant style, originating in the 13th century, known for its exaggerated geometrical features that made everything as astounding and eye-catching as possible. Gothic churches were often highly decorated, with geometrical features applied to already complex structural forms. By the time the Gothic period neared its close, its influence had spread to residences, guild halls, and public and government buildings. 2414:, but also of a new theological programme which put the Lord's supper above the sermon again. Two decades later liberal Lutherans and Calvinists expressed their wish for a new genuinely Protestant church architecture, conceived on the basis of liturgical requirements. The spaces for altar and worshippers should no longer be separated from each other. Accordingly, churches should not only give space for service, but also for social activities of the parish. Churches were to be seen as meeting houses for the celebrating faithful. The 1694: 2963: 2878: 3288: 411:, suddenly, while it was yet hardly light, the prefect, together with chief commanders, tribunes, and officers of the treasury, came to the church in Nicomedia, and the gates having been forced open, they searched everywhere for an idol of the Divinity. The books of the Holy Scriptures were found, and they were committed to the flames; the utensils and furniture of the church were abandoned to pillage: all was rapine, confusion, tumult. That church, situated on rising ground, was within view of the palace; and Diocletian and 55: 2674: 1646: 1528:

the spaces between the vertical supports filled with large glass windows, then those windows supported by their own transoms and mullions. On the topic of church windows, the windows are somewhat controversial as some argue that the church should be flooded with light and some argue that they should be dim for an ideal praying environment. Most church plans in England have their roots in one of two styles, Basilican and Celtic and then we see the later emergence of a 'two-cell' plan, consisting of nave and sanctuary.

2638:: styles collide, form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. Perhaps most obviously, architects rediscovered the expressive and symbolic value of architectural elements and forms that had evolved through centuries of building—often maintaining meaning in literature, poetry and art—but which had been abandoned by the modern movement. Church buildings in Nigeria evolved from its foreign monument look of old to the contemporary design which makes it look like a factory. 758: 3076: 2306:, where the counter-reformation had not been completely successful, as in Austria, Bohemia and Hungary, and about half of the population still remained Protestant. However, the government ordered these three churches to be located outside the towns, not to be recognisable as churches, they had to be wooden structures, to look like barns or residential houses, and they were not allowed to have towers or bells. The construction had to be accomplished within a year. Accordingly, the Protestants built their three 1008: 3165: 1951: 2975: 2263: 515: 1481: 3021: 793: 812: 2758: 1062: 2770: 1931: 1940: 1553: 3270: 2153: 1173: 2921: 261: 2433: 1406: 113: 1024: 2501:, its architect, was hugely influential on later church building, not only on the continent of Europe but also in the United States of America. Schloss Rothenfels was a large rectangular space, with solid white walls, deep windows and a stone pavement. It had no decoration. The only furniture consisted of a hundred little black cuboid moveable stools. For worship, an altar was set up and the faithful surrounded it on three sides. 1243: 1960: 1114: 1840: 1586:. These all show the characteristic features such as sanctuaries, rectangular naves, circular interiors with non-circular exteriors, and small chapels. The Nicopolis church and the Domneasca both have Greek-inspired plans, but the Domneasca is far more developed than the Nicopolis church. Alongside these are also traces of Serbian, Georgian, and Armenian influences that found their way to Wallachia through Serbia. 778: 223:, split logs or rubble. It may be roofed with thatch, shingles, corrugated iron or banana leaves. However, church congregations, from the 4th century onwards, have sought to construct church buildings that were both permanent and aesthetically pleasing. This had led to a tradition in which congregations and local leaders have invested time, money and personal prestige into the building and decoration of churches. 996: 1218:. These were effectively arms of the cross which now made up the ground plan of the building. The buildings became more clearly symbolic of what they were intended for. Sometimes this crossing, now the central focus of the church, would be surmounted by its own tower, in addition to the west end towers, or instead of them. (Such precarious structures were known to collapse – as at 2074:

were not typically found in structures. Through this newly implemented skill of being able to design complex shapes churches consisted of namely pointed arches, curved lights and windows, and rib vaults. Since these newly popular designs were implemented with respect to the width of the church rather than height, width was much more desired rather than height.

962:, Istanbul, there is a central dome, the frame on one axis by two high semi-domes and on the other by low rectangular transept arms, the overall plan being square. This large church was to influence the building of many later churches, even into the 21st century. A square plan in which the nave, chancel and transept arms are of equal length forming a 2002:, and Chinese construction ideas merged during the Spanish era of the Philippines (late 15th to late 19th century), which is the only Christian-majority nation in the Far East together with East Timor, specifically Catholic. These traditions had to adapt to the tropical climate and earthquake-prone environment, which resulted in a new types of 2083:

the way that they allowed colored light to enter the church and create a heavenly atmosphere. Other popular art styles in the Gothic era were sculptures. Creating lifelike depictions of figures, again with the use of complex curves and shapes. Artists would include a high level of detail to best preserve and represent their subject.

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compared to the light and often tall stave churches. Log construction became structurally unstable for long and tall walls, particularly if cut through by tall windows. Adding transepts improved the stability of the log technique and is one reason why the cruciform floor plan was widely used during 1600 and 1700s. For instance the

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space at different times. Again, the emphasis on the unity of the liturgical action, was countered by a return to the idea of movement. Three spaces, one for the baptism, one for the liturgy of the word and one for the celebration of the Eucharist with a congregation standing around an altar, were promoted by

1420:, church architecture has been affected by wood as the preferred material, particularly in sparsely populated areas. Churches built until the second world war are about 90% wooden except medieval constructions. During the Middle Ages all wooden churches in Norway (about 1000 in total) were constructed in the 2082:

Gothic architecture in churches had a heavy emphasis on art. Just like the structure of the building, there was an emphasis on complex geometric shapes. An example of this is stained glass windows, which can still be found in modern churches. Stained glass windows were both artistic and functional in

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In the time before the last war, there was a movement towards a new style of architecture, one that was more functional than embellished. There was an increased use of steel and concrete and a rebellion against the romantic nature of the traditional style. This resulted in a 'battle of the styles' in

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Within any parish, the local church is often the oldest building and is larger than any pre-19th-century structure except perhaps a barn. The church is often built of the most durable material available, often dressed stone or brick. The requirements of liturgy have generally demanded that the church

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The history of church architecture divides itself into periods, and into countries or regions and by religious affiliation. The matter is complicated by the fact that buildings put up for one purpose may have been re-used for another, that new building techniques may permit changes in style and size,

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Different principles and practical pressures produced other changes. Parish churches were inevitably built more modestly. Often shortage of finances, as well as a 'market place' theology suggested the building of multi-purpose churches, in which secular and sacred events might take place in the same

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Gothic-era architecture, originating in 12th-century France, is a style where curves, arches, and complex geometry are highly emphasized. These intricate structures, often of immense size, required great amounts of planning, effort and resources; involved large numbers of engineers and laborers; and

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in Tainan also included a chapel. In modern architecture several churches have been inspired to use traditional designs. These include the Church of the Good Shepherd in Shihlin (Taipei), which was designed by Su Hsi Tsung and built in the traditional siheyuan style. The chapel of Taiwan Theological

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Many parochial churches have had the patronage of wealthy local families. The degree to which this has an effect on the architecture can differ greatly. It may entail the design and construction of the entire building having been financed and influenced by a particular patron. On the other hand, the

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Among the factors that determined how a church was designed and built are the nature of the local community, the location in city, town or village, whether the church was an abbey church, whether the church was a collegiate church, whether the church had the patronage of a bishop, whether the church

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The characteristics of a Gothic-style church are largely in congruence with the ideology that the more breathtaking a church is, the better it reflects the majesty of God. This was accomplished through clever math and engineering in a time period where complex shapes, especially in huge cathedrals,

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tradition, which had the architectural principle of native Austronesian framework, stone masonry introduced by Spaniards, and ornaments incorporated by both as well as from Chinese architects. Most early churches, though illiterate, with limited knowledge from the cooperation between Spanish friars

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in Cambridge. After this, the prevalent style was Gothic for around 300 years but the style was clearly present for many years before that as well. In these late Gothic times, there was a specific way in which the foundations for the churches were built. First, a stone skeleton would be built, then

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church buildings changed as well. The 'two-room' church' became, in Europe, the norm. The first 'room', the nave, was used by the congregation; the second 'room', the sanctuary, was the preserve of the clergy and was where the Mass was celebrated. This could then only be seen from a distance by the

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A variant form of the centralized church was developed in Russia and came to prominence in the sixteenth century. Here the dome was replaced by a much thinner and taller hipped or conical roof which perhaps originated from the need to prevent snow from remaining on roofs. One of the finest examples

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developed, processions became part of the proceedings. The processional door was that which led from the furthest end of the building, while the door most used by the public might be that central to one side of the building, as in a basilica of law. This is the case in many cathedrals and churches.

