Soil - Knowledge

3067:, produces a more active soil due to the effect of the organisms that live within it. Organisms colonise and break down organic materials, making available nutrients upon which other plants and animals can live. After sufficient time, humus moves downward and is deposited in a distinctive organic-mineral surface layer called the A horizon, in which organic matter is mixed with mineral matter through the activity of burrowing animals, a process called pedoturbation. This natural process does not go to completion in the presence of conditions detrimental to soil life such as strong acidity, cold climate or pollution, stemming in the accumulation of undecomposed organic matter within a single organic horizon overlying the mineral soil and in the juxtaposition of humified organic matter and mineral particles, without intimate mixing, in the underlying mineral horizons. 1968:(the compliment 25% is assumed acid-forming cations). Base saturation is almost in direct proportion to pH (it increases with increasing pH). It is of use in calculating the amount of lime needed to neutralise an acid soil (lime requirement). The amount of lime needed to neutralize a soil must take account of the amount of acid forming ions on the colloids (exchangeable acidity), not just those in the soil water solution (free acidity). The addition of enough lime to neutralize the soil water solution will be insufficient to change the pH, as the acid forming cations stored on the soil colloids will tend to restore the original pH condition as they are pushed off those colloids by the calcium of the added lime. 3649: 3609: 2739:, much of the organic matter added to the soil is from the deep, fibrous, grass root systems. By contrast, tree leaves falling on the forest floor are the principal source of soil organic matter in the forest. Another difference is the frequent occurrence in the grasslands of fires that destroy large amounts of aboveground material but stimulate even greater contributions from roots. Also, the much greater acidity under any forests inhibits the action of certain soil organisms that otherwise would mix much of the surface litter into the mineral soil. As a result, the soils under grasslands generally develop a thicker 16589: 1917:. As a result of a trade-off between toxicity and requirement most nutrients are better available to plants at moderate pH, although most minerals are more soluble in acid soils. Soil organisms are hindered by high acidity, and most agricultural crops do best with mineral soils of pH 6.5 and organic soils of pH 5.5. Given that at low pH toxic metals (e.g. cadmium, zinc, lead) are positively charged as cations and organic pollutants are in non-ionic form, thus both made more available to organisms, it has been suggested that plants, animals and microbes commonly living in acid soils are 4242:(First principles of soil science), established modern soil science. Contemporary with Fallou's work, and driven by the same need to accurately assess land for equitable taxation, Vasily Dokuchaev led a team of soil scientists in Russia who conducted an extensive survey of soils, observing that similar basic rocks, climate and vegetation types lead to similar soil layering and types, and established the concepts for soil classifications. Due to language barriers, the work of this team was not communicated to western Europe until 1914 through a publication in German by 3019:. Upper soil horizons may be lacking in truncated soils following wind or water ablation, with concomitant downslope burying of soil horizons, a natural process aggravated by agricultural practices such as tillage. The growth of trees is another source of disturbance, creating a micro-scale heterogeneity which is still visible in soil horizons once trees have died. By passing from a horizon to another, from the top to the bottom of the soil profile, one goes back in time, with past events registered in soil horizons like in 1803:) from the soil water solution and sequester those for later exchange as the plant roots release carbonate anions to the soil water solution. Those colloids which have low CEC tend to have some AEC. Amorphous and sesquioxide clays have the highest AEC, followed by the iron oxides. Levels of AEC are much lower than for CEC, because of the generally higher rate of positively (versus negatively) charged surfaces on soil colloids, to the exception of variable-charge soils. Phosphates tend to be held at anion exchange sites. 456: 4268: 18665: 18518: 18564: 18477: 115: 18465: 18576: 18627: 18552: 18453: 4282: 620: 20595: 18337: 17972: 18326: 952:. Soil porosity consists of the void part of the soil volume and is occupied by gases or water. Soil consistency is the ability of soil materials to stick together. Soil temperature and colour are self-defining. Resistivity refers to the resistance to conduction of electric currents and affects the rate of corrosion of metal and concrete structures which are buried in soil. These properties vary through the depth of a soil profile, i.e. through 18600: 18353: 18653: 18641: 804:, producing a distinct layer called the B horizon. This is a somewhat arbitrary definition as mixtures of sand, silt, clay and humus will support biological and agricultural activity before that time. These constituents are moved from one level to another by water and animal activity. As a result, layers (horizons) form in the soil profile. The alteration and movement of materials within a soil causes the formation of distinctive 18677: 2800:

structure. Although the structure of humus has in itself few nutrients (with the exception of constitutive metals such as calcium, iron and aluminum) it is able to attract and link, by weak bonds, cation and anion nutrients that can further be released into the soil solution in response to selective root uptake and changes in soil pH, a process of paramount importance for the maintenance of fertility in tropical soils.

18588: 17148: 4117: 1728) experimented with various types of water ranging from clean to muddy and found muddy water the best, and so he concluded that earthy matter was the essential element. Others concluded it was humus in the soil that passed some essence to the growing plant. Still others held that the vital growth principal was something passed from dead plants or animals to the new plants. At the start of the 18th century, 18701: 18617: 18540: 2844:. Humus also absorbs water, and expands and shrinks between dry and wet states to a higher extent than clay, increasing soil porosity. Humus is less stable than the soil's mineral constituents, as it is reduced by microbial decomposition, and over time its concentration diminishes without the addition of new organic matter. However, humus in its most stable forms may persist over centuries if not millennia. 18441: 38: 18689: 18489: 2885:

recycling of nutrients and plant matter by the living plant and microbial biomass to maintain their productivity, a process which is disturbed by human activities. Excessive slope, in particular in the presence of cultivation for the sake of agriculture, may encourage the erosion of the top layer of soil which holds most of the raw organic material that would otherwise eventually become humus.

2594: 2519:. Nutrients that enhance the growth of plants but are not necessary to complete the plant's life cycle are considered non-essential. With the exception of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which are supplied by carbon dioxide and water, and nitrogen, provided through nitrogen fixation, the nutrients derive originally from the mineral component of the soil. The 3640:. Increased population and livestock pressure on marginal lands accelerates desertification. It is now questioned whether present-day climate warming will favour or disfavour desertification, with contradictory reports about predicted rainfall trends associated with increased temperature, and strong discrepancies among regions, even in the same country. 998:, air dry, and oven dry. Field capacity describes a drained wet soil at the point water content reaches equilibrium with gravity. Irrigating soil above field capacity risks percolation losses. Wilting point describes the dry limit for growing plants. During growing season, soil moisture is unaffected by functional groups or specie richness. 1560:

one milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil (1 meq/100 g). Hydrogen ions have a single charge and one-thousandth of a gram of hydrogen ions per 100 grams dry soil gives a measure of one milliequivalent of hydrogen ion. Calcium, with an atomic weight 40 times that of hydrogen and with a valence of two, converts to

752:. Once in the soil-plant system, most nutrients are recycled through living organisms, plant and microbial residues (soil organic matter), mineral-bound forms, and the soil solution. Both living soil organisms (microbes, animals and plant roots) and soil organic matter are of critical importance to this recycling, and thereby to 3334:. Under present-day global warming peat soils are thought to be involved in a self-reinforcing (positive feedback) process of increased emission of greenhouse gases (methane and carbon dioxide) and increased temperature, a contention which is still under debate when replaced at field scale and including stimulated plant growth. 2996:

soil formation. They are labelled using a shorthand notation of letters and numbers which describe the horizon in terms of its colour, size, texture, structure, consistency, root quantity, pH, voids, boundary characteristics and presence of nodules or concretions. No soil profile has all the major horizons. Some, called

2791:, which begin as raw organic matter, are important constituents of humus. After the death of plants, animals, and microbes, microbes begin to feed on the residues through their production of extra-cellular soil enzymes, resulting finally in the formation of humus. As the residues break down, only molecules made of 4144:(published 1840), asserted that the chemicals in plants must have come from the soil and air and that to maintain soil fertility, the used minerals must be replaced. Liebig nevertheless believed the nitrogen was supplied from the air. The enrichment of soil with guano by the Incas was rediscovered in 1802, by 842:. The plants are supported by the porous rock as it is filled with nutrient-bearing water that carries minerals dissolved from the rocks. Crevasses and pockets, local topography of the rocks, would hold fine materials and harbour plant roots. The developing plant roots are associated with mineral-weathering 4216:

The scientists who studied the soil in connection with agricultural practices had considered it mainly as a static substrate. However, soil is the result of evolution from more ancient geological materials, under the action of biotic and abiotic processes. After studies of the improvement of the soil

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expresses that when the available form of a nutrient is not in enough proportion in the soil solution, then other nutrients cannot be taken up at an optimum rate by a plant. A particular nutrient ratio of the soil solution is thus mandatory for optimizing plant growth, a value which might differ from

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O, the addition of any more hydronium ions or aluminum hydroxyl cations drives the pH even lower (more acidic) as the soil has been left with no buffering capacity. In areas of extreme rainfall and high temperatures, the clay and humus may be washed out, further reducing the buffering capacity of the

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some farmers to switch to growing vegetables, which need more fertile soil. This helped to increase their income. The researchers estimated that 200 farmers in northeast Thailand and 400 in Cambodia had adopted the use of clays, and that a further 20,000 farmers were introduced to the new technique.

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and other plants), limiting disturbance during construction, and avoiding construction during erosion-prone periods and in erosion-prone places such as steep slopes. Historically, one of the best examples of large-scale soil erosion due to unsuitable land-use practices is wind erosion (the so-called

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from plant matter have still more resistance to decomposition and persist in soils for thousand years, hence their use as tracers of past vegetation in buried soil layers. Clay soils often have higher organic contents that persist longer than soils without clay as the organic molecules adhere to and

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substances. The use of these terms, which do not rely on a clear chemical classification, has been considered as obsolete. Other studies showed that the classical notion of molecule is not convenient for humus, which escaped most attempts done over two centuries to resolve it in unit components, but

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The nutrients adsorbed onto the surfaces of clay colloids and soil organic matter provide a more accessible reservoir of many plant nutrients (e.g. K, Ca, Mg, P, Zn). As plants absorb the nutrients from the soil water, the soluble pool is replenished from the surface-bound pool. The decomposition of

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The above are examples of the buffering of soil pH. The general principal is that an increase in a particular cation in the soil water solution will cause that cation to be fixed to colloids (buffered) and a decrease in solution of that cation will cause it to be withdrawn from the colloid and moved

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is the soil's ability to remove cations from the soil water solution and sequester those to be exchanged later as the plant roots release hydrogen ions to the solution. CEC is the amount of exchangeable hydrogen cation (H) that will combine with 100 grams dry weight of soil and whose measure is

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could take up nitrogen from the air and fix it to the soil but it took the development of bacteriology towards the end of the 19th century to lead to an understanding of the role played in nitrogen fixation by bacteria. The symbiosis of bacteria and leguminous roots, and the fixation of nitrogen by

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In 2008, three years after the initial trials, IWMI scientists conducted a survey among 250 farmers in northeast Thailand, half of whom had applied bentonite to their fields. The average improvement for those using the clay addition was 18% higher than for non-clay users. Using the clay had enabled

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from synthetic textiles are another type of plastic soil contamination, 100% of agricultural soil samples from southwestern China contained plastic particles, 92% of which were microfibres. Sources of microfibres likely included string or twine, as well as irrigation water in which clothes had been

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An example of the development of a soil would begin with the weathering of lava flow bedrock, which would produce the purely mineral-based parent material from which the soil texture forms. Soil development would proceed most rapidly from bare rock of recent flows in a warm climate, under heavy and

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Amelung, Wulf; Bossio, Deborah; De Vries, Wim; Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid; Lehmann, Johannes; Amundson, Ronald; Bol, Roland; Collins, Chris; Lal, Rattan; Leifeld, Jens; Minasny, Buniman; Pan, Gen-Xing; Paustian, Keith; Rumpel, Cornelia; Sanderman, Jonathan; Van Groeningen, Jan Willem; Mooney, Siân; Van

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thought he had proved water to be the essential element from his famous five years' experiment with a willow tree grown with only the addition of rainwater. His conclusion came from the fact that the increase in the plant's weight had apparently been produced only by the addition of water, with no

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O (hydronium ions) per litre of solution (and also 10 moles per litre OH). A pH of 7, defined as neutral, has 10 moles of hydronium ions per litre of solution and also 10 moles of OH per litre; since the two concentrations are equal, they are said to neutralise each other. A pH of 9.5 has 10 moles

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Soil resources are critical to the environment, as well as to food and fibre production, producing 98.8% of food consumed by humans. Soil provides minerals and water to plants according to several processes involved in plant nutrition. Soil absorbs rainwater and releases it later, thus preventing

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A horizontal layer of the soil, whose physical features, composition and age are distinct from those above and beneath, is referred to as a soil horizon. The naming of a horizon is based on the type of material of which it is composed. Those materials reflect the duration of specific processes of

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Humus formation is a process dependent on the amount of plant material added each year and the type of base soil. Both are affected by climate and the type of organisms present. Soils with humus can vary in nitrogen content but typically have 3 to 6 percent nitrogen. Raw organic matter, as a

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Humus refers to organic matter that has been decomposed by soil microflora and fauna to the point where it is resistant to further breakdown. Humus usually constitutes only five percent of the soil or less by volume, but it is an essential source of nutrients and adds important textural qualities

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The resistance of soil to change in pH, as a result of the addition of acid or basic material, is a measure of the buffering capacity of a soil and (for a particular soil type) increases as the CEC increases. Hence, pure sand has almost no buffering ability, though soils high in colloids (whether

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to soils. This adds to the burden of microplastics from other sources (e.g. the atmosphere). Approximately half the sewage sludge in Europe and North America is applied to agricultural land. In Europe it has been estimated that for every million inhabitants 113 to 770 tonnes of microplastics are

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activity is impeded by low temperature or excess moisture which results in anaerobic conditions. Conversely, excessive rain and high temperatures of tropical climates enables rapid decomposition of organic matter and leaching of plant nutrients. Forest ecosystems on these soils rely on efficient

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Most living things in soils, including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi, are dependent on organic matter for nutrients and/or energy. Soils have organic compounds in varying degrees of decomposition, the rate of which is dependent on the temperature, soil moisture, and aeration. Bacteria and

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Experiments into what made plants grow first led to the idea that the ash left behind when plant matter was burned was the essential element but overlooked the role of nitrogen, which is not left on the ground after combustion, a belief which prevailed until the 19th century. In about 1635, the

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The amount of exchangeable anions is of a magnitude of tenths to a few milliequivalents per 100 g dry soil. As pH rises, there are relatively more hydroxyls, which will displace anions from the colloids and force them into solution and out of storage; hence AEC decreases with increasing pH

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of bacteria, molds, and actinomycetes that work to break down the dead organic matter. Were it not for the action of these micro-organisms, the entire carbon dioxide part of the atmosphere would be sequestered as organic matter in the soil. However, in the same time soil microbes contribute to

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and includes plant, animal and microbial material, both living and dead. A typical soil has a biomass composition of 70% microorganisms, 22% macrofauna, and 8% roots. The living component of an acre of soil may include 900 lb of earthworms, 2400 lb of fungi, 1500 lb of bacteria,

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How soil formation proceeds is influenced by at least five classic factors that are intertwined in the evolution of a soil: parent material, climate, topography (relief), organisms, and time. When reordered to climate, relief, organisms, parent material, and time, they form the acronym CROPT.

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hydrocarbons, assembled and stabilized by oxygen and hydrogen bonds, remain in the form of complex molecular assemblages collectively called humus. Humus is never pure in the soil, because it reacts with metals and clays to form complexes which further contribute to its stability and to soil

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A typical soil is about 50% solids (45% mineral and 5% organic matter), and 50% voids (or pores) of which half is occupied by water and half by gas. The percent soil mineral and organic content can be treated as a constant (in the short term), while the percent soil water and gas content is

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around 1880. It was modified a number of times by American and European researchers and was developed into the system commonly used until the 1960s. It was based on the idea that soils have a particular morphology based on the materials and factors that form them. In the 1960s, a different

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other than carbon and nitrogen oxides from various soil organisms, e.g. roots, bacteria, fungi, animals. These volatiles are used as chemical cues, making soil atmosphere the seat of interaction networks playing a decisive role in the stability, dynamics and evolution of soil ecosystems.

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The exposure of parent material to favourable conditions produces mineral soils that are marginally suitable for plant growth, as is the case in eroded soils. The growth of vegetation results in the production of organic residues which fall on the ground as litter for plant aerial parts

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of those nutrients can correct the deficit. Sodium can be reduced by the addition of gypsum (calcium sulphate) as calcium adheres to clay more tightly than does sodium causing sodium to be pushed into the soil water solution where it can be washed out by an abundance of water.

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from degradation. The addition of organic matter to clay soils can render that organic matter and any added nutrients inaccessible to plants and microbes for many years. A study showed increased soil fertility following the addition of mature compost to a clay soil. High soil

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was recovered and used as fertiliser. Finally, the chemical basis of nutrients delivered to the soil in manure was understood and in the mid-19th century chemical fertilisers were applied. However, the dynamic interaction of soil and its life forms was still not understood.

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tools include maintaining soil nutrient and organic matter levels, reduced tillage and increased cover. These practices help to control erosion and maintain productivity during periods when moisture is available. Continued land abuse during droughts, however, increases

1544:, pH-dependent charges are variable and increase with increasing pH. Freed cations can be made available to plants but are also prone to be leached from the soil, possibly making the soil less fertile. Plants are able to excrete H into the soil through the synthesis of 3883:

Many farmers in tropical areas, however, struggle to retain organic matter and clay in the soils they work. In recent years, for example, productivity has declined and soil erosion has increased in the low-clay soils of northern Thailand, following the abandonment of

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that influence those processes. The biological influences on soil properties are strongest near the surface, though the geochemical influences on soil properties increase with depth. Mature soil profiles typically include three basic master horizons: A, B, and C. The

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The history of the study of soil is intimately tied to humans' urgent need to provide food for themselves and forage for their animals. Throughout history, civilizations have prospered or declined as a function of the availability and productivity of their soils.

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Water is a critical agent in soil development due to its involvement in the dissolution, precipitation, erosion, transport, and deposition of the materials of which a soil is composed. The mixture of water and dissolved or suspended materials that occupy the soil

2724:. Organic matter holds soils open, allowing the infiltration of air and water, and may hold as much as twice its weight in water. Many soils, including desert and rocky-gravel soils, have little or no organic matter. Soils that are all organic matter, such as 1955:

There are acid-forming cations (e.g. hydronium, aluminium, iron) and there are base-forming cations (e.g. calcium, magnesium, sodium). The fraction of the negatively-charged soil colloid exchange sites (CEC) that are occupied by base-forming cations is called

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capacity. Exceeding treatment capacity can damage soil biota and limit soil function. Derelict soils occur where industrial contamination or other development activity damages the soil to such a degree that the land cannot be used safely or productively.

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Isomorphous substitution occurs in clay during its formation, when lower-valence cations substitute for higher-valence cations in the crystal structure. Substitutions in the outermost layers are more effective than for the innermost layers, as the

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Humans can get some idea of the soil atmosphere through the well-known 'after-the-rain' scent, when infiltering rainwater flushes out the whole soil atmosphere after a drought period, or when soil is excavated, a bulk property attributed in a

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Bardy, Marion; Fritsch, Emmanuel; Derenne, Sylvie; Allard, Thierry; do Nascimento, Nadia Régina; Bueno, Guilherme (2008). "Micromorphology and spectroscopic characteristics of organic matter in waterlogged podzols of the upper Amazon basin".

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Navarro-González, Rafael; Rainey, Fred A.; Molina, Paola; Bagaley, Danielle R.; Hollen, Becky J.; de la Rosa, José; Small, Alanna M.; Quinn, Richard C.; Grunthaner, Frank J.; Cáceres, Luis; Gomez-Silva, Benito; McKay, Christopher P. (2003).

447:. Soils offer plants physical support, air, water, temperature moderation, nutrients, and protection from toxins. Soils provide readily available nutrients to plants and animals by converting dead organic matter into various nutrient forms. 2780:

their iron and aluminum atoms. Humus has a high cation and anion exchange capacity that on a dry weight basis is many times greater than that of clay colloids. It also acts as a buffer, like clay, against changes in pH and soil moisture.

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that assist in breaking up the porous lava, and by these means organic matter and a finer mineral soil accumulate with time. Such initial stages of soil development have been described on volcanoes, inselbergs, and glacial moraines.

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resource. Peat soils are also commonly used for the sake of agriculture in Nordic countries, because peatland sites, when drained, provide fertile soils for food production. However, wide areas of peat production, such as rain-fed

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against those attached to the colloids. High rainfall rates can then wash the nutrients out, leaving the soil inhabited only by those organisms which are particularly efficient to uptake nutrients in very acid conditions, like in

14467: 680:. Finally, water affects the type of vegetation that grows in a soil, which in turn affects the development of the soil, a complex feedback which is exemplified in the dynamics of banded vegetation patterns in semi-arid regions. 4224:(1833–1916) studied the relationship between rock material, climate, vegetation, and the type of soils that were developed. He realised that the soils were dynamic, and considered the classification of soil types. (See also at 5067:

Our analysis of pedon data from several disturbed soil profiles suggests that physical disturbances and anthropogenic inputs of various materials (direct effects) can greatly alter the amount of C stored in these human "made"

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Soil material is also a critical component in mining, construction and landscape development industries. Soil serves as a foundation for most construction projects. The movement of massive volumes of soil can be involved in

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Zanella, Augusto; Katzensteiner, Klaus; Ponge, Jean-François; Jabiol, Bernard; Sartori, Giacomo; Kolb, Eckart; Le Bayon, Renée-Claire; Aubert, Michaël; Ascher-Jenull, Judith; Englisch, Michael; Hager, Herbert (June 2019).

3916:(1,300 kg/ha; 1,100 lb/acre) of bentonite resulted in an average yield increase of 73%. Other studies showed that applying bentonite to degraded sandy soils reduced the risk of crop failure during drought years. 3158:

floods and drought, flood regulation being one of the major ecosystem services provided by soil. Soil cleans water as it percolates through it. Soil is the habitat for many organisms: the major part of known and unknown

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in soil is much harder to study as most of this life is invisible, hence estimates about soil biodiversity have been unsatisfactory. A recent study suggested that soil is likely home to 59 ± 15% of the species on Earth.

2043: 1090:, is very different from the atmosphere above. The consumption of oxygen by microbes and plant roots, and their release of carbon dioxide, decreases oxygen and increases carbon dioxide concentration. Atmospheric CO 1889:

concentration in an aqueous solution and ranges in values from 0 to 14 (acidic to basic) but practically speaking for soils, pH ranges from 3.5 to 9.5, as pH values beyond those extremes are toxic to life forms.

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of arid lands is especially problematic. All irrigation water has some level of salinity. Irrigation, especially when it involves leakage from canals and overirrigation in the field, often raises the underlying

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Soil chemical reactions involve some combination of proton and electron transfer. Oxidation occurs if there is a loss of electrons in the transfer process while reduction occurs if there is a gain of electrons.

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is called the soil solution. Since soil water is never pure water, but contains hundreds of dissolved organic and mineral substances, it may be more accurately called the soil solution. Water is central to the

15584: 10269: 8463: 7840: 1564:= 20 milliequivalents of hydrogen ion per 100 grams of dry soil or 20 meq/100 g. The modern measure of CEC is expressed as centimoles of positive charge per kilogram (cmol/kg) of oven-dry soil. 13370: 1938:

soil. In low rainfall areas, unleached calcium pushes pH to 8.5 and with the addition of exchangeable sodium, soils may reach pH 10. Beyond a pH of 9, plant growth is reduced. High pH results in low

326:, and it is potentially one of the most reactive to human disturbance and climate change. As the planet warms, it has been predicted that soils will add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere due to increased 3410:

them or immobilise them in their biomass and necromass, thereby incorporating them into stable humus. The physical integrity of soil is also a prerequisite for avoiding landslides in rugged landscapes.

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Sambo, Paolo; Nicoletto, Carlo; Giro, Andrea; Pii, Youry; Valentinuzzi, Fabio; Mimmo, Tanja; Lugli, Paolo; Orzes, Guido; Mazzetto, Fabrizio; Astolfi, Stefania; Terzano, Roberto; Cesco, Stefano (2019).

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Stuart, Alexander M.; Pame, Anny Ruth P.; Vithoonjit, Duangporn; Viriyangkura, Ladda; Pithuncharurnlap, Julmanee; Meesang, Nisa; Suksiri, Prarthana; Singleton, Grant R.; Lampayan, Rubenito M. (2018).

4163:, founded by the former, and (re)discovered that plants took nitrogen from the soil, and that salts needed to be in an available state to be absorbed by plants. Their investigations also produced the 15353:"Waterlogging, soil salinity, field irrigation, plant growth, subsurface drainage, groundwater modelling, surface runoff, land reclamation, and other crop production and water management aspects" 416:, which also absorb and hold rainwater making it readily available for uptake by plants. Since plants require a nearly continuous supply of water, but most regions receive sporadic rainfall, the 6490:"New soil, old plants, and ubiquitous microbes: evaluating the potential of incipient basaltic soil to support native plant growth and influence belowground soil microbial community composition" 3102:

Soil is used in agriculture, where it serves as the anchor and primary nutrient base for plants. The types of soil and available moisture determine the species of plants that can be cultivated.

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concentration is 0.04%, but in the soil pore space it may range from 10 to 100 times that level, thus potentially contributing to the inhibition of root respiration. Calcareous soils regulate CO

2547:, to soil seldom provides the necessary amounts of potassium and phosphorus at a rate sufficient for good plant growth, as most of the nutrients remain bound in the crystals of those minerals. 12223:

Criscuoli, Irene; Alberti, Giorgio; Baronti, Silvia; Favilli, Filippo; Martinez, Cristina; Calzolari, Costanza; Pusceddu, Emanuela; Rumpel, Cornelia; Viola, Roberto; Miglietta, Franco (2014).

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soil organic matter by microorganisms is another mechanism whereby the soluble pool of nutrients is replenished – this is important for the supply of plant-available N, S, P, and B from soil.

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Ballabio, Cristiano; Panagos, Panos; Lugato, Emanuele; Huang, Jen-How; Orgiazzi, Alberto; Jones, Arwyn; Fernández-Ugalde, Oihane; Borrelli, Pasquale; Montanarella, Luca (15 September 2018).

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Johnson, Dan L.; Ambrose, Stanley H.; Bassett, Thomas J.; Bowen, Merle L.; Crummey, Donald E.; Isaacson, John S.; Johnson, David N.; Lamb, Peter; Saul, Mahir; Winter-Nelson, Alex E. (1997).

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normally includes the A and B horizons. The living component of the soil is largely confined to the solum, and is generally more prominent in the A horizon. It has been suggested that the

7115: 3805:. Salination occurs due to a combination of natural and human-caused processes. Arid conditions favour salt accumulation. This is especially apparent when soil parent material is saline. 3253:. Poor farming and grazing methods have degraded soils and released much of this sequestered carbon to the atmosphere. Restoring the world's soils could offset the effect of increases in 15920:

Of husbandry, in twelve books, and his book concerning trees, with several illustrations from Pliny, Cato, Varro, Palladius, and other antient and modern authors, translated into English

14482: 4167:, consisting in the acid treatment of phosphate rock. This led to the invention and use of salts of potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) as fertilizers. Ammonia generated by the production of 9488: 715:

the soil solution composition (attenuate changes in the soil solution) as soils wet up or dry out, as plants take up nutrients, as salts are leached, or as acids or alkalis are added.

581:, a column of soil extending vertically from the surface to the underlying parent material and large enough to show the characteristics of all its horizons, could be subdivided in the 764:

may release nutrients from minerals or organic matter for use by plants and other microorganisms, sequester (incorporate) them into living cells, or cause their loss from the soil by

15650: 14186: 3724:) which ruined American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s, when immigrant farmers, encouraged by the federal government of both countries, settled and converted the original 2531:

form from (or together with) soil water. Although minerals are the origin of most nutrients, and the bulk of most nutrient elements in the soil is held in crystalline form within

1571:), due to leaching and decomposition, respectively, explains the apparent sterility of tropical soils. Live plant roots also have some CEC, linked to their specific surface area. 1483:

There is a hierarchy in the process of cation exchange on colloids, as cations differ in the strength of adsorption by the colloid and hence their ability to replace one another (

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Hansen, James; Sato, Makiko; Kharecha, Pushker; Beerling, David; Berner, Robert; Masson-Delmotte, Valerie; Pagani, Mark; Raymo, Maureen; Royer, Dana L.; Zachos, James C. (2008).

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who by means of experimentation obtained evidence showing that the main sources of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen for plants were air and water, while nitrogen was taken from soil.

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is the practice of eating soil-like substances. Both animals and humans occasionally consume soil for medicinal, recreational, or religious purposes. It has been shown that some

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occurs in the soil pore space. Adequate porosity is necessary, not just to allow the penetration of water, but also to allow gases to diffuse in and out. Movement of gases is by

6440:

Burns, Richards G.; DeForest, Jared L.; Marxsen, Jürgen; Sinsabaugh, Robert L.; Stromberger, Mary E.; Wallenstein, Matthew D.; Weintraub, Michael N.; Zoppini, Annamaria (2013).

4132:

oxygen internally to live. He was able to deduce that most of the 165-pound (75 kg) weight of van Helmont's willow tree derived from air. It was the French agriculturalist

3303:. Although compost is not soil, biological processes taking place during composting are similar to those occurring during decomposition and humification of soil organic matter. 11988:"Sequestration of soil nitrogen as tannin–protein complexes may improve the competitive ability of sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia) relative to black spruce (Picea mariana)" 274:

focuses on the formation, description (morphology), and classification of soils in their natural environment. In engineering terms, soil is included in the broader concept of

13831: 4121:

demonstrated that it was beneficial to cultivate (stir) the soil, but his opinion that the stirring made the fine parts of soil available for plant absorption was erroneous.

2732:), are infertile. In its earliest stage of decomposition, the original organic material is often called raw organic matter. The final stage of decomposition is called humus. 2612: 16597: 4000:) was the first to expound upon the merits of green-manuring crops: 'But then whatever weeds are upon the ground, being turned into earth, enrich the soil as much as dung.' 1145:. Oxygen from above atmosphere diffuses in the soil where it is consumed and levels of carbon dioxide in excess of above atmosphere diffuse out with other gases (including 19625: 12927: 6631:

Guo, Yong; Fujimura, Reiko; Sato, Yoshinori; Suda, Wataru; Kim, Seok-won; Oshima, Kenshiro; Hattori, Masahira; Kamijo, Takashi; Narisawa, Kazuhiko; Ohta, Hiroyuki (2014).

4427: 4232:

was describing soil profiles and relating soil characteristics to their formation as part of his professional work evaluating forest and farm land for the principality of

3751:. From the Yellow River, over 1.6 billion tons of sediment flow each year into the ocean. The sediment originates primarily from water erosion (gully erosion) in the 3122:, soil material is not an absolute essential for agriculture, and soilless cropping systems have been claimed as the future of agriculture for an endless growing mankind. 7272:

Irrigators must have knowledge of the readily available moisture capacity so that water can be applied before plants have to expend excessive energy to extract moisture

1806:

Iron and aluminum hydroxide clays are able to exchange their hydroxide anions (OH) for other anions. The order reflecting the strength of anion adhesion is as follows:

16507: 14267:

Moeckel, Claudia; Nizzetto, Luca; Di Guardo, Antonio; Steinnes, Eiliv; Freppaz, Michele; Filippa, Gianluca; Camporini, Paolo; Benner, Jessica; Jones, Kevin C. (2008).

