413:, included several new features as a result of World War I experience. The gun turrets were less closely grouped. Reinforced concrete was used in place of plain mass concrete, and its placement was done with greater care to avoid weak joints between pours. Ventilation was greatly improved, including an air filtration system for protection against gas attack, magazines were deeply buried and protected, and sanitary facilities and general living arrangements for the troops were given careful attention. Eben-Emael and Battice featured 120 mm and 75 mm guns, giving the fort the ability to bombard targets across a wide area of the eastern Liège region.
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420:) and bordering the Albert Canal. The irregularly-shaped fort is about 600 metres (2,000 ft) in the east-west dimension, and about 750 metres (2,460 ft) in the north-south dimension. It was more heavily armed than any other in the PFL I. In contrast to the other forts whose main weapons were in turrets, Eben-Emael's main weapons were divided between turrets and
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administration staff). The two other groups consisted of 500 artillerists each. In peacetime, one group would be stationed at the fort for one week, and the other group would be in reserve at the village of Wonck, about 5 km (3 mi) away. These two groups would change places every week.
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In 1940, Fort Eben-Emael was commanded by Major
Jottrand. There were around 1,200 Belgian troops stationed at the fort, divided into three groups. The first group was permanently stationed at the fort and consisted of 200 technical personnel (e.g. doctors, cooks, weapon maintenance technicians,
424:. The 60 mm, 75 mm and 120 mm guns were made by the Fonderie Royale des Canons de Belgique (F.R.C.) in the city of Liège. The artillery turrets were so well-designed and constructed the artillerists were not required to wear hearing protection when firing the guns.
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ever attempted in military history. The action cleared the way for German ground forces to enter
Belgium, unhindered by fire from Eben-Emael. While still the property of the Belgian Army, the fort however has been preserved as a museum and may be visited.
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Underground galleries extend over 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) beneath the hill, connecting the combat blocks and serving the underground barracks, power plant, ammunition magazines and other spaces. Fresh air was obtained from intake vents over the canal.
521:, armed with special high explosives to attack the fortress and its guns. Most of the fort's defenders were taken by complete surprise. Eben-Emael's loss delivered a hard blow from which the Belgian Army could not recover.
314:. It was designed to defend Belgium from a German attack across the narrow belt of Dutch territory in the region. Constructed in 1931–1935, it was reputed to be impregnable and at the time, the largest in the world.
401:. Even in its larger form, the fort comprised a relatively compact ensemble of gun turrets and observation posts, surrounded by a defended ditch. This was in contrast with French thinking for the contemporary
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concept, with no clearly defined perimeter, a lesson learned from the experiences of French and
Belgian forts in World War I. The new Belgian forts, while more conservative in design than the French
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into barges to be taken away economically. The fort's elevation above the canal also allowed for efficient interior drainage, making Eben-Emael drier than many of its sister fortifications.
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where it runs through a deep cutting at the junction of the
Belgian and Dutch borders, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Liège and about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of
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Fort Eben-Emael is now open to the public. While still military property, it is administered by the
Association Fort Eben-Emael, which provides tours and activities.
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to keep the canal in
Belgian territory. This created a natural defensive barrier that was augmented by the fort, at a location that had been recommended by
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Blocks B.II, B.IV and B.VI – flanking casemates located around the perimeter ditch to take the ditch in enfilade with two 60 mm guns and machine guns.
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Canal Nord and Sud – were twinned blocks housing 60 mm guns and machine guns covering the canal. 'Sud' was demolished when the canal was enlarged.
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Except for some of the officers and NCOs, most of the men were conscripts. The majority of these were reservists and were called up after the
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A great deal of the fort's excavation work was carried out on the canal side, sheltered from view and a convenient location to load excavated
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Fort Eben-Emael was a greatly enlarged development of the original
Belgian defence works designed by General Henri Alexis Brialmont before
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Cupola Nord and Cupola Sud – each had one retractable turret with two 75 mm guns (F.R.C Modèle 1935), with a range of 10,5 km.
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and Aubin-Neufchâteau are smaller than Eben-Emael and
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463:'Block O1' overlooks the canal and guarded the Lanaye locks. It housed a 60 mm gun and machine guns.
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Maastricht I and II – each house three 75 mm guns, firing north in the direction of
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Block B.I – entrance block with two 60 mm anti-tank guns (F.R.C Modèle 1936) and machine guns.
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in 1939. Infantry training was poor, since the men were considered to be purely artillerists.