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city council authorized the removal of imagery from churches and affirmed the changes introduced by Karlstadt on Christmas. According to the ideals of the Protestant Reformation, the spoken word, the sermon, should be central act in the church service. This implied that the pulpit became the focal

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The simplest church building comprises a single meeting space, built of locally available material and using the same skills of construction as the local domestic buildings. Such churches are generally rectangular, but in African countries where circular dwellings are the norm, vernacular churches

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During the Reformation period, there was an emphasis on "full and active participation". The focus of Protestant churches was on the preaching of the Word, rather than a sacerdotal emphasis. Holy Communion tables became wood to emphasise that Christ's sacrifice was made once for all and were made

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inspired architecture in many of the churches, such as the large domed ceilings, extensive stonework, and a maximizing of space to be used for religious iconography on walls and such. Churches classified as Ukrainian or Catholic also seem to follow the trend of being overall much more elaborately

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The circular or polygonal form lent itself to those buildings within church complexes that perform a function in which it is desirable for people to stand, or sit around, with a centralized focus, rather than an axial one. In Italy, the circular or polygonal form was used throughout the medieval

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as a response to the perceived blandness, hostility, and utopianism of the Modern movement. While rare in designs of church architecture, there are nonetheless some notable for recover and renew historical styles and "cultural memory" of Christian architecture. Notable practitioners include Dr.

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such churches in the Romanesque style are much more numerous. In parts of Eastern Europe, there are also round tower-like churches of the Romanesque period but they are generally vernacular architecture and of small scale. Others, like St Martin's Rotunda at Visegrad, in the Czech Republic, are

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technique, but only 271 masonry constructions. After the Protestant reformation when the construction of new (or replacement of old) churches was resumed, wood was still the dominant material but the log technique became dominant. The log construction gave a lower more sturdy style of building

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These buildings copied pagan tombs and were square, cruciform with shallow projecting arms or polygonal. They were roofed by domes which came to symbolize heaven. The projecting arms were sometimes roofed with domes or semi-domes that were lower and abutted the central block of the building.

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The split between Eastern and Western Church Architecture extended its influence into the churches we see in America today as well. America's churches are an amalgamation of the many styles and cultures that collided here, examples being St. Constantine, a Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in

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Apart from changes in the liturgy, the other major influence on church architecture was in the use of new materials and the development of new techniques. In northern Europe, early churches were often built of wood, for which reason almost none survive. With the wider use of stone by the

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stood as if on a watchtower, disputing long whether it ought to be set on fire. The sentiment of Diocletian prevailed, who dreaded lest, so great a fire being once kindled, some part of the city might he burnt; for there were many and large buildings that surrounded the church. Then the

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more immediate to the congregation to emphasise man's direct access to God through Christ. Therefore, Catholic churches were redecorated when they became reformed: Paintings and statues of saints were removed and sometimes the altar table was placed in front of the pulpit, as in

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Church architecture varies depending on both the sect of the faith, as well as the geographical location and the influences acting upon it. Variances from the typical church architecture as well as unique characteristics can be seen in many areas around the globe.

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The next period, beginning in the second half of the first millennium AD and lasting into the 16th century, includes both structures built of conventional materials, and those hewn from rock. Although most surviving examples of the first are now found in caves,

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Specifically in Texas, there are remnants of the Anglo-American colonization that are visible in the architecture itself. Texas in itself was a religious hotbed, and so ecclesiastical architecture developed at a faster pace than in other areas. Looking at the

2036:. Though still retaining its unique local characteristics, the styles became more literate as more architects arrived from the other parts of the Spanish Empire, and even started incorporating newer styles such as Neoclassical, Neo-Gothic and Neo-Romanesque. 741:(St Paul's outside the Walls) in Rome, this bema extended laterally beyond the main meeting hall, forming two arms so that the building took on the shape of a T with a projecting apse. From this beginning, the plan of the church developed into the so-called 3901: 235:

and sometimes transepts and mortuary chapels. The additional chambers may be part of the original plan, but in the case of a great many old churches, the building has been extended piecemeal, its various parts testifying to its long architectural history.

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in England and the United States. The congregation were to process from one place to another. Such arrangements were less appropriate for large congregations than for small; for the former, proscenium arch arrangements with huge amphitheatres such as at

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Across Europe, the process by which church architecture developed and individual churches were designed and built was different in different regions, and sometimes differed from church to church in the same region and within the same historic period.

1516:. Between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the style of church architecture could be called 'Early English' and 'Decorated'. This time is considered to be when England was in its prime in the category of a church building. It was after the 1578:, which has features of the Gothic style. There are not many remaining examples of those two styles, but the Byzantine influence is much more prominent. A few prime examples of the direct Byzantine influence are the St. Nicoara and Domneasca in 864:'s burial place became a place of worship as well as a tomb. It is one of the earliest church buildings that was central, rather than longitudinally planned. Constantine was also responsible for the building of the circular, mausoleum-like 1293:

The popularity of saints, the veneration of their relics, and the size and importance of the church built to honor them are without consistency and can be dependent upon entirely different factors. Two virtually unknown warrior saints,

2520:'. In front of the altar were simple benches. Behind the altar was a great white void of a back wall, signifying the region of the invisible Father. The influence of this simplicity spread to Switzerland with such architects as 2418:

in Wiesbaden was the first church realised according to this ideology in 1892–94. The unity of the parish was expressed by an architecture that united the pulpit and the altar in its circle, following early Calvinist tradition.

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had at their core a large vaulted building with a high roof, braced on either side by a series of lower chambers or a wide arcaded passage. An important feature of the Roman basilica was that at either end it had a projecting

2489:. Simple one-room plans are almost of the essence of modernity in architecture. In France and Germany between the first and second World Wars, some of the major developments took place. The church at Le Raincy near Paris by 1913:

College and Seminary includes a pagoda shape and traditional tile-style roof. Zhongshan and Jinan Presbyterian churches were built during the Japanese era (1895–1945) and reflect a Japanese aesthetic. Tunghai University's

1106:, although centrally planned around a domed space, generally maintained a definite axis towards the apsidal chancel which generally extended further than the other apses. This projection allowed for the erection of an 2348:

During the 17th and 18th centuries, Protestant churches were built in the baroque style that originated in Italy, however consciously more simply decorated. Some could still become fairly grand, for instance, the

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Buildings were at first from those originally intended for other purposes but, with the rise of distinctively ecclesiastical architecture, church buildings came to influence secular ones which have often imitated

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The style of churches in England has gone through many changes under the influence of geographical, geological, climatic, religious, social and historical factors. One of the earliest style changes is shown in

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that can be found beside many cathedrals, and in the huge colonnaded squares or piazza at the Basilicas of St Peter's in Rome and St Mark's in Venice and the Camposanto (Holy Field) at the Cathedral of Pisa.

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should extend beyond a single meeting room to two main spaces, one for the congregation and one in which the priest performs the rituals of the Mass. To the two-room structure is often added aisles, a tower,

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with its emphasis on harmony. These large, often ornate and architecturally prestigious buildings were dominant features of the towns and countryside in which they stood. However, far more numerous were the

691:, a semicircular space roofed with a half-dome. This was where the magistrates sat to hold court. It passed into the church architecture of the Roman world and was adapted in different ways as a feature of 1278:

Churches that have been built under the patronage of a bishop have generally employed a competent church architect and demonstrate in the design refinement of style unlike that of the parochial builder.