5520: 2823:, but when bound to clay particles they become more resistant to decomposition. As for other proteins clay particles absorb the enzymes exuded by microbes, decreasing 1902:

hydronium ions per litre of solution (and also 10 moles per litre OH). A pH of 3.5 has one million times more hydronium ions per litre than a solution with pH of 9.5 (

1532:). A low pH may cause the hydrogen of hydroxyl groups to be pulled into solution, leaving charged sites on the colloid available to be occupied by other cations. This 1447:

The negative or positive charges on colloid particles make them able to hold cations or anions, respectively, to their surfaces. The charges result from four sources.

1169:

soil structure and soil compaction (low porosity) impede gas flow, and a deficiency of oxygen may encourage anaerobic bacteria to reduce (strip oxygen) from nitrate NO

15563: 2743:

with a deeper distribution of organic matter than in comparable soils under forests, which characteristically store most of their organic matter in the forest floor (

18468: 10802: 18579: 11183: 3355:

Soils filter and purify water and affect its chemistry. Rain water and pooled water from ponds, lakes and rivers percolate through the soil horizons and the upper

3683:). Erosion is an intrinsic natural process, but in many places it is greatly increased by human activity, especially unsuitable land use practices. These include 18555: 12390:

Minayeva, Tatiana Y.; Trofimov, Sergey Ya.; Chichagova, Olga A.; Dorofeyeva, E. I.; Sirin, Andrey A.; Glushkov, Igor V.; Mikhailov, N. D.; Kromer, Bernd (2008).

10620: 7149: 7009: 6202: 5891: 651:. Where these aggregates can be identified, a soil can be said to be developed, and can be described further in terms of color, porosity, consistency, reaction ( 2028:

into solution (buffered). The degree of buffering is often related to the CEC of the soil; the greater the CEC, the greater the buffering capacity of the soil.

12600:

Frouz, Jan; Prach, Karel; Pizl, Václav; Háněl, Ladislav; Starý, Josef; Tajovský, Karel; Materna, Jan; Balík, Vladimír; Kalčík, Jiří; Řehounková, Klára (2008).

3540:, although when in colloidal form they may transport the adsorbed contaminants to subsurface environments. Many waste treatment processes rely on this natural 1924:

In high rainfall areas, soils tend to acidify as the basic cations are forced off the soil colloids by the mass action of hydronium ions from usual or unusual

11320:

Ji, Rong; Kappler, Andreas; Brune, Andreas (2000). "Transformation and mineralization of synthetic C-labeled humic model compounds by soil-feeding termites".

10755:

Pimentel, David; Harvey, Celia; Resosudarmo, Pradnja; Sinclair, K.; Kurz, D.; McNair, M.; Crist, S.; Shpritz, L.; Fitton, L.; Saffouri, R.; Blair, R. (1995).

3496:

from the soil profile by rainfall or exported by the harvesting of forest or agricultural crops. Soil acidification is accelerated by the use of acid-forming

150:(original minerals) interacting over time. It continually undergoes development by way of numerous physical, chemical and biological processes, which include 15472:"Economic gains of improving soil fertility and water holding capacity with clay application: the impact of soil remediation research in Northeast Thailand" 8274: 6362:

Goulding, Keith W.T.; Bailey, Neal J.; Bradbury, Nicola J.; Hargreaves, Patrick; Howe, M.T.; Murphy, Daniel V.; Poulton, Paul R.; Willison, Toby W. (1998).

2852:, which had been used traditionally to improve the fertility of nutrient-poor tropical soils. This very ancient practice, as ascertained in the genesis of 2009:

to displace hydronium ions from the colloids, and the end product is water and colloidally fixed ammonium, but little permanent change overall in soil pH.

14965: 5326: 14444: 14335:"Soil and sediment quality and composition as factors in the distribution of damage at the December 26, 2003, Bam area earthquake in SE Iran (M (s)=6.6)" 8299: 3965:

de Índio, due to interesting physical and chemical properties of soil black carbon as a source of stable humus. However, the uncontrolled application of

3908:

and local farmers, this had the effect of helping retain water and nutrients. Supplementing the farmer's usual practice with a single application of 200

5219: 3237:

The biological component of soil is an extremely important carbon sink since about 57% of the biotic content is carbon. Even in deserts, cyanobacteria,

18603: 18389: 16922: 901: 4926: 18656: 14513: 4742: 8979: 4823: 1960:. If a soil has a CEC of 20 meq and 5 meq are aluminium and hydronium cations (acid-forming), the remainder of positions on the colloids ( 11894:"Clay addition to sandy soil: influence of clay type and size on nutrient availability in sandy soils amended with residues differing in C/N ratio" 7983: 2880:

are the major factors affecting the accumulation of organic matter in soils. Organic matter tends to accumulate under wet or cold conditions where

12648:"Initial soil development and carbon accumulation on moraines of the rapidly retreating Werenskiold Glacier, SW Spitsbergen, Svalbard archipelago" 6895:"Initial soil development and carbon accumulation on moraines of the rapidly retreating Werenskiold Glacier, SW Spitsbergen, Svalbard archipelago" 3549:

of derelict soil uses principles of geology, physics, chemistry and biology to degrade, attenuate, isolate or remove soil contaminants to restore

1476:

Cations held to the negatively charged colloids resist being washed downward by water and are out of reach of plant roots, thereby preserving the

729:

in the soil solution. Soil pH is a function of many soil forming factors, and is generally lower (more acidic) where weathering is more advanced.

18134: 13903: 381:. A gram of soil can contain billions of organisms, belonging to thousands of species, mostly microbial and largely still unexplored. Soil has a 16439: 12865:

Mitchell, Edward A.D.; Van der Knaap, Willem O.; Van Leeuwen, Jacqueline F.N.; Buttler, Alexandre; Warner, Barry G.; Gobat, Jean-Michel (2001).

18543: 18170: 15380:"The application of best management practices increases the profitability and sustainability of rice farming in the central plains of Thailand" 4921: 1909:

The effect of pH on a soil is to remove from the soil or to make available certain ions. Soils with high acidity tend to have toxic amounts of

1528:, meaning an abundance of H), the other cations more weakly bound to colloids are pushed into solution as hydrogen ions occupy exchange sites ( 16945: 11941: 9927: 9495: 17046: 12975: 3619:, an environmental process of ecosystem degradation in arid and semi-arid regions, is often caused by badly adapted human activities such as 2527:

Plant uptake of nutrients can only proceed when they are present in a plant-available form. In most situations, nutrients are absorbed in an

1456:

strength drops off as the square of the distance. The net result is oxygen atoms with net negative charge and the ability to attract cations.

16898: 14333:

Rezaei, Khalil; Guest, Bernard; Friedrich, Anke; Fayazi, Farajollah; Nakhaei, Mohamad; Aghda, Seyed Mahmoud Fatemi; Beitollahi, Ali (2009).

14269:"Persistent organic pollutants in boreal and montane soil profiles: distribution, evidence of processes and implications for global cycling" 12770:"Soil landscape evolution due to soil redistribution by tillage: a new conceptual model of soil catena evolution in agricultural landscapes" 7000: 1209:

are exchanged with the aboveground atmosphere, in which they are just 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than those from aboveground vegetation.

1004:

is the amount of water held in a soil profile available to plants. As water content drops, plants have to work against increasing forces of

19354: 15661: 7676: 4881: 3631:

causes desertification. Droughts are common in arid and semiarid lands. Well-managed lands can recover from drought when the rains return.

15281:. Annual Reports of the International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI). Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 18–34. 14844:

Kéfi, Sonia; Rietkerk, Max; Alados, Concepción L.; Pueyo, Yolanda; Papanastasis, Vasilios P.; El Aich, Ahmed; de Ruiter, Peter C. (2007).

14604: 8153:

Peñuelas, Josep; Asensio, Dolores; Tholl, Dorothea; Wenke, Katrin; Rosenkranz, Maaria; Piechulla, Birgit; Schnitzler, Jörg-Petter (2014).

4202:

Crop rotation, mechanisation, chemical and natural fertilisers led to a doubling of wheat yields in western Europe between 1800 and 1900.

19532: 16601: 11691: 7744:"The influence of temperature and water table position on carbon dioxide and methane emissions from laboratory columns of peatland soils" 2616: 388:

density of roughly 10 organisms per gram, whereas the ocean has no more than 10 prokaryotic organisms per milliliter (gram) of seawater.

14725: 14534: 13899: 4252:, influenced by the work of the Russian team, translated Glinka's publication into English, and, as he was placed in charge of the U.S. 1548:

and by that means, change the pH of the soil near the root and push cations off the colloids, thus making those available to the plant.

16856: 14561: 14096:

Setz, Eleonore Zulnara Freire; Enzweiler, Jacinta; Solferini, Vera Nisaka; Amêndola, Monica Pimenta; Berton, Ronaldo Severiano (1999).

14051: 1046:

to supply water to plant roots. Capillary action can result in an evaporative concentration of salts, causing land degradation through

16890: 9721:

Ren, Xiaoya; Zeng, Guangming; Tang, Lin; Wang, Jingjing; Wan, Jia; Liu, Yani; Yu, Jiangfang; Yi, Huan; Ye, Shujing; Deng, Rui (2018).

6949: 15248: 13478: 11837:"Extracellular enzyme-clay mineral complexes: enzyme adsorption, alteration of enzyme activity, and protection from photodegradation" 4335: 3150:

are soil based. Loss of soil through urbanization is growing at a high rate in many areas and can be critical for the maintenance of

1259:

of those particles can strongly modify those properties. The mineralogy of the finest soil particles, clay, is especially important.

1161:) of soil, not the pore size, and the degree of pore interconnection (or conversely pore sealing), together with water content, air 18144: 16823: 15559: 15316: 12867:"The palaeoecological history of the Praz-Rodet bog (Swiss Jura) based on pollen, plant macrofossils and testate amoebae(Protozoa)" 12450: 5949: 3901: 1472:

Hydrogens of humus hydroxyl groups may also be ionised into solution, leaving, similarly to clay, an oxygen with a negative charge.

1469:. When the hydrogens of the clay hydroxyls are ionised into solution, they leave the oxygen with a negative charge (anionic clays). 14212: 12578: 8198:"Scent of disinterred soil as an olfactory cue used by raccoons to locate nests of diamond-backed terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin)" 6975: 4038:, knowledge of soil and agriculture was passed on from parent to child and as a result, crop yields were low. During the European 19399: 18250: 17406: 16408:

Note on the appearance of nitrous acid during the evaporation of water: a report of experiments made in the Rothamsted laboratory

13064: 11523: 10505: 10209: 8737: 8241: 8205: 7519: 7036: 6633:"Characterization of early microbial communities on volcanic deposits along a vegetation gradient on the island of Miyake, Japan" 6096: 5791: 4316: 3091: 1540:

on the surface of soil colloids creates what is described as pH-dependent surface charges. Unlike permanent charges developed by

1335:

and affects its physical properties and the health of its living population. In addition, a soil's chemistry also determines its

838:

lava, even though there is very little organic material. Basaltic minerals commonly weather relatively quickly, according to the

16035:

Virto, Iñigo; Imaz, María José; Fernández-Ugalde, Oihane; Gartzia-Bengoetxea, Nahia; Enrique, Alberto; Bescansa, Paloma (2015).

13591: 11281: 8520:"Ab initio determination of edge surface structures for dioctahedral 2:1 phyllosilicates: implications for acid-base reactivity" 4670: 4151:

The work of Liebig was a revolution for agriculture, and so other investigators started experimentation based on it. In England

4148:. This led to its mining and that of Chilean nitrate and to its application to soil in the United States and Europe after 1840. 1995:

should be underlined, too. More generally, according to pH levels, several buffer systems take precedence over each other, from

19566: 18382: 18222: 17683: 15148:"Factors controlling the spatial distribution of soil piping erosion on loess-derived soils: a case study from central Belgium" 11571: 7901: 7834:

Ryu, Choong-Min; Farag, Mohamed A.; Hu, Chia-Hui; Reddy, Munagala S.; Wei, Han-Xun; Paré, Paul W.; Kloepper, Joseph W. (2003).

4858: 302:. The world's ecosystems are impacted in far-reaching ways by the processes carried out in the soil, with effects ranging from 12286:"Effects of soil rewetting and thawing on soil gas fluxes: a review of current literature and suggestions for future research" 11016: 4175:

In 1856, J. Thomas Way discovered that ammonia contained in fertilisers was transformed into nitrates, and twenty years later

3330:, covering 4,000 square kilometres of rolling expanse of blanket bogs in Scotland, is now candidate for being included in the 564:. The horizons differ greatly in thickness and generally lack sharp boundaries; their development is dependent on the type of 16938:

a pay source for GIS data on the soils of England and Wales and soils data source; they charge a handling fee to researchers.

16797: 16632: 16170: 15994: 15886: 15328: 15256: 13609: 12554: 11438: 11387: 11087:"The supramolecular structure of humic substances: a novel understanding of humus chemistry and implications in soil science" 10628: 10382: 7474:"Direct inhibition of maintenance respiration in western hemlock roots exposed to ambient soil carbon dioxide concentrations" 6412: 5899: 4817: 4713: 4579: 4548: 4469: 4421: 3000:, may have only one horizon or are currently considered as having no horizon, in particular incipient soils from unreclaimed 904:. Soil texture is determined by the relative proportion of the three kinds of soil mineral particles, called soil separates: 16516: 12336:"Climate and parent material controls on organic matter storage in surface soils: a three-pool, density-separation approach" 18160: 15804:

Kavitha, Beluri; Pullagurala Venkata Laxma, Reddy; Kim, Bojeong; Lee, Sang Soo; Pandey, Sudhir Kumar; Kim, Ki-Hyun (2018).

14273: 8898: 548:

that consists of two or more layers, referred to as soil horizons. These differ in one or more properties such as in their

11942:"Chemical and biochemical properties of a clay soil under dryland agriculture system as affected by organic fertilization" 7566:"Exchange of greenhouse gases between soil and atmosphere: interactions of soil physical factors and biological processes" 7359:"Soil carbon dioxide partial pressure and dissolved inorganic carbonate chemistry under elevated carbon dioxide and ozone" 2676:

in the topsoil through the formation of stable humus. In the aim to sequester more carbon in the soil for alleviating the

2020:, will displace hydronium ions from the soil colloids, causing the fixation of calcium to colloids and the evolution of CO 788:

Soil is said to be formed when organic matter has accumulated and colloids are washed downward, leaving deposits of clay,

541:, a common problem with soils, reduces this space, preventing air and water from reaching plant roots and soil organisms. 18187: 17389: 15810: 15320: 14751: 12689: 10881: 10609: 10457: 8307: 6795: 6683: 5839: 5786: 5150: 16481:

Soils: their formation, properties, composition, and relations to climate and plant growth in the humid and arid regions

16344: 11202: 8625:"Zeta potentials of suspended humus in multivalent cationic saline solution and its effect on electro-osomosis behavior" 6525:"A model for formation of dust, soil, and rock coatings on Mars: physical and chemical processes on the Martian surface" 2860:. It has been suggested that biochar could be used to sequester more carbon in the fight against the greenhouse effect. 1292:(worms) have the greatest percentage of species in soil (98.6%), followed by fungi (90%), plants (85.5%), and termites ( 17667: 17199: 13353: 13106:

Schulz, Stefanie; Brankatschk, Robert; Dümig, Alexander; Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid; Schloter, Michae; Zeyer, Josef (2013).

11297:"Organic matter, humus, humate, humic acid, fulvic acid and humin: their importance in soil fertility and plant health" 11196: 10471: 9877:"Acidification of forest soils: model development and application for analyzing impacts of acidic deposition in Europe" 9722: 9646: 8671:"Organic matter, humus, humate, humic acid, fulvic acid and humin: their importance in soil fertility and plant health" 8043:"Earthworm excreta attract soil springtails: laboratory experiments on Heteromurus nitidus (Collembola: Entomobryidae)" 6318: 6287: 3793:

to such an extent that it leads to degradation of the agricultural value of soils and vegetation. Consequences include

3420: 1181:

O, and NO, which are then lost to the atmosphere, thereby depleting the soil of nitrogen, a detrimental process called

16218: 13536:"Hydraulic and purification behaviors and their interactions during wastewater treatment in soil infiltration systems" 7782:"How maize root volatiles affect the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes in controlling the western corn rootworm?" 7184: 5218:

Bradford, Mark A.; Wieder, William R.; Bonan, Gordon B.; Fierer, Noah; Raymond, Peter A.; Crowther, Thomas W. (2016).

2691:

The main part of soil organic matter is a complex assemblage of small organic molecules, collectively called humus or

20634: 20448: 18809: 18407: 18375: 17672: 17039: 16837: 16811: 16777: 14217: 12602:"Interactions between soil development, vegetation and soil fauna during spontaneous succession in post mining sites" 11110: 10877:"Ratio of microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon as a sensitive indicator of changes in soil organic matter" 9535: 7289: 5853: 5034: 4500: 4050:; a translation of this work was finally carried to the southwest of the United States when under Spanish influence. 2868:

The production, accumulation and degradation of organic matter are greatly dependent on climate. For example, when a

2638: 1567:

Most of the soil's CEC occurs on clay and humus colloids, and the lack of those in hot, humid, wet climates (such as

1505:

If one cation is added in large amounts, it may replace the others by the sheer force of its numbers. This is called

178: 15805: 15195: 13823: 13756: 8457:

Sposito, Garrison; Skipper, Neal T.; Sutton, Rebecca; Park, Sung-Ho; Soper, Alan K.; Greathouse, Jeffery A. (1999).

7253: 6398: 4699: 4486: 20072: 18215: 18155: 18139: 14668: 14612: 14393: 13693: 13289:"Hydroponic solutions for soilless production systems: issues and opportunities in a smart agriculture perspective" 11371: 10263:

Sposito, Garrison; Skipper, Neal T.; Sutton, Rebecca; Park, Sun-Ho; Soper, Alan K.; Greathouse, Jeffery A. (1999).

9730: 7991: 4853: 4809: 4253: 2566:

groups on organic matter. However, despite the great capacity of humus to retain water once water-soaked, its high

1459:

Edge-of-clay oxygen atoms are not in balance ionically as the tetrahedral and octahedral structures are incomplete.

13925:

van Winden, Julia F.; Reichart, Gert-Jan; McNamara, Niall P.; Benthien, Albert; Sinninghe Damste, Jaap S. (2012).

12492:

Rumpel, Cornelia; Chaplot, Vincent; Planchon, Olivier; Bernadou, J.; Valentin, Christian; Mariotti, André (2006).

9723:"Sorption, transport and biodegradation: an insight into bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants in soil" 9342: 7302:

Only a portion of the available water holding capacity is easily used by the crop before crop water stress develop

2574:

once dry. All in all, small amounts of humus may remarkably increase the soil's capacity to promote plant growth.

736:, originate from the minerals that make up the soil parent material. Some nitrogen originates from rain as dilute 19525: 18193: 16816: 15282: 13638: 10332: 10166: 6529: 5411: 4360: 2965:

composed of 500 to 600 units with a highly branched, amorphous structure, linked to cellulose, hemicellulose and

2620: 2539:, they weather too slowly to support rapid plant growth. For example, the application of finely ground minerals, 537:

allows for the infiltration and movement of air and water, both of which are critical for life existing in soil.

17677: 5787:"Effect of water-filled pore space on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide production in tilled and nontilled soils" 3090:

instead of parental materials and soil-forming factors. Since then, it has undergone further modifications. The

1296:) (84.2%). Many other groups of animals have substantial fractions of species living in soil, e.g. about 30% of 18198: 18182: 17688: 17071: 15878: 15004: 12031:"Influence of balsam poplar tannin fractions on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Alaskan taiga floodplain soils" 11699: 9978: 9188:"Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes: a review" 5301: 4321: 3679:, since erosion also transports eroded soil away from its place of origin (soil in transit may be described as 2081: 16782:

Certini, G., Scalenghe, R. 2006. Soils: Basic concepts and future challenges. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge.

16561: 14137: 13534:

Van Cuyk, Sheila; Siegrist, Robert; Logan, Andrew; Masson, Sarah; Fischer, Elizabeth; Figueroa, Linda (2001).

7952: 7032:"Soil structure and organic matter. I. Distribution of aggregate-size classes and aggregate-associated carbon" 6847:

Dojani, Stephanie; Lakatos, Michael; Rascher, Uwe; Waneck, Wolfgang; Luettge, Ulrich; Büdel, Burkhard (2007).

6092:"TerrHum: an iOS App for classifying terrestrial humipedons and some considerations about soil classification" 4658:"Data collection handbook to support modeling impacts of radioactive material in soil and building structures" 4217:

commenced, other researchers began to study soil genesis and as a result also soil types and classifications.

3035:

change) which occurred in the course of soil formation. Soil horizons can be dated by several methods such as

2945:

undergo fast decomposition by fungi and bacteria, with a half-life of 12–18 days in a temperate climate.

19589: 19057: 18938: 18480: 17209: 12823: 12035: 11322: 11238: 10833: 9782: 9236:"Anion retention in soil: possible application to reduce migration of buried technetium and iodine, a review" 8233: 8047: 7648: 6446: 5270: 5257: 3942:, to soil which is depleted in nutrients and too high in sand will boost its quality and improve production. 3835: 1142: 949: 533:

considered highly variable whereby a rise in one is simultaneously balanced by a reduction in the other. The

15424:

Turkelboom, Francis; Poesen, Jean; Ohler, Ilse; Van Keer, Koen; Ongprasert, Somchai; Vlassak, Karel (1997).

15309:

Drainage manual: a guide to integrating plant, soil, and water relationships for drainage of irrigated lands

11296: 10697:

Hajnos, Mieczyslaw; Jozefaciuk, Grzegorz; Sokołowska, Zofia; Greiffenhagen, Andreas; Wessolek, Gerd (2003).

8670: 2093:

Plant nutrients, their chemical symbols, and the ionic forms common in soils and available for plant uptake

1354:

that determines soil's chemical properties. A colloid is a small, insoluble particle ranging in size from 1

412:

is an important characteristic of soil. This ventilation can be accomplished via networks of interconnected

334:(amplification). This prediction has, however, been questioned on consideration of more recent knowledge on 20141: 19976: 17032: 14759: 10366: 9687: 9584: 9010: 8581: 8518:

Bickmore, Barry R.; Rosso, Kevin M.; Nagy, Kathryn L.; Cygan, Randall T.; Tadanier, Christopher J. (2003).

5984:"The porosphere as an ecological medium emphasized in Professor Ghilarov's work on soil animal adaptations" 4916: 4741:

Retallack, Gregory J.; Krinsley, David H.; Fischer, Robert; Razink, Joshua J.; Langworthy, Kurt A. (2016).

3508:

is another cause of soil acidification, mediated by increased leaching of soil nutrients in the absence of

3376: 1056:—measuring the water content of the soil, as can be expressed in terms of volume or weight—can be based on 11360: 10968:"Litter decomposition: what controls it and how can we alter it to sequester more carbon in forest soils?" 7631: 4100:, which ruined the soils of western Europe during the Middle Ages and even later on according to regions. 2810:, which further increases its resistance to decomposition, including enzymatic decomposition by microbes. 20465: 19370: 18150: 17708: 14922: 13371:"Measurement of urbanization process and the paddy soil loss in Yixing city, China between 1949 and 2000" 10355: 9118: 8519: 8159: 5623:"Availability of soil water to plants as affected by soil moisture content and meteorological conditions" 4665: 4118: 3873: 2077: 860: 15307: 11519:"Mineral and organic fractions of two oxisols and their influence on effective cation-exchange capacity" 8016: 7080:"A review of the usefulness of relative bulk density values in studies of soil structure and compaction" 3700: 2073: 20644: 20639: 20598: 20482: 20426: 19518: 18970: 18415: 18329: 18165: 17693: 17132: 16931: 15356: 14918:"Responses of dune activity and desertification in China to global warming in the twenty-first century" 13293: 10072: 10021: 9683:"Binding and mobilization of heavy metals in contaminated sediments affected by pH and redox potential" 7427: 6849:"Nitrogen input by cyanobacterial biofilms of an inselberg into a tropical rainforest in French Guiana" 6149: 4133: 4110: 1988: 1244: 839: 16758: 15520: 8197: 5884:

The importance of soil organic matter: key to drought-resistant soil and sustained food and production

3900:, one of the smectite family of clays, to the soil. In field trials, conducted by scientists from the 3648: 3608: 20013: 19273: 18668: 17137: 13424: 9445: 8785: 4540: 4461: 4345: 3546: 3284: 3227: 3103: 3059:) or are directly produced belowground for subterranean plant organs (root litter), and then release 1206: 1053: 669: 15085:"Erosion-induced massive organic carbon burial and carbon emission in the Yellow River basin, China" 15084: 14165: 13226: 12225:"Carbon sequestration and fertility after centennial time scale incorporation of charcoal into soil" 11804: 11336: 11260: 10527: 10017:"Influence of hydrogen ion concentration on the growth of higher plants under controlled conditions" 9804: 9564: 9279: 7284: 2716:, themselves able to consume and transform raw or humified organic matter. This has been called the 1125:). In addition, the soil voids are saturated with water vapour, at least until the point of maximal 177:(density of soil taking into account voids when dry) between 1.1 and 1.6 g/cm, though the soil 20624: 19998: 19349: 19339: 19211: 19201: 19031: 18769: 18567: 18398: 18287: 18081: 17703: 16298: 16076: 16041: 15200: 14807: 10131:"Amelioration of a calcareous saline-sodic soil by gypsum application and different crop rotations" 8424: 7141: 6494: 4893: 3480:

and erosion. Soils are initially acid and remain such when their parent materials are low in basic

3387: 3254: 3060: 2559: 2446: 2054: 1872: 1556: 1431: 1411: 1395: 1072:

methods. Soil moisture measurement is an important factor in determining changes in soil activity.

1001: 961: 941: 872:

The physical properties of soils, in order of decreasing importance for ecosystem services such as

808:. However, more recent definitions of soil embrace soils without any organic matter, such as those 14098:"Geophagy in the golden-faced saki monkey (Pithecia pithecia chrysocephala) in the Central Amazon" 8894:"pH-dependent mineral release and surface properties of cornstraw biochar: agronomic implications" 7677:"A study of soil methane sink regulation in two grasslands exposed to drought and N fertilization" 7564:

Smith, Keith A.; Ball, Tom; Conen, Franz; Dobbie, Karen E.; Massheder, Jonathan; Rey, Ana (2003).

5927: 4124:

As chemistry developed, it was applied to the investigation of soil fertility. The French chemist

3953:

to improve nutrient-poor tropical soils, a process based on the higher fertility of anthropogenic

3888:

for a more permanent land use. Farmers initially responded by adding organic matter and clay from

3031:

and plant remains in soil horizons may help to reveal environmental changes (e.g. climate change,

20173: 20062: 19189: 19164: 19104: 18784: 18725: 18356: 17698: 17661: 17382: 17066: 16906: 15152: 8402: 8303: 7258: 7013: 6800: 5297:"A framework for classifying and quantifying the natural capital and ecosystem services of soils" 4229: 4105: 4081: 3889: 3151: 2438: 1541: 1197: 1130: 665: 194: 17: 16588: 16037:"Soil degradation and soil quality in western Europe: current situation and future perspectives" 14801:

Lyu, Yanli; Shi, Peijun; Han, Guoyi; Liu, Lianyou; Guo, Lanlan; Hu, Xia; Zhang, Guoming (2020).

5671:"Combining constructed wetlands and aquatic and soil filters for reclamation and reuse of water" 4898: 3222:) below-ground. Above-ground and below-ground biodiversities are tightly interconnected, making 2603:

may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

987: 20576: 20419: 20291: 19452: 19263: 19077: 18913: 18888: 18739: 18718: 18610: 17975: 17349: 14637: 14160: 13827: 13681: 13221: 11799: 11331: 11255: 10829:"Microbial biomass and activity in an agricultural soil with different organic matter contents" 10522: 9928:"A study of the environment and characteristics of tropical podzols in Sarawak (East-Malaysia)" 9799: 6688: 6033:"Effect of soil compaction and water-filled pore space on soil microbial activity and N losses" 5983: 4888: 4145: 4085: 4046:'s handbook, with its emphasis on irrigation, guided the people of North Africa, Spain and the 3896:

in the long-term because of rarefaction of termite mounds. Scientists experimented with adding

3758:

Soil piping is a particular form of soil erosion that occurs below the soil surface. It causes

3570: 3536:

activity. Soil organic matter and soil minerals can adsorb the waste material and decrease its

3497: 2069: 1248: 1047: 965: 726: 704: 673: 561: 417: 311: 278:, which also includes other loose material that lies above the bedrock, as can be found on the 16885:

Soil Taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys.

14557:"Potential contributions of smectite clays and organic matter to pesticide retention in soils" 12392:"Carbon accumulation in soils of forest and bog ecosystems of southern Valdai in the Holocene" 11724: 8695: 7630:

Ruser, Reiner; Flessa, Heiner; Russow, Rolf; Schmidt, G.; Buegger, Franz; Munch, J.C. (2006).

7357:

Karberg, Noah J.; Pregitzer, Kurt S.; King, John S.; Friend, Aaron L.; Wood, James R. (2005).

4570:. Routledge Fundamentals of Physical Geography Series (3rd ed.). London, United Kingdom: 400:

organisms, but a substantial part is retained in the soil in the form of soil organic matter;

122:

Soil consists of a solid phase of minerals and organic matter (the soil matrix), as well as a

20629: 20373: 20368: 20163: 20104: 19139: 18948: 18456: 18346: 18030: 16646: 16485: 16434: 15746: 15030: 12119: 9844:"Soil acidification and adaptations of plants and microorganisms in Bornean tropical forests" 9266: 8871: 8729: 7951:

Purrington, Foster Forbes; Kendall, Paricia A.; Bater, John E.; Stinner, Benjamin R. (1991).

7216:"Plant diversity effects on soil heterotrophic activity in experimental grassland ecosystems" 7190: 5953: 5648: 5227: 4958: 3997: 3928: 3819: 3712: 3246: 3215: 2853: 2828: 1375: 1138: 1039: 1013: 957: 358: 138:

system of solids, liquids, and gases. Soil is a product of several factors: the influence of

31: 27:

Mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life

16860: 15688:"Compost amendment of sandy soil affects soil properties and greenhouse tomato productivity" 15471: 15470:

Saleth, Rathinasamy Maria; Inocencio, Arlene; Noble, Andrew; Ruaysoongnern, Sawaeng (2009).

13108:"The role of microorganisms at different stages of ecosystem development for soil formation" 11544: 10230: 9056:

Singh, Jamuna Sharan; Raghubanshi, Akhilesh Singh; Singh, Raj S.; Srivastava, S. C. (1989).

8758: 8234:"Soil water characteristic estimates by texture and organic matter for hydrologic solutions" 7540: 6364:"Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes" 5812: 1121:

concentration through its inhibitory effects on root and microbial respiration (also called

627:

plot is a visual representation of the proportions of sand, silt, and clay in a soil sample.