346:. A huge excavation project was carried out in the 1920s to create the Caster cutting through
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Fort Eben-Emael occupies a large hill just to the east of Eben-Emael village (now part of
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441:) turret, with a range of 17,5 km. There were also three dummy 120 mm turrets.
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in the 19th century. Eben-Emael was the largest of four forts built in the 1930s as the
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460:) in the main surface of the fort. They were crucial in defending the top of the fort.
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Spec Ops: Case
Studies in Special Operations Warfare – Theory & Practice
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by glider-borne German troops (85 men) on 10–11 May 1940 during the
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of the area between Belgium and the Netherlands near Fort Eben-Emael
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Armament of Eben-Emael, Aubin-Neufchateau, Battice and Trancémont
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A cupola in Fort Eben-Emael after penetration by a shaped charge
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Visé I and IÍ – each house three 75 mm guns, facing south.
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that encircled Liège were reconstructed and designated PFL II.
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Block B.V – similar to II, IV and VI, with one 60 mm gun.
362:(PFL I)). From north to south, the new forts were Eben-Emael,
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Glider assault on Eben Emael as an archetype for the future
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Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques (2001).
675:(in French). Histoire & Collections. pp. 17–19.
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Infantry Magazine, March–April, 2004 by Paul Witkowski
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Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II
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Fort Eben-Emael: The key to Hitler's Victory in the West
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Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II
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Fort Eben Emael: The Key to Hitler's Victory in the West
325:. This was the first strategic airborne operation using
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Story of Pionier-Bataillon(mot)51, Eben-Emael May 1940
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Reinforced concrete, deep excavation, rock excavation
27:
Inactive Belgian fortress on the Belgian–Dutch border
563:"The Capture of Fort Eben – History Learning Site"
405:fortifications, which were based on the dispersed
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1587:Military history of Belgium during World War II
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456:'Mi-Nord and Sud' are machine gun blocks (
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1189:"The Fall Of Fort Eben Emael (Part 1/5)"
306:, on the Belgian-Dutch border, near the
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74:"Maastricht 2" one of Fort Eben-Emael's
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1156:(in French). fortiff.be. Archived from
1117:(in French). fortiff.be. Archived from
1087:(in French). fortiff.be. Archived from
1057:(in French). fortiff.be. Archived from
1027:(in French). fortiff.be. Archived from
997:(in French). fortiff.be. Archived from
967:(in French). fortiff.be. Archived from
937:(in French). fortiff.be. Archived from
904:(in French). fortiff.be. Archived from
874:(in French). fortiff.be. Archived from
844:(in French). fortiff.be. Archived from
805:(in French). fortiff.be. Archived from
775:(in French). fortiff.be. Archived from
695:
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649:(in French). fortiff.be. Archived from
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437:Cupola 120 – one twin 120 mm gun (
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1225:. ASBL Fort Eben-Emael. Archived from
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698:The Forts of the Meuse in World War I
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620:. Combined Publishing. p. 103.
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539:Czechoslovak border fortifications
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1378:Fort Eben-Emael Official website
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1592:World War II museums in Belgium
1355:. Battleground. Pen and Sword.
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1154:Index des fortifications belges
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1115:Index des fortifications belges
1085:Index des fortifications belges
1055:Index des fortifications belges
1025:Index des fortifications belges
995:Index des fortifications belges
965:Index des fortifications belges
935:Index des fortifications belges
902:Index des fortifications belges
872:Index des fortifications belges
842:Index des fortifications belges
820:
803:Index des fortifications belges
773:Index des fortifications belges
647:Index des fortifications belges
1313:. Novato, CA: Presidio Press.
1111:"Eben-Emael -O 1 Observatoire"
769:"Eben-Emael – Bloc I – Entrée"
555:
524:
514:) landed on the fortress with
392:
338:The fort is located along the
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1:
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360:Position Fortifiée de Liège I
1388:Eben-Emael at darkplaces.org
1328:"Eben-Emael: May 10, 1940".
729:Kauffmann, pp. 107, 109, 124
471:
7:
1582:Fortified position of Liège
1453:Fortified position of Liège
1416:Photo gallery of Eben-Emael
838:"Eben-Emael – Coupole Nord"
532:
356:Fortified Position of Liège
333:
49:Fortified Position of Liège
10:
1623:
1187:zxwar (13 December 2007).