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Collegiate churches and abbey churches, even those serving small religious communities, generally demonstrate a greater complexity of form than parochial churches in the same area and of a similar date.

2821: 1090:, constructed as mausoleums housing the tombs of the saints who had died during the persecutions which only fully ended with the conversion of Emperor Constantine. An important surviving example is the 1771:

The final period of Ethiopian church architecture, which extends to the present day, is characterized by round churches with conical roofs – quite similar to the ordinary houses the inhabitants of the

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Although having its roots in the traditions of Eastern Christianity – especially the Syrian church – as well as later being exposed to European influences – the traditional architectural style of

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in the early 19th century criticized this scheme as being too profane. The German Evangelical Church Conference, therefore, recommended the Gothic language of forms for church building in 1861.

1129:(Istanbul) in the 6th century produced churches that effectively combined centralized and basilica plans, having semi-domes forming the axis, and arcaded galleries on either side. The church of 210:

that changes in liturgical practice may result in the alteration of existing buildings and that a building built by one religious group may be used by a successor group with different purposes.

2028:, characterized by fortress-like thick walls and contrafuetes (buttresses); squat cylindrical, rectangular or octagonal belfries also serving as watch towers; local motifs; and in some extent, 1523:

An architectural element that appeared soon after the Black Death style change and is observed extensively in Medieval English styles is fan vaulting, seen in the Chapel of Henry VII and the

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or vestibule which stretches across the front of the church. This type of plan was also to later play a part in the development of church architecture in Western Europe, most notably in

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Menachery, George (ed.) The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, 3 volumes: Trichur 1973, Trichur 1982, Ollur 2009; hundreds of photographs on Indian church architecture.

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had always been a feature of Western churches. The birth of Protestantism led to extensive changes in the way that Christianity was practiced (and hence the design of churches).

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originate from the introduction of Christianity and continued to be widespread, particularly in rural areas, when masonry churches dominated in cities and in Western Europe.

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Early church architecture did not draw its form from Roman temples, as they did not have large internal spaces where worshipping congregations could meet. It was the Roman

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is cited as the starting point of process, not only for its plan but also for the materials used, reinforced concrete. More central to the development of the process was

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was built in 1607 as the first Protestant church building in the Netherlands, a domed church with an octagonal shape, according to Calvinism's focus on the sermon. The

2396:(1782). A new Protestant interior design scheme was established in many German Lutheran churches during the 18th century, following the example of the court chapel of 2024:

traditions while complying with the tropical climate and earthquake-prone environment of the islands, resulting in an architectural style known as Filipino Baroque or

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came in battle array, with axes and other iron instruments, and having been let loose everywhere, they in a few hours leveled that very lofty edifice with the ground.

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in the fourth century AD, resulted in Christian ritual evolving in distinctly different ways in the eastern and western parts of the empire. The final break was the

1736:, which although approximately square the nave and transepts combine to form a cruciform outline – leading experts to categorize Abreha we Atsbeha as an example of 2543:(1954). Similar principles of simplicity and continuity of style throughout can be found in the United States, in particular at the Roman Catholic Abbey church of 1286:

Churches that contain famous relics or objects of veneration and have thus become pilgrimage churches are often very large and have been elevated to the status of

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Similarly, many Catholic churches in the southwestern United States – especially in the coastal portions of California – are built with exterior elements in the

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styles, before later falling to the greater influence of the Byzantine styles. The early western influences can be seen in two places, the first is a church in

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for instance was built in reinforced concrete allowing a wide basilica to be built. During the 1960s there was a more pronounced break from tradition as in the

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of 1590: The connection of altar with baptismal font, pulpit and organ in a vertical axis. The central painting above the altar was replaced with the pulpit.

154:, partly by innovation and partly by borrowing other architectural styles as well as responding to changing beliefs, practices and local traditions. From the 3949:

Coomans, Thomas (2014). "Indigenizing Catholic Architecture in China: From Western-Gothic to Sino-Christian Design, 1900–1940". In Chu, Cindy Yik-yi (ed.).

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had the ongoing patronage of a wealthy family and whether the church contained relics of a saint or other holy objects that were likely to draw pilgrimage.

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in Damascus. Many later Eastern Orthodox churches, particularly large ones, combine a centrally planned, domed eastern end with an aisled nave at the west.

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After the Second World War, Metzger continued to develop his ideas, notably with the church of St. Franscus at Basel-Richen. Another notable building is

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Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese architectures have been integrated into church building design. Hundreds of timber-framed churches in Northern

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built for his daughter Costanza a mausoleum which has a circular central space surrounded by a lower ambulatory or passageway separated by a colonnade.

3257: 1110:, a screen on which icons are hung and which conceals the altar from the worshippers except at those points in the liturgy when its doors are opened. 429:

From the first to the early fourth centuries most Christian communities worshipped in private homes, often secretly. Some Roman churches, such as the

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Participation in worship, which gave rise to the porch church, began to decline as the church became increasingly clericalized; with the rise of the

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of Amsterdam was built between 1620 and 1631 in Renaissance style and remains the largest church in the Netherlands that was built for Protestants.

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encouraged the use of a freestanding altar allowing the priest to face the people. The effect of these changes can be seen in such churches as the

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The idea that worship was a corporate activity and that the congregation should be in no way excluded from sight or participation derives from the

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Other than Santa Costanza and San Stefano, there was another significant place of worship in Rome that was also circular, the vast Ancient Roman

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After the second world war, modern materials and techniques such as concrete and metal panels were introduced in Norwegian church construction.

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across the world and the titular saint of numerous locations, was demolished in the late 19th century to make way for Venice's railway station.

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evidence of patronage may be apparent only in accretion of chantry chapels, tombs, memorials, fittings, stained glass, and other decorations.

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in Rome, are built directly over the houses where early Christians worshipped. Other early Roman churches are built on the sites of Christian

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used for meetings, markets, and courts of law that provided a model for the large Christian church and that gave its name to the Christian

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In the early Romanian territory of Wallachia, there were three major influences that can be seen. The first are the western influences of

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live in. Despite this resemblance, the interiors are quite different in how their rooms are laid out, based on a three-part division of:

17: 2361:, built between 1726 and 1743 as a sign of the will of the citizen to remain Protestant after their ruler had converted to Catholicism. 1345:(Jesuits). It introduced the baroque style into architecture. Corresponding with the Society's theological task as the spearhead of the 3075: 2932: 1678:) churches has followed a path all its own. The earliest known churches show the familiar basilican layout. For example, the church of 1500:

in London. There are many other notable churches that have each had their own influence on the ever-changing style in England, such as

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was the most common form in the west, a more compact centralized style became predominant in the east. These churches were in origin

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sat in a dais behind the altar. While pagan basilicas had as their focus a statue of the emperor, Christian basilicas focused on the

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and in private houses. After the separation of Jews and Christians, the latter continued to worship in people's houses, known as

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to the present, the most significant objects of transformation for Christian architecture and design were the great churches of

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Coomans, Thomas (2017). "The 'Sino-Christian Style': A Major Tool for Architectural Indigenization". In Zheng, Yangwen (ed.).

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in 1524. The pews were turned towards the pulpit. Wooden galleries were built to allow more worshippers to follow the sermon.

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Byzantine: Chora Church, Istanbul: a domed church with an apsidal chancel, galleries at either side and a narthex. A modified

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Early Christian: House Church at Dura, Syria, domestic rooms around a courtyard were adapted as a meeting place and baptistry.

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Corpus Christi in Aachen was Schwartz's first parish church and adheres to the same principles, very much reminiscent of the

4063:"A Study on the Spatial Composition influenced by climatic conditions in 19C Bahay na Bato around Cebu city in Philippines" 3912:"A Study on Architectural Characteristics of Churches with Vertically-Elongated Timber-Framed Structure in Northern Vietnam" 2974: 2962: 2877: 2699: 1161: 3164: 2450: 1445:

believes that the introduction of log technique after the reformation resulted in a multitude of church designs in Norway.