20567: 20539: 20504: 20431: 20231: 20168: 19986: 19807: 19492: 19344: 19301: 19194: 19119: 18502: 18111: 18005: 17829: 15819: 15755: 15699: 15437: 15391: 15209: 15161: 15101: 15042: 14980: 14931: 14859: 14846:"Spatial vegetation patterns and imminent desertification in Mediterranean arid ecosystems" 14768: 14677: 14621: 14522: 14402: 14346: 14282: 14226: 14152: 14001: 13940: 13866: 13773: 13712: 13549: 13493: 13433: 13385: 13213: 13162: 13121: 13073: 13030: 12984: 12936: 12880: 12832: 12781: 12735: 12655: 12613: 12505: 12403: 12347: 12299: 12238: 12190: 12136: 12090: 12044: 11953: 11940:

Melero, Sebastiana; Madejón, Engracia; Ruiz, Juan Carlos; Herencia, Juan Francisco (2007).

11907: 11851: 11791: 11641: 11532: 11476: 11247: 11146: 11033: 10979: 10930: 10842: 10770: 10710: 10664: 10514: 10278: 10218: 10203:

Farina, Martin Patrick W.; Sumner, Malcolm E.; Plank, C. Owen; Letzsch, W. Stephen (1980).

10175: 9939: 9893: 9884: 9791: 9735: 9411: 9357: 9308: 9127: 9071: 8907: 8827: 8746: 8534: 8472: 8341: 8250: 8112: 8056: 7849: 7793: 7693: 7577: 7528: 7372: 7091: 7045: 6936: 6902: 6860: 6809: 6697: 6582: 6538: 6455: 6237: 6164: 6044: 5800: 5728: 5682: 5636: 5529: 5468: 5310: 5236: 5164: 5098: 4967: 4759: 4615: 4301: 4156: 3905: 3885: 3852:

Soils which contain high levels of particular clays with high swelling properties, such as

3672: 3554: 2796: 2673: 1930: 393: 15276:"Effectiveness and social/environmental impacts of irrigation projects: a critical review" 15260: 14633: 14436: 14414: 13509: 13479:"Mapping ecosystem services: the supply and demand of flood regulation services in Europe" 13418:

Kopittke, Peter M.; Menzies, Neal W.; Wang, Peng; McKenna, Brigid A.; Lombi, Enzo (2019).

10653:"Contribution of organic matter and clay minerals to the cation exchange capacity of soil" 5669:

House, Christopher H.; Bergmann, Ben A.; Stomp, Anne-Marie; Frederick, Douglas J. (1999).

3664: 2961:

system for plants, undergoes fast decomposition by bacteria and fungi. Lignin consists of

2451:

Seventeen elements or nutrients are essential for plant growth and reproduction. They are

2058: 1366:

in a fluid medium without settling. Most soils contain organic colloidal particles called

692: 631:

The interaction of the individual mineral particles with organic matter, water, gases via

604:

The soil texture is determined by the relative proportions of the individual particles of

8: 20562: 20470: 20458: 20348: 20301: 20109: 20032: 19758: 19549: 19268: 19258: 18814: 18799: 18759: 18732: 18507: 18497: 17398: 17339: 17300: 16785: 16479: 16273: 16011: 14211:

Diplock, Elizabeth E.; Mardlin, Dave P.; Killham, Kenneth S.; Paton, Graeme Iain (2009).

14138:"A review of model applications for structured soils: a) Water flow and tracer transport" 12815: 12127: 11863: 9058:"Microbial biomass acts as a source of plant nutrient in dry tropical forest and savanna" 6488:

Sengupta, Aditi; Kushwaha, Priyanka; Jim, Antonia; Troch, Peter A.; Maier, Raina (2020).

4950: 4196: 4160: 3935: 3797:

damage, reduced plant growth, erosion due to loss of plant cover and soil structure, and

3711:

or other soil-binding plants), changes to the timing or type of agricultural operations,

3493: 3331: 3231: 3076: 2583: 2516: 2062: 2050: 1568: 428: 389: 283: 243: 16642: 15823: 15759: 15742:"The 'Terra Preta' phenomenon: a model for sustainable agriculture in the humid tropics" 15703: 15657: 15441: 15395: 15213: 15165: 15105: 15046: 14984: 14935: 14863: 14772: 14681: 14625: 14526: 14406: 14350: 14286: 14230: 14156: 14005: 13944: 13870: 13777: 13716: 13553: 13497: 13437: 13389: 13250: 13217: 13166: 13125: 13077: 13060:"Contribution of root vs. leaf litter to dissolved organic carbon leaching through soil" 13034: 12996: 12988: 12940: 12884: 12836: 12785: 12739: 12659: 12617: 12509: 12463: 12407: 12351: 12303: 12242: 12194: 12140: 12094: 12048: 11986:

Joanisse, Gilles D.; Bradley, Robert L.; Preston, Caroline M.; Bending, Gary D. (2009).

11957: 11911: 11855: 11795: 11645: 11536: 11480: 11251: 11150: 11037: 10983: 10934: 10846: 10774: 10714: 10668: 10518: 10282: 10222: 10179: 9943: 9897: 9876: 9795: 9739: 9415: 9361: 9312: 9131: 9075: 8911: 8831: 8750: 8538: 8476: 8372: 8345: 8329: 8254: 8116: 8060: 7853: 7797: 7697: 7581: 7532: 7376: 7214:

Spehn, Eva M.; Joshi, Jasmin; Schmid, Bernhard; Alphei, Jörn; Körner, Christian (2000).

7095: 7049: 6906: 6864: 6813: 6701: 6586: 6542: 6459: 6241: 6168: 6048: 5957: 5804: 5732: 5686: 5640: 5533: 5472: 5314: 5240: 5168: 5102: 4971: 4763: 4619: 3716: 3675:. More than one kind of erosion can occur simultaneously. Erosion is distinguished from 2558:

to hold nutrients and water is far greater than that of clay minerals, most of the soil

2005:

The addition of a small amount of highly basic aqueous ammonia to a soil will cause the

1410:

ions per 100 grams of soil (or centimoles of positive charge per kilogram of soil;

20572: 20557: 20487: 20443: 20333: 19919: 19824: 19579: 19219: 18928: 18711: 18630: 18302: 17949: 17582: 17375: 17295: 17238: 17194: 16995: 16662: 16156: 16100: 16071: 15843: 15779: 15715: 15494: 14996: 14891: 14362: 14115: 14102: 14078: 14065: 14046: 14027: 13963: 13927:"Temperature-induced increase in methane release from peat bogs: a mesocosm experiment" 13926: 13797: 13730: 13702: 13317: 13288: 13178: 12896: 12768:

De Alba, Saturnio; Lindstrom, Michael; Schumacher, Thomas E.; Malo, Douglas D. (2004).

12570: 12543:

Soil organic matter in temperate agroecosystems: long-term experiments in North America

12467: 12419: 12261: 12224: 12152: 11867: 11817: 11716: 11665: 11593: 11492: 11430: 11273: 11057: 10997: 10948: 10794: 10501:"On the origin of the theory of mineral nutrition of plants and the Law of the Minimum" 10325: 9817: 9603: 9552: 9462: 9373: 9247: 9209: 9114:"The role of cell walls and pectins in cation exchange and surface area of plant roots" 9087: 9023: 8971: 8845: 8644: 8598: 8550: 8396: 8266: 8128: 8072: 7953:"Alarm pheromone in a gregarious poduromorph collembolan (Collembola: Hypogastruridae)" 7926: 7809: 7759: 7717: 7593: 7396: 7334: 7315: 7235: 7107: 6721: 6659: 6632: 6606: 6123: 6006: 5596: 5491: 5454: 5380: 5262: 5188: 5124: 4998: 4631: 4533: 4454: 4413: 4273: 4192: 4180: 3877: 3823: 3806: 3729: 3725: 3501: 3489: 3445: 3441: 3264: 2792: 2520: 1984: 1506: 1407: 1202: 889: 783: 413: 366: 15449: 15054: 13988:"Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change" 13878: 13561: 12948: 12747: 12494:"Preferential erosion of black carbon on steep slopes with slash and burn agriculture" 12056: 11919: 11345: 11269: 11158: 11102: 10094: 10067: 10043: 10016: 9813: 8068: 7872: 7835: 7449: 7422: 7103: 6821: 6249: 5740: 5694: 5424: 5082:"Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change" 5047: 4657: 3668: 3660: 2037: 1247:

of a soil, its texture, determines many of the properties of that soil, in particular

20544: 20008: 19914: 19887: 19734: 19684: 19620: 19574: 19316: 19062: 18953: 18923: 18774: 17995: 17864: 17255: 17102: 16887:

USDA-SCS Agric. Handb. 436. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

16833: 16807: 16793: 16773: 16668: 16628: 16618: 16412: 16166: 16162: 16128: 16105: 15990: 15882: 15835: 15771: 15610: 15379: 15324: 15058: 15000: 14917: 14883: 14845: 14826: 14703: 14695: 14578: 14388: 14366: 14334: 14308: 14242: 14178: 14070: 14019: 13968: 13789: 13764: 13655: 13605: 13565: 13459: 13451: 13349: 13322: 13174: 12970: 12922: 12900: 12601: 12550: 12445: 12391: 12285: 12266: 12103: 12078: 12011: 12006: 11987: 11893: 11836: 11750: 11657: 11625:"Resistance of protein–lignin complexes, lignins and humic acids to microbial attack" 11598: 11566: 11518: 11462: 11434: 11414: 11383: 11192: 11134: 11106: 11086: 11061: 11049: 10876: 10854: 10786: 10761: 10698: 10652: 10624: 10575: 10467: 10463: 10378: 10306: 10301: 10264: 10204: 10130: 10099: 10048: 9997: 9951: 9905: 9751: 9682: 9642: 9630: 9622: 9531: 9440: 9187: 9143: 9057: 8949: 8923: 8815: 8500: 8495: 8458: 8377: 8359: 8178: 8008: 7982:

Badri, Dayakar V.; Weir, Tiffany L.; Van der Lelie, Daniel; Vivanco, Jorge M (2009).

7918: 7896: 7877: 7781: 7743: 7644:

from soil fertilized with nitrate: effect of compaction, soil moisture and rewetting"

7495: 7454: 7388: 7339: 7079: 7031: 6848: 6776: 6771: 6752: 6725: 6713: 6664: 6598: 6573: 6408: 6382: 6363: 6341: 6283: 6279: 6271: 6127: 6091: 6032: 5895: 5849: 5716: 5670: 5622: 5557: 5552: 5515: 5496: 5428: 5372: 5296: 5180: 5116: 5051: 5003: 4985: 4848: 4813: 4750: 4709: 4603: 4575: 4544: 4496: 4492: 4465: 4417: 4375: 4355: 4350: 4296: 4243: 4221: 4152: 4137: 4125: 4051: 4035: 3954: 3924: 3864:

are among the most productive in the world. However, the overuse of mineral nitrogen

3847: 3473: 3424: 3147: 2946: 2819:

are stabilised by the clay. Proteins normally decompose readily, to the exception of

2677: 2652: 2536: 1996: 1379: 1347: 1165:

and temperature, that determine the rate of diffusion of gases into and out of soil.

1114: 1061: 745: 378: 331: 17017:

Copies of the reference 'Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957' in multiple formats

15847: 15783: 15741: 15719: 15498: 14943: 14690: 14664:"Copper distribution in European topsoils: an assessment based on LUCAS soil survey" 14663: 14605:"Atrazine adsorption and colloid-facilitated transport through the unsaturated zone" 14508: 14082: 13734: 13182: 12471: 12423: 12156: 11821: 11749:

Manjaiah, K.M.; Kumar, Sarvendra; Sachdev, M. S.; Sachdev, P.; Datta, S. C. (2010).

11720: 11496: 11277: 11001: 10952: 10798: 9821: 9747: 9607: 9466: 9251: 8849: 8799: 8780: 8648: 8602: 8554: 8328:

Anthony, Mark A.; Bender, S. Franz; van der Heijden, Marcel G. A. (15 August 2023).

8270: 8076: 7930: 7813: 7721: 7597: 7589: 7239: 7111: 6610: 5923: 5600: 5576: 5384: 5352: 5266: 5192: 5029: 4698:

Buol, Stanley W.; Southard, Randal J.; Graham, Robert C.; McDaniel, Paul A. (2011).

4635: 4026:) should be turned under, and was used by 15 generations (450 years) under the 3299:

is now widely used to treat aerobically solid domestic waste and dried effluents of

2836:

content can cause nitrogen to be sequestered as resistant tannin-protein complexes.

20494: 20453: 20436: 20323: 20221: 19753: 19657: 19541: 19366: 19253: 19144: 19109: 19084: 18943: 18764: 18176: 17869: 17332: 16950: 16095: 16085: 16050: 15957: 15827: 15763: 15711: 15707: 15622: 15574: 15532: 15521:"Amelioration of sandy soils in drought stricken areas through use of Ca-bentonite" 15486: 15445: 15399: 15217: 15173: 15169: 15119: 15109: 15050: 14988: 14939: 14895: 14875: 14867: 14850: 14816: 14776: 14685: 14629: 14603:

Sprague, Lori A.; Herman, Janet S.; Hornberger, George M.; Mills, Aaron L. (2000).

14570: 14530: 14410: 14354: 14298: 14290: 14234: 14170: 14111: 14060: 14031: 14009: 13992: 13958: 13948: 13874: 13801: 13781: 13720: 13647: 13633: 13597: 13557: 13501: 13441: 13393: 13345: 13312: 13302: 13235: 13231: 13170: 13129: 13081: 13038: 13017:

Bakker, Martha M.; Govers, Gerard; Jones, Robert A.; Rounsevell, Mark D.A. (2007).

12992: 12944: 12888: 12840: 12789: 12743: 12667: 12663: 12621: 12513: 12459: 12411: 12363: 12359: 12355: 12307: 12256: 12246: 12202: 12198: 12144: 12098: 12052: 12001: 11961: 11915: 11871: 11859: 11809: 11708: 11669: 11649: 11632: 11588: 11580: 11540: 11484: 11426: 11375: 11341: 11265: 11154: 11098: 11041: 11024: 10987: 10938: 10890: 10850: 10778: 10718: 10672: 10565: 10532: 10370: 10296: 10286: 10226: 10183: 10089: 10081: 10038: 10030: 9987: 9947: 9901: 9855: 9809: 9743: 9696: 9634: 9593: 9454: 9424: 9419: 9399: 9377: 9365: 9316: 9299: 9295:"Aluminum and iron biomass pretreatment impacts on biochar anion exchange capacity" 9239: 9213: 9201: 9135: 9091: 9079: 9062: 9019: 8975: 8963: 8915: 8835: 8794: 8754: 8636: 8590: 8542: 8490: 8480: 8367: 8349: 8258: 8168: 8132: 8120: 8064: 8000: 7910: 7867: 7857: 7801: 7755: 7709: 7701: 7657: 7585: 7536: 7485: 7444: 7436: 7400: 7380: 7358: 7329: 7227: 7215: 7158: 7099: 7053: 6914: 6910: 6868: 6817: 6766: 6705: 6654: 6644: 6590: 6569:"Mars-like soils in the Atacama desert, Chile, and the dry limit of microbial life" 6568: 6546: 6503: 6463: 6377: 6245: 6176: 6172: 6113: 6105: 6052: 5998: 5808: 5736: 5690: 5644: 5627: 5588: 5547: 5537: 5486: 5476: 5420: 5364: 5322: 5318: 5252: 5244: 5172: 5155: 5128: 5106: 5089: 5043: 4993: 4975: 4767: 4623: 4409: 4249: 4176: 4043: 3861: 3815: 3767: 3637: 3566: 3562: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3272: 3260: 3139: 3082: 3048: 3043:

by earthworm activity and other mechanical disturbances. Fossil soil horizons from

3016: 2970: 2876:

with atmospheric gases is significantly influenced. Temperature, soil moisture and

2721: 2044:

Table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions important in biochemistry

1977: 1882: 1403: 1146: 1122: 1043: 1023: 632: 464: 405: 370: 50: 18591: 16733: 16720: 15961: 15918: 15831: 14964:

Yang, Dawen; Kanae, Shinjiro; Oki, Taikan; Koike, Toshio; Musiake, Katumi (2003).

14174: 13505: 10782: 10699:"Water storage, surface, and structural properties of sandy forest humus horizons" 7661: 6467: 6010: 5081: 3778:

is used to describe the appearance of the discharging end of an active soil pipe.

408:, leading to the depletion of soil organic matter. Since plant roots need oxygen, 20511: 20477: 20363: 20343: 20253: 19902: 19868: 19802: 19599: 19584: 19482: 19306: 19224: 19159: 19154: 19052: 18918: 18789: 18644: 18297: 18277: 18272: 18101: 18035: 18020: 18000: 17934: 17919: 17779: 17275: 17204: 17172: 16935: 16762: 16707: 16694: 16681: 16406: 15660:, Département des Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt, Québec, Canada. Archived from 14238: 13953: 13446: 13419: 13397: 12844: 12793: 12625: 12517: 12284:

Kim, Dong Jim; Vargas, Rodrigo; Bond-Lamberty, Ben; Turetsky, Merritt R. (2012).

12251: 11992: 11782:

Theng, Benny K.G. (1982). "Clay-polymer interactions: summary and perspectives".

11755: 10374: 9320: 8640: 8099:"Plant-microbe-soil interactions in the rhizosphere: an evolutionary perspective" 8004: 7320: 7316:"High soil carbon dioxide concentrations inhibit root respiration of Douglas fir" 6757: 6442:"Soil enzymes in a changing environment: current knowledge and future directions" 6400:

Soil organic matter: its nature, its role in soil formation and in soil fertility

6368: 5845: 5481: 4705: 4370: 4311: 3786: 3733: 3687:

activities which leave the soil bare during times of heavy rain or strong winds,

3632: 3616: 3582: 3449: 3364: 3295:, isolating waste deposits from the atmosphere and preventing unpleasant smells. 3223: 3087: 3028: 2824: 2532: 2442: 1957: 1518: 1453: 1437: 1391: 1363: 1332: 1252: 1182: 1102: 1017: 873: 817: 712: 565: 538: 315: 303: 147: 135: 16375: 14555:

Sheng, Guangyao; Johnston, Cliff T.; Teppen, Brian J.; Boyd, Stephen A. (2001).

13855:"Response of microbial biomass to air-drying and rewetting in soils and compost" 13725: 11624: 11379: 10570: 10553: 9578:

Singleton, Peter L.; Edmeades, Doug C.; Smart, R. E.; Wheeler, David M. (2001).

9139: 8950:"Root exudates as mediators of mineral acquisition in low-nutrient environments" 8097:

Lambers, Hans; Mougel, Christophe; Jaillard, Benoît; Hinsinger, Philipe (2009).

7490: 7473: 6872: 6523:

Bishop, Janice L.; Murchie, Scott L.; Pieters, Carlé L.; Zent, Aaron P. (2002).

3703:

which are employed include changes of land use (such as replacing erosion-prone

3081:

One of the first soil classification systems was developed by Russian scientist

2515:(Cl). Nutrients required for plants to complete their life cycle are considered 20552: 20499: 20409: 20328: 20313: 20308: 20260: 20148: 19944: 19892: 19875: 19709: 19429: 19321: 19238: 19042: 18804: 18794: 18680: 18306: 18229: 17909: 17854: 17317: 17290: 17270: 17182: 17127: 17122: 16955: 16123: 15806:"Benefits and limitations of biochar amendment in agricultural soils: a review" 15609:

Prapagar, Komathy; Indraratne, Srimathie P.; Premanandharajah, Punitha (2012).

15092: 13651: 13540: 13112: 12892: 12724:"Soil chronosequences, soil development, and soil evolution: a critical review" 12290: 11467: 10921: 10537: 10500: 10270:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

9638: 9192: 8954: 8464:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

8298: 8103: 7841:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

7684: 4980: 4287: 4211: 4164: 4089: 3987: 3893: 3827: 3550: 3541: 3300: 3257:

and slow global warming, while improving crop yields and reducing water needs.

3250: 3127: 3009: 2958: 2869: 2820: 2806:

is resistant to breakdown and accumulates within the soil. It also reacts with

2660: 2567: 2528: 1964:) are assumed occupied by base-forming cations, so that the base saturation is 1939: 1477: 1325: 1190: 1154: 1069: 991: 881: 777: 765: 757: 753: 711:

or dead soil organic matter. These bound nutrients interact with soil water to

644: 585:(the living part, where most soil organisms are dwelling, corresponding to the 440: 342: 307: 225: 72: 19359: 15490: 15403: 15146:

Verachtert, Els; Van den Eeckhaut, Miet; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef (2010).

14966:"Global potential soil erosion with reference to land use and climate changes" 14358: 13757:"Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security" 13043: 13018: 12415: 11965: 11813: 11584: 10992: 10967: 10676: 10477: 9860: 9843: 9205: 8967: 8840: 8546: 8124: 7914: 7805: 7780:

Hiltpold, Ivan; Toepfer, Stefan; Kuhlmann, Ulrich; Turlings, Ted C.J. (2010).

7713: 7705: 7384: 7231: 7142:"Soil resistivity as related to underground corrosion and cathodic protection" 7057: 6825: 6729: 6109: 6056: 5859: 5816: 5592: 5368: 5196: 4627: 4506: 4397: 3573:. An example of diffuse pollution with contaminants is copper accumulation in 990:. Soil moisture levels, in order of decreasing water content, are saturation, 20619: 20613: 20516: 20353: 20243: 20200: 19981: 19858: 19744: 19694: 19558: 19457: 19296: 19174: 19169: 19124: 18893: 18340: 18243: 18236: 18076: 18045: 17954: 17839: 17344: 17221: 17177: 16672: 16624: 16603:

Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics

16543:

Die Typen der Bodenbildung: ihre Klassifikation und geographische Verbreitung

16352: 15963:

Le livre de l'agriculture, traduit de l'arabe par Jean Jacques Clément-Mullet

15924: 15740:

Glaser, Bruno; Haumaier, Ludwig; Guggenberger, Georg; Zech, Wolfgang (2001).

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Plant nutrition for food security: a guide for integrated nutrient management

10162:"Acid precipitation effects on soil pH and base saturation of exchange sites" 9235: 9166: 9164: 8363: 6717: 6310: 5761: 4989: 4772: 4528: 4267: 4093: 4067: 3831: 3802: 3798: 3752: 3748: 3692: 3596: 3521: 3509: 3505: 3477: 3469: 3457: 3191: 3131: 3040: 2978: 2942: 2717: 2685: 2053:

is measured in volts or millivolts. Soil microbial communities develop along

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strongly affect soil porosity and gas diffusion. It is the total pore space (

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held in soil is eventually returned to the atmosphere through the process of

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Paul, Eldor A.; Paustian, Keith H.; Elliott, E. T.; Cole, C. Vernon (1997).

12334:

Wagai, Rota; Mayer, Lawrence M.; Kitayama, Kanehiro; Knicker, Heike (2008).

10757:"Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits" 10608:

Roy, R. N.; Finck, Arnold; Blair, Graeme J.; Tandon, Hari Lal Singh (2006).

8354: 7862: 6594: 6197: 5717:"In search of biological indicators for soil health and disease suppression" 5542: 2619:

any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

181:

is much higher, in the range of 2.6 to 2.7 g/cm. Little of the soil of

20318: 20276: 20052: 20003: 19939: 19795: 19699: 19477: 19472: 19462: 19442: 19129: 19072: 18903: 18620: 18563: 18476: 18367: 18096: 18091: 18066: 17939: 17884: 17312: 17285: 17260: 17216: 17189: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17097: 17055: 16765:

A free schools-age educational site teaching about soil and its importance.

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10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199706)69:2<141::AID-JCTB694>3.0.CO;2-U

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The influence of bulk density and aggregate size on soil moisture retention

6780: 6668: 6602: 5500: 5432: 5184: 5120: 5055: 5007: 4365: 4330: 4031: 4027: 4023: 3744: 3696: 3558: 3327: 3307: 3280: 3159: 3143: 3094:

aims to establish an international reference base for soil classification.

3064: 3001: 2990: 2849: 2841: 2681: 1999: 1545: 1484: 1418:). Similarly, positively charged sites on colloids can attract and release 1284: 1214: 1150: 953: 945: 885: 877: 866: 677: 549: 545: 460: 424: 362: 327: 319: 255: 252:

All of these functions, in their turn, modify the soil and its properties.

182: 174: 163: 114: 100: 46: 18529: 18464: 16515:(in German). Dresden, Germany: G. Schönfeld's Buchhandlung. Archived from 15767: 15426:"Assessment of tillage erosion rates on steep slopes in northern Thailand" 15275: 14074: 13853:

Mondini, Claudio; Contin, Marco; Leita, Liviana; De Nobili, Maria (2002).

12177:

Brodowski, Sonja; Amelung, Wulf; Haumaier, Ludwig; Zech, Wolfgang (2007).

11565:

Heck, Tobias; Faccio, Greta; Richter, Michael; Thöny-Meyer, Linda (2013).

10736: 10398: 10244: 10110: 9700: 9662: 9293:

Lawrinenko, Michael; Jing, Dapeng; Banik, Chumki; Laird, David A. (2017).

9161: 7162: 6753:"Ectomycorrhizal weathering of the soil minerals muscovite and hornblende" 6649: 5561: 5376: 5028:

Pouyat, Richard; Groffman, Peter; Yesilonis, Ian; Hernandez, Luis (2002).

3595:

The application of biosolids from sewage sludge and compost can introduce

3326:, are now protected because of their patrimonial interest. As an example, 3106:

was the primeval domain of soil knowledge, long time before the advent of

1193:) when soils are depleted of oxygen and subject to elevated temperatures. 423:

Soils can effectively remove impurities, kill disease agents, and degrade

146:(elevation, orientation, and slope of terrain), organisms, and the soil's 20414: 20358: 20180: 20158: 20153: 20020: 19897: 19863: 19851: 19739: 19662: 19487: 19184: 19067: 19006: 18575: 18292: 18106: 18040: 18010: 17944: 17924: 17844: 17824: 17804: 17794: 17789: 17322: 17245: 17226: 16546: 16248: 16090: 15851: 15537: 15225: 10205:"Exchangeable aluminum and pH as indicators of lime requirement for corn" 9992: 9973: 9527: 9113: 8781:"On the application of the mass action law to cation exchange equilibria" 8438: 6945: 6796:"The nature and rate of weathering by lichens on lava flows on Lanzarote" 6551: 6524: 6418: 6118: 5248: 4719: 4565: 4306: 4225: 4183:

announced he had found the bacteria responsible for this transformation.

4168: 4047: 4039: 3962: 3857: 3811: 3688: 3684: 3620: 3391: 3380: 3360: 3319: 3292: 3276: 3268: 3119: 3056: 3036: 2788: 2757: 2696:

still is chemically distinct from polysaccharides, lignins and proteins.

2668: 2571: 2072:

provides critical information for soil interpretation. Understanding the

1918: 1894: 1529: 1441: 1336: 1234: 1126: 1035: 1027: 948:, when determined at standardized moisture conditions, is an estimate of 893: 761: 737: 335: 323: 213: 209: 186: 18626: 18551: 18452: 16880:. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. 16299:"On the composition and money value of the different varieties of guano" 15558: 15124: 14871: 14014: 13987: 13342:

Soils for landscape development: selection, specification and validation

12971:"Untangling the effects of burial alteration and ancient soil formation" 12079:"Anisotropic shrinkage and swelling of some organic and inorganic soils" 11045: 10085: 10034: 9112:

Szatanik-Kloc, Alicja; Szerement, Justyna; Józefaciuk, Grzegorz (2017).

9005: 7440: 7423:"Effect of carbon dioxide on absorption of water and nutrients by roots" 7030:

Six, Johan; Paustian, Keith; Elliott, Edward T.; Combrink, Clay (2000).

5111: 4803: 3524:

at low levels is often within a soil's capacity to treat and assimilate

2768:

which further improve the soil. The end product, humus, is suspended in

1991:. However, colloids are not the only regulators of soil pH. The role of 1795:

Anion exchange capacity is the soil's ability to remove anions (such as

20521: 20338: 20296: 20238: 20207: 19846: 19778: 19716: 19689: 19652: 19311: 19291: 19179: 18991: 18986: 18908: 18898: 18779: 18524: 18444: 18282: 18025: 17929: 17879: 17834: 17819: 17784: 17754: 17620: 17527: 17492: 17467: 17307: 17280: 17265: 17167: 17092: 16975: 15900: 15898: 15145: 14821: 14802: 14726:"Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics" 13273: 12864: 12368: 11898: 11488: 10943: 10916: 10696: 10188: 10161: 10129:

Ahmad, Sagheer; Ghafoor, Abdul; Qadir, Manzoor; Aziz, M. Abbas (2006).

9598: 9579: 9458: 9369: 8594: 7472:

McDowell, Nate J.; Marshall, John D.; Qi, Jingen; Mattson, Kim (1999).

6508: 6489: 6002: 4326: 4129: 4011: 3958: 3913: 3869: 3865: 3676: 3588: 3529: 3407: 3323: 3296: 3187: 3115: 3111: 3012: 2881: 2877: 2784: 2563: 2504: 2468: 1992: 1533: 1510: 1436:

The cation exchange, that takes place between colloids and soil water,

1359: 1343: 1305: 1256: 1240: 1162: 1009: 925: 897: 843: 793: 700: 660: 640: 594: 534: 385: 259: 217: 205: 151: 17367: 17016: 17006: 16965: 16960: 16055: 16036: 15803: 15579: 15249:"Sandboils 101: Corps has experience dealing with common flood danger" 14879: 14574: 14303: 14294: 14213:"Predicting bioremediation of hydrocarbons: laboratory to field scale" 13420:"Soil and the intensification of agriculture for global food security" 11653: 10894: 10410: 9037: 8919: 8173: 8154: 4281: 4191:

the bacteria, were simultaneously discovered by the German agronomist

4179:

proved that this transformation was done by living organisms. In 1890

3039:, using pieces of charcoal provided they are of enough size to escape 2949:

can decompose the cellulose and hemicellulose, leaving the lignin and

812:

that formed on Mars and analogous conditions in planet Earth deserts.

619: 20404: 20286: 20094: 20089: 20067: 19956: 19949: 19768: 19763: 19670: 19647: 19467: 19447: 19333: 19149: 19134: 18750: 18692: 18492: 18311: 18086: 18071: 18015: 17914: 17859: 17799: 17562: 17557: 17547: 17482: 17452: 17432: 17361: 17250: 14992: 13596:. Luxembourg, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 12546: 12029:

Fierer, Noah; Schimel, Joshua P.; Cates, Rex G.; Zou, Jiping (2001).

11712: 9083: 7363: 6272:"The colloidal fraction: seat of soil chemical and physical activity" 5353:"Santa Rosalia revisited: why are there so many species of bacteria?" 4571: 4097: 4059: 4003: 3969:

waste products of all kinds may endanger soil life and human health.

3897: 3794: 3775: 3721: 3383: 3372: 3171: 3167: 3044: 2974: 2938: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2713: 2705: 2484: 2472: 1925: 1914: 1910: 1886: 1800: 1355: 1309: 1218: 1134: 1099: 929: 828: 797: 553: 476: 346: 299: 221: 167: 42: 19510: 16617:

Donahue, Roy Luther; Miller, Raymond W.; Shickluna, John C. (1977).