868:"Eben-Emael – Coupole Sud"
799:"Eben-Emael – Coupole 120"
700:. Osprey. pp. 55–56.
491:
1597:Museums in Liège Province
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1490:
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1390:with a layout of the fort
1309:Mrazek, James E. (1991).
1290:McRaven, William (1995).
1271:Kauffmann, J. E. (2002).
991:"Eben-Emael – Canal Nord"
696:Donnell, Clayton (2007).
494:Battle of Fort Eben-Emael
310:, outside the village of
298:fortress located between
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1472:Fort d'Aubin-Neufchâteau
616:Kauffmann, J.E. (1999).
364:Fort d'Aubin-Neufchâteau
262:Entrance area, July 2007
1252:Dunstan, Simon (2005).
1021:"Eben-Emael -Canal Sud"
643:"Eben-Emael – Sous-sol"
586:Dunstan, Simon (2005).
487:
1351:Saunders, Tim (2005).
1311:The Fall of Eben-Emael
1223:Fortissimus Eben-Emael
1051:"Eben-Emael – Mi Nord"
590:. Osprey. p. 12.
380:Henri Alexis Brialmont
291:[fɔʁdebɛnemal]
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1513:Fort de Chaudfontaine
961:"Eben-Emael -Visé II"
931:"Eben-Emael -Visé II"
898:"Eben-Emael – Visé I"
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1383:A page on Eben-Emael
1353:Fort Eben-Emael 1940
1198:– via YouTube.
1081:"Eben-Emael -Mi Sud"
136:50.79755°N 5.67899°E
1150:"Organigramme 1940"
498:On 10 May 1940, 78
132: /
1482:Fort de Tancrémont
1399:2007-09-28 at the
1294:. Presidio Press.
1177:Dunstan, pp. 45-55
502:of the German 7th
482:Invasion of Poland
372:Fort de Tancrémont
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165:Controlled by
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1523:Fort de Boncelles
1275:. Da Capo Press.
1229:on 10 August 2010
1148:Puelinckx, Jean.
1109:Puelinckx, Jean.
1079:Puelinckx, Jean.
1049:Puelinckx, Jean.
1019:Puelinckx, Jean.
989:Puelinckx, Jean.
959:Puelinckx, Jean.
929:Puelinckx, Jean.
896:Puelinckx, Jean.
866:Puelinckx, Jean.
836:Puelinckx, Jean.
797:Puelinckx, Jean.
767:Puelinckx, Jean.
757:Kauffmann, p. 108
720:Kauffmann, p. 126
707:978-1-84603-114-4
641:Puelinckx, Jean.
439:F.R.C Modèle 1931
348:Mount Saint Peter
294:) is an inactive
283:Fort d'Ében-Émael
237:
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232:Battle of Belgium
141:50.79755; 5.67899
40:Fort d'Ében-Émael
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1533:Fort de Hollogne
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340:Albert Canal
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327:paratroopers
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308:Albert Canal
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228:Battles/wars
215:Belgian Army
191:Site history
173:Open to
39:
1194:14 November
568:14 November
525:Present day
399:World War I
393:Description
319:neutralized
139: /
115:Coordinates
1576:Categories
1256:. Osprey.
1233:27 October
1164:2010-10-27
1125:2010-10-27
1095:2010-10-27
1065:2010-10-27
1035:2010-10-27
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783:2010-10-27
657:2010-10-27
550:References
407:fort palmé
376:Tancrémont
344:Maastricht
312:Ében-Émael
304:Maastricht
287:pronounced
124:50°47′51″N
57:Eben-Emael
18:Eben-Emael
1344:0306-154X
472:Personnel
422:casemates
352:Brialmont
220:Materials
186:Preserved
183:Condition
127:5°40′44″E
76:casemates
1607:Bassenge
1397:Archived
533:See also
512:Division
418:Bassenge
411:ouvrages
334:Location
47:Part of
519:gliders
516:DFS 230
506:(later
504:Flieger
296:Belgian
201: (
168:Belgium
61:Belgium
1491:PFL II
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1219:"Home"
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279:French
1460:PFL I
387:spoil
300:Liège
196:Built
1414:and
1357:ISBN
1340:ISSN
1315:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1258:ISBN
1235:2010
1196:2018
702:ISBN
677:ISBN
622:ISBN
592:ISBN
570:2018
508:1st
488:1940
370:and
302:and
203:1932
199:1932
155:Fort
152:Type
358:I (
244:Map
207:–35
178:Yes
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