1070: 2993: 2214:

Images and statues were sometimes removed in disorderly attacks and unofficial mob actions (in the Netherlands called the

3428: 2842: 1524: 1234:, separated from the nave by a screen. Practical function and symbolism were both at work in the process of development. 3005: 4292: 4196: 2729: 479:. While civic basilicas had apses at either end, the Christian basilica usually had a single apse where the bishop and 4427: 4144: 4003: 3968: 2472: 1675: 1682:

is organized around a nave of four bays separated by re-used monolithic columns; at the western end is a low-roofed

1532:

which one side was leaning towards the modernist, functional way of design, and the other was following traditional

1520:

that the style went through another change, the 'perpendicular style', where ornamentation became more extravagant.

1098:

decorations. Dating from the 5th century, it may have been briefly used as an oratory before it became a mausoleum.

3298: 2574: 2388:

in Saarbrücken; this building scheme was also quite popular in Switzerland, with the largest being the churches of

2354: 1433:

floor plan offers good visibility as well as a rigid structure allowing a relatively wide nave to be constructed –

374: 3020: 4703: 3907:"A Study on the Timber Framework of Churches in the Northern Vietnam, Bui Chu, Thai Binh, and Phat Diem Dioceses" 3341: 2333:

In Britain during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it became usual for Anglican churches to display the

1030: 2315: 1721:, protected inside the circular walls of later construction. An example of these built-up churches would be the 3434: 3336: 2454: 1861: 1634: 1311: 1299: 1185: 3188: 1728:

The other style of this period, perhaps the most famous architectural tradition of Ethiopia, are the numerous

1722: 632:

communities began to build churches they drew on one particular feature of the houses that preceded them, the

384:

Some domestic buildings were adapted to function as churches. One of the earliest of adapted residences is at

4728: 4137:

Seismic Architecture – The architecture of earthquake resistant structures, Llunji Mentor, Earthquake Spectra

2778: 2591: 2239: 2184:

point of the church interior and that churches should be designed to allow all to hear and see the minister.

1893: 1697: 1598: 1594: 1195:

congregation through the arch between the rooms (from late mediaeval times closed by a wooden partition, the

931:. In churches of Western European tradition, the plan is usually longitudinal, in the form of the so-called 733:, a concept taken from synagogue architecture, formed part of many large basilican churches. In the case of 4723: 4718: 3923: 3387: 3356: 3346: 2627: 1741: 1653: 1630: 1602: 1470: 1438: 865: 245: 1756:, are entirely free-standing with the volcanic tuff removed from all sides, while other churches, such as 1556: 1133:(now a mosque) was the most significant example and had an enormous influence on both later Christian and 4337:

Modern perspectives in Western art history. An anthology of twentieth-century writings on the visual arts

3906: 3837: 2656: 2407: 1714: 1091: 1046: 65: 4689: 2570: 2234:

of 1555, which ended a period of armed conflict between Roman Catholic and Protestant forces within the

895:

in imitation of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre as isolated examples in England, France, and Spain. In

4220: 3228: 2717: 2498: 1857: 1449: 745:

which is the shape of most Western Cathedrals and large churches. The arms of the cross are called the

317: 4376: 2757: 2508:

movement of art. Externally it is a plan cube; the interior has white walls and colourless windows, a

1865: 463:, a large rectangular meeting hall became general in east and west, as the model for churches, with a 399:

Some church buildings were specifically built as church assemblies, such as that opposite the emperor

4453: 3911: 2865: 2252: 2244: 1999: 267: 100: 96: 4694: 2920: 3377: 2200: 2017: 1661: 1541: 1394: 764: 699: 643: 535: 495: 452: 430: 171: 3269: 2578: 719:

As numbers of clergy increased, the small apse which contained the altar, or table upon which the

76: 2607: 2443: 1909: 1904:

In East Asia, Taiwan is one of several countries famous for its church architecture. The Spanish

1888:

Some churches across Southeast Asia have also incorporated traditional architecture, such as the

1869: 1613:

churches, and Russian Orthodox churches, found all across the country. There are remnants of the

1567: 1533: 979: 967: 738: 734: 647: 448: 163: 4700:

Digital collection with floor plans, details, sections, and elevations of three Buffalo churches

2410:

began its triumphal march. With regard to Protestant churches, it was not only an expression of

1885:

During the first decades of the 20th century, a new Sino-Christian church architecture emerged.

43: 3372: 3361: 3326: 2555: 2551: 2029: 1917:, designed by IM Pei's firm, is often held up as an example of a modern, contextualized style. 1614: 1610: 1497: 1377: 1166: 1103: 881: 692: 519: 195: 2544: 1574:, that showcases distinctly Romanesque styles, and the second are the remnants of a church in 4662: 2950: 2827: 1765: 1618:

decorated and accentuated than their Protestant counterparts, in which decoration is simple.

1575: 1505: 1254: 634: 591: 524: 294: 88: 4690:

EnVisionChurch.org, Commentaries and case studies on modern church building and architecture

3893: 1334: 388:, built shortly after 200 AD, where two rooms were made into one, by removing a wall, and a 2512:

i.e. a narrow rectangle at the end of which is the altar. It was to be, said Schwartz not '

2358: 2314:, the Habsburgs were forced to allow more Protestant churches within their empire with the 2291: 2227: 2193: 2141: 2124: 2021: 1914: 1882:

are constructed with traditional methods, exhibiting great cultural and historical values.

1757: 1398: 1330: 1142: 1134: 1079: 1075: 1050: 887:

Ancient circular or polygonal churches are comparatively rare. A small number, such as the

491: 378: 4350: 4106: 4041: 8: 4645: 3537: 2486: 2397: 2295: 2287: 2157: 2119: 1828: 1819: 1772: 1725:, which has many resemblances to the church of Debre Damo both in plan and construction. 1563: 1537: 1346: 877: 857: 852:. The mausoleum of a noble Roman was a square or circular domed structure which housed a 679: 385: 167: 4541: 4321: 4214: 3950: 3804: 3770: 3738: 3696: 2532: 2311: 2109: 2104: 2065:

often took hundreds of years to complete—all of which was considered a tribute to God.

2025: 1993: 1905: 1761: 1671: 1222:– and had to be rebuilt.) Sanctuaries, now providing for the singing of the offices by 702:

in Rome, consisted of a single-ended basilica with one apsidal end and a courtyard, or

629: 354: 155: 151: 4508: 4339:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press & Medieval Academy of America. p. 318. 2364: 1768:

on one or two sides. All of the churches are accessed through a labyrinth of tunnels.

1579: 642:

surrounding it. Most of these atriums have disappeared. A fine example remains at the

4699: 4630: 4516: 4298: 4288: 4202: 4192: 4163: 4140: 3999: 3964: 2411: 2307: 2283: 2248:, meaning that the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled. 2235: 2231: 2176: 2169: 2114: 2044: 1733: 1729: 1667: 1493: 1484: 1373: 720: 358: 139: 4513:

Kunst und Kirche im 20. Jahrhundert. Die Rezeption des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils

3558: 2525: 1434: 1353: 4609: 4077: 3991: 3956: 3730: 3542:

De norske stavkirker. Studier over deres system, oprindelse og historiske udvikling

3104: 3012: 2748: 2616: 1637:, though often with stained glass windows added and more modern interior elements. 1623: 1426: 1409: 1369: 1357: 1342: 1138: 948: 417: 370: 4020:"Religious Centers: A Grand Tour of Beloved and Blessed Local Church Architecture" 3795:

Robinson, Willard B. (1990). "Early Anglo-American Church Architecture in Texas".

1693: 1645: 1349:, the new style soon became a triumphant feature in Catholic church architecture. 4624: 4082: 4062: 3112: 2721: 2403: 2350: 1889: 1737: 1381: 1303: 1014: 220: 54: 4620: 4402: 3146:

Rococo choir of Church of Saint-Sulpice, Fougères, Brittany, 16th – 18th century

2322:(Churches of Grace). They were mostly smaller wooden structures like the one in 2219: 757: 455:

in 312 AD, Christianity became a lawful and then the privileged religion of the

4351:"Royal Arms can be seen in churches throughout England but why are they there?" 3442:. Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. 7. Translated by William Fletcher – via 3382: 3090: 2567: 2513: 2490: 2129: 2092: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1732:. This includes houses of worship carved out of the side of mountains, such as 1247: 1227: 1126: 916: 861: 818: 724: 499: 366: 4122: 3995: 2262: 1950: 1544:

styles, as reflected in the architecture of all buildings, not just churches.