16070:

Van der Ploeg, Rienk R.; Schweigert, Peter; Bachmann, Joerg (2001).

15895: 15687: 15425: 14268: 14097: 13535: 13150: 13059: 12866: 12769: 12647: 12493: 12389: 12335: 12178: 12030: 11234:"Humus forms in terrestrial ecosystems: a framework to biodiversity" 11233: 10828: 10499:

Van der Ploeg, Rienk R.; Böhm, Wolfgang; Kirkham, Mary Beth (1999).

10068:"Obligatory reduction of ferric chelates in iron uptake by soybeans" 9875:

Kauppi, Pekka; Kämäri, Juha; Posch, Maximilian; Kauppi, Lea (1986).

9778:"Humus forms in terrestrial ecosystems: a framework to biodiversity" 9777: 9521: 9294: 9243: 8893: 8624: 8576: 8098: 8042: 7565: 6894: 6441: 6225: 5882: 5407:"Microbial diversity and function in soil: from genes to ecosystems" 5406: 5176: 4456:

Physical edaphology: the physics of irrigated and nonirrigated soils

3766:

formation. Turbulent flow removes soil starting at the mouth of the

3432:

is a human-induced or natural process which impairs the capacity of

1877:

Soil reactivity is expressed in terms of pH and is a measure of the

20531: 20099: 20025: 19966: 19961: 19909: 19819: 19790: 19783: 19773: 19704: 19678: 19674: 19666: 19497: 19384: 19114: 19089: 19016: 18933: 18599: 18267: 18116: 17899: 17814: 17769: 17645: 17625: 17615: 17600: 17572: 17567: 17552: 17522: 17517: 17497: 17487: 17472: 17457: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17327: 17087: 17000: 16440:

Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences

16275:

Organic chemistry in its applications to agriculture and physiology

14556: 13931: 13854: 13105: 13058:

Uselman, Shauna M.; Qualls, Robert G.; Lilienfein, Juliane (2007).

12723: 12229: 11422: 10756: 7514: 6709: 6565: 6404: 5459: 4405: 4340: 4142:

Organic chemistry in its applications to agriculture and physiology

4055: 3993: 3966: 3946: 3909: 3853: 3763: 3680: 3624: 3574: 3537: 3337: 3312: 3288: 3195: 3163: 3107: 3032: 3020: 3005: 2997: 2962: 2873: 2845: 2840:

reserve of nitrogen and phosphorus, is a vital component affecting

2807: 2709: 2701: 2540: 2512: 2464: 2456: 2006: 1943: 1462: 1351: 1340: 1331:

The chemistry of a soil determines its ability to supply available

1301: 1158: 1109:

respired accumulates in the soil pore system. At extreme levels, CO

1087: 1081: 1005: 816:

frequent rainfall. Under such conditions, plants (in a first stage

809: 749: 733: 723: 688: 472: 455: 409: 275: 263: 190: 127: 123: 88: 76: 18652: 18640: 15608: 13924: 13707: 13601: 12179:"Black carbon contribution to stable humus in German arable soils" 6999:

Gardner, Catriona M.K.; Laryea, Kofi Buna; Unger, Paul W. (1999).

5514:

Whitman, William B.; Coleman, David C.; Wiebe, William J. (1998).

4947: 1465:

may substitute for oxygens of the silica layers, a process called

1444:

water by adsorbing cations of all types, both useful and harmful.

940:, coat particles and cause them to adhere into larger, relatively 479:(a less-weathered regolith); the bottom-most layer represents the 20399: 20195: 20190: 20136: 20042: 19971: 19814: 19615: 19437: 19409: 19094: 19021: 19011: 19001: 18996: 18704: 18676: 18061: 17849: 17809: 17774: 17764: 17759: 17749: 17744: 17640: 17610: 17605: 17595: 17590: 17542: 17537: 17512: 17507: 17502: 17477: 17462: 17427: 17422: 17417: 17233: 16971:

ISRIC – World Soil Information (ICSU World Data Centre for Soils)

15966:. Filāḥah.French. (in French). Paris, France: Librairie A. Franck 15469: 10754: 6976:"The physical environment: an introduction to physical geography" 5220:"Managing uncertainty in soil carbon feedbacks to climate change" 4949:

Wesemael, Bas; Wander, Michelle; Chabbi, Abad (27 October 2020).

4656:

Yu, Charley; Kamboj, Sunita; Wang, Cheng; Cheng, Jing-Jy (2015).

4071: 4063: 4019: 3950: 3939: 3771: 3656: 3628: 3578: 3453: 3403: 3399: 3356: 3345: 3341: 3219: 3203: 3199: 2950: 2857: 2761: 2664: 2656:

133 lb of protozoa and 890 lb of arthropods and algae.

2544: 2480: 1868: 1796: 1575:

Cation exchange capacity for soils; soil textures; soil colloids

1399: 1387: 1293: 1222: 741: 719: 696: 652: 636: 557: 480: 468: 436: 401: 374: 198: 155: 143: 139: 68: 18587: 16951:

The Soil Water Compendium (soil water content sensors explained)

15377: 14266: 14047:"Geophagy (soil consumption) and iron supplementation in Uganda" 12923:"Soil particles reworking evidences by AMS C dating of charcoal" 9111: 8575:

Rajamathi, Michael; Thomas, Grace S.; Kamath, P. Vishnu (2001).

8196:

Buzuleciu, Samuel A.; Crane, Derek P.; Parker, Scott L. (2016).

7897:"Fungal volatile organic compounds and their role in ecosystems" 7675:

Hartmann, Adrian A.; Buchmann, Nina; Niklaus, Pascal A. (2011).

6361: 5027: 3715:

building, use of erosion-suppressing cover materials (including

3306:

Organic soils, especially peat, serve as a significant fuel and

2981:; its half-life under temperate conditions is about six months. 1921:

to every kind of pollution, whether of natural or human origin.

1239:

Soil particles can be classified by their chemical composition (

744:, but most of the nitrogen is available in soils as a result of 20248: 20213: 20037: 19993: 19841: 19639: 19419: 19414: 19404: 19394: 19326: 19099: 19047: 18857: 18700: 18616: 18539: 17959: 17894: 17635: 17630: 17532: 17147: 17024: 16069: 15611:"Effect of soil amendments on reclamation of saline-sodic soil" 15552: 15519:

Semalulu, Onesmus; Magunda, Matthias; Mubiru, Drake N. (2015).

14136:

Kohne, John Maximilian; Koehne, Sigrid; Simunek, Jirka (2009).

13253:. Jerusalem, Israel: Israel Program for Scientific Translations 11692:"Measurement of soil characteristics for forensic applications" 9055: 8696:"Mechanisms of soil-lime stabilization: an interpretive review" 7779: 6224:

Valentin, Christian; d'Herbès, Jean-Marc; Poesen, Jean (1999).

6088: 4488:

Essentials of soil mechanics and foundations: basic geotechnics

4233: 4187: 4015: 3533: 3485: 3481: 3476:, soil biological activity and increases soil vulnerability to 3349: 3238: 3211: 3024: 2966: 2954: 2833: 2803: 2508: 2496: 2476: 2460: 2452: 2076:

is important to managing carbon sequestration, bioremediation,

1514: 1419: 1308:

live above ground (ignoring aquatic species), many species are

1297: 1280: 1272: 1166: 933: 835: 820: 801: 432: 111:

by restricting the former term specifically to displaced soil.

84: 18440: 15739: 14095: 12767: 12283: 12222: 10827:

Schnürer, Johan; Clarholm, Marianne; Rosswall, Thomas (1985).

10651:

Parfitt, Roger L.; Giltrap, Donna J.; Whitton, Joe S. (1995).

10363:

Effects of Accumulation of Air Pollutants in Forest Ecosystems

10160:

McFee, William W.; Kelly, J. Michael; Beck, Robert H. (1977).

8816:"pH-independent and pH-dependent surface charges on kaolinite" 8814:

Bolland, Mike D. A.; Posner, Alan M.; Quirk, James P. (1980).

8730:"The energies of replacement of calcium by potassium in soils" 8096: 6439: 4740: 3814:. Rapid salination occurs when the land surface is within the 3249:

which capture and sequester a significant amount of carbon by

1893:

At 25 °C an aqueous solution that has a pH of 3.5 has 10

544:

Given sufficient time, an undifferentiated soil will evolve a

20281: 20121: 20047: 19834: 18872: 17874: 16072:"Use and misuse of nitrogen in agriculture: the German story" 15651:"Ramial chipped wood: the clue to a sustainable fertile soil" 15423: 14916:

Wang, Xunming; Yang, Yi; Dong, Zhibao; Zhang, Caixia (2009).

12491: 11985: 10554:"Terrestrial plants require nutrients in similar proportions" 9577: 9341:

Sollins, Phillip; Robertson, G. Philip; Uehara, Goro (1988).

7981: 7950: 7515:"Compaction effect on the gas diffusion coefficient in soils" 7002:

Soil physical constraints to plant growth and crop production

5930:

at Mānoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources

3759: 3740: 3708: 3532:

can treat waste by transforming it, mainly through microbial

3525: 3368: 3207: 3175: 2692: 2555: 2492: 1371: 1367: 1276: 937: 789: 684: 574: 295: 131: 96: 37: 18688: 18488: 16928: 16824:

Factors of Soil Formation: A System of Quantitative Pedology

14602: 12176: 11564: 11361:"Role of Soil Organic Acids in Mineral Weathering Processes" 8327: 7984:"Rhizosphere chemical dialogues: plant–microbe interactions" 6938:

Factors of soil formation: a system of qunatitative pedology

3927:), adding gypsum, washed river sand and organic matter (e.g. 3210:; and most organisms living above ground have part of them ( 2700:

fungi feed on the raw organic matter, which are fed upon by

1509:. This is largely what occurs with the addition of cationic 568:, the processes that modify those parent materials, and the 20226: 20082: 20077: 20057: 19931: 19726: 18867: 18862: 18852: 18847: 18842: 17904: 17739: 17734: 17729: 17724: 16755: 15686:

Arthur, Emmanuel; Cornelis, Wim; Razzaghi, Fatemeh (2012).

15352: 13852: 13533: 13016: 11748: 9343:"Nutrient mobility in variable- and permanent-charge soils" 6751:

Van Schöll, Laura; Smits, Mark M.; Hoffland, Ellis (2006).

6311:"Soil colloids: properties, nature, types and significance" 5668: 5295:

Dominati, Estelle; Patterson, Murray; Mackay, Alec (2010).

3790: 3739:

A serious and long-running water erosion problem occurs in

3704: 3406:, phosphates) are filtered out by the soil. Soil organisms 3395: 3242: 3183: 3179: 2725: 2500: 2488: 1878: 1487:). If present in equal amounts in the soil water solution: 1386:. Negatively charged sites on colloids attract and release 1383: 913: 909: 905: 707:), or bound within organic compounds as part of the living 613: 609: 605: 382: 279: 92: 16819:

Free interactive viewer for the Soils of England and Wales

14661: 14386: 14332: 14210: 13679: 13417: 10434: 9181: 9179: 8892:

Silber, Avner; Levkovitch, Irit; Graber, Ellen R. (2010).

7356: 7029: 6846: 6223: 5521:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA

4697: 2896:

Typical types and percentages of plant residue components

20185: 19829: 17889: 17011: 16990: 16980: 16772:. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press 13477:

Stürck, Julia; Poortinga, Ate; Verburg, Peter H. (2014).

13202: 12333: 11939: 10066:

Chaney, Rufus L.; Brown, John C.; Tiffin, Lee O. (1972).

9681:

Calmano, Wolfgang; Hong, Jihua; Förstner, Ulrich (1993).

9400:"Extraction of soil phosphate by anion-exchange membrane" 8152: 7471: 6226:"Soil and water components of banded vegetation patterns" 5217: 4951:"Towards a global-scale soil climate mitigation strategy" 4531:; Waters, Aaron Clement; Woodford, Alfred Oswald (1975). 4070:. He also highlighted the importance of soil (the French 3876:

has endangered these soils, forcing farmers to implement

3856:, are often very fertile. For example, the smectite-rich 3315: 3142:

is the architectural practice of using soil for external

3135: 2815: 2811: 2680:

it would be more efficient in the long-term to stimulate

1490:

Al replaces H replaces Ca replaces Mg replaces K same as

1440:(moderates) soil pH, alters soil structure, and purifies 1402:

per unit weight of dry soil and is expressed in terms of

1189:) but a net producer of methane (a strong heat-absorbing 1020:

by replenishing depleted water before stress is induced.

917: 648: 80: 16970: 16563:

The great soil groups of the world and their development

16326: 16324: 11191:(8th ed.). New York, New York: Wiley. p. 139. 10826: 10498: 10262: 10202: 9292: 8456: 7629: 7611: 6522: 6487: 5715:

Van Bruggen, Ariena H.C.; Semenov, Alexander M. (2000).

4564:

Huggett, Richard John (2011). "What is geomorphology?".

3830:

with higher levels of applied water in combination with

2856:, has been renewed and became popular under the name of 2720:, through which all organic matter is processed as in a 16459: 15875:

Out of the Earth: civilization and the life of the soil

14843: 14554: 13057: 12540: 12118:

Wang, Yang; Amundson, Ronald; Trumbmore, Susan (1996).

10621:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

9874: 9176: 7895:

Hung, Richard; Lee, Samantha; Bennett, Joan W. (2015).

7674: 7314:

Qi, Jingen; Marshall, John D.; Mattson, Kim G. (1994).

7150:

Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards

7010:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

6750: 6203:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

5892:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

5455:"Spatial ecology of bacteria at the microscale in soil" 5294: 4256:, applied it to a national soil classification system. 4228:). His work was not continued. At about the same time, 3344:

consume soil, together with their preferred food (tree

3086:

classification system began to emerge which focused on

1525: 16616: 16250:

Agronomie, chimie agricole et physiologie, volumes 1–5

15904: 15685: 14509:"Potential applications of enzymes in waste treatment" 13476: 13274:"World Reference Base for Soil Resources, 4th edition" 13271: 10742: 10586: 10416: 10404: 10250: 10116: 9668: 9340: 9170: 9043: 8891: 8517: 8444: 7213: 6070: 2973:. Lignin undergoes very slow decomposition, mainly by 2607:

Specifically, details could be moved into main article

2068:

Redox factors in soil development, where formation of

1422:

in the soil, giving the soil anion exchange capacity.

703:

on clay mineral surfaces, bound within clay minerals (

16905:. Texas A&M University-Kingsville. Archived from 16891:

Soils (Matching suitable forage species to soil type)

16321: 16198: 16186: 15938: 15518: 13632:

De Deyn, Gerlinde B.; Van der Putten, Wim H. (2005).

13631: 13286: 12117: 12028: 10650: 10128: 8574: 5575:

Schlesinger, William H.; Andrews, Jeffrey A. (2000).

4527: 2659:

A few percent of the soil organic matter, with small

16380:

Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England

16349:

Fertiliser Development and Consultation Organisation

16303:

Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England

13019:"The effect of soil erosion on Europe's crop yields" 12928:

Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA

8195: 7563: 4263: 3581:

to which fungicides are repeatedly applied, even in

3063:. The remaining surficial organic layer, called the 3051:

sequences, allowing the study of past environments.

2024:

and water, with little permanent change in soil pH.

1480:

in areas of moderate rainfall and low temperatures.

467:(1846–1903), the father of pedology. Here, A is the 204:

Collectively the Earth's body of soil is called the

16842:Mann, Charles C. September 2008. " Our good earth" 15987:

Harvest empire: a history of California agriculture

14445:

International Soil Reference and Information Centre

12599: 11366:. In Pittman, Edward D.; Lewan, Michael D. (eds.). 10607: 10603: 10601: 10422: 10356:"Soil Acidity and its Relations to Acid Deposition" 9680: 8300:

College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources

7836:"Bacterial volatiles promote growth in Arabidopsis" 7513:Xu, Xia; Nieber, John L.; Gupta, Satish C. (1992). 6630: 5513: 2524:nutrient ratios calculated from plant composition. 1217:manner to particular biochemical compounds such as 916:. At the next larger scale, soil structures called 16985: 16981:Wossac the world soil survey archive and catalogue 14514:Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 14135: 13590:Jeffery, Simon; Gardi, Ciro; Arwyn, Jones (2010). 8813: 6998: 5762:"Community guide to monitored natural attenuation" 5714: 5621:Denmead, Owen Thomas; Shaw, Robert Harold (1962). 5574: 5030:"Soil carbon pools and fluxes in urban ecosystems" 4743:"Archean coastal-plain paleosols and life on land" 4532: 4453: 4128:showed in about 1778 that plants and animals must 4074:) in the management of vineyards. His famous book 3972: 691:, most of which are held in place by particles of 341:Soil acts as an engineering medium, a habitat for 134:(the soil solution). Accordingly, soil is a three- 16645:. Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture, 16246: 15956: 15649:Lemieux, Gilles; Germain, Diane (December 2000). 15564:"Improving soils and boosting yields in Thailand" 14963: 14915: 13589: 12814:Phillips, Jonathan D.; Marion, Daniel A. (2004). 12688:Ugolini, Fiorenzo C.; Dahlgren, Randy A. (2002). 10657:Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 10462:(15th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: 10065: 7313: 6037:Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 5952:. Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture, 5258:20.500.11755/c1792dbf-ce96-4dc7-8851-1ca50a35e5e0 4655: 4452:Taylor, Sterling A.; Ashcroft, Gaylen L. (1972). 3699:activity. Improved management can limit erosion. 3110:in the 19th century. However, as demonstrated by 1551: 1196:Soil atmosphere is also the seat of emissions of 560:, porosity, consistency, temperature, color, and 490:Components of a silt loam soil by percent volume 369:. Since soil has a tremendous range of available 270:studies the influence of soils on living things. 20611: 16620:Soils: An Introduction to Soils and Plant Growth 13985: 11460: 10914: 10598: 10361:. In Ulrich, Bernhard; Pankrath, Jürgen (eds.). 10135:International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 8450: 6794:Stretch, Rachelle C.; Viles, Heather A. (2002). 5837: 5079: 3468:Soil acidification is beneficial in the case of 2447:Soil pH § Effect of soil pH on plant growth 1885:of the soil. More precisely, it is a measure of 1873:Soil pH § Effect of soil pH on plant growth 1790: 1370:as well as the inorganic colloidal particles of 1185:. Aerated soil is also a net sink of methane (CH 431:. Typically, soils maintain a net absorption of 18135:Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated 13634:"Linking aboveground and belowground diversity" 12816:"Pedological memory in forest soil development" 12687: 12444:Vitousek, Peter M.; Sanford, Robert L. (1986). 12443: 11517:Mendonça, Eduardo S.; Rowell, David L. (1996). 11408: 11406: 11135:"The soil food web: structure and perspectives" 11080: 11078: 11017:"The contentious nature of soil organic matter" 10551: 10015:Arnon, Daniel I.; Johnson, Clarence M. (1942). 9974:"World salinization with emphasis on Australia" 9720: 9438: 8622: 8334:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8041:Salmon, Sandrine; Ponge, Jean-François (2001). 7833: 7077: 3923:If the soil is too high in clay or salts (e.g. 2760:and plant growth. Humus also feeds arthropods, 768:(loss to the atmosphere as gases) or leaching. 365:, making it a critically important provider of 18171:National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists 16013:Le Théâtre d'Agriculture et mesnage des champs 15989:. 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Dordrecht, The Netherlands: 10014: 9489:"pH requirements of freshwater aquatic life" 9404:New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 8872:"What is cation exchange capacity in soils?" 8629:Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 7559: 7557: 6892: 6793: 6403:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: 5452: 4808:(1st ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: 4404:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: 4237: 4205: 4075: 3981: 3492:acidification occurs when basic cations are 1425: 1228: 732:Most plant nutrients, with the exception of 16667:. United States Department of Agriculture. 16432: 16124:"Van Helmont's experiments on plant growth" 15917:Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus (1745). 15196:"Soil piping and stream channel initiation" 14723: 14506: 14465: 14326: 13148: 12446:"Nutrient cycling in moist tropical forest" 12120:"Radiocarbon dating of soil organic matter" 12022: 11690:Dawson, Lorna A.; Hillier, Stephen (2010). 11359:Drever, James I.; Vance, George F. (1994). 11358: 10703:Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 10265:"Surface geochemistry of the clay minerals" 8869: 8459:"Surface geochemistry of the clay minerals" 8232:Saxton, Keith E.; Rawls, Walter J. (2006). 8231: 8155:"Biogenic volatile emissions from the soil" 8040: 7420: 6141: 6030: 5972: 5785:Linn, Daniel Myron; Doran, John W. (1984). 5620: 4539:(4th ed.). San Francisco, California: 4402:Soil microbiology, ecology and biochemistry 4396:Voroney, R. Paul; Heck, Richard J. (2007). 4395: 3945:Special mention must be made of the use of 3162:is in the soil, in the form of earthworms, 2863: 2848:is a source of highly stable humus, called 2651:The organic material in soil is made up of 1362:, thus small enough to remain suspended by 1312:, that is, they live in soil, such as most 1030:from wet regions of the soil to dry areas. 718:Plant nutrient availability is affected by 158:. Given its complexity and strong internal 19533: 19519: 18390: 18376: 18352: 17390: 17376: 17047: 17033: 16271: 16226:Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences 15273: 14749: 14562:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 14129: 14052:Tropical Medicine and International Health 13339: 12920: 12327: 11892:Tahir, Shermeen; Marschner, Petra (2017). 11622: 11419:Humic substances in terrestrial ecosystems 11220: 11015:Lehmann, Johannes; Kleber, Markus (2015). 10446: 9621:Läuchli, André; Grattan, Steve R. (2012). 9439:Lawrinenko, Mike; Laird, David A. (2015). 7741: 6274:. In Brady, Nyle C.; Weil, Ray R. (eds.). 6147: 5880: 4915:Küppers, Michael; Vincent, Jean-Baptiste. 4914: 4521: 3352:), in order to alleviate tannin toxicity. 1987:. Buffering occurs by cation exchange and 1382:give soil its ability to hold and release 103:. Some scientific definitions distinguish 16737: 16724: 16711: 16698: 16685: 16660: 16404: 16247:Boussingault, Jean-Baptiste (1860–1874). 16150: 16148: 16146: 16099: 16089: 16054: 16016:(in French). Paris, France: Jamet Métayer 16009: 15916: 15626: 15578: 15536: 15344: 15123: 15113: 15028: 14820: 14689: 14302: 14164: 14089: 14064: 14013: 13962: 13952: 13821: 13724: 13706: 13445: 13316: 13306: 13248: 13225: 13151:"Humus forms and metal pollution in soil" 13133: 13042: 12968: 12531: 12367: 12311: 12260: 12250: 12102: 12005: 11835:Tietjen, Todd; Wetzel, Robert G. (2003). 11803: 11592: 11335: 11259: 11172: 10991: 10942: 10569: 10536: 10526: 10455: 10300: 10290: 10187: 10093: 10042: 9991: 9971: 9925: 9859: 9803: 9597: 9423: 9185: 8839: 8798: 8694:Diamond, Sidney; Kinter, Earl B. (1965). 8623:Moayedi, Hossein; Kazemian, Sina (2012). 8494: 8484: 8371: 8353: 8172: 7871: 7861: 7554: 7489: 7448: 7333: 6928: 6770: 6658: 6648: 6550: 6507: 6381: 6278:(14th ed.). London, United Kingdom: 6269: 6150:"Soil structure and management: a review" 6117: 5784: 5551: 5541: 5490: 5480: 5350: 5256: 5110: 4997: 4979: 4892: 4801: 4771: 4336:Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage 2639:Learn how and when to remove this message 956:. Most of these properties determine the 924:are created from the soil separates when 569: 18145:Central Soil Salinity Research Institute 16806:(New York, Grosset & Dunlap, 1943). 16692: 16596:work. Licensed under Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( 16435:"Sur les organismes de la nitrification" 16376:"On the power of soils to absorb manure" 15560:International Water Management Institute 15317:United States Department of the Interior 15082: 14719: 14717: 14044: 12646:Kabala, Cezary; Zapart, Justyna (2012). 12451:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 12076: 10965: 10874: 9233: 8727: 7209: 7207: 6893:Kabala, Cesary; Kubicz, Justyna (2012). 6396: 6076: 5649:10.2134/agronj1962.00021962005400050005x 5073: 4491:(7th ed.). London, United Kingdom: 4484: 3902:International Water Management Institute 3647: 3607: 1933:. Once the colloids are saturated with H 1105:, contrary to acid soils in which all CO 960:of the soil and the ability of water to 618: 454: 113: 36: 18251:Soil Science Society of America Journal 17397: 16966:World Reference Base for Soil Resources 16929:LandIS Soils Data for England and Wales 16705: 16679: 16566:. 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New York, New York: 15905:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 15479:Journal of Development Effectiveness 14274:Environmental Science and Technology 14192:from the original on 7 November 2017 13834:from the original on 1 November 2012 13265: 11181: 10743:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 10610:"Soil fertility and crop production" 10592: 10428: 10417:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 10405:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 10251:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 10117:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 9669:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 9441:"Anion exchange capacity of biochar" 9171:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 9044:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 9006:"Mechanism of iron uptake by plants" 8899:Environmental Science and Technology 8863: 8445:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 7742:Moore, Tim R.; Dalva, Moshe (1993). 4879: 4861:from the original on 27 October 2018 4795: 3627:. It is a common misconception that 3275:soil processes. Land application of 2587: 1262: 639:processes causes those particles to 427:, this latter property being called 18188:Soil and Water Conservation Society 16373: 16296: 15811:Journal of Environmental Management 15359:from the original on 16 August 2010 14437:"Global extent of soil degradation" 13754: 13593:European atlas of soil biodiversity 12997:10.1146/annurev.ea.19.050191.001151 12464:10.1146/annurev.es.17.110186.001033 12077:Peng, Xinhua; Horn, Rainer (2007). 11623:Lynch, D. L.; Lynch, C. C. (1958). 10882:Australian Journal of Soil Research 10326:"Acidic and basic soils: buffering" 8985:from the original on 19 August 2019 7183:Tamboli, Prabhakar Mahadeo (1961). 5151:"Will soil amplify climate change?" 4917:"Impacts and formation of regolith" 4849:"Glossary of terms in soil science" 4688: 4080:contributed to the rise of modern, 3484:(calcium, magnesium, potassium and 3402:), and excess nutrients (nitrates, 1113:is toxic. This suggests a possible 330:activity at higher temperatures, a 118:Soil measuring and surveying device 24: 17668:Unified Soil Classification System 17200:Soil retrogression and degradation 16946:Short video explaining soil basics 16903:ENV320: Soil Science Lecture Notes 16876:Soil Survey Division Staff. 1999. 16790:Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations 16748: 16721:Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility 16342: 16158:The nature and properties of soils 14116:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00196.x 14066:10.1046/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-348.x 13340:Leake, Simon; Haege, Elke (2014). 12690:"Soil development in volcanic ash" 11864:10.1023/B:AECO.0000007044.52801.6b 11294: 10459:The nature and properties of soils 10323: 9926:Andriesse, Jacobus Pieter (1969). 9024:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1978.tb02037.x 8668: 7760:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1993.tb02330.x 7335:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb02989.x 7140:Schwerdtfeger, William J. (1965). 6973: 6955:from the original on 8 August 2017 6339: 6319:Tamil Nadu Agricultural University 6276:The nature and properties of soils 5516:"Prokaryotes: the unseen majority" 5332:from the original on 8 August 2017 4929:from the original on 4 August 2018 4676:from the original on 4 August 2018 4414:10.1016/B978-0-08-047514-1.50006-8 4054:, considered the father of French 3603: 3421:Soil retrogression and degradation 2057:, forming electrically conductive 2012:The addition of a small amount of 1862: 25: 20656: 18408:Offshore geotechnical engineering 17673:AASHTO Soil Classification System 16849: 16506:Fallou, Friedrich Albert (1857). 14389:"Meanings of environmental terms" 11751:"Study of clay–organic complexes" 8422: 7290:University of Minnesota Extension 7285:"Basics of irrigation scheduling" 5956:. 9 November 2017. Archived from 4433:from the original on 10 July 2018 3488:). On parent materials richer in 3070: 1324:For the academic discipline, see 865:For the academic discipline, see 597:of minerals takes place) and the 294:Soil is a major component of the 258:has two basic branches of study: 20594: 20593: 18699: 18687: 18675: 18663: 18651: 18639: 18625: 18615: 18598: 18586: 18574: 18562: 18550: 18538: 18516: 18487: 18475: 18463: 18451: 18439: 18351: 18336: 18335: 18324: 18216:Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B 18156:Indian Institute of Soil Science 18140:Canadian Society of Soil Science 17971: 17970: 17146: 17054: 17012:Plant and Soil Sciences eLibrary 16986:Canadian Society of Soil Science 16587: 16553: 16534: 16499: 16471: 16426: 16398: 16367: 16345:"A short history of fertilisers" 16336: 16290: 16265: 16240: 16210: 16116: 16063: 16028: 16003: 15978: 15950: 15910: 15866: 15797: 15733: 15679: 15642: 15602: 15590:from the original on 7 June 2012 15512: 15463: 15417: 15371: 15300: 15267: 15240: 15187: 15139: 15076: 15031:"Erosion control in South China" 15022: 14957: 14909: 14837: 14794: 14743: 14669:Science of the Total Environment 14655: 14613:Journal of Environmental Quality 14596: 14548: 14500: 14459: 14441:ISRIC Bi-Annual Report 1991–1992 14428: 14394:Journal of Environmental Quality 14380: 14145:Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 14038: 13979: 13918: 13892: 13846: 13815: 13748: 13694:Open Atmospheric Science Journal 13673: 13583: 13527: 13470: 13411: 13362: 13344:. 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(1957). 16609: 15692:Compost Science and Utilization 14944:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.02.004 14730:UNEP - UN Environment Programme 14691:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.268 14481:. pp. 1–28. Archived from 14443:. Wageningen, The Netherlands: 13639:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13272:IUSS Working Group WRB (2022). 10333:University of California, Davis 9748:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.089 8807: 8800:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.07-0469 8772: 8721: 8687: 8662: 8616: 8568: 8511: 8416: 8388: 8330:"Enumerating soil biodiversity" 8321: 8292: 8225: 8189: 8146: 8090: 8034: 7975: 7944: 7888: 7827: 7773: 7735: 7668: 7623: 7590:10.1046/j.1351-0754.2003.0567.x 7506: 7465: 7414: 7350: 7307: 7277: 7246: 7176: 7133: 7071: 7023: 7008:(first ed.). Rome, Italy: 6992: 6967: 6886: 6840: 6787: 6675: 6624: 6559: 6530:Journal of Geophysical Research 6516: 6481: 6433: 6390: 6355: 6333: 6303: 6263: 6217: 6190: 6082: 6024: 5942: 5874: 5831: 5778: 5754: 5708: 5662: 5614: 5568: 5507: 5446: 5412:Current Opinion in Microbiology 5398: 5344: 5288: 5211: 5142: 5021: 4941: 4908: 4873: 4841: 4701:Soil genesis and classification 4361:Soil moisture velocity equation 4220:In 1860, while in Mississippi, 4161:Rothamsted Experimental Station 3973:History of studies and research 3743:, on the middle reaches of the 3673:movement in response to gravity 3553:and values. Techniques include 2554:Gram for gram, the capacity of 2082:soil-based microbial fuel cells 1767:Vermiculite (similar to illite) 1346:and to filter water. It is the 601:(in contact with the subsoil). 463:, a notation firstly coined by 59:, also commonly referred to as 18199:World Congress of Soil Science 18183:Soil Science Society of Poland 17689:Australian Soil Classification 17680:(French classification system) 16545:(in German). Berlin, Germany: 15879:University of California Press 15712:10.1080/1065657X.2012.10737051 15615:Tropical Agricultural Research 15274:Oosterbaan, Roland J. (1988). 15174:10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.02.001 14339:Journal of Soils and Sediments 13902:. Stoneleigh, United Kingdom: 13236:10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.03.008 12969:Retallack, Gregory J. (1991). 12668:10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.025 12360:10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.07.010 12203:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.02.004 11700:Surface and Interface Analysis 11421:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: 10167:Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 9979:Journal of Experimental Botany 9425:10.1080/00288233.1964.10416423 8728:Woodruff, Clarence M. (1955). 8398:The surface chemistry of soils 8308:University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 6915:10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.025 6177:10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.03.005 5991:Biology and Fertility of Soils 5323:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.05.002 4734: 4608:Biology and Fertility of Soils 4595: 4557: 4478: 4445: 4389: 4322:Index of soil-related articles 3841: 3414: 2926: Sugars and starches (5%) 1983:mineral or organic) have high 1552:Cation exchange capacity (CEC) 1398:is the amount of exchangeable 450: 404:usually increases the rate of 13: 1: 19058:Mechanically stabilized earth 17210:Soil compaction (agriculture) 16817:LandIS Free Soilscapes Viewer 15985:Jelinek, Lawrence J. (1982). 15832:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.082 15450:10.1016/S0341-8162(96)00063-X 15055:10.1016/S0341-8162(96)00057-4 14750:Le Houérou, Henry N. (1996). 14175:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.10.002 13879:10.1016/S0016-7061(01)00095-7 13686:: where should humanity aim?" 13562:10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00349-3 13506:10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.010 12949:10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01485-3 12824:Forest Ecology and Management 12748:10.1016/S0341-8162(98)00053-8 12697:Global Environmental Research 12057:10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00111-0 12036:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 11920:10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60317-5 11415:"Humus and soil conservation" 11346:10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00046-8 11323:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 11270:10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00149-4 11239:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 11232:Ponge, Jean-François (2003). 11159:10.1016/S1164-5563(01)01117-7 11103:10.1016/S0065-2113(02)75003-7 10834:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 10783:10.1126/science.267.5201.1117 9814:10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00149-4 9783:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 9776:Ponge, Jean-François (2003). 8069:10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00129-8 8048:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 7662:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.05.005 7649:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 7104:10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00095-1 6822:10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00143-5 6468:10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.11.009 6447:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 6250:10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00053-3 5741:10.1016/S0929-1393(00)00068-8 5695:10.1016/S0925-8574(98)00052-4 5425:10.1016/S1369-5274(02)00324-7 5351:Dykhuizen, Daniel E. (1998). 5048:10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00263-9 4802:Chesworth, Ward, ed. (2008). 4602:Ponge, Jean-François (2015). 4567:Fundamentals of geomorphology 4460:. San Francisco, California: 4382: 4195:and the Dutch microbiologist 4030:until its collapse. From the 3781: 3747:and the upper reaches of the 3571:Monitored Natural Attenuation 3377:persistent organic pollutants 3146:against building walls. Many 2061:, and developing networks of 1791:Anion exchange capacity (AEC) 1283:are living in soil. However, 1243:) as well as their size. The 986:can be measured as volume or 784:Soil mechanics § Genesis 439:and undergo a net release of 19559:Pollution / quality 18810:Hydraulic conductivity tests 16844:National Geographic Magazine 16598:license statement/permission 16509:Anfangsgründe der Bodenkunde 16433:Winogradsky, Sergei (1890). 14760:Journal of Arid Environments 14239:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.022 13954:10.1371/journal.pone.0039614 13755:Lal, Rattan (11 June 2004). 13447:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105078 13398:10.1016/j.catena.2006.04.016 12845:10.1016/j.foreco.2003.08.007 12794:10.1016/j.catena.2003.12.004 12722:Huggett, Richard J. (1998). 12626:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2007.09.002 12518:10.1016/j.catena.2005.09.005 12252:10.1371/journal.pone.0091114 11946:European Journal of Agronomy 11413:Piccolo, Alessandro (1996). 11185:Fundamentals of soil science 11085:Piccolo, Alessandro (2002). 10875:Sparling, Graham P. (1992). 10855:10.1016/0038-0717(85)90036-7 10375:10.1007/978-94-009-6983-4_10 10367:D. Reidel Publishing Company 9952:10.1016/0016-7061(69)90038-X 9906:10.1016/0304-3800(86)90042-6 9688:Water Science and Technology 9625:. In Shabala, Sergey (ed.). 9585:Journal of Chemical Sciences 9520:Chang, Raymond, ed. (2010). 9321:10.1016/j.carbon.2017.03.056 9186:Hinsinger, Philippe (2001). 8641:10.1080/01932691.2011.646601 8582:Journal of Chemical Sciences 8005:10.1016/j.copbio.2009.09.014 6684:"A study in rock-weathering" 5482:10.1371/journal.pone.0087217 4805:Encyclopedia of soil science 4704:(6th ed.). Ames, Iowa: 4239:Anfangsgründe der Bodenkunde 4114: 4092:for crops by the lifting of 3934:Adding organic matter, like 3789:is the accumulation of free 3762:and dam failure, as well as 3701:Soil conservation techniques 3263:often has a soil component. 2663:, consists of the microbial 2621:Knowledge's inclusion policy 2087: 2070:redoximorphic color features 1971: 1942:mobility, but water-soluble 1562:(40 ÷ 2) × 1 milliequivalent 1339:, stability, and ability to 1319: 771: 722:, which is a measure of the 322:, soil acts as an important 289: 232:as a medium for plant growth 7: 19371:Stress distribution in soil 18151:German Soil Science Society 17709:List of vineyard soil types 16976:World Soil Library and Maps 16478:Hilgard, Eugene W. (1907). 16278:. London: Taylor and Walton 16272:von Liebig, Justus (1840). 16010:de Serres, Olivier (1600). 14923:Global and Planetary Change 14473:. In Rengel, Zdenko (ed.). 13726:10.2174/1874282300802010217 11380:10.1007/978-3-642-78356-2_6 10966:Prescott, Cindy E. (2010). 9140:10.1016/j.jplph.2017.05.017 9119:Journal of Plant Physiology 9011:Plant, Cell and Environment 8160:Plant, Cell and Environment 6873:10.1016/j.flora.2006.12.001 6682:Goldich, Samuel S. (1938). 5163:(20 January 2005): 204‒05. 5042:(Supplement 1): S107–S118. 4666:Argonne National Laboratory 4485:McCarthy, David F. (2014). 4400:. In Paul, Eldor A. (ed.). 4259: 4084:and to the collapse of old 4062:and its replacement by hay 3904:(IWMI) in cooperation with 3755:region of northwest China. 2984: 1906:or 10) and is more acidic. 1086:The atmosphere of soil, or 1075: 944:secondary structures. Soil 861:Physical properties of soil 189:and none is older than the 10: 20661: 18521:Pore pressure measurement 18330:Knowledge:WikiProject Soil 18166:International Year of Soil 17694:Polish Soil Classification 17133:Environmental soil science 16873:Photographs of sand boils. 16582: 16484:. London, United Kingdom: 16411:. London, United Kingdom: 16405:Warington, Robert (1878). 15923:. London, United Kingdom: 15257:US Army Corps of Engineers 15247:Dooley, Alan (June 2006). 14045:Abrahams, Pter W. (1997). 13652:10.1016/j.tree.2005.08.009 13294:Frontiers in Plant Science 12893:10.1191/095968301671777798 10538:10.2136/sssaj1999.6351055x 9639:10.1079/9781845939953.0194 9398:Sanders, W. M. H. (1964). 8395:Sposito, Garrison (1984). 4981:10.1038/s41467-020-18887-7 4604:"The soil as an ecosystem" 4209: 4186:It was known that certain 4134:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault 3985: 3845: 3643: 3418: 3074: 2988: 2872:event occurs, the flux of 2581: 2436: 2041: 2035: 1975: 1951:Base saturation percentage 1866: 1429: 1390:in what is referred to as 1378:of colloids and their net 1323: 1245:particle size distribution 1232: 1207:volatile organic compounds 1079: 1026:is responsible for moving 975: 864: 858: 840:Goldich dissolution series 781: 775: 459:A, B, and C represent the 318:. With respect to Earth's 248:as a habitat for organisms 239:, supply, and purification 224:. Soil has four important 130:(the soil atmosphere) and 91:that together support the 29: 20589: 20530: 20395: 20388: 20269: 20130:Types / location 20129: 20120: 19930: 19725: 19638: 19608: 19557: 19548: 19428: 19383: 19282: 19274:Preconsolidation pressure 19246: 19237: 19210: 19030: 18979: 18966: 18881: 18835: 18826: 18749: 18669:Standard penetration test 18427: 18414: 18405: 18320: 18260: 18207: 18127: 18054: 17988: 17968: 17718:Non-systematic soil types 17717: 17654: 17581: 17405: 17360: 17155: 17144: 17138:Agricultural soil science 17080: 17062: 16996:USDA-NRCS Web Soil Survey 16893:, Oregon State University 16883:Soil Survey Staff. 1975. 16643:"Arizona Master Gardener" 15491:10.1080/19439340903105022 15404:10.1016/j.fcr.2017.02.005 14435:Oldeman, L. Roel (1993). 14359:10.1007/s11368-008-0046-9 13826:. Orlando, Florida, USA: 13425:Environment International 13044:10.1007/s10021-007-9090-3 12416:10.1134/S1062359008050142 11966:10.1016/j.eja.2006.11.004 11814:10.1346/CCMN.1982.0300101 11585:10.1007/s00253-012-4569-z 10993:10.1007/s10533-010-9439-0 10677:10.1080/00103629509369376 10571:10.1093/treephys/24.4.447 10354:Ulrich, Bernhard (1983). 9972:Rengasamy, Pichu (2006). 9861:10.1007/s11284-014-1144-3 9842:Fujii, Kazumichi (2003). 8841:10.1346/CCMN.1980.0280602 8786:Acta Chemica Scandinavica 8547:10.1346/CCMN.2003.0510401 8125:10.1007/s11104-009-0042-x 7915:10.1007/s00253-015-6494-4 7806:10.1007/s00049-009-0034-6 7706:10.1007/s11104-010-0690-x 7491:10.1093/treephys/19.9.599 7385:10.1007/s00442-004-1665-5 7084:Soil and Tillage Research 7058:10.2136/sssaj2000.642681x 6637:Microbes and Environments 6110:10.2136/sssaj2018.07.0279 6057:10.1080/00103629209368668 5235:(27 July 2016): 751–758. 4628:10.1007/s00374-015-1016-1 4206:Studies of soil formation 3982:Studies of soil fertility 3388:polychlorinated biphenyls 3214:) or spend part of their 3104:Agricultural soil science 2932: Fats and waxes (2%) 2914: Hemicellulose (18%) 2303:Fe, Fe (ferrous, ferric) 2055:electron transport chains 1585: 1582: 1579: 1426:Cation and anion exchange 1229:Solid phase (soil matrix) 1054:Soil moisture measurement 643:(stick together) to form 526: Organic matter (5%) 345:, a recycling system for 20635:Granularity of materials 18770:California bearing ratio 18568:Rotary-pressure sounding 18399:Geotechnical engineering 18288:Infiltration (hydrology) 18082:Geotechnical engineering 17704:List of U.S. state soils 16734:Boron and Soil Fertility 16077:Scientific World Journal 15877:. Berkeley, California: 15201:Water Resources Research 14475:Handbook of soil acidity 7957:Great Lakes Entomologist 7254:"Water holding capacity" 5097:(9 March 2006): 165‒73. 4773:10.1016/j.gr.2016.08.003 3623:or excess harvesting of 3255:greenhouse gas emissions 3061:dissolved organic matter 2864:Climatological influence 2750: 2684:than to decrease litter 2560:cation exchange capacity 2119:(mostly through leaves) 2031: 1557:Cation exchange capacity 1542:isomorphous substitution 1432:Cation-exchange capacity 1396:Cation-exchange capacity 1002:Available water capacity 19190:Geosynthetic clay liner 19165:Expanded clay aggregate 18785:Proctor compaction test 18726:Crosshole sonic logging 18712:Nuclear densometer test 18469:Geo-electrical sounding 18357:List of soil scientists 17699:1938 USDA soil taxonomy 17678:Référentiel pédologique 17662:FAO soil classification 16956:Global Soil Partnership 16374:Way, J. Thomas (1852). 16297:Way, J. Thomas (1849). 16155:Brady, Nyle C. (1984). 15873:Hillel, Daniel (1992). 15222:10.1029/WR007i003p00602 15194:Jones, Anthony (1976). 14447:(ISRIC). pp. 19–36 14218:Environmental Pollution 13900:"Peatlands and farming" 13786:10.1126/science.1097396 13308:10.3389/fpls.2019.00923 13135:10.5194/bg-10-3983-2013 12545:. Boca Raton, Florida: 11784:Clays and Clay Minerals 11182:Foth, Henry D. (1984). 9627:Plant stress physiology 9206:10.1023/A:1013351617532 9004:Brown, John C. (1978). 8968:10.1023/A:1020809400075 8820:Clays and Clay Minerals 8779:Fronæus, Sture (1953). 8703:Highway Research Record 8527:Clays and Clay Minerals 8403:Oxford University Press 8355:10.1073/pnas.2304663120 7863:10.1073/pnas.0730845100 7748:Journal of Soil Science 7259:Oregon State University 7232:10.1023/A:1004891807664 6595:10.1126/science.1089143 6397:Kononova, M.M. (2013). 5844:. Hoboken, New Jersey: 5593:10.1023/A:1006247623877 5543:10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578 5369:10.1023/A:1000665216662 5357:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 5149:Powlson, David (2005). 5035:Environmental Pollution 4230:Friedrich Albert Fallou 4106:Jan Baptist van Helmont 4082:sustainable agriculture 3892:material, but this was 3818:of saline groundwater. 3498:nitrogenous fertilizers 3152:subsistence agriculture 3097: 2439:Plant nutrients in soil 1350:of mineral and organic 1131:vapour-pressure deficit 699:) The nutrients may be 616:that make up the soil. 359:atmospheric composition 19453:Earthquake engineering 19264:Lateral earth pressure 18889:Hydraulic conductivity 18740:Wave equation analysis 18719:Exploration geophysics 18611:Deformation monitoring 18580:Rotary weight sounding 18128:Societies, Initiatives 17350:Soil water (retention) 16859:. USGS. Archived from 15628:10.4038/tar.v23i2.4648 15351:Oosterbaan, Roland J. 15115:10.5194/bg-11-945-2014 14973:Hydrological Processes 14781:10.1006/jare.1996.0099 13828:Renewable Energy World 13682:"Target atmospheric CO 13086:10.2136/sssaj2006.0386 12313:10.5194/bg-9-2459-2012 12149:10.1006/qres.1996.0029 11133:Scheu, Stefan (2002). 10723:10.1002/jpln.200321161 10292:10.1073/pnas.96.7.3358 9734:. 610–611: 1154–1163. 9274:Cite journal requires 8486:10.1073/pnas.96.7.3358 8263:10.2136/sssaj2005.0117 6689:The Journal of Geology 5675:Ecological Engineering 4238: 4146:Alexander von Humboldt 4086:agricultural practices 4076: 3653: 3613: 3500:and by the effects of 3247:biological soil crusts 2747:) and thin A horizon. 2002:to iron buffer range. 1602:Ruston fine sandy loam 1300:, and close to 50% of 1249:hydraulic conductivity 1040:sub-irrigated planters 628: 484: 418:water-holding capacity 312:rainforest destruction 173:Most soils have a dry 119: 53: 18631:Settlement recordings 18556:Rock control drilling 18457:Cone penetration test 18347:Category soil science 18031:Soil salinity control 16921:Janick, Jules. 2002. 16647:University of Arizona 16486:The Macmillan Company 15768:10.1007/s001140000193 15321:Bureau of Reclamation 14477:. New York, NY, USA: 13486:Ecological Indicators 10331:. Davis, California: 9701:10.2166/wst.1993.0622 7191:Iowa State University 7163:10.6028/jres.069c.012 6650:10.1264/jsme2.ME13142 5982:Vannier, Guy (1987). 5954:University of Arizona 5928:University of Hawaiʻi 5228:Nature Climate Change 4959:Nature Communications 4535:Principles of geology 4346:Shrink–swell capacity 3949:, and more generally 3929:municipal solid waste 3820:Soil salinity control 3659:of soil is caused by 3651: 3611: 3569:, bioremediation and 3283:to aerobically treat 2902: Cellulose (45%) 2854:Amazonian dark earths 2829:extracellular enzymes 2562:arising from charged 2495:(B), manganese (Mn), 1976:Further information: 1657:Davie mucky fine sand 1646:Susquehanna clay loam 1430:Further information: 1376:specific surface area 1139:diffusion coefficient 1014:Irrigation scheduling 782:Further information: 676:of minerals from the 625:soil texture triangle 622: 458: 117: 40: 32:Soil (disambiguation) 20505:remnant natural area 20142:storage and recovery 19808:habitat conservation 19626:Deforestation (REDD) 19493:Agricultural science 19195:Cellular confinement 18112:Agricultural science 18006:Soil guideline value 17830:Calcareous grassland 17407:World Reference Base 17001:European Soil Portal 16934:16 July 2007 at the 16802:Faulkner, Edward H. 16786:Montgomery, David R. 16761:10 July 2008 at the 16091:10.1100/tsw.2001.263 15854:on 12 September 2021 15667:on 28 September 2021 15538:10.4314/ujas.v16i2.5 15384:Field Crops Research 15315:. Washington, D.C.: 12043:(12–13): 1827–1839. 11463:"On humus formation" 11425:. pp. 225–264. 11374:. pp. 138–161. 11091:Advances in Agronomy 10917:"On humus formation" 10369:. pp. 127–146. 9885:Ecological Modelling 9633:. pp. 194–209. 8423:Wynot, Christopher. 8022:on 21 September 2022 6935:Jenny, Hans (1941). 6552:10.1029/2001JE001581 6282:. pp. 310–357. 5721:Applied Soil Ecology 5302:Ecological Economics 5249:10.1038/nclimate3071 5199:on 22 September 2022 4857:. 13 December 2013. 