514: 4712: 4657: 4302: 3622: 3275: 2908: 2620: 2521: 2385: 2369: 2011: 1753: 1749: 1649: 1480: 1338: 1323: 1295: 1219: 1150: 1007: 909: 888: 873: 826: 577: 445: 361:

were constructed. In the beginning, Christians worshipped along with Jews in

179: 4237: 4206: 3960: 3895:

Study on Architectural History of Timber-framed Churches in Northern Vietnam

2376:

Some churches were built with a new and genuinely Protestant alignment: the

2168:

brought a period of radical change to church design. On Christmas Day 1521,

1207:

monks, in the tenth and eleventh centuries, larger structures were erected.

966:, the crossing generally surmounted by a dome became the common form in the 792: 407:

When that day dawned, in the eighth consulship of Diocletian and seventh of

3648: 3367: 3331: 2679: 2558:

issued in December 1963. This encouraged 'active participation' (in Latin:

2540: 2215: 2147: 2135: 1980: 1442: 1421: 1385: 1130: 1061: 959: 944: 811: 585: 456: 135: 92: 2389: 1571: 576:

The church building as we know it grew out of a number of features of the

381:, together with the church in their house, greet you warmly in the Lord." 4070:

Journal of the Korea Institute of Ecological Architecture and Environment

3030: 3026: 2641: 2517: 2165: 1552: 1517: 1319: 1307: 1204: 1196: 1191: 1118: 1107: 963: 932: 853: 742: 509: 298: 183: 125: 3808: 3774: 3700: 2302:

were obliged to tolerate three Protestant churches in their province of

2152: 1939: 1040: 1033:: a cruciform plan with apse and aisles, west portal, and side entrance. 3443: 3424: 3321: 3316: 2846: 2687: 2635: 2603: 2457: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2415: 2256: 2180: 2049: 1930: 1748:, variable in hardness and composition". Some of the churches, such as 1679: 1315: 1172: 1065:

An illustrated layout of the traditional interior of an Orthodox Church

928: 905: 476: 472: 400: 362: 147: 3761:

Wolniewicz, Richard (1997). "Comparative Ethnic Church Architecture".

3742: 3128: 392:

was set up. To the right of the entrance a small room was made into a

4189:

A companion to medieval art: Romanesque and Gothic in Northern Europe

4065:

19C 필리핀 세부(Cebu) 바하이 나 바토(bahay na bato) 주택의 기후적 인자를 고려한 공간 구성에 관한 연구

3985: 3351: 2801: 2782: 2631: 2611: 2223: 2218:). Medieval churches were stripped of their decorations, such as the 2033: 1744:, which were created by excavating into "a hillside of soft, reddish 1513: 1509: 1389: 1314:

at the same time. The much smaller church that contained the body of

955: 869: 849: 655: 639: 616: 609: 484: 480: 393: 260: 159: 121: 3294: 2981: 2432: 1405: 369:. These were often the homes of the wealthier members of the faith. 219:

may be circular as well. A simple church may be built of mud brick,

112: 4478: 3734: 3721:

Munzer, Zdenka (1944). "Medieval Church Architecture in Walachia".

2536: 2377: 2338: 2327: 2299: 2271: 1583: 1287: 1215: 1083: 975: 940: 892: 746: 672: 668: 597: 558: 460: 438: 412: 408: 340: 203: 174: 143: 2318:, however limiting these with similar requirements, the so-called 1242: 1023: 3132: 3108: 3082: 2954: 2850: 2797: 2664: 2505: 2323: 2303: 2267: 2057: 1879: 1802: 1705: 1690:, or Holy of Holies, separated by the only arch in the building. 1683: 1430: 1259: 1237: 1231: 1113: 1082:

began to diverge from each other from an early date. Whereas the

971: 896: 727:, was not sufficient to accommodate them. A raised dais called a 707: 530: 344: 325: 302: 213: 2550:

A theological principle which resulted in change was the decree

2199:

The first newly built Protestant church was the court chapel of

1959: 3279: 3086: 2985: 2775: 2691: 2393: 2342: 2208: 2185: 1839: 1701: 1417: 1360:

built in lightweight concrete and covered in aluminum sidings.

1095: 1056: 777: 684: 564: 434: 321: 278: 232: 228: 3899:

Research project by Tokyo Metropolitan University (2009–2011).

3608:

Kirken som bygg og bilde. Rom og liturgi mot et tusenårsskifte

995: 4695:

Photographs of European cathedrals, monasteries and cloisters

4263:"Gothic Art – Medieval Studies – Oxford Bibliographies – obo" 3302: 3244: 3207: 2912: 2869: 2683: 2660: 2053: 1784: 1718: 1501: 1211: 546: 468: 199: 4604:. Indian Church History Classics. Vol. 1. SARAS, Ollur. 3723:

Journal of the American Society of Architectural Historians

3687:

Knapp-Fisher, A. B. (1955). "English Church Architecture".

2563: 2381: 1745: 1223: 936: 822: 803: 768: 729: 688: 603: 569: 552: 540: 503: 464: 403:'s palace in Nicomedia. Its destruction was recorded thus: 389: 2006:

unique to the archipelago developed over three centuries.

646:

in Rome and another was built in the Romanesque period at

4641:

Focusing on modern church architecture, mid-20th-century.

2345:, to symbolise the monarch's role as head of the church. 198:. In the 20th century, the use of new materials, such as 150:, etc. It has evolved over the two thousand years of the 2136:

The Reformation and its influence on church architecture

487:

as the symbol of the eternal, loving and forgiving God.

253:

An early Christian house church and 4th-century basilica

4191:. Rudolph, Conrad, 1951–. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 2006. 2242:, the Habsburg Emperor, agreed to accept the principle 2016:

and Chinese architects with native manpower, drew from

1333:

façade was built in Rome between 1568 and 1584 for the

4285:

Guidebook Select French Gothic Cathedrals and Churches

4135:

Reitherman, Robert Consortium of Universities (2016).

3561:(1991). "Kirkebygging i Norge i 1600- og 1700-årene". 2642:

Images of church architecture from different centuries

2594:

in Chicago in the United States have been one answer.

2581:, both circular buildings with a free-standing altar. 2278:

By the beginning of the 17th century, in spite of the

698:

The earliest large churches, such as the Cathedral of

510:

Characteristics of the early Christian church building

4629:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg Publishing House. 4123:"The City of God: Churches, Convents and Monasteries" 4056: 4054: 2091:

The Gothic era, first referred to by historiographer

2009:

Convents and monasteries were primarily built in the

1041:

Divergence of Eastern and Western church architecture

848:

One of the influences on church architecture was the

3544:(in Norwegian). Kristiania: Cammermeyer. p. 35. 3249:

Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)

927:

Most cathedrals and great churches have a cruciform

4125:. Discovering Philippines. Retrieved on 2011-07-06. 3158:

Saint John the Baptist of Saint-Jean-de-Luz, France

943:. The transept may be as strongly projecting as at 357:, the practice of Christianity was illegal and few 4540: 4318:Sør-Fron kirke. Lokal bakgrunn og impulser utenfra 4112:on 23 September 2017 – via nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph. 4051: 4047:on 23 September 2017 – via nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph. 3859:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 75ff. 3433:. In Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James (eds.). 2747:Original building of Roswell Presbyterian Church, 2634:movement are replaced by unapologetically diverse 2211:, consecrated by Martin Luther on 5 October 1544. 206:, has had an effect upon the design of churches. 27:Branch of architecture focused on church buildings 4590:The mediaeval styles of the English Parish Church 3479:Studies in Roman and Early Christian Architecture 2667:can be seen in the foreground (early 4th century) 2039: 490:The first very large Christian churches, notably 4710: 4164:"Gothic Art – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History" 1908:in the 17th century had an adjacent church. The 1210:The two-room church, particularly if it were an 4061:Kim, Young Hoon 김영훈; Lim, Sooyoung 임수영 (2013). 3610:(in Norwegian). Kirkerådet og Kirkekonsulenten. 2290:by the Habsburg emperors which resulted in the 2238:, the rulers of the German-speaking states and 4685:Oldest Christian chapel in the Holy Land found 4428:"St. Corpus Christi (St. Fronleichnam) (1930)" 3057:Presbyterian church, Washington, Georgia, 1826 2282:principle, the majority of the peoples in the 1238:Factors affecting the architecture of churches 922: 424: 377:writes: "The churches of Asia send greetings. 214:Origins and development of the church building 4515:(in German). Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh. 3481:. London: The Pindar Press. pp. 455–456. 3263:Saint Augustine Church of Paoay, Ilocos Norte 2226:reformation, beginning with its main church, 1182:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches 4569: 4320:(Dissertation, Art History) (in Norwegian). 3686: 3476: 2222:in Zürich in 1524, a stance enhanced by the 1057:Eastern Orthodoxy and Byzantine architecture 3536: 3437:Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died 3127:Newly built St. Anthony of Padua Church in 2938:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Bulgaria 1250:with Christian Mosaics feature prominently. 4570:Graham-Dixon, Andrew (1996). "Chapter 1". 4334: 4282: 4134: 3933:"Thầy trò vị giáo sư Nhật mê văn hóa Việt" 3869: 3854: 3844:. London: Reynal and Co. pp. 124–137. 3760: 3553: 3551: 3170:Romanesque interior, Schöngrabern, Austria 2815:St Gregory the Great, Kirknewton, Scotland 2298:treaties of 1648 which ended the war, the 2251:In the Netherlands the Reformed church in 2086: 1809: 4644: 4599: 4081: 2497:in Germany which was remodelled in 1928. 2473:Learn how and when to remove this message 2203:in 1543, followed by the court chapel of 3955:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 125–144. 3836: 3794: 3557: 2630:and formalized shapes and spaces of the 2363: 2261: 2151: 2043: 1692: 1644: 1593: 1551: 1479: 1404: 1393: 1253: 1241: 1171: 1160: 1153:is St. Basil's in Red Square in Moscow. 1112: 1060: 800:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls 513: 111: 4377:"Modernism and the Liturgical Movement" 3983: 3948: 3924:"Nhà thờ gỗ không dùng đinh ở Nam Định" 3599: 3548: 2883:Wooroolin Church, Queensland, Australia 1437:believes that this is a reason why the 947:or not project beyond the aisles as at 14: 4711: 4587: 4578: 4538: 4507: 4060: 3881: 3821: 3720: 3682: 3605: 3485: 3423: 1872:(built by a Japanese pastor in Hawaii) 908:, while in England it was adapted for 4619: 4560: 4551: 4454:"A concrete version of dizzy rapture" 4451: 4315: 4309: 4232: 4230: 4158: 4156: 4116: 3797:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3647: 3641: 2968:Sant'Agostino, San Gimignano, Tuscany 1300:one of the largest churches in Venice 785:Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe 723:and wine were offered in the rite of 4529: 4283:Sawon, Hong; Moore, Richard (2016). 3826:. New York: Praeger. pp. 97–99. 3689:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 3581:"County archives about Olden Church" 3521: 3505: 3503: 3491: 3457: 3455: 3453: 2610:formed in reaction to the ideals of 2455:adding citations to reliable sources 2426: 2286:had become Protestant, sparking the 1890:Church of the Sacred Heart, Ganjuran 1787:is kept, and only priests may enter; 1071:Eastern Orthodox church architecture 353:In the first three centuries of the 4452:Greer, Germaine (18 October 2007). 3515: 2705:Santa María, Cambre, Galicia, Spain 2608:Postmodern movement in architecture 2142:Lutheran art § Reformation era 2098: 2052:Kotka Church at summer midnight in 1640: 1258:Sacred Heart Cathedral of Algiers, 1165:West elevation of the Cathedral of 1094:in Ravenna, which has retained its 771:, with reused ancient Roman columns 24: 4227: 4153: 3952:Catholicism in China, 1900–Present 3781: 3749: 3707: 3659: 3627:Norges Kirker (Churches in Norway) 3461: 2068: 1455: 1363: 25: 4740: 4678: 4616:(series), Harmondsworth: Penguin. 4543:Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship 3620: 3500: 3450: 3045:St Martin's in the Fields, London 2779:Protestant Christian Batak Church 2547:, in Lisle, near Chicago (1971). 2384:was omitted, for instance at the 2380:became the main church while the 1794:used by communicants at mass; and 1441:became popular during the 1700s. 954:Many of the earliest churches of 706:, at the other end. As Christian 619:ground plan: Latin or Greek cross 4652:. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 4287:. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse. 3655:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal. 3563:Årbok for Fortidsminneforeningen 3286: 3268: 3256: 3236: 3231:in South Bound Brook, New Jersey 3221: 3199: 3187: 3182:St Bartholomew-the-Great, London 3175: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3120: 3097: 3074: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3019: 3004: 2992: 2973: 2961: 2943: 2931: 2919: 2900: 2888: 2876: 2857: 2835: 2820: 2808: 2789: 2768: 2756: 2740: 2728: 2710: 2698: 2672: 2648: 2597: 2431: 2266:The Protestant wooden church in 1958: 1949: 1938: 1929: 1847: 1838: 1827: 1818: 1589: 1156: 1022: 1006: 994: 810: 791: 776: 756: 654:may be seen in the large square 556:for the clergy extending into a 332: 309: 286: 259: 138:of Christian buildings, such as 75: 64: 53: 42: 4704:University at Buffalo Libraries 4600:Menachery, George, ed. (1998). 4501: 4471: 4445: 4420: 4395: 4369: 4343: 4328: 4276: 4255: 4181: 4128: 4090: 4025: 4012: 3977: 3942: 3917: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3848: 3830: 3815: 3614: 3573: 3526:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Samlaget. 3464:The Beginnings of Christian Art 3342:Marian and Holy Trinity columns 2980:Arka Pana church in Bieńczyce, 2442:needs additional citations for 2164:In the early 16th century, the 1790:An inner ambulatory called the 1176:Strasbourg Cathedral west front 891:, London were built during the 678:Both Roman basilicas and Roman 375:first letter to the Corinthians 4335:Kleinbauer, W. Eugene (1988). 4099:The Spanish Colonial Tradition 4034:The Spanish Colonial Tradition 3530: 3470: 3417: 3406: 3337:Gothic cathedrals and churches 2040:Gothic era church architecture 1862:Sacred Heart Cathedral of Dali 1686:, while on the eastern is the 1654:rock-hewn churches of Lalibela 1635:Spanish missions in California 1214:or a cathedral, might acquire 1186:Gothic cathedrals and churches 836:) as the tomb of his daughter. 441:where Christians were buried. 13: 1: 4658:"Ecclesiastical Architecture" 3855:Phillipson, David W. (2009). 3394: 3299:St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata 3211: 2895:Collegiate Church of St Vitus 2592:Willow Creek Community Church 2355:St. Michael's Church, Hamburg 2179:. In early January 1522, the 1894:Holy Redeemer Church, Bangkok 1764:, are only detached from the 1740:churches. Then there are the 1599:Washington National Cathedral 1582:, and church at Nicopolis in 1306:Friars in competition to the 958:have a longitudinal plan. At 830: 271: 239: 188:great cathedrals and churches 4565:. Norwich: Canterbury Press. 4556:. Norwich: Canterbury Press. 4083:10.12813/kieae.2013.13.6.029 3857:Ancient Churches of Ethiopia 3388:Category:Church architecture 3357:Oldest churches in the world 3347:Mathematics and architecture 2422: 2316:Treaty of Altranstädt (1707) 1631:Mission Revival architecture 1547: 1471:Armenian church architecture 1047:division of the Roman Empire 866:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 843: 612:: centrally-planned building 355:Early Livia Christian Church 246:Oldest churches in the world 7: 4532:The English Decorated Style 3990:. Brill. pp. 197–232. 3477:Ward-Perkins, J.B. (1994). 3309: 2623:, and Thomas Gordon Smith. 2408:Gothic Revival architecture 2230:in Geneva, in 1535. At the 1892:, Java, Indonesia, and the 1723:church of Yemrehana Krestos 1633:style, as a tribute to the 1603:Northwest, Washington, D.C. 1401:, Norway, late 12th century 1117:Coptic cruciform church in 1092:Mausoleum of Galla Placidia 923:Latin cross and Greek cross 819:Mausoleum of Santa Costanza 662: 650:. The descendants of these 425:From house church to church 18:Ecclesiastical architecture 10: 4745: 4168:Metropolitan Museum of Art 3229:St. Andrew Memorial Church 2926:San Bartolo, San Gimignano 2495:Schloss Rothenfels-am-Main 2145: 2139: 1991: 1858:Ganghwa Anglican Cathedral 1659: 1475: 1468: 1464: 1367: 1296:San Giovanni and San Paolo 1179: 1068: 506:in the early 4th century. 318:Basilica of the Holy Cross 243: 4650:Architecture in Communion 4432:Modernism in Architecture 3996:10.1163/9789004330382_009 3842:The Mountains of Rasselas 3511:A History of Architecture 3364:churches in North America 2735:San Pedro de Dozón, Spain 2253:Willemstad, North Brabant 2245:Cuius regio, eius religio 1805:and accessible to anyone. 1797:An outer ambulatory, the 1717:discovered an example in 1557:Curtea de Argeș Cathedral 1450:wood church constructions 1230:, grew longer and became 623: 268:Dura-Europos house church 164:Romanesque abbey churches 35: 4626:Architecture for Worship 4614:The Buildings of England 4572:A History of British Art 4064: 4018:Taipei City Government, 3606:Sæther, Arne E. (1990). 3399: 3378:Protestantism in Germany 3111:, the oldest example of 2160:, Germany, built in 1590 1662:Architecture of Ethiopia 1318:, a martyr venerated by 765:Basilica di San Clemente 700:San Giovanni in Laterano 644:Basilica of San Clemente 496:San Giovanni in Laterano 453:Battle of Milvian Bridge 444:With the victory of the 431:Basilica of San Clemente 4581:The Mediaeval Architect 4561:Giles, Richard (2004). 4552:Giles, Richard (1996). 4242:Encyclopedia Britannica 3987:Sinicizing Christianity 3961:10.1057/9781137353658_8 3763:Polish American Studies 3206:Interior of a Medieval 2866:Basilica of Saint Sofia 2763:Margarita, Cuneo, Italy 2087:Time periods and styles 1969:Clockwise from top left 1870:Makiki Christian Church 1810:East and Southeast Asia 1652:from above, one of the 1439:octagonal church design 968:Eastern Orthodox Church 739:San Paolo Fuori le Mura 714: 4219:: CS1 maint: others ( 3822:Buxton, David (1970). 3583:. 2000. Archived from 3524:Gamle kyrkjer i ny tid 3373:Religious architecture 3362:Polish Cathedral style 3327:Cathedral architecture 2951:Church of Saint-Pierre 2556:Second Vatican Council 2552:Sacrosanctum Concilium 2373: 2275: 2161: 2077: 2061: 1709: 1657: 1611:Polish Cathedral style 1605: 1559: 1488: 1413: 1402: 1378:Colonial meeting house 1310:who were building the 1263: 1251: 1177: 1169: 1167:Notre-Dame de Chartres 1122: 1066: 882:Basilica of San Vitale 693:cathedral architecture 638:, or courtyard with a 573: 437:or at the entrance to 422: 196:religious architecture 128: 101:Saint Paul's Cathedral 97:Saint Peter's Basilica 4663:Catholic Encyclopedia 4588:Howard, F.E. (1937). 4579:Harvey, John (1972). 4539:Davies, J.G. (1971). 4022:, accessed 2/10/2020. 3522:Muri, Sigurd (1975). 3081:Jaszczurówka Chapel, 2907:Interior view of the 2828:Etchmiadzin Cathedral 2718:Petäjävesi Old Church 2657:Rotunda of St. George 2367: 2265: 2155: 2140:Further information: 2110:Santa Maria del Fiore 2047: 1752:and the cross-shaped 1698:Enda Mariam Cathedral 1696: 1648: 1597: 1576:Drobeta-Turnu Severin 1555: 1525:King's College Chapel 1506:Westminster Cathedral 1483: 1412:, a 1759 log building 1408: 1397: 1257: 1245: 1175: 1164: 1141:in Jerusalem and the 1116: 1064: 1031:Eschau Church, France 517: 405: 297:, built c. 301 AD in 295:Etchmiadzin Cathedral 115: 89:Etchmiadzin cathedral 4729:Architectural styles 4646:Schloeder, Steven J. 4574:. London: BBC Books. 4316:Hosar, Kåre (1988). 3538:Dietrichson, Lorentz 3509:Fletcher, Banister. 2843:St. Michael's Church 2560:participatio actuosa 2451:improve this article 2359:Dresden Frauenkirche 2337:inside, either as a 2274:) was built in 1726. 2228:St. Pierre Cathedral 2194:Strasbourg Cathedral 2172:performed the first 2125:Monastery of Batalha 2030:Asian guardian lions 2004:arquitectura mestiza 1915:Luce Memorial Chapel 1910:Dutch Fort Zeelandia 1758:Biete Gabriel-Rufael 1742:churches of Lalibela 1399:Borgund stave church 1143:Umayyad Great Mosque 1135:Islamic architecture 1125:The architecture of 1080:Western Christianity 1076:Eastern Christianity 980:St. Peter's Basilica 783:The interior of the 735:St. Peter's Basilica 648:Sant'Ambrogio, Milan 492:Santa Maria Maggiore 124:in the north of the 91:plan; Arches of the 4724:Sacral architecture 4719:Church architecture 4592:. London: Batsford. 4554:Repitching the Tent 4407:NC State University 3653:Norsk trearkitektur 3413:1 Corinthians 16:19 2487:Liturgical Movement 2398:Wilhelmsburg Castle 2296:Peace of Westphalia 2288:Counter-Reformation 2158:Wilhelmsburg Castle 2120:Notre Dame de Paris 1866:Phát Diệm Cathedral 1773:Ethiopian highlands 1730:monolithic churches 1498:St Paul's Cathedral 1347:Counter-Reformation 878:San Stefano Rotondo 858:Emperor Constantine 520:St Peter's Basilica 386:Dura Europos church 132:Church architecture 32: 31:Church architecture 4583:. London: Wayland. 4534:. Oxford: Phaidon. 4485:. 10 February 2016 4355:Intriguing History 4322:University of Oslo 3884:, pp. 116–118 3872:, pp. 123–181 3621:Lidén, Hans-Emil. 2796:St Joseph Church, 2663:; some remains of 2533:Notre Dame du Haut 2374: 2312:Great Northern War 2276: 2162: 2105:Chartres Cathedral 2062: 2026:Earthquake Baroque 1994:Earthquake Baroque 1906:Fort Santo Domingo 1762:Biete Abba Libanos 1710: 1672:Ethiopian Orthodox 1658: 1606: 1560: 1489: 1414: 1403: 1335:Church of the Gesù 1298:, are honoured by 1264: 1252: 1178: 1170: 1123: 1104:Byzantine churches 1067: 798:The "bema" of the 763:The atrium at the 574: 156:Early Christianity 152:Christian religion 129: 30: 4636:978-0-8066-1320-8 4610:Pevsner, Nikolaus 4530:Bony, J. (1979). 4522:978-3-506-76388-4 3695:(4960): 747–762. 3623:"Samnanger kirke" 3587:on 2 October 2013 3430:"Chap. XII" 3247:, Gothic Revival 2483: 2482: 2475: 2308:Churches of Peace 2292:Thirty Years' War 2284:Habsburg monarchy 2236:Holy Roman Empire 2232:Peace of Augsburg 2205:Hartenfels Castle 2177:communion service 2170:Andreas Karlstadt 2115:Cologne Cathedral 1734:Abreha we Atsbeha 1676:Eritrean Orthodox 1668:Orthodox Tewahedo 1624:Antebellum period 1494:Westminster Abbey 1485:Westminster Abbey 1374:Churches of Peace 988:Comparative plans 900:finely detailed. 721:sacramental bread 568:or semi-circular 379:Aquila and Prisca 341:Yererouk Basilica 168:Gothic cathedrals 116:The 800-year-old 108: 107: 16:(Redirected from 4736: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4653: 4640: 4621:Sovik, Edward A. 4605: 4593: 4584: 4575: 4566: 4563:Uncommon Worship 4557: 4548: 4546: 4535: 4526: 4509:Bühren, Ralf van 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4403:"Trinity Chapel" 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4381:Civilengineerkey 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4234: 4225: 4224: 4218: 4210: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4105:. 