4574:. pp. 148–150. 4302:Agricultural science 4157:Joseph Henry Gilbert 3992:The Greek historian 3906:Khon Kaen University 3886:shifting cultivation 3878:integrated practices 3860:soils of Thailand's 3490:weatherable minerals 3047:can be found within 2674:carbon sequestration 2260:(ammonium, nitrate) 1966:15 ÷ 20 × 100% = 75% 1931:tropical rainforests 1690:Loams and silt loams 1569:tropical rainforests 1149:) as well as water. 695:and organic matter ( 570:soil-forming factors 30:For other uses, see 20459:Earth Overshoot Day 20033:Marine conservation 20014:non-timber products 19385:Numerical analysis 19269:Overburden pressure 19259:Pore water pressure 19039:Shoring structures 18914:Reynolds' dilatancy 18815:Water content tests 18800:Triaxial shear test 18760:Soil classification 18733:Pile integrity test 18208:Scientific journals 17399:Soil classification 17340:Soil organic matter 17301:Pore water pressure 16925:, Purdue University 16897:Gardiner, Duane T. 16822:Jenny, Hans. 1941. 16708:Physical Properties 16600:). Text taken from 16522:on 15 December 2018 15824:2018JEnvM.227..146K 15760:2001NW.....88...37G 15747:Naturwissenschaften 15704:2012CScUt..20..215A 15442:1997Caten..29...29T 15396:2018FCrRe.220...78S 15228:on 5 September 2021 15214:1971WRR.....7..602J 15166:2010Geomo.118..339V 15106:2014BGeo...11..945R 15047:1997Caten..29..211S 14985:2003HyPr...17.2913Y 14936:2009GPC....67..167W 14872:10.1038/nature06111 14864:2007Natur.449..213K 14773:1996JArEn..34..133L 14682:2018ScTEn.636..282B 14626:2000JEnvQ..29.1632S 14527:1997JCTB...69..141K 14407:1997JEnvQ..26..581J 14351:2009JSoSe...9...23R 14287:2008EnST...42.8374M 14231:2009EPoll.157.1831D 14157:2009JCHyd.104....4K 14015:10.1038/nature04514 14006:2006Natur.440..165D 13945:2012PLoSO...739614V 13871:2002Geode.105..111M 13778:2004Sci...304.1623L 13772:(5677): 1623–1627. 13717:2008OASJ....2..217H 13554:2001WatRe..35..953V 13498:2014EcInd..38..198S 13438:2019EnInt.13205078K 13390:2007Caten..69...65P 13251:"Russian Chernozem" 13218:2008Geode.145..222B 13167:2002EuJSS..53..529G 13126:2013BGeo...10.3983S 13078:2007SSASJ..71.1555U 13035:2007Ecosy..10.1209B 12989:1991AREPS..19..183R 12941:2001CRASE.332...21C 12885:2001Holoc..11...65M 12837:2004ForEM.188..363P 12786:2004Caten..58...77D 12740:1998Caten..32..155H 12660:2012Geode.175....9K 12618:2008EJSB...44..109F 12510:2006Caten..65...30R 12408:2008BioBu..35..524M 12352:2008Geode.147...23W 12304:2012BGeo....9.2459K 12243:2014PLoSO...991114C 12195:2007Geode.139..220B 12141:1996QuRes..45..282W 12128:Quaternary Research 12095:2007EuJSS..58...98P 12049:2001SBiBi..33.1827F 11958:2007EuJAg..26..327M 11912:2017Pedos..27..293T 11856:2003AqEco..37..331T 11796:1982CCM....30....1T 11646:1958Natur.181.1478L 11640:(4621): 1478–1479. 11537:1996SSASJ..60.1888M 11481:1984PlSoi..77..305V 11370:. Berlin, Germany: 11252:2003SBiBi..35..935P 11208:on 12 November 2020 11151:2002EJSB...38...11S 11046:10.1038/nature16069 11038:2015Natur.528...60L 10984:2010Biogc.101..133P 10935:1984PlSoi..77..305V 10847:1985SBiBi..17..611S 10775:1995Sci...267.1117P 10745:, pp. 123–131. 10715:2003JPNSS.166..625H 10669:1995CSSPA..26.1343P 10519:1999SSASJ..63.1055V 10480:on 10 December 2023 10443:, pp. 123–125. 10407:, pp. 120–121. 10283:1999PNAS...96.3358S 10253:, pp. 119–120. 10223:1980SSASJ..44.1036F 10180:1977WASP....7..401M 10119:, pp. 116–119. 10086:10.1104/pp.50.2.208 10035:10.1104/pp.17.4.525 9944:1969Geode...2..201A 9898:1986EcMod..33..231K 9848:Ecological Research 9796:2003SBiBi..35..935P 9740:2018ScTEn.610.1154R 9671:, pp. 116–117. 9416:1964NZJAR...7..427S 9362:1988Biogc...6..181S 9313:2017Carbo.118..422L 9173:, pp. 115–116. 9132:2017JPPhy.215...85S 9076:1989Natur.338..499S 8912:2010EnST...44.9318S 8832:1980CCM....28..412B 8751:1955SSASJ..19..167W 8539:2003CCM....51..359B 8477:1999PNAS...96.3358S 8346:2023PNAS..12004663A 8340:(33): e2304663120. 8255:2006SSASJ..70.1569S 8117:2009PlSoi.321...83L 8061:2001SBiBi..33.1959S 7854:2003PNAS..100.4927R 7798:2010Checo..20..155H 7698:2011PlSoi.342..265H 7582:2003EuJSS..54..779S 7533:1992SSASJ..56.1743X 7441:10.1104/pp.20.2.221 7377:2005Oecol.142..296K 7096:2000STilR..53...71H 7050:2000SSASJ..64..681S 6974:Ritter, Michael E. 6907:2012Geode.175....9K 6865:2007FMDFE.202..521D 6814:2002Geomo..47...87S 6702:1938JG.....46...17G 6587:2003Sci...302.1018N 6581:(5647): 1018–1021. 6543:2002JGRE..107.5097B 6460:2013SBiBi..58..216B 6242:1999Caten..37....1V 6169:2005Geode.124....3B 6049:1992CSSPA..23.1321T 5805:1984SSASJ..48.1267L 5733:2000AppSE..15...13V 5687:1999EcEng..12...27H 5641:1962AgrJ...54..385D 5534:1998PNAS...95.6578W 5473:2014PLoSO...987217R 5315:2010EcoEc..69.1858D 5241:2016NatCC...6..751B 5169:2005Natur.433..204P 5112:10.1038/nature04514 5103:2006Natur.440..165D 4972:2020NatCo..11.5427A 4764:2016GondR..40....1R 4620:2015BioFS..51..645P 4197:Martinus Beijerinck 4044:Yahya Ibn al-'Awwam 3936:ramial chipped wood 3836:subsurface drainage 3834:or another form of 3332:World Heritage List 3265:Septic drain fields 3077:Soil classification 2584:Soil organic matter 2578:Soil organic matter 2517:essential nutrients 2094: 2078:wetland delineation 2063:bacterial nanowires 2051:Reduction potential 1591:Charlotte fine sand 1586:CEC meq/100 g 1576: 1012:to withdraw water. 855:Physical properties 429:natural attenuation 361:, and a medium for 20444:Ecosystem services 19567:Ambient standards 19360:Slab stabilisation 19340:Stability analysis 18303:Impervious surface 17583:USDA soil taxonomy 17409:for Soil Resources 17296:Pore space in soil 17239:Soil acidification 17195:Soil contamination 16909:on 9 February 2018 16878:Soil survey manual 16768:Adams, J.A. 1986. 16355:on 23 January 2017 16343:Tandon, Hari L.S. 14822:10.3390/su12083258 14103:Journal of Zoology 11489:10.1007/BF02182933 11330:(8–9): 1281–1291. 11295:Pettit, Robert E. 10944:10.1007/BF02182933 10623:. pp. 43–90. 10324:Sparks, Donald L. 10189:10.1007/BF00284134 9993:10.1093/jxb/erj108 9623:"Soil pH extremes" 9599:10.1007/BF02708799 9487:Robertson, Bryan. 9459:10.1039/C5GC00828J 9370:10.1007/BF02182995 8669:Pettit, Robert E. 8595:10.1007/BF02708799 8447:, p. 103–106. 7714:20.500.11850/34759 6509:10.3390/su12104209 6340:Miller, Jarrod O. 6003:10.1007/BF00260577 5924:"Soil composition" 4880:Amundson, Ronald. 4669:. pp. 13–21. 4509:on 16 October 2022 4408:. pp. 25–49. 4398:"The soil habitat" 4274:Environment portal 4193:Hermann Hellriegel 4181:Sergei Winogradsky 3868:and pesticides in 3824:watertable control 3730:agricultural crops 3726:shortgrass prairie 3654: 3614: 3502:acid precipitation 3148:building materials 2951:phenolic compounds 2920: Protein (8%) 2908: Lignin (20%) 2537:secondary minerals 2521:Law of the Minimum 2092: 1985:buffering capacity 1574: 1507:law of mass action 1408:positively charged 1380:electrical charges 1117:control of soil CO 1062:capacitance probes 629: 485: 367:ecosystem services 244:Earth's atmosphere 185:is older than the 166:regard soil as an 120: 54: 20645:Natural resources 20640:Natural materials 20607: 20606: 20585: 20584: 20384: 20383: 20063:genetic resources 19999:genetic resources 19634: 19633: 19542:Natural resources 19508: 19507: 19379: 19378: 19355:Sliding criterion 19317:Response spectrum 19233: 19232: 19063:Pressure grouting 18962: 18961: 18822: 18821: 18775:Direct shear test 18481:Permeability test 18365: 18364: 17996:Soil conservation 17982: 17981: 17256:Soil biodiversity 17103:Soil microbiology 16798:978-0-520-25806-8 16682:We Seek; We Learn 16634:978-0-13-821918-5 16413:Harrison and Sons 16172:978-0-02-313340-4 16163:Collier Macmillan 16129:BBC World Service 16056:10.3390/su7010313 15996:978-0-87835-131-2 15888:978-0-520-08080-5 15580:10.5337/2011.0031 15330:978-0-16-061623-5 15263:on 18 April 2008. 15010:on 18 August 2021 14858:(7159): 213–217. 14643:on 14 August 2021 14575:10.1021/jf001485d 14488:on 14 August 2021 14295:10.1021/es801703k 14281:(22): 8374–8380. 14000:(7081): 165–173. 13611:978-92-79-15806-3 13515:on 14 August 2021 12654:. 175–176: 9–20. 12556:978-0-8493-2802-2 11654:10.1038/1811478a0 11440:978-0-444-81516-3 11389:978-3-642-78356-2 10895:10.1071/SR9920195 10769:(5201): 1117–23. 10663:(9–10): 1343–55. 10630:978-92-5-105490-1 10595:, pp. 80–81. 10384:978-94-009-6985-8 9631:CAB International 9070:(6215): 499–500. 8920:10.1021/es101283d 8304:"Soil mineralogy" 8174:10.1111/pce.12340 8055:(14): 1959–1969. 7620:, pp. 35–36. 7019:on 8 August 2017. 6901:. 175–176: 9–20. 6537:(E11): 7-1–7-17. 6414:978-1-4831-8568-2 5901:978-92-5-105366-9 4819:978-1-4020-3994-2 4751:Gondwana Research 4715:978-0-470-96060-8 4581:978-0-203-86008-3 4550:978-0-7167-0269-6 4471:978-0-7167-0818-6 4423:978-0-12-546807-7 4376:World Soil Museum 4356:Soil liquefaction 4351:Soil biodiversity 4297:Acid sulfate soil 4244:Konstantin Glinka 4236:. His 1857 book, 4226:Project Gutenberg 4222:Eugene W. Hilgard 4153:John Bennet Lawes 4138:Justus von Liebig 4126:Antoine Lavoisier 4052:Olivier de Serres 4036:French Revolution 3925:saline sodic soil 3848:Soil regeneration 3563:soil conditioners 3474:crop productivity 3425:Soil conservation 3394:), heavy metals ( 3287:. Alternatively, 3023:layers. Sampling 3017:alluvial terraces 2827:while protecting 2678:greenhouse effect 2653:organic compounds 2649: 2648: 2641: 2435: 2434: 1997:calcium carbonate 1788: 1787: 1635:Gleason clay loam 1348:surface chemistry 1267:Large numbers of 1263:Soil biodiversity 1129:, beyond which a 1115:negative feedback 1098:concentration by 968:within the soil. 920:or more commonly 844:mycorrhizal fungi 746:nitrogen fixation 502: Gases (25%) 496: Water (25%) 379:genetic diversity 353:, a regulator of 332:positive feedback 284:celestial objects 242:as a modifier of 126:phase that holds 16:(Redirected from 20652: 20597: 20596: 20548: 20495:Natural heritage 20454:overexploitation 20393: 20392: 20127: 20126: 20073:herbal medicines 20053:FAO Plant Treaty 19593: 19570: 19555: 19554: 19535: 19528: 19521: 19512: 19511: 19367:Bearing capacity 19254:Effective stress 19244: 19243: 19145:Land reclamation 19085:Land development 18980:Natural features 18977: 18976: 18944:Specific storage 18833: 18832: 18765:Atterberg limits 18703: 18691: 18679: 18667: 18655: 18643: 18629: 18619: 18604:Screw plate test 18602: 18590: 18578: 18566: 18554: 18542: 18520: 18491: 18479: 18467: 18455: 18443: 18425: 18424: 18392: 18385: 18378: 18369: 18368: 18355: 18354: 18339: 18338: 18328: 18327: 18177:OPAL Soil Centre 17974: 17973: 17870:Hydrophobic soil 17392: 17385: 17378: 17369: 17368: 17333:Soil respiration 17150: 17049: 17042: 17035: 17026: 17025: 16961:FAO Soils Portal 16918: 16916: 16914: 16872: 16870: 16868: 16741: 16738:Stefferud (1957) 16728: 16725:Stefferud (1957) 16715: 16712:Stefferud (1957) 16702: 16699:Stefferud (1957) 16689: 16686:Stefferud (1957) 16676: 16657: 16655: 16653: 16638: 16591: 16576: 16575: 16573: 16571: 16557: 16551: 16550: 16538: 16532: 16531: 16529: 16527: 16521: 16514: 16503: 16497: 16496: 16494: 16492: 16475: 16469: 16463: 16457: 16456: 16454: 16452: 16430: 16424: 16423: 16421: 16419: 16402: 16396: 16395: 16393: 16391: 16371: 16365: 16364: 16362: 16360: 16351:. Archived from 16340: 16334: 16328: 16319: 16318: 16316: 16314: 16294: 16288: 16287: 16285: 16283: 16269: 16263: 16262: 16260: 16258: 16244: 16238: 16237: 16235: 16233: 16223: 16214: 16208: 16202: 16196: 16190: 16184: 16183: 16181: 16179: 16152: 16141: 16140: 16138: 16136: 16120: 16114: 16113: 16103: 16093: 16067: 16061: 16060: 16058: 16032: 16026: 16025: 16023: 16021: 16007: 16001: 16000: 15982: 15976: 15975: 15973: 15971: 15954: 15948: 15942: 15936: 15935: 15933: 15931: 15914: 15908: 15902: 15893: 15892: 15870: 15864: 15863: 15861: 15859: 15850:. Archived from 15801: 15795: 15794: 15792: 15790: 15737: 15731: 15730: 15728: 15726: 15683: 15677: 15676: 15674: 15672: 15666: 15658:Université Laval 15655: 15646: 15640: 15639: 15637: 15635: 15630: 15606: 15600: 15599: 15597: 15595: 15589: 15582: 15568: 15556: 15550: 15549: 15547: 15545: 15540: 15516: 15510: 15509: 15507: 15505: 15476: 15467: 15461: 15460: 15458: 15456: 15421: 15415: 15414: 15412: 15410: 15375: 15369: 15368: 15366: 15364: 15348: 15342: 15341: 15339: 15337: 15314: 15304: 15298: 15297: 15295: 15293: 15287: 15280: 15271: 15265: 15264: 15259:. Archived from 15244: 15238: 15237: 15235: 15233: 15224:. Archived from 15191: 15185: 15184: 15182: 15180: 15143: 15137: 15136: 15134: 15132: 15127: 15117: 15089: 15080: 15074: 15073: 15071: 15069: 15026: 15020: 15019: 15017: 15015: 15009: 15003:. Archived from 14993:10.1002/hyp.1441 14970: 14961: 14955: 14954: 14952: 14950: 14930:(3–4): 167–185. 14913: 14907: 14906: 14904: 14902: 14841: 14835: 14834: 14824: 14798: 14792: 14791: 14789: 14787: 14756: 14747: 14741: 14740: 14738: 14736: 14721: 14712: 14711: 14693: 14659: 14653: 14652: 14650: 14648: 14642: 14636:. Archived from 14620:(5): 1632–1641. 14609: 14600: 14594: 14593: 14591: 14589: 14569:(6): 2899–2907. 14552: 14546: 14545: 14543: 14541: 14504: 14498: 14497: 14495: 14493: 14487: 14472: 14463: 14457: 14456: 14454: 14452: 14432: 14426: 14425: 14423: 14421: 14384: 14378: 14377: 14375: 14373: 14330: 14324: 14323: 14321: 14319: 14306: 14264: 14258: 14257: 14255: 14253: 14225:(6): 1831–1840. 14208: 14202: 14201: 14199: 14197: 14191: 14168: 14142: 14133: 14127: 14126: 14124: 14122: 14093: 14087: 14086: 14068: 14042: 14036: 14035: 14017: 13983: 13977: 13976: 13966: 13956: 13922: 13916: 13915: 13913: 13911: 13896: 13890: 13889: 13887: 13885: 13865:(1–2): 111–124. 13850: 13844: 13843: 13841: 13839: 13819: 13813: 13812: 13810: 13808: 13761: 13752: 13746: 13745: 13743: 13741: 13728: 13710: 13690: 13677: 13671: 13670: 13668: 13666: 13629: 13623: 13622: 13620: 13618: 13587: 13581: 13580: 13578: 13576: 13531: 13525: 13524: 13522: 13520: 13514: 13508:. Archived from 13483: 13474: 13468: 13467: 13449: 13415: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13404: 13375: 13366: 13360: 13359: 13346:CSIRO Publishing 13337: 13331: 13330: 13320: 13310: 13284: 13278: 13277: 13269: 13263: 13262: 13260: 13258: 13246: 13240: 13239: 13229: 13200: 13194: 13193: 13191: 13189: 13146: 13140: 13139: 13137: 13120:(6): 3983–3996. 13103: 13097: 13096: 13094: 13092: 13072:(5): 1555–1563. 13055: 13049: 13048: 13046: 13029:(7): 1209–1219. 13014: 13008: 13007: 13005: 13003: 12966: 12960: 12959: 12957: 12955: 12918: 12912: 12911: 12909: 12907: 12862: 12856: 12855: 12853: 12851: 12820: 12811: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12800: 12765: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12754: 12719: 12713: 12712: 12710: 12708: 12694: 12685: 12679: 12678: 12676: 12674: 12643: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12632: 12597: 12591: 12590: 12588: 12586: 12567: 12561: 12560: 12538: 12529: 12528: 12526: 12524: 12489: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12478: 12441: 12435: 12434: 12432: 12430: 12396:Biology Bulletin 12387: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12376: 12371: 12331: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12315: 12298:(7): 2459–2483. 12281: 12275: 12274: 12264: 12254: 12220: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12209: 12189:(1–2): 220–228. 12174: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12163: 12124: 12115: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12074: 12068: 12067: 12065: 12063: 12026: 12020: 12019: 12009: 11983: 11977: 11976: 11974: 11972: 11937: 11931: 11930: 11928: 11926: 11889: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11878: 11841: 11832: 11826: 11825: 11807: 11779: 11773: 11772: 11770: 11768: 11746: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11735: 11729: 11723:. Archived from 11713:10.1002/sia.3315 11696: 11687: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11676: 11629: 11620: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11609: 11596: 11562: 11556: 11555: 11553: 11551: 11531:(6): 1888–1892. 11514: 11508: 11507: 11505: 11503: 11458: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11447: 11410: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11396: 11365: 11356: 11350: 11349: 11339: 11317: 11311: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11301: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11263: 11229: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11213: 11207: 11201:. Archived from 11190: 11179: 11170: 11169: 11167: 11165: 11130: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11119: 11082: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11068: 11021: 11012: 11006: 11005: 10995: 10963: 10957: 10956: 10946: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10872: 10866: 10865: 10863: 10861: 10824: 10818: 10817: 10815: 10813: 10807: 10752: 10746: 10740: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10694: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10683: 10648: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10614: 10605: 10596: 10590: 10584: 10583: 10573: 10549: 10543: 10542: 10540: 10530: 10513:(5): 1055–1062. 10496: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10476:. Archived from 10453: 10444: 10438: 10432: 10426: 10420: 10414: 10408: 10402: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10360: 10351: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10330: 10321: 10315: 10314: 10304: 10294: 10277:(7): 3358–3364. 10260: 10254: 10248: 10242: 10241: 10239: 10237: 10217:(5): 1036–1041. 10200: 10194: 10193: 10191: 10157: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10146: 10126: 10120: 10114: 10108: 10107: 10097: 10073:Plant Physiology 10063: 10057: 10056: 10046: 10022:Plant Physiology 10012: 10006: 10005: 9995: 9986:(5): 1017–1023. 9969: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9892:(2–4): 231–253. 9881: 9872: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9807: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9727: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9695:(8–9): 223–235. 9678: 9672: 9666: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9618: 9612: 9611: 9601: 9592:(5–6): 671–680. 9575: 9569: 9568: 9562: 9558: 9556: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9517: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9500: 9494:. Archived from 9493: 9484: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9473: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9384: 9347: 9338: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9290: 9284: 9283: 9277: 9272: 9270: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9183: 9174: 9168: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9154: 9109: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9084:10.1038/338499a0 9053: 9047: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8984: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8843: 8811: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8765: 8734: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8700: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8675: 8666: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8589:(5–6): 671–680. 8572: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8524: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8498: 8488: 8471:(7): 3358–3364. 8454: 8448: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8375: 8357: 8325: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8279: 8249:(5): 1569–1578. 8238: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8202: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8176: 8167:(8): 1866–1891. 8150: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8021: 8015:. Archived from 7988: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7968: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7909:(8): 3395–3405. 7892: 7886: 7885: 7875: 7865: 7848:(8): 4927–4932. 7831: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7692:(1–2): 265–275. 7681: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7561: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7527:(6): 1743–1750. 7510: 7504: 7503: 7493: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7452: 7428:Plant Physiology 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7337: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7297: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7267: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7211: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7146: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7120: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7012:. Archived from 7007: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6980: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6954: 6943: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6828:on 22 April 2023 6824:. Archived from 6791: 6785: 6784: 6774: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6732:on 27 March 2022 6728:. Archived from 6679: 6673: 6672: 6662: 6652: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6421:on 22 March 2023 6417:. Archived from 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6315: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6198:"Soil and water" 6194: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6154: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6121: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6017: 5988: 5979: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5922:McClellan, Tai. 5919: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5889: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5862:on 22 April 2023 5858:. Archived from 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5819:on 18 March 2023 5815:. Archived from 5799:(6): 1267–1272. 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5766: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5628:Agronomy Journal 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5555: 5545: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5494: 5484: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5331: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5276:on 10 April 2017 5275: 5269:. Archived from 5260: 5224: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5195:. Archived from 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5114: 5086: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5064: 5062: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5001: 4983: 4955: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4904:on 12 June 2018. 4903: 4897:. Archived from 4896: 4886: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4828: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4782: 4775: 4747: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4722:on 22 April 2023 4718:. Archived from 4695: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4675: 4662: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4538: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4505:. Archived from 4482: 4476: 4475: 4459: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4432: 4393: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4250:Curtis F. Marbut 4241: 4177:Robert Warington 4116: 4104:Flemish chemist 4079: 4010:, circa 60 3816:capillary fringe 3801:problems due to 3638:land degradation 3567:phytoremediation 3438:Soil degradation 3430:Land degradation 3359:, thus becoming 3261:Waste management 3140:Earth sheltering 3083:Vasily Dokuchaev 3049:sedimentary rock 2971:plant cell walls 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2722:digestive system 2644: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2596: 2595: 2588: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2343: 2342: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2191: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2104:Ion or molecule 2095: 2091: 1978:Soil conditioner 1967: 1963: 1905: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1819: 1818: 1679:Fine sandy loams 1624:Grundy silt loam 1613:Glouchester loam 1577: 1573: 1563: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1404:milliequivalents 1374:. The very high 1147:greenhouse gases 1141:decreasing with 1123:soil respiration 1024:Capillary action 525: 519: 514: Silt (18%) 513: 508: Sand (18%) 507: 501: 495: 465:Vasily Dokuchaev 406:soil respiration 357:, a modifier of 324:carbon reservoir 195:fossilized soils 179:particle density 154:with associated 148:parent materials 51:Northern Ireland 21: 20660: 20659: 20655: 20654: 20653: 20651: 20650: 20649: 20625:Land management 20610: 20609: 20608: 20603: 20581: 20546: 20526: 20512:Systems ecology 20478:Natural capital 20380: 20265: 20254:reclaimed water 20116: 20078:UPOV Convention 19926: 19721: 19630: 19604: 19600:Ozone depletion 19591: 19568: 19544: 19539: 19509: 19504: 19483:Earth materials 19424: 19386: 19375: 19284: 19278: 19229: 19206: 19160:Earth structure 19155:Erosion control 19053:Ground freezing 19043:Retaining walls 19026: 18968: 18958: 18919:Angle of repose 18877: 18818: 18752: 18745: 18744: 18705:Visible bedrock 18657:Simple sounding 18645:Shear vane test 18421:instrumentation 18420: 18418: 18410: 18401: 18396: 18366: 18361: 18316: 18298:Crust (geology) 18278:Land management 18273:Land conversion 18256: 18203: 18123: 18102:Earth materials 18050: 18036:Erosion control 18021:Soil governance 18001:Soil management 17984: 17983: 17978: 17964: 17935:Subaqueous soil 17920:Serpentine soil 17780:Parent material 17713: 17650: 17577: 17408: 17401: 17396: 17356: 17276:Soil resilience 17205:Soil compaction 17173:Soil morphology 17151: 17142: 17076: 17058: 17053: 17021: 16941: 16936:Wayback Machine 16912: 16910: 16866: 16864: 16863:on 24 June 2008 16855: 16852: 16804:Plowman's Folly 16763:Wayback Machine 16751: 16749:Further reading 16746: 16651: 16649: 16641: 16635: 16612: 16585: 16580: 16579: 16569: 16567: 16558: 16554: 16539: 16535: 16525: 16523: 16519: 16512: 16504: 16500: 16490: 16488: 16476: 16472: 16468:, pp. 1–4. 16464: 16460: 16450: 16448: 16431: 16427: 16417: 16415: 16403: 16399: 16389: 16387: 16372: 16368: 16358: 16356: 16341: 16337: 16329: 16322: 16312: 16310: 16295: 16291: 16281: 16279: 16270: 16266: 16256: 16254: 16245: 16241: 16231: 16229: 16221: 16215: 16211: 16203: 16199: 16191: 16187: 16177: 16175: 16173: 16153: 16144: 16134: 16132: 16122: 16121: 16117: 16084:(S2): 737–744. 16068: 16064: 16033: 16029: 16019: 16017: 16008: 16004: 15997: 15983: 15979: 15969: 15967: 15955: 15951: 15943: 15939: 15929: 15927: 15915: 15911: 15903: 15896: 15889: 15871: 15867: 15857: 15855: 15802: 15798: 15788: 15786: 15738: 15734: 15724: 15722: 15684: 15680: 15670: 15668: 15664: 15653: 15647: 15643: 15633: 15631: 15607: 15603: 15593: 15591: 15587: 15571:Success Stories 15566: 15557: 15553: 15543: 15541: 15517: 15513: 15503: 15501: 15474: 15468: 15464: 15454: 15452: 15422: 15418: 15408: 15406: 15376: 15372: 15362: 15360: 15349: 15345: 15335: 15333: 15331: 15312: 15306: 15305: 15301: 15291: 15289: 15285: 15278: 15272: 15268: 15253:Engineer Update 15245: 15241: 15231: 15229: 15192: 15188: 15178: 15176: 15144: 15140: 15130: 15128: 15087: 15081: 15077: 15067: 15065: 15027: 15023: 15013: 15011: 15007: 14979:(14): 2913–28. 14968: 14962: 14958: 14948: 14946: 14914: 14910: 14900: 14898: 14842: 14838: 14799: 14795: 14785: 14783: 14754: 14748: 14744: 14734: 14732: 14722: 14715: 14660: 14656: 14646: 14644: 14640: 14607: 14601: 14597: 14587: 14585: 14553: 14549: 14539: 14537: 14505: 14501: 14491: 14489: 14485: 14470: 14464: 14460: 14450: 14448: 14433: 14429: 14419: 14417: 14385: 14381: 14371: 14369: 14331: 14327: 14317: 14315: 14265: 14261: 14251: 14249: 14209: 14205: 14195: 14193: 14189: 14166:10.1.1.468.9149 14140: 14134: 14130: 14120: 14118: 14094: 14090: 14043: 14039: 13984: 13980: 13923: 13919: 13909: 13907: 13898: 13897: 13893: 13883: 13881: 13851: 13847: 13837: 13835: 13820: 13816: 13806: 13804: 13759: 13753: 13749: 13739: 13737: 13688: 13685: 13678: 13674: 13664: 13662: 13646:(11): 625–633. 13630: 13626: 13616: 13614: 13612: 13588: 13584: 13574: 13572: 13532: 13528: 13518: 13516: 13512: 13481: 13475: 13471: 13416: 13412: 13402: 13400: 13373: 13367: 13363: 13356: 13338: 13334: 13285: 13281: 13276:. IUSS, Vienna. 13270: 13266: 13256: 13254: 13247: 13243: 13227:10.1.1.455.4179 13201: 13197: 13187: 13185: 13147: 13143: 13104: 13100: 13090: 13088: 13056: 13052: 13015: 13011: 13001: 12999: 12967: 12963: 12953: 12951: 12919: 12915: 12905: 12903: 12863: 12859: 12849: 12847: 12818: 12812: 12808: 12798: 12796: 12766: 12762: 12752: 12750: 12720: 12716: 12706: 12704: 12692: 12686: 12682: 12672: 12670: 12644: 12640: 12630: 12628: 12598: 12594: 12584: 12582: 12575:Soils of Canada 12569: 12568: 12564: 12557: 12539: 12532: 12522: 12520: 12490: 12486: 12476: 12474: 12442: 12438: 12428: 12426: 12388: 12384: 12374: 12372: 12332: 12328: 12318: 12316: 12282: 12278: 12221: 12217: 12207: 12205: 12175: 12171: 12161: 12159: 12122: 12116: 12112: 12075: 12071: 12061: 12059: 12027: 12023: 11993:New Phytologist 11984: 11980: 11970: 11968: 11938: 11934: 11924: 11922: 11890: 11886: 11876: 11874: 11844:Aquatic Ecology 11839: 11833: 11829: 11805:10.1.1.608.2942 11780: 11776: 11766: 11764: 11756:Current Science 11747: 11743: 11733: 11731: 11727: 11694: 11688: 11684: 11674: 11672: 11627: 11621: 11617: 11607: 11605: 11563: 11559: 11549: 11547: 11515: 11511: 11501: 11499: 11459: 11455: 11445: 11443: 11441: 11411: 11404: 11394: 11392: 11390: 11363: 11357: 11353: 11337:10.1.1.476.9400 11318: 11314: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11293: 11289: 11261:10.1.1.467.4937 11230: 11221: 11211: 11209: 11205: 11199: 11188: 11180: 11173: 11163: 11161: 11131: 11127: 11117: 11115: 11113: 11083: 11076: 11066: 11064: 11032:(7580): 60–68. 11019: 11013: 11009: 10972:Biogeochemistry 10964: 10960: 10913: 10909: 10899: 10897: 10873: 10869: 10859: 10857: 10825: 10821: 10811: 10809: 10805: 10753: 10749: 10741: 10737: 10727: 10725: 10695: 10691: 10681: 10679: 10649: 10645: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10619:. Rome, Italy: 10612: 10606: 10599: 10591: 10587: 10558:Tree Physiology 10550: 10546: 10528:10.1.1.475.7392 10497: 10493: 10483: 10481: 10474: 10454: 10447: 10439: 10435: 10427: 10423: 10415: 10411: 10403: 10399: 10389: 10387: 10385: 10358: 10352: 10348: 10338: 10336: 10328: 10322: 10318: 10261: 10257: 10249: 10245: 10235: 10233: 10201: 10197: 10158: 10154: 10144: 10142: 10127: 10123: 10115: 10111: 10064: 10060: 10013: 10009: 9970: 9966: 9956: 9954: 9924: 9920: 9910: 9908: 9879: 9873: 9869: 9840: 9836: 9826: 9824: 9805:10.1.1.467.4937 9774: 9770: 9760: 9758: 9725: 9719: 9715: 9705: 9703: 9679: 9675: 9667: 9663: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9619: 9615: 9576: 9572: 9560: 9559: 9550: 9549: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9530:. p. 666. 9518: 9514: 9504: 9502: 9498: 9491: 9485: 9481: 9471: 9469: 9446:Green Chemistry 9437: 9433: 9396: 9392: 9382: 9380: 9350:Biogeochemistry 9345: 9339: 9335: 9325: 9323: 9291: 9287: 9275: 9273: 9264: 9263: 9256: 9254: 9244:10.2172/5980032 9232: 9228: 9218: 9216: 9184: 9177: 9169: 9162: 9152: 9150: 9110: 9106: 9096: 9094: 9054: 9050: 9042: 9038: 9028: 9026: 9002: 8998: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8946: 8942: 8932: 8930: 8906:(24): 9318–23. 8890: 8886: 8876: 8874: 8868: 8864: 8854: 8852: 8812: 8808: 8777: 8773: 8763: 8761: 8732: 8726: 8722: 8712: 8710: 8698: 8692: 8688: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8667: 8663: 8653: 8651: 8621: 8617: 8607: 8605: 8573: 8569: 8559: 8557: 8522: 8516: 8512: 8455: 8451: 8443: 8439: 8429: 8427: 8421: 8417: 8407: 8405: 8393: 8389: 8326: 8322: 8312: 8310: 8297: 8293: 8283: 8281: 8277: 8236: 8230: 8226: 8216: 8214: 8200: 8194: 8190: 8151: 8147: 8137: 8135: 8111:(1–2): 83–115. 8095: 8091: 8081: 8079: 8039: 8035: 8025: 8023: 8019: 7986: 7980: 7976: 7966: 7964: 7949: 7945: 7935: 7933: 7893: 7889: 7832: 7828: 7818: 7816: 7778: 7774: 7764: 7762: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7724: 7679: 7673: 7669: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7628: 7624: 7616: 7612: 7602: 7600: 7562: 7555: 7545: 7543: 7511: 7507: 7478:Tree Physiology 7470: 7466: 7419: 7415: 7405: 7403: 7355: 7351: 7321:New Phytologist 7312: 7308: 7295: 7293: 7283: 7282: 7278: 7265: 7263: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7212: 7205: 7195: 7193: 7181: 7177: 7167: 7165: 7144: 7138: 7134: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7076: 7072: 7062: 7060: 7028: 7024: 7016: 7005: 6997: 6993: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6972: 6968: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6941: 6933: 6929: 6919: 6917: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6792: 6788: 6758:New Phytologist 6749: 6745: 6735: 6733: 6680: 6676: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6564: 6560: 6521: 6517: 6486: 6482: 6472: 6470: 6438: 6434: 6424: 6422: 6415: 6395: 6391: 6369:New Phytologist 6360: 6356: 6346: 6344: 6338: 6334: 6324: 6322: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6304: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6268: 6264: 6254: 6252: 6222: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6181: 6179: 6152: 6146: 6142: 6132: 6130: 6104:(S1): S42–S48. 6087: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6061: 6059: 6043:(11): 1321‒31. 6029: 6025: 6015: 6013: 5986: 5980: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5933: 5931: 5920: 5916: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5856: 5846:Wiley-Blackwell 5836: 5832: 5822: 5820: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5603: 5581:Biogeochemistry 5573: 5569: 5528:(12): 6578‒83. 