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In the 2156:Court chapel at 2099:Notable examples 1962: 1953: 1942: 1933: 1851: 1842: 1831: 1822: 1641:Ethiopia–Eritrea 1427:Old Olden Church 1410:Old Olden Church 1370:Articular church 1358:Arctic Cathedral 1343:Society of Jesus 1329:The first truly 1139:Dome of the Rock 1026: 1010: 998: 949:Amiens Cathedral 835: 832: 814: 795: 780: 760: 502:, were built in 418:Pretorian Guards 336: 313: 290: 276: 273: 263: 95:sketch; Centre: 79: 68: 57: 46: 33: 29: 21: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4709: 4708: 4681: 4668: 4666: 4656: 4637: 4523: 4504: 4499: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4383:. 4 August 2021 4375: 4374: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4333: 4329: 4314: 4310: 4295: 4281: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4236: 4235: 4228: 4212: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4162: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4066: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4017: 4013: 4006: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3947: 3943: 3931: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3870:Phillipson 2009 3868: 3864: 3853: 3849: 3835: 3831: 3824:The Abyssinians 3820: 3816: 3793: 3782: 3759: 3750: 3719: 3708: 3685: 3660: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3619: 3615: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3559:Christie, Håkon 3556: 3549: 3535: 3531: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3501: 3490: 3486: 3475: 3471: 3462:Grabar, Andre. 3460: 3451: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3312: 3305: 3291: 3282: 3273: 3264: 3261: 3252: 3241: 3232: 3226: 3217: 3214: 3204: 3195: 3192: 3183: 3180: 3171: 3168: 3159: 3156: 3147: 3144: 3135: 3125: 3116: 3113:Russian Revival 3102: 3093: 3079: 3070: 3067: 3058: 3055: 3046: 3043: 3034: 3024: 3015: 3009: 3000: 2999:Resiutta, Italy 2997: 2988: 2978: 2969: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2936: 2927: 2924: 2915: 2905: 2896: 2893: 2884: 2881: 2872: 2862: 2853: 2840: 2831: 2825: 2816: 2813: 2804: 2794: 2785: 2773: 2764: 2761: 2752: 2745: 2736: 2733: 2724: 2722:Central Finland 2715: 2706: 2703: 2694: 2677: 2668: 2653: 2644: 2606:movements, the 2600: 2499:Rudolf Schwartz 2479: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2448: 2436: 2425: 2404:Neo-Lutheranism 2351:Katarina Church 2150: 2144: 2138: 2101: 2089: 2080: 2071: 2069:Characteristics 2042: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1955: 1954: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1935: 1934: 1921:The Philippines 1876: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1860:(South Korea), 1854: 1853: 1852: 1844: 1843: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1824: 1823: 1812: 1738:cross-in-square 1715:Thomas Pakenham 1664: 1643: 1592: 1580:Curtea de Arges 1550: 1478: 1473: 1467: 1458: 1456:Regional styles 1392: 1382:Palisade church 1366: 1364:Wooden churches 1302:, built by the 1246:Ceiling of the 1240: 1188: 1180:Main articles: 1159: 1151:tented churches 1121:, ninth century 1073: 1059: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1027: 1019: 1018: 1015:cross-in-square 1011: 1003: 1002: 999: 990: 989: 925: 846: 841: 840: 839: 838: 837: 833: 825:, was built by 815: 807: 806: 796: 788: 787: 781: 773: 772: 761: 717: 665: 630:early Christian 626: 512: 427: 351: 350: 349: 348: 347: 337: 329: 328: 314: 306: 305: 291: 283: 282: 274: 264: 255: 254: 248: 242: 221:wattle and daub 216: 180:parish churches 104: 85: 84: 83: 82: 81: 80: 71: 70: 69: 60: 59: 58: 49: 48: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4742: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4707: 4706: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4680: 4679:External links 4677: 4676: 4675: 4654: 4642: 4635: 4617: 4607: 4597: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4547:. London: SCM. 4536: 4527: 4521: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4479:"Architecture" 4470: 4444: 4419: 4394: 4368: 4342: 4327: 4308: 4294:978-1524644314 4293: 4275: 4254: 4226: 4198:978-1405102865 4197: 4180: 4152: 4145: 4127: 4115: 4089: 4050: 4024: 4011: 4004: 3976: 3969: 3941: 3916: 3886: 3874: 3862: 3847: 3829: 3814: 3803:(2): 261–298. 3780: 3748: 3735:10.2307/901174 3729:(3/4): 24–35. 3706: 3658: 3640: 3629:(in Norwegian) 3613: 3598: 3572: 3547: 3529: 3514: 3499: 3484: 3469: 3449: 3416: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3383:Tin tabernacle 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3292: 3285: 3283: 3274: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3255: 3253: 3242: 3235: 3233: 3227: 3220: 3218: 3205: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3138: 3136: 3126: 3119: 3117: 3103: 3096: 3094: 3091:Zakopane Style 3080: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3037: 3035: 3025: 3018: 3016: 3010: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2991: 2989: 2979: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2960: 2958: 2949: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2918: 2916: 2906: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2875: 2873: 2863: 2856: 2854: 2841: 2834: 2832: 2826: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2807: 2805: 2795: 2788: 2786: 2774: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2755: 2753: 2746: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2727: 2725: 2716: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2697: 2695: 2678: 2671: 2669: 2654: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2602:As with other 2599: 2596: 2573:Cathedrals of 2568:Roman Catholic 2526:Dominikus Böhm 2514:christocentric 2491:Auguste Perret 2481: 2480: 2439: 2437: 2430: 2424: 2421: 2372:in Saarbrücken 2201:Neuburg Castle 2137: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2130:Metz Cathedral 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2100: 2097: 2093:Giorgio Vasari 2088: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2041: 2038: 1985:Miag-ao Church 1973:Boljoon Church 1967: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1937: 1936: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1902: 1901: 1856: 1855: 1846: 1845: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1826: 1825: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1801:, used by the 1795: 1788: 1660:Main article: 1642: 1639: 1591: 1588: 1549: 1546: 1477: 1474: 1469:Main article: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1435:Håkon Christie 1365: 1362: 1354:Bodø Cathedral 1248:Sistine Chapel 1239: 1236: 1158: 1155: 1137:, such as the 1127:Constantinople 1069:Main article: 1058: 1055: 1042: 1039: 1028: 1021: 1020: 1012: 1005: 1004: 1000: 993: 992: 991: 987: 986: 985: 984: 935:, with a long 924: 921: 910:chapter houses 862:Santa Costanza 845: 842: 816: 809: 808: 797: 790: 789: 782: 775: 774: 762: 755: 754: 753: 752: 751: 725:Holy Communion 716: 713: 664: 661: 625: 622: 621: 620: 613: 606: 600: 594: 588: 511: 508: 500:Santa Costanza 471:and sometimes 426: 423: 367:house churches 338: 331: 330: 315: 308: 307: 292: 285: 284: 265: 258: 257: 256: 252: 251: 250: 249: 241: 238: 215: 212: 134:refers to the 106: 105: 86: 74: 73: 72: 63: 62: 61: 52: 51: 50: 41: 40: 39: 38: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4741: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4612:(1951–1974). 4611: 4608: 4603: 4602:The Nazranies 4598: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4544: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4357:. 30 May 2013 4356: 4352: 4346: 4338: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4264: 4258: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4222: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4148: 4146:9789940979409 4142: 4139:. 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