5512: 5508: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5403: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5329: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5222: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5177:10.1038/433204a 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5060: 5058: 5026: 5022: 5012: 5010: 4953: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4745: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4716: 4706:Wiley-Blackwell 4696: 4689: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4660: 4654: 4650: 4640: 4638: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4503: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4371:Tillage erosion 4286: 4279: 4272: 4265: 4262: 4214: 4208: 3990: 3984: 3975: 3874:rice production 3850: 3844: 3787:Soil salination 3784: 3734:cattle ranching 3695:, and improper 3652:Erosion control 3646: 3633:Soil management 3617:Desertification 3612:Desertification 3606: 3604:Desertification 3583:organic farming 3518: 3466: 3450:desertification 3427: 3419:Main articles: 3417: 3301:settling basins 3271:effluent using 3224:soil protection 3100: 3088:soil morphology 3079: 3073: 3029:testate amoebae 2993: 2987: 2947:Brown rot fungi 2936: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2866: 2825:enzyme activity 2753: 2645: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2611:Please help by 2610: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2580: 2449: 2443:Plant nutrition 2437:Main articles: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2172: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2133: 2118: 2090: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2023: 2019: 1980: 1974: 1965: 1962:20 − 5 = 15 meq 1961: 1958:base saturation 1953: 1936: 1903: 1900: 1875: 1867:Main articles: 1865: 1863:Reactivity (pH) 1850: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1793: 1756:Montmorillonite 1561: 1554: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1454:electric charge 1434: 1428: 1415: 1392:cation exchange 1364:Brownian motion 1333:plant nutrients 1329: 1322: 1265: 1253:water potential 1237: 1231: 1188: 1183:denitrification 1180: 1176: 1172: 1143:soil compaction 1120: 1112: 1108: 1097: 1093: 1084: 1078: 1034:designs (e.g., 1018:moisture stress 980: 974: 950:soil compaction 922:soil aggregates 892:, consistency, 874:crop production 870: 863: 857: 818:nitrogen-fixing 786: 780: 774: 566:parent material 530: 529: 528: 527: 523: 521: 520: Clay (9%) 517: 515: 511: 509: 505: 503: 499: 497: 493: 453: 396:carried out by 316:water pollution 304:ozone depletion 292: 164:soil ecologists 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20658: 20648: 20647: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20605: 20604: 20602: 20601: 20590: 20587: 20586: 20583: 20582: 20580: 20579: 20570: 20565: 20560: 20555: 20550: 20547:(perpetuation) 20542: 20536: 20534: 20528: 20527: 20525: 20524: 20519: 20514: 20509: 20508: 20507: 20500:Nature reserve 20497: 20492: 20491: 20490: 20485: 20475: 20474: 20473: 20463: 20462: 20461: 20456: 20446: 20441: 20440: 20439: 20434: 20424: 20423: 20422: 20417: 20412: 20407: 20396: 20390: 20386: 20385: 20382: 20381: 20379: 20378: 20377: 20376: 20371: 20361: 20356: 20351: 20346: 20341: 20336: 20331: 20326: 20321: 20316: 20311: 20306: 20305: 20304: 20294: 20289: 20284: 20279: 20273: 20271: 20267: 20266: 20264: 20263: 20258: 20257: 20256: 20246: 20241: 20236: 20235: 20234: 20224: 20219: 20218: 20217: 20205: 20204: 20203: 20198: 20193: 20183: 20178: 20177: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20145: 20144: 20133: 20131: 20124: 20118: 20117: 20115: 20114: 20113: 20112: 20107: 20097: 20092: 20087: 20086: 20085: 20080: 20075: 20070: 20065: 20060: 20055: 20045: 20040: 20035: 20030: 20029: 20028: 20018: 20017: 20016: 20011: 20006: 20001: 19991: 19990: 19989: 19984: 19979: 19977:climate change 19969: 19964: 19959: 19954: 19953: 19952: 19945:Bioprospecting 19942: 19936: 19934: 19928: 19927: 19925: 19924: 19923: 19922: 19917: 19907: 19906: 19905: 19900: 19895: 19890: 19880: 19879: 19878: 19873: 19872: 19871: 19866: 19856: 19855: 19854: 19849: 19839: 19838: 19837: 19827: 19822: 19812: 19811: 19810: 19800: 19799: 19798: 19788: 19787: 19786: 19781: 19776: 19771: 19761: 19756: 19751: 19750: 19749: 19748: 19747: 19731: 19729: 19723: 19722: 19720: 19719: 19714: 19713: 19712: 19707: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19644: 19642: 19636: 19635: 19632: 19631: 19629: 19628: 19623: 19618: 19612: 19610: 19606: 19605: 19603: 19602: 19597: 19596: 19595: 19590:Clean Air Act 19582: 19577: 19572: 19563: 19561: 19552: 19546: 19545: 19538: 19537: 19530: 19523: 19515: 19506: 19505: 19503: 19502: 19501: 19500: 19490: 19485: 19480: 19475: 19470: 19465: 19460: 19455: 19450: 19445: 19440: 19434: 19432: 19430:Related fields 19426: 19425: 19423: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19407: 19402: 19397: 19391: 19389: 19381: 19380: 19377: 19376: 19374: 19373: 19364: 19363: 19362: 19357: 19352: 19350:Classification 19347: 19342: 19331: 19330: 19329: 19324: 19322:Seismic hazard 19319: 19309: 19304: 19299: 19294: 19288: 19286: 19280: 19279: 19277: 19276: 19271: 19266: 19261: 19256: 19250: 19248: 19241: 19235: 19234: 19231: 19230: 19228: 19227: 19222: 19216: 19214: 19208: 19207: 19205: 19204: 19199: 19198: 19197: 19192: 19187: 19182: 19172: 19167: 19162: 19157: 19152: 19147: 19142: 19137: 19132: 19127: 19122: 19117: 19112: 19107: 19102: 19097: 19092: 19087: 19082: 19081: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19065: 19060: 19055: 19050: 19045: 19036: 19034: 19028: 19027: 19025: 19024: 19019: 19014: 19009: 19004: 18999: 18994: 18989: 18983: 18981: 18974: 18964: 18963: 18960: 18959: 18957: 18956: 18951: 18949:Shear strength 18946: 18941: 18936: 18931: 18926: 18924:Friction angle 18921: 18916: 18911: 18906: 18901: 18896: 18891: 18885: 18883: 18879: 18878: 18876: 18875: 18870: 18865: 18860: 18855: 18850: 18845: 18839: 18837: 18830: 18824: 18823: 18820: 18819: 18817: 18812: 18807: 18805:Oedometer test 18802: 18797: 18795:Sieve analysis 18792: 18787: 18782: 18777: 18772: 18767: 18762: 18757: 18755: 18747: 18746: 18743: 18742: 18736: 18735: 18729: 18728: 18722: 18721: 18715: 18714: 18708: 18707: 18696: 18695: 18684: 18683: 18681:Total sounding 18672: 18671: 18660: 18659: 18648: 18647: 18636: 18635: 18634: 18633: 18623: 18607: 18606: 18595: 18594: 18583: 18582: 18571: 18570: 18559: 18558: 18547: 18546: 18535: 18534: 18533: 18532: 18527: 18513: 18512: 18511: 18510: 18505: 18500: 18484: 18483: 18472: 18471: 18460: 18459: 18448: 18447: 18436: 18435: 18433: 18422: 18412: 18411: 18406: 18403: 18402: 18395: 18394: 18387: 18380: 18372: 18363: 18362: 18360: 18359: 18349: 18343: 18332: 18321: 18318: 18317: 18315: 18314: 18309: 18307:Surface runoff 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18264: 18262: 18258: 18257: 18255: 18254: 18247: 18240: 18233: 18230:Plant and Soil 18226: 18219: 18211: 18209: 18205: 18204: 18202: 18201: 18196: 18191: 18185: 18180: 18174: 18168: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18142: 18137: 18131: 18129: 18125: 18124: 18122: 18121: 18120: 18119: 18109: 18104: 18099: 18094: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18058: 18056: 18055:Related fields 18052: 18051: 18049: 18048: 18043: 18038: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17992: 17990: 17986: 17985: 17980: 17979: 17969: 17966: 17965: 17963: 17962: 17957: 17952: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17932: 17927: 17922: 17917: 17912: 17910:Prime farmland 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17877: 17872: 17867: 17865:Fuller's earth 17862: 17857: 17855:Expansive clay 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17817: 17812: 17807: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17721: 17719: 17715: 17714: 17712: 17711: 17706: 17701: 17696: 17691: 17686: 17681: 17675: 17670: 17665: 17658: 17656: 17652: 17651: 17649: 17648: 17643: 17638: 17633: 17628: 17623: 17618: 17613: 17608: 17603: 17598: 17593: 17587: 17585: 17579: 17578: 17576: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17545: 17540: 17535: 17530: 17525: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17485: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17414: 17412: 17403: 17402: 17395: 17394: 17387: 17380: 17372: 17366: 17364: 17358: 17357: 17355: 17354: 17353: 17352: 17342: 17337: 17336: 17335: 17325: 17320: 17318:Soil biomantle 17315: 17310: 17305: 17304: 17303: 17298: 17291:Soil structure 17288: 17283: 17278: 17273: 17271:Soil fertility 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17243: 17242: 17241: 17231: 17230: 17229: 17219: 17214: 17213: 17212: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17186: 17185: 17183:Soil formation 17180: 17175: 17165: 17159: 17157: 17153: 17152: 17145: 17143: 17141: 17140: 17135: 17130: 17128:Soil chemistry 17125: 17123:Soil mechanics 17120: 17115: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17084: 17082: 17078: 17077: 17075: 17074: 17069: 17063: 17060: 17059: 17052: 17051: 17044: 17037: 17029: 17020: 17019: 17014: 17009: 17004: 16998: 16993: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16953: 16948: 16942: 16940: 16939: 16926: 16919: 16894: 16888: 16881: 16874: 16851: 16850:External links 16848: 16847: 16846: 16840: 16826: 16820: 16814: 16800: 16783: 16780: 16766: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16744: 16743: 16742: 16729: 16716: 16703: 16695:What Soils Are 16690: 16658: 16639: 16633: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16584: 16581: 16578: 16577: 16552: 16533: 16498: 16470: 16458: 16447:(1): 1013–1016 16425: 16397: 16366: 16335: 16320: 16289: 16264: 16239: 16209: 16197: 16185: 16171: 16142: 16115: 16062: 16049:(1): 313–365. 16042:Sustainability 16027: 16002: 15995: 15977: 15949: 15937: 15909: 15894: 15887: 15865: 15796: 15732: 15698:(4): 215–221. 15678: 15641: 15621:(2): 168–176. 15601: 15551: 15531:(2): 195–205. 15511: 15485:(3): 336–352. 15462: 15416: 15370: 15343: 15329: 15299: 15266: 15239: 15208:(3): 602–610. 15186: 15160:(3): 339–348. 15138: 15100:(4): 945–959. 15093:Biogeosciences 15075: 15041:(2): 211–221. 15021: 14956: 14908: 14836: 14808:Sustainability 14793: 14767:(2): 133–185. 14742: 14713: 14654: 14595: 14547: 14521:(2): 141–153. 14499: 14458: 14427: 14401:(3): 581–589. 14379: 14325: 14259: 14203: 14128: 14088: 14059:(7): 617–623. 14037: 13978: 13917: 13891: 13845: 13814: 13747: 13701:(1): 217–231. 13683: 13672: 13624: 13610: 13582: 13548:(4): 953–964. 13541:Water Research 13526: 13469: 13410: 13361: 13355:978-0643109650 13354: 13332: 13279: 13264: 13241: 13212:(3): 222–230. 13195: 13161:(4): 529–539. 13141: 13113:Biogeosciences 13098: 13050: 13009: 12983:(1): 183–206. 12961: 12913: 12857: 12831:(1): 363–380. 12806: 12760: 12734:(3): 155–172. 12714: 12680: 12638: 12612:(1): 109–121. 12592: 12562: 12555: 12549:. p. 80. 12530: 12484: 12436: 12402:(5): 524–532. 12382: 12346:(1–2): 23–33. 12326: 12291:Biogeosciences 12276: 12215: 12169: 12135:(3): 282–288. 12110: 12069: 12021: 12000:(1): 187–198. 11978: 11952:(3): 327–334. 11932: 11906:(2): 293–305. 11884: 11850:(4): 331–339. 11827: 11774: 11741: 11707:(5): 363–377. 11682: 11615: 11579:(2): 461–475. 11557: 11509: 11475:(2): 305–313. 11468:Plant and Soil 11453: 11439: 11402: 11388: 11351: 11312: 11287: 11246:(7): 935–945. 11219: 11198:978-0471522799 11197: 11171: 11125: 11111: 11074: 11007: 10978:(1): 133–q49. 10958: 10929:(2): 305–313. 10922:Plant and Soil 10907: 10889:(2): 195–207. 10867: 10841:(5): 611–618. 10819: 10747: 10735: 10689: 10643: 10629: 10597: 10585: 10564:(4): 447–460. 10544: 10491: 10473:978-0133254488 10472: 10445: 10433: 10421: 10419:, p. 125. 10409: 10397: 10383: 10346: 10316: 10255: 10243: 10195: 10174:(3): 4014–08. 10152: 10121: 10109: 10080:(2): 208–213. 10058: 10029:(4): 525–539. 10007: 9964: 9938:(3): 201–227. 9918: 9867: 9854:(3): 371–381. 9834: 9790:(7): 935–945. 9768: 9713: 9673: 9661: 9648:978-1845939953 9647: 9613: 9570: 9561:|journal= 9536: 9512: 9479: 9453:(9): 4628–36. 9431: 9390: 9333: 9285: 9276:|journal= 9226: 9193:Plant and Soil 9175: 9160: 9104: 9048: 9046:, p. 114. 9036: 9018:(4): 249–257. 8996: 8955:Plant and Soil 8940: 8884: 8862: 8826:(6): 412–418. 8806: 8771: 8745:(2): 167–171. 8720: 8686: 8661: 8635:(2): 283–294. 8615: 8567: 8533:(4): 359–371. 8510: 8449: 8437: 8415: 8387: 8320: 8291: 8224: 8188: 8145: 8104:Plant and Soil 8089: 8033: 7999:(6): 642–650. 7974: 7943: 7887: 7826: 7792:(2): 155–162. 7772: 7754:(4): 651–664. 7734: 7685:Plant and Soil 7667: 7656:(2): 263–274. 7641: 7637: 7633: 7632:"Emission of N 7622: 7610: 7576:(4): 779–791. 7553: 7505: 7484:(9): 599–605. 7464: 7435:(2): 221–232. 7413: 7371:(2): 296–306. 7349: 7328:(3): 435–442. 7306: 7276: 7262:. 24 June 2016 7245: 7226:(2): 217–230. 7220:Plant and Soil 7203: 7189:. Ames, Iowa: 7175: 7132: 7070: 7044:(2): 681–689. 7022: 6991: 6966: 6927: 6885: 6859:(7): 521–529. 6839: 6786: 6765:(4): 805–814. 6743: 6710:10.1086/624619 6674: 6623: 6558: 6515: 6495:Sustainability 6480: 6432: 6413: 6389: 6354: 6332: 6302: 6289:978-0132279383 6288: 6262: 6216: 6189: 6140: 6081: 6069: 6023: 5971: 5960:on 29 May 2016 5941: 5914: 5900: 5873: 5854: 5830: 5777: 5753: 5707: 5681:(1–2): 27–38. 5661: 5613: 5567: 5506: 5445: 5397: 5343: 5309:(9): 1858‒68. 5287: 5210: 5141: 5072: 5020: 4940: 4907: 4894:10.1.1.552.237 4872: 4840: 4818: 4794: 4733: 4714: 4687: 4648: 4614:(6): 645–648. 4594: 4580: 4556: 4549: 4529:Gilluly, James 4520: 4501: 4477: 4470: 4444: 4422: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4288:Geology portal 4277: 4261: 4258: 4212:Soil formation 4207: 4204: 4165:superphosphate 4159:worked in the 4090:soil amendment 4068:crop rotations 3996:(450–355 3988:Soil fertility 3986:Main article: 3983: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3961:, also called 3862:Central Plains 3846:Main article: 3843: 3840: 3783: 3780: 3645: 3642: 3605: 3602: 3551:soil functions 3542:bioremediation 3517: 3514: 3470:alkaline soils 3465: 3462: 3416: 3413: 3318:, also called 3251:photosynthesis 3138:construction. 3128:surface mining 3099: 3096: 3075:Main article: 3072: 3071:Classification 3069: 3010:volcanic cones 2989:Main article: 2986: 2983: 2959:energy storage 2957:, which is an 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2865: 2862: 2842:soil fertility 2821:scleroproteins 2752: 2749: 2661:residence time 2647: 2646: 2600: 2598: 2591: 2582:Main article: 2579: 2576: 2570:decreases its 2568:hydrophobicity 2433: 2432: 2431:Cl (chloride) 2429: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2414: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2360: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2276: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2254: 2242: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2209: 2197: 2188: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2163: 2151: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2089: 2086: 2074:redox gradient 2036:Main article: 2033: 2030: 2021: 2017: 1989:neutralisation 1973: 1970: 1952: 1949: 1940:micro-nutrient 1934: 1898: 1864: 1861: 1859:(alkalinity). 1856: 1855: 1848: 1836: 1824: 1815: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1553: 1550: 1538:hydroxy groups 1496: 1478:soil fertility 1474: 1473: 1470: 1460: 1457: 1427: 1424: 1413: 1326:Soil chemistry 1321: 1318: 1264: 1261: 1233:Main article: 1230: 1227: 1191:greenhouse gas 1186: 1178: 1174: 1173:to the gases N 1170: 1127:hygroscopicity 1118: 1110: 1106: 1095: 1091: 1080:Main article: 1077: 1074: 1070:remote sensing 1066:neutron probes 1060:probes (e.g., 992:field capacity 976:Main article: 973: 970: 859:Main article: 856: 853: 778:Soil formation 776:Main article: 773: 770: 766:volatilisation 758:soil fertility 754:soil formation 522: 516: 510: 504: 498: 492: 488: 487: 486: 452: 449: 441:carbon dioxide 390:Organic carbon 351:organic wastes 343:soil organisms 308:global warming 291: 288: 250: 249: 246: 240: 235:as a means of 233: 101:soil organisms 73:organic matter 41:Surface-water- 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20657: 20646: 20643: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20617: 20615: 20600: 20592: 20591: 20588: 20578: 20577:Non-renewable 20574: 20571: 20569: 20566: 20564: 20561: 20559: 20556: 20554: 20551: 20549: 20543: 20541: 20538: 20537: 20535: 20533: 20529: 20523: 20520: 20518: 20517:Urban ecology 20515: 20513: 20510: 20506: 20503: 20502: 20501: 20498: 20496: 20493: 20489: 20486: 20484: 20481: 20480: 20479: 20476: 20472: 20469: 20468: 20467: 20464: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20451: 20450: 20447: 20445: 20442: 20438: 20435: 20433: 20430: 20429: 20428: 20425: 20421: 20418: 20416: 20413: 20411: 20408: 20406: 20403: 20402: 20401: 20398: 20397: 20394: 20391: 20387: 20375: 20372: 20370: 20367: 20366: 20365: 20362: 20360: 20357: 20355: 20352: 20350: 20349:Privatization 20347: 20345: 20342: 20340: 20337: 20335: 20332: 20330: 20327: 20325: 20322: 20320: 20317: 20315: 20312: 20310: 20307: 20303: 20300: 20299: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20283: 20280: 20278: 20275: 20274: 20272: 20268: 20262: 20259: 20255: 20252: 20251: 20250: 20247: 20245: 20244:Surface water 20242: 20240: 20237: 20233: 20230: 20229: 20228: 20225: 20223: 20220: 20216: 20215: 20211: 20210: 20209: 20206: 20202: 20199: 20197: 20194: 20192: 20189: 20188: 20187: 20184: 20182: 20179: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20161: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20143: 20140: 20139: 20138: 20135: 20134: 20132: 20128: 20125: 20123: 20119: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20102: 20101: 20098: 20096: 20093: 20091: 20088: 20084: 20081: 20079: 20076: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20066: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20054: 20051: 20050: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20034: 20031: 20027: 20024: 20023: 20022: 20019: 20015: 20012: 20010: 20007: 20005: 20002: 20000: 19997: 19996: 19995: 19992: 19988: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19978: 19975: 19974: 19973: 19970: 19968: 19965: 19963: 19960: 19958: 19955: 19951: 19948: 19947: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19938: 19937: 19935: 19933: 19929: 19921: 19918: 19916: 19913: 19912: 19911: 19908: 19904: 19901: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19889: 19886: 19885: 19884: 19881: 19877: 19874: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19861: 19860: 19857: 19853: 19850: 19848: 19845: 19844: 19843: 19840: 19836: 19833: 19832: 19831: 19828: 19826: 19823: 19821: 19818: 19817: 19816: 19813: 19809: 19806: 19805: 19804: 19801: 19797: 19794: 19793: 19792: 19789: 19785: 19782: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19766: 19765: 19762: 19760: 19757: 19755: 19752: 19746: 19745:peak farmland 19743: 19742: 19741: 19738: 19737: 19736: 19733: 19732: 19730: 19728: 19724: 19718: 19715: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19702: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19680: 19676: 19672: 19668: 19664: 19661: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19645: 19643: 19641: 19637: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19613: 19611: 19607: 19601: 19598: 19594: 19588: 19587: 19586: 19583: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19571: 19565: 19564: 19562: 19560: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19547: 19543: 19536: 19531: 19529: 19524: 19522: 19517: 19516: 19513: 19499: 19496: 19495: 19494: 19491: 19489: 19486: 19484: 19481: 19479: 19476: 19474: 19471: 19469: 19466: 19464: 19461: 19459: 19458:Geomorphology 19456: 19454: 19451: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19436: 19435: 19433: 19431: 19427: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19413: 19411: 19408: 19406: 19403: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19393: 19392: 19390: 19388: 19382: 19372: 19368: 19365: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19348: 19346: 19343: 19341: 19338: 19337: 19335: 19332: 19328: 19325: 19323: 19320: 19318: 19315: 19314: 19313: 19310: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19302:Consolidation 19300: 19298: 19297:Frost heaving 19295: 19293: 19290: 19289: 19287: 19281: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19251: 19249: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19236: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19217: 19215: 19213: 19209: 19203: 19200: 19196: 19193: 19191: 19188: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19177: 19176: 19175:Geosynthetics 19173: 19171: 19170:Crushed stone 19168: 19166: 19163: 19161: 19158: 19156: 19153: 19151: 19148: 19146: 19143: 19141: 19138: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19125:Cut-and-cover 19123: 19121: 19118: 19116: 19113: 19111: 19108: 19106: 19103: 19101: 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19086: 19083: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19044: 19041: 19040: 19038: 19037: 19035: 19033: 19029: 19023: 19020: 19018: 19015: 19013: 19010: 19008: 19005: 19003: 19000: 18998: 18995: 18993: 18990: 18988: 18985: 18984: 18982: 18978: 18975: 18972: 18965: 18955: 18952: 18950: 18947: 18945: 18942: 18940: 18937: 18935: 18932: 18930: 18927: 18925: 18922: 18920: 18917: 18915: 18912: 18910: 18907: 18905: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18894:Water content 18892: 18890: 18887: 18886: 18884: 18880: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18864: 18861: 18859: 18856: 18854: 18851: 18849: 18846: 18844: 18841: 18840: 18838: 18834: 18831: 18829: 18825: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18791: 18788: 18786: 18783: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18754: 18748: 18741: 18738: 18737: 18734: 18731: 18730: 18727: 18724: 18723: 18720: 18717: 18716: 18713: 18710: 18709: 18706: 18702: 18698: 18697: 18694: 18690: 18686: 18685: 18682: 18678: 18674: 18673: 18670: 18666: 18662: 18661: 18658: 18654: 18650: 18649: 18646: 18642: 18638: 18637: 18632: 18628: 18624: 18622: 18618: 18614: 18613: 18612: 18609: 18608: 18605: 18601: 18597: 18596: 18593: 18592:Sample series 18589: 18585: 18584: 18581: 18577: 18573: 18572: 18569: 18565: 18561: 18560: 18557: 18553: 18549: 18548: 18545: 18541: 18537: 18536: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18522: 18519: 18515: 18514: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18495: 18494: 18490: 18486: 18485: 18482: 18478: 18474: 18473: 18470: 18466: 18462: 18461: 18458: 18454: 18450: 18449: 18446: 18442: 18438: 18437: 18434: 18431: 18426: 18423: 18417: 18416:Investigation 18413: 18409: 18404: 18400: 18393: 18388: 18386: 18381: 18379: 18374: 18373: 18370: 18358: 18350: 18348: 18344: 18342: 18341:Category soil 18333: 18331: 18323: 18322: 18319: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18265: 18263: 18259: 18253: 18252: 18248: 18246: 18245: 18244:Soil Research 18241: 18239: 18238: 18237:Pochvovedenie 18234: 18232: 18231: 18227: 18225: 18224: 18220: 18218: 18217: 18213: 18212: 18210: 18206: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18178: 18175: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18132: 18130: 18126: 18118: 18115: 18114: 18113: 18110: 18108: 18105: 18103: 18100: 18098: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18077:Geomorphology 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18059: 18057: 18053: 18047: 18046:Liming (soil) 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17993: 17991: 17987: 17977: 17976:Types of soil 17967: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17955:Tropical peat 17953: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17840:Dry quicksand 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17722: 17720: 17716: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17663: 17660: 17659: 17657: 17655:Other systems 17653: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17637: 17634: 17632: 17629: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17588: 17586: 17584: 17580: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17546: 17544: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17415: 17413: 17410: 17404: 17400: 17393: 17388: 17386: 17381: 17379: 17374: 17373: 17370: 17365: 17363: 17359: 17351: 17348: 17347: 17346: 17345:Soil moisture 17343: 17341: 17338: 17334: 17331: 17330: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17293: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17240: 17237: 17236: 17235: 17232: 17228: 17225: 17224: 17223: 17222:Soil salinity 17220: 17218: 17215: 17211: 17208: 17207: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17178:Pedodiversity 17176: 17174: 17171: 17170: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17160: 17158: 17154: 17149: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17085: 17083: 17079: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17064: 17061: 17057: 17050: 17045: 17043: 17038: 17036: 17031: 17030: 17027: 17023: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16943: 16937: 16933: 16930: 16927: 16924: 16920: 16908: 16904: 16900: 16895: 16892: 16889: 16886: 16882: 16879: 16875: 16862: 16858: 16854: 16853: 16845: 16841: 16839: 16838:1-57322-004-3 16835: 16831: 16827: 16825: 16821: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16812:0-933280-51-3 16809: 16805: 16801: 16799: 16795: 16791: 16787: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16778:0-89096-301-0 16775: 16771: 16767: 16764: 16760: 16757: 16754: 16753: 16739: 16735: 16730: 16726: 16722: 16717: 16713: 16709: 16704: 16700: 16696: 16691: 16687: 16683: 16678: 16677: 16674: 16670: 16666: 16665: 16659: 16648: 16644: 16640: 16636: 16630: 16626: 16625:Prentice-Hall 16622: 16621: 16615: 16614: 16607: 16605: 16604: 16599: 16595: 16590: 16565: 16564: 16556: 16548: 16544: 16537: 16518: 16511: 16510: 16502: 16487: 16483: 16482: 16474: 16467: 16462: 16446: 16443:(in French). 16442: 16441: 16436: 16429: 16414: 16410: 16409: 16401: 16385: 16381: 16377: 16370: 16354: 16350: 16346: 16339: 16332: 16327: 16325: 16308: 16304: 16300: 16293: 16277: 16276: 16268: 16252: 16251: 16243: 16227: 16220: 16213: 16206: 16201: 16194: 16189: 16174: 16168: 16164: 16160: 16159: 16151: 16149: 16147: 16131: 16130: 16125: 16119: 16111: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16083: 16079: 16078: 16073: 16066: 16057: 16052: 16048: 16044: 16043: 16038: 16031: 16015: 16014: 16006: 15998: 15992: 15988: 15981: 15965: 15964: 15959: 15958:Ibn al-'Awwam 15953: 15946: 15941: 15926: 15925:Andrew Millar 15922: 15921: 15913: 15906: 15901: 15899: 15890: 15884: 15880: 15876: 15869: 15853: 15849: 15845: 15841: 15837: 15833: 15829: 15825: 15821: 15817: 15813: 15812: 15807: 15800: 15785: 15781: 15777: 15773: 15769: 15765: 15761: 15757: 15753: 15749: 15748: 15743: 15736: 15721: 15717: 15713: 15709: 15705: 15701: 15697: 15693: 15689: 15682: 15663: 15659: 15652: 15645: 15629: 15624: 15620: 15616: 15612: 15605: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15572: 15565: 15561: 15555: 15539: 15534: 15530: 15526: 15522: 15515: 15500: 15496: 15492: 15488: 15484: 15480: 15473: 15466: 15451: 15447: 15443: 15439: 15435: 15431: 15427: 15420: 15405: 15401: 15397: 15393: 15389: 15385: 15381: 15374: 15358: 15354: 15347: 15332: 15326: 15322: 15318: 15311: 15310: 15303: 15284: 15277: 15270: 15262: 15258: 15254: 15250: 15243: 15227: 15223: 15219: 15215: 15211: 15207: 15203: 15202: 15197: 15190: 15175: 15171: 15167: 15163: 15159: 15155: 15154: 15153:Geomorphology 15149: 15142: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15107: 15103: 15099: 15095: 15094: 15086: 15079: 15064: 15060: 15056: 15052: 15048: 15044: 15040: 15036: 15032: 15025: 15006: 15002: 14998: 14994: 14990: 14986: 14982: 14978: 14974: 14967: 14960: 14945: 14941: 14937: 14933: 14929: 14925: 14924: 14919: 14912: 14897: 14893: 14889: 14885: 14881: 14877: 14873: 14869: 14865: 14861: 14857: 14853: 14852: 14847: 14840: 14832: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14814: 14810: 14809: 14804: 14797: 14782: 14778: 14774: 14770: 14766: 14762: 14761: 14753: 14746: 14731: 14727: 14720: 14718: 14709: 14705: 14701: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14683: 14679: 14675: 14671: 14670: 14665: 14658: 14639: 14635: 14631: 14627: 14623: 14619: 14615: 14614: 14606: 14599: 14584: 14580: 14576: 14572: 14568: 14564: 14563: 14558: 14551: 14536: 14532: 14528: 14524: 14520: 14516: 14515: 14510: 14503: 14484: 14480: 14479:Marcel Dekker 14476: 14469: 14462: 14446: 14442: 14438: 14431: 14416: 14412: 14408: 14404: 14400: 14396: 14395: 14390: 14383: 14368: 14364: 14360: 14356: 14352: 14348: 14344: 14340: 14336: 14329: 14314: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14296: 14292: 14288: 14284: 14280: 14276: 14275: 14270: 14263: 14248: 14244: 14240: 14236: 14232: 14228: 14224: 14220: 14219: 14214: 14207: 14188: 14184: 14180: 14176: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14158: 14154: 14151:(1–4): 4–35. 14150: 14146: 14139: 14132: 14117: 14113: 14110:(1): 91–103. 14109: 14105: 14104: 14099: 14092: 14084: 14080: 14076: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14058: 14054: 14053: 14048: 14041: 14033: 14029: 14025: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14007: 14003: 13999: 13995: 13994: 13989: 13982: 13974: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13946: 13942: 13939:(6): e39614. 13938: 13934: 13933: 13928: 13921: 13906:. 6 July 2020 13905: 13901: 13895: 13880: 13876: 13872: 13868: 13864: 13860: 13856: 13849: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13818: 13803: 13799: 13795: 13791: 13787: 13783: 13779: 13775: 13771: 13767: 13766: 13758: 13751: 13736: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13718: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13700: 13696: 13695: 13687: 13676: 13661: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13645: 13641: 13640: 13635: 13628: 13613: 13607: 13603: 13602:10.2788/94222 13599: 13595: 13594: 13586: 13571: 13567: 13563: 13559: 13555: 13551: 13547: 13543: 13542: 13537: 13530: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13499: 13495: 13491: 13487: 13480: 13473: 13465: 13461: 13457: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13439: 13435: 13431: 13427: 13426: 13421: 13414: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13387: 13383: 13379: 13372: 13365: 13357: 13351: 13347: 13343: 13336: 13328: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13300: 13296: 13295: 13290: 13283: 13275: 13268: 13252: 13245: 13237: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13219: 13215: 13211: 13207: 13199: 13184: 13180: 13176: 13172: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13145: 13136: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13119: 13115: 13114: 13109: 13102: 13087: 13083: 13079: 13075: 13071: 13067: 13066: 13061: 13054: 13045: 13040: 13036: 13032: 13028: 13024: 13020: 13013: 12998: 12994: 12990: 12986: 12982: 12978: 12977: 12972: 12965: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12934: 12930: 12929: 12924: 12917: 12902: 12898: 12894: 12890: 12886: 12882: 12878: 12874: 12873: 12868: 12861: 12846: 12842: 12838: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12825: 12817: 12810: 12795: 12791: 12787: 12783: 12780:(1): 77–100. 12779: 12775: 12771: 12764: 12749: 12745: 12741: 12737: 12733: 12729: 12725: 12718: 12702: 12698: 12691: 12684: 12669: 12665: 12661: 12657: 12653: 12649: 12642: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12596: 12580: 12576: 12572: 12566: 12558: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12537: 12535: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12488: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12453: 12452: 12447: 12440: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12409: 12405: 12401: 12397: 12393: 12386: 12370: 12365: 12361: 12357: 12353: 12349: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12330: 12314: 12309: 12305: 12301: 12297: 12293: 12292: 12287: 12280: 12272: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12244: 12240: 12237:(3): e91114. 12236: 12232: 12231: 12226: 12219: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12173: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12130: 12129: 12121: 12114: 12105: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12089:(1): 98–107. 12088: 12084: 12080: 12073: 12058: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12037: 12032: 12025: 12017: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11994: 11989: 11982: 11967: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11936: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11901: 11900: 11895: 11888: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11861: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11838: 11831: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11778: 11762: 11758: 11757: 11752: 11745: 11730:on 8 May 2021 11726: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11701: 11693: 11686: 11671: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11655: 11651: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11634: 11626: 11619: 11604: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11573: 11568: 11561: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11525: 11520: 11513: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11486: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11469: 11464: 11457: 11442: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11409: 11407: 11391: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11362: 11355: 11347: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11329: 11325: 11324: 11316: 11298: 11291: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11240: 11235: 11228: 11226: 11224: 11204: 11200: 11194: 11187: 11186: 11178: 11176: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11129: 11114: 11112:9780120007936 11108: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11081: 11079: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11026: 11018: 11011: 11003: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10962: 10954: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10923: 10918: 10911: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10883: 10878: 10871: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10835: 10830: 10823: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10763: 10758: 10751: 10744: 10739: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10709:(5): 625–34. 10708: 10704: 10700: 10693: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10647: 10632: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10611: 10604: 10602: 10594: 10589: 10581: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10548: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10507: 10502: 10495: 10479: 10475: 10469: 10465: 10461: 10460: 10452: 10450: 10442: 10437: 10431:, p. 80. 10430: 10425: 10418: 10413: 10406: 10401: 10386: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10357: 10350: 10334: 10327: 10320: 10312: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10271: 10266: 10259: 10252: 10247: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10211: 10206: 10199: 10190: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10168: 10163: 10156: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10125: 10118: 10113: 10105: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10074: 10069: 10062: 10054: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10023: 10018: 10011: 10003: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9980: 9975: 9968: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9922: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9886: 9878: 9871: 9862: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9838: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9784: 9779: 9772: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9732: 9724: 9717: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9689: 9684: 9677: 9670: 9665: 9650: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9617: 9609: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9586: 9581: 9574: 9566: 9554: 9539: 9537:9780078021510 9533: 9529: 9525: 9524: 9516: 9501:on 8 May 2021 9497: 9490: 9483: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9447: 9442: 9435: 9426: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9410:(3): 427–31. 9409: 9405: 9401: 9394: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9356:(3): 181–99. 9355: 9351: 9344: 9337: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9301: 9296: 9289: 9281: 9268: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9230: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9200:(2): 173–95. 9199: 9195: 9194: 9189: 9182: 9180: 9172: 9167: 9165: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9108: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9064: 9059: 9052: 9045: 9040: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9012: 9007: 9000: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8956: 8951: 8944: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8900: 8895: 8888: 8873: 8866: 8851: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8810: 8801: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8787: 8782: 8775: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8739: 8731: 8724: 8708: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8672: 8665: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8619: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8583: 8578: 8571: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8506: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8465: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8441: 8426: 8419: 8404: 8400: 8399: 8391: 8383: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8324: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8243: 8235: 8228: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8199: 8192: 8184: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8161: 8156: 8149: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8093: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8037: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7993: 7985: 7978: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7947: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7903: 7898: 7891: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7830: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7686: 7678: 7671: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7650: 7645: 7626: 7619: 7614: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7560: 7558: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7468: 7460: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7417: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7322: 7317: 7310: 7303: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7280: 7273: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7210: 7208: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7179: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7143: 7136: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7026: 7015: 7011: 7004: 7003: 6995: 6977: 6970: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6939: 6931: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6889: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6843: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6801:Geomorphology 6797: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6747: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6627: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6562: 6553: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6519: 6510: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6491: 6484: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6436: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6393: 6384: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6343: 6336: 6321: 6320: 6312: 6306: 6291: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6163:(1–2): 3–22. 6162: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6129: 6125: 6120: 6119:11577/3315165 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6085: 6079:, p. 17. 6078: 6077:Simonson 1957 6073: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6027: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5976: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5885: 5877: 5861: 5857: 5855:9781405197700 5851: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5834: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5781: 5763: 5757: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5635:(5): 385‒90. 5634: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5617: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5467:(1): e87217. 5466: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5449: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5419:(3): 240‒45. 5418: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5401: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5291: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5221: 5214: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5145: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5083: 5076: 5069: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5024: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4952: 4944: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4911: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4798: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4744: 4737: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4694: 4692: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4659: 4652: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4560: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4508: 4504: 4502:9781292039398 4498: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4481: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4457: 4448: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4388: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4264: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4112: 4111:John Woodward 4107: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4094:forest litter 4091: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3979: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3955:pre-Columbian 3952: 3948: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3894:unsustainable 3891: 3890:termite mound 3887: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3832:tile drainage 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3803:sedimentation 3800: 3799:water quality 3796: 3792: 3788: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3770:flow and the 3769: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3753:Loess Plateau 3750: 3749:Yangtze River 3746: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3693:deforestation 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3641: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3601: 3598: 3597:microplastics 3593: 3590: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3522:contamination 3516:Contamination 3513: 3511: 3510:tree canopies 3507: 3506:Deforestation 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3478:contamination 3475: 3471: 3464:Acidification 3461: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3446:contamination 3443: 3442:acidification 3439: 3436:to function. 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3309: 3308:horticultural 3304: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3291:use soil for 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3202:), bacteria, 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3132:road building 3129: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041:pedoturbation 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2979:actinomycetes 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2943:hemicellulose 2940: 2897: 2889:Plant residue 2886: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718:soil food web 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2686:decomposition 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2654: 2643: 2640: 2632: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2604: 2601:This section 2599: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2215:(phosphates) 2182: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2039: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1969: 1959: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1904:9.5 − 3.5 = 6 1896: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1870: 1860: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1565: 1558: 1549: 1547: 1546:organic acids 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1471: 1468: 1467:hydroxylation 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1304:. While most 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290:Enchytraeidae 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1184: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1116: 1104: 1101: 1089: 1083: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1032:Subirrigation 1029: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 997: 996:wilting point 993: 989: 985: 984:water content 979: 978:Soil moisture 972:Soil moisture 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 954:soil horizons 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 868: 862: 852: 848: 845: 841: 837: 833: 832:higher plants 830: 826: 825:cyanobacteria 822: 819: 813: 811: 807: 806:soil horizons 803: 799: 795: 791: 785: 779: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 730: 728: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 683:Soils supply 681: 679: 675: 671: 670:precipitation 667: 662: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 626: 621: 617: 615: 611: 607: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 491: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 448: 446: 445:nitrous oxide 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 398:heterotrophic 395: 391: 387: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 355:water quality 352: 348: 344: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 247: 245: 241: 238: 237:water storage 234: 231: 230: 229: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 202: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 171: 169: 165: 161: 160:connectedness 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 116: 112: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 52: 48: 45:developed in 44: 39: 33: 19: 20630:Horticulture 20575: / 20449:Exploitation 20334:Conservation 20277:Desalination 20212: 20105:conservation 19940:Biodiversity 19888:conservation 19882: 19735:Agricultural 19663:Fossil fuels 19478:Biogeography 19473:Hydrogeology 19463:Soil science 19443:Geochemistry 19202:Infiltration 19130:Cut and fill 19073:Soil nailing 18939:Permeability 18904:Bulk density 18827: 18621:Inclinometer 18544:Ram sounding 18429: 18249: 18242: 18235: 18228: 18221: 18214: 18097:Biogeography 18092:Hydrogeology 18067:Geochemistry 17989:Applications 17885:Martian soil 17313:Soil horizon 17286:Soil texture 17261:Soil quality 17217:Soil sealing 17190:Soil erosion 17162: 17118:Soil physics 17113:Soil ecology 17108:Soil zoology 17098:Soil biology 17056:Soil science 17022: 16911:. Retrieved 16907:the original 16902: 16884: 16877: 16865:. Retrieved 16861:the original 16843: 16829: 16828:Logan, W.B. 16803: 16789: 16769: 16756:Soil-Net.com 16663: 16650:. Retrieved 16619: 16610:Bibliography 16602: 16594:free content 16586: 16570:19 September 16568:. Retrieved 16562: 16555: 16542: 16536: 16524:. Retrieved 16517:the original 16508: 16501: 16491:19 September 16489:. Retrieved 16480: 16473: 16466:Kellogg 1957 16461: 16451:19 September 16449:. Retrieved 16444: 16438: 16428: 16418:19 September 16416:. Retrieved 16407: 16400: 16390:19 September 16388:. Retrieved 16383: 16379: 16369: 16357:. Retrieved 16353:the original 16348: 16338: 16333:, p. 4. 16331:Kellogg 1957 16313:19 September 16311:. Retrieved 16306: 16302: 16292: 16282:19 September 16280:. Retrieved 16274: 16267: 16257:19 September 16255:. Retrieved 16249: 16242: 16232:19 September 16230:. 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" 16547:Borntraeger 16526:15 December 16359:17 December 16228:(in French) 15818:: 146–154. 15363:5 September 15336:5 September 15292:5 September 15232:5 September 15179:5 September 15131:5 September 15068:5 September 15014:5 September 14949:5 September 14901:5 September 14815:(8): 3258. 14786:5 September 14676:: 282–298. 14647:5 September 14588:5 September 14540:5 September 13492:: 198–211. 12458:: 137–167. 12369:10261/82461 11790:(1): 1–10. 10728:17 December 10682:17 December 10636:17 December 10484:10 December 10441:Russel 1957 10141:(2): 142–46 9528:McGraw-Hill 8793:: 469–480. 8217:27 November 8138:13 November 8082:13 November 8026:13 November 7967:13 November 7936:13 November 7819:13 November 7765:13 November 7727:13 November 7603:13 November 7546:13 November 7406:13 November 6946:McGraw-Hill 6236:(1): 1‒24. 5964:17 December 5587:(1): 7‒20. 4966:(1): 5427. 4307:Agrophysics 4119:Jethro Tull 4048:Middle East 4040:Middle Ages 3963:Terra Preta 3959:Dark Earths 3866:fertilizers 3842:Reclamation 3812:water table 3717:cover crops 3689:overgrazing 3621:overgrazing 3589:Microfibres 3547:Remediation 3415:Degradation 3381:chlorinated 3361:groundwater 3357:rock strata 3324:raised bogs 3293:daily cover 3277:waste water 3269:septic tank 3228:restoration 3188:springtails 3120:hydroponics 3057:leaf litter 3037:radiocarbon 2785:Humic acids 2758:soil health 2756:crucial to 2669:metabolites 2572:wettability 1919:pre-adapted 1854:replaces Cl 1530:protonation 1511:fertilisers 1442:percolating 1337:corrosivity 1306:vertebrates 1235:Soil matrix 1044:capillarity 1028:groundwater 926:iron oxides 902:resistivity 894:temperature 738:nitric acid 666:dissolution 451:Composition 394:respiration 386:prokaryotic 336:soil carbon 214:hydrosphere 210:lithosphere 193:, although 187:Pleistocene 20614:Categories 20563:Extraction 20522:Wilderness 20483:accounting 20466:Management 20432:ecological 20420:tragedy of 20339:Peak water 20324:Efficiency 20297:Sanitation 20239:Stormwater 20232:harvesting 20208:Irrigation 20110:management 20068:gene banks 20009:management 19987:management 19903:resilience 19869:phosphorus 19825:industrial 19803:Management 19779:soundscape 19685:Geothermal 19345:Mitigation 19327:Shear wave 19312:Earthquake 19307:Compaction 19292:Permafrost 19283:Phenomena/ 19180:Geotextile 19105:Embankment 19095:Excavation 19032:Earthworks 18992:Vegetation 18987:Topography 18909:Thixotropy 18899:Void ratio 18882:Properties 18780:Hydrometer 18525:Piezometer 18445:Core drill 18283:Vegetation 18026:Soil value 17930:Stagnogley 17880:Lunar soil 17835:Dark earth 17820:Brickearth 17785:Pedosphere 17755:Soil crust 17563:Technosols 17548:Solonchaks 17468:Ferralsols 17433:Anthrosols 17308:Soil crust 17281:Soil color 17266:Soil value 17168:Pedosphere 17093:Edaphology 16923:Soil notes 16857:"97 Flood" 16706:Russell. " 16680:Kellogg. " 14880:1874/25682 14304:11383/8693 13432:: 105078. 13023:Ecosystems 12703:(2): 69–81 12571:"Horizons" 11899:Pedosphere 11097:: 57–134. 9472:29 January 9383:29 January 9326:29 January 9307:: 422–30. 9257:29 January 9219:29 January 9153:29 January 9097:29 January 9029:29 January 8989:15 January 8933:15 January 8877:15 January 8855:15 January 8764:15 January 8713:15 January 8679:15 January 8654:15 January 8608:15 January 8560:15 January 8430:15 January 8408:15 January 8313:15 January 8284:15 January 7963:(2): 75–78 7125:26 October 6454:: 216‒34. 4587:16 October 4383:References 4327:Lunar soil 4210:See also: 3957:Amazonian 3872:intensive 3807:Irrigation 3782:Salination 3677:weathering 3530:Soil biota 3528:material. 3458:salination 3408:metabolise 3384:pesticides 3375:, such as 3373:pollutants 3297:Composting 3279:relies on 3216:life cycle 3172:centipedes 3168:millipedes 3116:aquaponics 3112:aeroponics 3013:sand dunes 3004:deposits, 2977:fungi and 2882:decomposer 2878:topography 2874:soil gases 2766:earthworms 2714:arthropods 2629:April 2021 2617:relocating 2564:carboxylic 2505:molybdenum 2469:phosphorus 2403:Molybdenum 2177:Phosphorus 2134:O (water) 2042:See also: 1993:carbonates 1883:alkalinity 1701:Clay loams 1638:California 1616:New Jersey 1534:ionisation 1360:micrometer 1344:pollutants 1257:mineralogy 1255:, but the 1241:mineralogy 1163:turbulence 1048:salination 1042:) rely on 1010:sorptivity 964:and to be 962:infiltrate 930:carbonates 794:iron oxide 661:pore space 645:aggregates 641:flocculate 599:lithopedon 595:weathering 587:humus form 562:reactivity 539:Compaction 535:pore space 414:soil pores 338:turnover. 328:biological 282:and other 268:Edaphology 260:edaphology 220:, and the 218:atmosphere 206:pedosphere 152:weathering 20573:Renewable 20558:Depletion 20545:Conflict 20427:Economics 20405:enclosure 20364:Resources 20344:Pollution 20261:Watershed 20164:pollution 20095:Seed bank 20090:Rangeland 19972:Fisheries 19957:Biosphere 19950:biopiracy 19893:fertility 19769:cityscape 19764:Landscape 19671:peak coal 19658:Resources 19609:Emissions 19468:Hydrology 19448:Petrology 19336:analysis 19334:Landslide 19239:Mechanics 19150:Track bed 19135:Fill dirt 19120:Terracing 18693:Trial pit 18508:Statnamic 18493:Load test 18312:Petrichor 18087:Hydrology 18072:Petrology 18016:Soil test 17915:Quicksand 17860:Fill dirt 17800:Bulk soil 17646:Vertisols 17636:Spodosols 17626:Mollisols 17616:Histosols 17601:Aridisols 17573:Vertisols 17568:Umbrisols 17558:Stagnosol 17523:Planosols 17518:Phaeozems 17498:Leptosols 17483:Gypsisols 17473:Fluvisols 17453:Chernozem 17448:Cambisols 17443:Calcisols 17438:Arenosols 17362:Soil type 17251:Soil life 16913:7 January 16732:Russel. " 16673:704186906 16386:: 123–143 16309:: 196–230 15390:: 78–87. 15063:0341-8162 15001:129355387 14831:2071-1050 14700:0048-9697 14492:29 August 14451:29 August 14420:29 August 14372:22 August 14367:129416733 14318:22 August 14252:22 August 14196:22 August 14161:CiteSeerX 14121:22 August 13910:22 August 13884:22 August 13838:22 August 13807:22 August 13740:22 August 13708:0804.1126 13665:15 August 13617:15 August 13575:15 August 13519:15 August 13456:0160-4120 13403:15 August 13257:15 August 13222:CiteSeerX 12901:131032169 12547:CRC Press 12319:3 October 11800:CiteSeerX 11332:CiteSeerX 11256:CiteSeerX 11062:205246638 10593:Dean 1957 10523:CiteSeerX 10429:Dean 1957 9800:CiteSeerX 9563:ignored ( 9553:cite book 9523:Chemistry 9126:: 85–90. 8962:: 35–47. 8364:0027-8424 7364:Oecologia 7296:9 October 7266:9 October 6726:128498195 6718:0022-1376 6128:197555747 4990:2041-1723 4889:CiteSeerX 4572:Routledge 4098:assarting 4060:fallowing 4004:Columella 3910:kilograms 3898:bentonite 3870:irrigated 3854:smectites 3822:involves 3795:corrosion 3776:sand boil 3764:sink hole 3722:dust bowl 3575:vineyards 3534:enzymatic 3440:involves 3390:), oils ( 3289:landfills 3196:nematodes 3065:O horizon 3045:paleosols 2975:white rot 2939:Cellulose 2793:aliphatic 2778:chelating 2774:weak acid 2770:colloidal 2745:O horizon 2741:A horizon 2737:grassland 2730:histosols 2706:nematodes 2511:(Ni) and 2485:magnesium 2473:potassium 2370:Manganese 2308:Magnesium 2220:Potassium 2088:Nutrients 1972:Buffering 1915:manganese 1911:aluminium 1887:hydronium 1842:replaces 1830:replaces 1801:phosphate 1734:Kaolinite 1463:Hydroxyls 1356:nanometer 1320:Chemistry 1310:fossorial 1302:arachnids 1219:petrichor 1198:volatiles 1155:structure 1135:diffusion 1103:buffering 1100:carbonate 882:structure 829:epilithic 810:regoliths 798:carbonate 772:Formation 709:organisms 689:nutrients 583:humipedon 554:structure 477:saprolite 475:; C is a 471:; B is a 347:nutrients 300:ecosystem 290:Processes 226:functions 222:biosphere 168:ecosystem 89:organisms 20599:Category 20532:Resource 20471:adaptive 20369:improved 20329:Conflict 20314:Security 20309:Scarcity 20302:improved 20292:Leaching 20169:recharge 20149:Drinking 20100:Wildlife 19967:Bushmeat 19962:Bushfood 19915:planning 19820:gemstone 19815:Minerals 19796:property 19784:viewshed 19774:seascape 19705:sunlight 19679:peak oil 19675:peak gas 19498:Agrology 19387:software 19285:problems 19115:Causeway 19090:Landfill 19017:Subgrade 18934:Porosity 18929:Cohesion 18268:Land use 18261:See also 18117:Agrology 17900:Paleosol 17815:Blue goo 17770:Gypcrust 17641:Ultisols 17611:Gelisols 17606:Entisols 17596:Andisols 17591:Alfisols 17553:Solonetz 17543:Retisols 17538:Regosols 17513:Nitisols 17508:Luvisols 17503:Lixisols 17488:Histosol 17478:Gleysols 17463:Durisols 17458:Cryosols 17428:Andosols 17418:Acrisols 17328:Soil gas 17088:Pedology 16932:Archived 16832:(1995). 16759:Archived 16110:12805882 15960:(1864). 15848:52168678 15840:30176434 15784:26608101 15776:11302125 15720:96896374 15585:Archived 15562:(2010). 15499:18049595 15357:Archived 15323:. 1993. 15283:Archived 14888:17851524 14735:23 March 14708:29709848 14583:11409985 14313:19068820 14247:19232804 14187:Archived 14183:19012994 14083:19647911 14024:16525463 13973:22768100 13932:PLoS ONE 13859:Geoderma 13832:Archived 13794:15192216 13735:14890013 13660:16701446 13570:11235891 13464:31400601 13327:31396245 13206:Geoderma 13188:8 August 13183:94900982 13091:8 August 13002:1 August 12954:1 August 12906:1 August 12850:1 August 12799:1 August 12753:1 August 12707:1 August 12673:1 August 12652:Geoderma 12631:1 August 12585:1 August 12579:Archived 12472:55212899 12424:40927739 12340:Geoderma 12271:24614647 12230:PLOS ONE 12183:Geoderma 12157:73640995 12016:18811620 11822:98176725 11721:54213404 11662:13552710 11603:23179622 11497:45102095 11423:Elsevier 11372:Springer 11282:Archived 11278:44160220 11054:26595271 11002:93834812 10953:45102095 10803:Archived 10799:11936877 10791:17789193 10580:14757584 10311:10097044 10104:16658143 10053:16653803 10002:16510516 9932:Geoderma 9822:44160220 9756:28847136 9608:97507578 9467:52972476 9252:91359494 9148:28600926 8980:Archived 8928:21090742 8850:12462516 8709:: 83–102 8649:94333872 8603:97507578 8555:97428106 8505:10097044 8382:37549278 8373:10437432 8275:Archived 8271:16826314 8183:24689847 8077:26647480 8013:19875278 7931:14509047 7923:25773975 7882:12684534 7814:30214059 7722:25691034 7598:18442559 7500:12651534 7459:16653979 7393:15378342 7344:33874575 7240:25639544 7196:7 August 7168:7 August 7116:Archived 7112:30045538 7063:7 August 6984:24 April 6959:24 April 6950:Archived 6920:24 April 6899:Geoderma 6878:21 March 6832:24 April 6781:16918551 6736:24 April 6669:24463576 6616:24 April 6611:18220447 6603:14605363 6473:24 April 6425:24 April 6405:Elsevier 6347:18 April 6325:18 April 6295:18 April 6255:18 April 6209:18 April 6182:18 April 6157:Geoderma 6133:18 April 6062:18 April 6016:18 April 5934:18 April 5907:10 April 5890:. Rome: 5866:10 April 5823:10 April 5770:10 April 5746:10 April 5700:10 April 5654:10 April 5606:10 April 5601:94252768 5501:24489873 5460:PLOS ONE 5438:10 April 5433:12057676 5390:10 April 5385:17779069 5336:10 April 5327:Archived 5267:43955196 5193:35007042 5185:15662396 5121:16525463 5056:11833898 5008:33110065 4927:Archived 4859:Archived 4833:27 March 4824:Archived 4810:Springer 4778:Archived 4758:: 1–20. 4671:Archived 4636:18251180 4513:27 March 4437:27 March 4428:Archived 4406:Elsevier 4341:Red soil 4260:See also 4088:such as 4056:agronomy 3994:Xenophon 3947:charcoal 3828:flushing 3681:sediment 3625:firewood 3592:washed. 3579:orchards 3555:leaching 3538:toxicity 3404:sulfates 3398:, zinc, 3338:Geophagy 3313:sphagnum 3200:protists 3164:woodlice 3108:pedology 3033:land use 3021:sediment 3006:moraines 2998:entisols 2985:Horizons 2963:polymers 2953:behind. 2846:Charcoal 2808:proteins 2797:aromatic 2762:termites 2710:annelids 2702:protozoa 2541:feldspar 2513:chlorine 2465:nitrogen 2457:hydrogen 2425:Chlorine 2231:Nitrogen 2124:Hydrogen 2059:biofilms 2016:, Ca(OH) 2007:ammonium 1944:chelates 1784:100–300 1718:over 30 1627:Illinois 1352:colloids 1294:Isoptera 1269:microbes 1203:Biogenic 1159:porosity 1088:soil gas 1082:Soil gas 1076:Soil gas 1006:adhesion 958:aeration 932:, clay, 890:porosity 836:basaltic 750:bacteria 734:nitrogen 724:hydrogen 705:absorbed 701:adsorbed 697:colloids 674:leaching 655:), etc. 473:regolith 410:aeration 375:habitats 276:regolith 272:Pedology 264:pedology 191:Cenozoic 77:minerals 20400:Commons 20389:Related 20354:Quality 20270:Aspects 20196:glacial 20137:Aquifer 20043:Pasture 19994:Forests 19920:reserve 19695:Nuclear 19665: ( 19621:Trading 19616:Airshed 19438:Geology 19410:SVSlope 19220:Shallow 19140:Grading 19078:Tieback 19022:Subsoil 19012:Bedrock 19002:Topsoil 18997:Terrain 18790:R-value 18753:testing 18503:Dynamic 18430:in situ 18428:Field ( 18345: 18147:(India) 18062:Geology 17850:Eluvium 17810:Bay mud 17775:Caliche 17765:Hardpan 17760:Claypan 17750:Subsoil 17745:Topsoil 17631:Oxisols 17533:Podzols 17423:Alisols 17411:(1998–) 17234:Soil pH 17067:History 16719:Dean. " 16583:Sources 16101:6084271 15820:Bibcode 15756:Bibcode 15700:Bibcode 15438:Bibcode 15392:Bibcode 15210:Bibcode 15162:Bibcode 15102:Bibcode 15043:Bibcode 14981:Bibcode 14932:Bibcode 14896:4411922 14860:Bibcode 14769:Bibcode 14678:Bibcode 14622:Bibcode 14523:Bibcode 14403:Bibcode 14347:Bibcode 14283:Bibcode 14227:Bibcode 14153:Bibcode 14075:9270729 14032:4404915 14002:Bibcode 13964:3387254 13941:Bibcode 13867:Bibcode 13802:8574723 13774:Bibcode 13765:Science 13713:Bibcode 13550:Bibcode 13494:Bibcode 13434:Bibcode 13386:Bibcode 13318:6668597 13214:Bibcode 13163:Bibcode 13122:Bibcode 13074:Bibcode 13031:Bibcode 12985:Bibcode 12937:Bibcode 12881:Bibcode 12833:Bibcode 12782:Bibcode 12736:Bibcode 12656:Bibcode 12614:Bibcode 12523:25 July 12506:Bibcode 12477:25 July 12429:25 July 12404:Bibcode 12375:25 July 12348:Bibcode 12300:Bibcode 12262:3948733 12239:Bibcode 12208:18 July 12191:Bibcode 12162:18 July 12137:Bibcode 12091:Bibcode 12062:18 July 12045:Bibcode 11971:18 July 11954:Bibcode 11925:18 July 11908:Bibcode 11877:18 July 11872:6930871 11852:Bibcode 11792:Bibcode 11767:18 July 11734:18 July 11675:11 July 11670:4193782 11642:Bibcode 11608:11 July 11594:3546294 11550:11 July 11533:Bibcode 11502:11 July 11477:Bibcode 11446:11 July 11395:11 July 11305:11 July 11248:Bibcode 11147:Bibcode 11034:Bibcode 10980:Bibcode 10931:Bibcode 10843:Bibcode 10771:Bibcode 10762:Science 10711:Bibcode 10665:Bibcode 10515:Bibcode 10464:Pearson 10390:21 June 10339:20 June 10279:Bibcode 10236:20 June 10219:Bibcode 10176:Bibcode 10145:13 June 9957:13 June 9940:Bibcode 9911:13 June 9894:Bibcode 9827:13 June 9792:Bibcode 9761:13 June 9736:Bibcode 9706:13 June 9654:13 June 9412:Bibcode 9378:4505438 9358:Bibcode 9309:Bibcode 9214:8562338 9128:Bibcode 9092:4301023 9072:Bibcode 8976:3330737 8908:Bibcode 8828:Bibcode 8747:Bibcode 8535:Bibcode 8473:Bibcode 8342:Bibcode 8251:Bibcode 8133:6840457 8113:Bibcode 8057:Bibcode 7850:Bibcode 7794:Bibcode 7694:Bibcode 7578:Bibcode 7529:Bibcode 7401:6161016 7373:Bibcode 7092:Bibcode 7046:Bibcode 6903:Bibcode 6861:Bibcode 6810:Bibcode 6698:Bibcode 6660:4041228 6583:Bibcode 6574:Science 6539:Bibcode 6456:Bibcode 6280:Pearson 6238:Bibcode 6165:Bibcode 6045:Bibcode 5801:Bibcode 5729:Bibcode 5683:Bibcode 5637:Bibcode 5562:9618454 5530:Bibcode 5492:3905020 5469:Bibcode 5377:9602276 5311:Bibcode 5280:3 April 5237:Bibcode 5203:3 April 5165:Bibcode 5134:3 April 5129:4404915 5099:Bibcode 5061:3 April 5013:3 April 4999:7591914 4968:Bibcode 4933:3 April 4865:3 April 4787:3 April 4760:Bibcode 4726:3 April 4680:3 April 4641:3 April 4616:Bibcode 4493:Pearson 4188:legumes 4130:combust 4072:terroir 4066:within 4064:meadows 4034:to the 4020:alfalfa 3967:charred 3951:biochar 3940:compost 3772:subsoil 3713:terrace 3657:Erosion 3644:Erosion 3629:drought 3494:leached 3482:cations 3454:erosion 3400:cadmium 3369:viruses 3346:foliage 3342:monkeys 3273:aerobic 3239:lichens 3220:insects 3204:archaea 2870:thawing 2858:biochar 2665:biomass 2545:apatite 2533:primary 2481:calcium 2286:Calcium 2145:O, OH, 2098:Element 1879:acidity 1869:Soil pH 1797:nitrate 1773:80–150 1762:60–100 1660:Florida 1649:Alabama 1594:Florida 1438:buffers 1400:cations 1388:cations 1298:insects 1273:animals 1223:geosmin 1058:in situ 1016:avoids 878:texture 821:lichens 742:ammonia 720:soil pH 653:acidity 637:abiotic 591:copedon 589:), the 558:density 550:texture 481:bedrock 469:topsoil 437:methane 402:tillage 199:Archean 156:erosion 140:climate 85:liquids 69:mixture 67:, is a 18:Earthen 20410:global 20374:policy 20319:Supply 20282:Floods 20249:Sewage 20222:Marine 20214:huerta 20048:Plants 20038:Meadow 19898:health 19876:rights 19864:copper 19842:mining 19740:arable 19640:Energy 19580:Indoor 19420:Plaxis 19415:UTEXAS 19405:SVFlux 19395:SEEP2D 19247:Forces 19100:Trench 19048:Gabion 18858:Gravel 18498:Static 18334: 17960:Yedoma 17895:Muskeg 17003:(wiki) 16867:8 July 16836: 16810: 16796: 16776: 16736:". 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In 16671: 16652:27 May 16631: 16169: 16108: 16098: 15993: 15885: 15846: 15838: 15782: 15774: 15718: 15497: 15430:Catena 15327: 15061: 15035:Catena 14999: 14894: 14886: 14851:Nature 14829: 14706: 14698: 14581: 14365: 14311: 14245: 14181: 14163: 14081: 14073: 14030: 14022: 13993:Nature 13971: 13961: 13800: 13792: 13733: 13658: 13608: 13568: 13462: 13454: 13378:Catena 13352: 13325: 13315: 13224: 13181: 12899: 12774:Catena 12728:Catena 12553: 12498:Catena 12470: 12422: 12269: 12259: 12155: 12014: 11870: 11820: 11802: 11719: 11668: 11660: 11633:Nature 11601: 11591: 11495: 11437: 11386: 11334: 11276: 11258: 11212:4 July 11195: 11164:4 July 11118:4 July 11109: 11067:4 July 11060: 11052: 11025:Nature 11000: 10951: 10900:4 July 10860:4 July 10812:4 July 10797: 10789: 10627: 10578: 10525: 10470: 10381: 10309: 10299: 10102: 10095:366111 10092: 10051: 10044:438054 10041: 10000: 9820: 9802: 9754: 9645: 9606: 9543:6 June 9534: 9505:6 June 9465: 9376: 9300:Carbon 9250: 9212: 9146: 9090: 9063:Nature 8974: 8926: 8848: 8647: 8601: 8553: 8503: 8493: 8380: 8370: 8362: 8269: 8181: 8131: 8075: 8011: 7929: 7921: 7880: 7873:153657 7870: 7812: 7720: 7640:and CO 7596: 7498: 7457: 7450:437214 7447: 7399: 7391: 7342: 7238: 7110: 6779: 6724: 6716: 6667: 6657: 6609: 6601: 6411: 6286: 6230:Catena 6126: 6011:297400 6009: 5898: 5852: 5599: 5560: 5550: 5499: 5489: 5431: 5383: 5375: 5265: 5191: 5183: 5156:Nature 5127: 5119: 5090:Nature 5068:soils. 5054: 5006: 4996: 4988: 4891: 4816: 4712: 4634: 4578: 4547: 4499: 4468: 4420: 4234:Saxony 4016:clover 3671:, and 3486:sodium 3371:) and 3350:fruits 3267:treat 3243:mosses 3234:plan. 3212:plants 3176:snails 3025:pollen 2967:pectin 2955:Starch 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2834:tannin 2804:Lignin 2509:nickel 2507:(Mo), 2503:(Zn), 2499:(Cu), 2497:copper 2491:(Fe), 2487:(Mg), 2483:(Ca), 2477:sulfur 2461:oxygen 2453:carbon 2445:, and 2381:Copper 2265:Sulfur 2139:Oxygen 2109:Carbon 2101:Symbol 2080:, and 1751:25–40 1745:Illite 1707:15–30 1663:100.8 1583:State 1515:potash 1420:anions 1341:absorb 1277:plants 1068:), or 988:weight 942:stable 934:silica 912:, and 898:colour 876:, are 802:gypsum 800:, and 713:buffer 685:plants 633:biotic 612:, and 524: 518: 512: 506: 500: 494: 433:oxygen 371:niches 216:, the 212:, the 144:relief 124:porous 97:plants 87:, and 20553:Curse 20359:Right 20201:polar 20191:bergs 20154:Fresh 20122:Water 19835:metal 19759:Field 19710:shade 19700:Solar 19690:Hydro 19575:Index 19400:STABL 18873:Loess 18836:Types 17940:Takir 17875:Loess 17072:Index 16520:(PDF) 16513:(PDF) 16222:(PDF) 15844:S2CID 15780:S2CID 15716:S2CID 15665:(PDF) 15654:(PDF) 15588:(PDF) 15573:(2). 15567:(PDF) 15495:S2CID 15475:(PDF) 15313:(PDF) 15286:(PDF) 15279:(PDF) 15088:(PDF) 15008:(PDF) 14997:S2CID 14969:(PDF) 14892:S2CID 14755:(PDF) 14641:(PDF) 14608:(PDF) 14486:(PDF) 14471:(PDF) 14363:S2CID 14190:(PDF) 14141:(PDF) 14079:S2CID 14028:S2CID 13798:S2CID 13760:(PDF) 13731:S2CID 13703:arXiv 13689:(PDF) 13513:(PDF) 13482:(PDF) 13374:(PDF) 13179:S2CID 12897:S2CID 12819:(PDF) 12693:(PDF) 12468:S2CID 12420:S2CID 12153:S2CID 12123:(PDF) 11868:S2CID 11840:(PDF) 11818:S2CID 11728:(PDF) 11717:S2CID 11695:(PDF) 11666:S2CID 11628:(PDF) 11493:S2CID 11364:(PDF) 11300:(PDF) 11274:S2CID 11206:(PDF) 11189:(PDF) 11058:S2CID 11020:(PDF) 10998:S2CID 10949:S2CID 10806:(PDF) 10795:S2CID 10613:(PDF) 10359:(PDF) 10329:(PDF) 10302:34275 9880:(PDF) 9818:S2CID 9726:(PDF) 9604:S2CID 9499:(PDF) 9492:(PDF) 9463:S2CID 9374:S2CID 9346:(PDF) 9248:S2CID 9210:S2CID 9088:S2CID 8983:(PDF) 8972:S2CID 8846:S2CID 8733:(PDF) 8699:(PDF) 8674:(PDF) 8645:S2CID 8599:S2CID 8551:S2CID 8523:(PDF) 8496:34275 8278:(PDF) 8267:S2CID 8237:(PDF) 8201:(PDF) 8129:S2CID 8073:S2CID 8020:(PDF) 7987:(PDF) 7927:S2CID 7810:S2CID 7718:S2CID 7680:(PDF) 7594:S2CID 7397:S2CID 7236:S2CID 7145:(PDF) 7119:(PDF) 7108:S2CID 7017:(PDF) 7006:(PDF) 6979:(PDF) 6953:(PDF) 6942:(PDF) 6853:Flora 6722:S2CID 6607:S2CID 6314:(PDF) 6153:(PDF) 6124:S2CID 6007:S2CID 5987:(PDF) 5888:(PDF) 5765:(PDF) 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