426:
444:
854:
863:
890:
841:). However, more recent numerical simulations made in 2011 indicated that even in the absence of the Moon, Earth's obliquity might not be quite so unstable; varying only by about 20–25°. To resolve this contradiction, diffusion rate of obliquity has been calculated, and it was found that it takes more than billions of years for Earth's obliquity to reach near 90°. The Moon's stabilizing effect will continue for less than two billion years. As the Moon continues to recede from Earth due to
373:
38:
3049:
3073:
3025:
3061:
3037:
893:
49:: if the fingers of the right hand are curled in the direction of the rotation then the thumb points to the positive pole. The axial tilt is defined as the angle between the direction of the positive pole and the normal to the orbital plane. The angles for Earth, Uranus, and Venus are approximately 23°, 97°, and 177° respectively.
896:
895:
891:
897:
968:
The occasional shifts in the axial tilt of Mars have been suggested as an explanation for the appearance and disappearance of rivers and lakes over the course of the existence of Mars. A shift could cause a burst of methane into the atmosphere, causing warming, but then the methane would be destroyed
894:
920:
may have had large variations of their obliquity in the past. Since obliquity is the angle between the axis of rotation and the direction perpendicular to the orbital plane, it changes as the orbital plane changes due to the influence of other planets. But the axis of rotation can also move
925:), due to torque exerted by the Sun on a planet's equatorial bulge. Like Earth, all of the rocky planets show axial precession. If the precession rate were very fast the obliquity would actually remain fairly constant even as the orbital plane changes. The rate varies due to
871:
Long-term obliquity of the ecliptic. Left: for the past 5 million years; the obliquity varies only from about 22.0° to 24.5°. Right: for the next 1 million years; note the approx. 41,000-year period of variation. In both graphs, the red point represents the year
1520:, it has been made possible to determine and estimate the obliquity of an extrasolar planet. The rotational flattening of the planet and the entourage of moons and/or rings, which are traceable with high-precision photometry provide access to planetary obliquity,
1739:
Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, B. A.; a'Hearn, M. F.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L.; Krasinsky, G. A.; Neumann, G.; Oberst, J.; Stooke, P.; Tedesco, E. F.; Tholen, D. J.; Thomas, P. C.; Williams, I. P. (2007).
941:
may cause large changes in obliquity. The amplitude of the contribution having one of the resonant rates is divided by the difference between the resonant rate and the precession rate, so it becomes large when the two are similar.
964:
of the planets. Some authors dispute that Mars's obliquity is chaotic, and show that tidal dissipation and viscous core-mantle coupling are adequate for it to have reached a fully damped state, similar to
Mercury and Venus.
892:
1497:, i.e. the axial tilt of a star with respect to the orbital plane of one of its planets, has been determined for only a few systems. By 2012, 49 stars have had sky-projected spin-orbit misalignment
399:) will be directed away from the Sun at one side of the orbit, and half an orbit later (half a year later) this pole will be directed towards the Sun. This is the cause of Earth's
2227:
826:
has a stabilizing effect on Earth's obliquity. Frequency map analysis conducted in 1993 suggested that, in the absence of the Moon, the obliquity could change rapidly due to
2325:
2376:
960:'s obliquity is quite variable over millions of years and may be in a chaotic state; it varies as much as 0° to 60° over some millions of years, depending on
3105:
600:
JPL's fundamental ephemerides have been continually updated. For instance, according to IAU resolution in 2006 in favor of the P03 astronomical model, the
2803:
5615:
262:
Earth currently has an axial tilt of about 23.44°. This value remains about the same relative to a stationary orbital plane throughout the cycles of
2613:
Correia, Alexandre C.M; Laskar, Jacques (2009). "Mercury's capture into the 3/2 spin-orbit resonance including the effect of core-mantle friction".
751:
obliquity, that is, the obliquity free from short-term variations. Periodic motions of the Moon and of Earth in its orbit cause much smaller (9.2
3439:
541:
380:. Northern hemisphere summer occurs at the right side of this diagram, where the north pole (red) is directed toward the Sun, winter at the left.
316:, it was widely believed that both precession and Earth's obliquity oscillated around a mean value, with a period of 672 years, an idea known as
138:. This causes one pole to be pointed more toward the Sun on one side of the orbit, and more away from the Sun on the other side—the cause of the
1722:
1673:
5470:
4377:
3257:
411:
when the north pole is directed toward the Sun. Variations in Earth's axial tilt can influence the seasons and is likely a factor in long-term
4007:
2596:
96:
At an obliquity of 0 degrees, the two axes point in the same direction; that is, the rotational axis is perpendicular to the orbital plane.
3166:
952:
have most likely been stabilized by the tidal dissipation of the Sun. Earth was stabilized by the Moon, as mentioned above, but before its
2735:
772:
387:'s axis remains tilted in the same direction with reference to the background stars throughout a year (regardless of where it is in its
5321:
4503:
3232:
1548:
around low-mass stars tend to be eroded in less than 10 years, which means that they would not have tilt-induced seasons as Earth has.
4888:
4383:
3098:
2268:
17:
4924:
1472:
NASA lists the coordinates of Pluto's positive pole; noted values have been reinterpreted to correspond to the north/negative pole.
1780:
4156:
3114:
376:
The axis of Earth remains oriented in the same direction with reference to the background stars regardless of where it is in its
305:
of
Baghdad directed his astronomers to measure the obliquity, and the result was used in the Arab world for many years. In 1437,
3911:
3932:
3682:
2178:
2029:
1790:
1610:
884:
197:
for the purpose of determining orientation. Using this convention, Venus is tilted 177° ("upside down") and rotates prograde.
3091:
2286:
5560:
4457:
3636:
5555:
5463:
5362:
5347:
4426:
3819:
3581:
3753:
795:, and hence its obliquity, have been investigated. For the past 5 million years, Earth's obliquity has varied between
326:
in the fourteenth century and the first to realize that the obliquity is decreasing at a relatively constant rate was
5550:
5535:
5520:
3783:
3773:
2343:
412:
167:
2103:
Laskar, J. (1986). "Erratum: Secular terms of classical planetary theories using the results of general theory".
4854:
4496:
3641:
3576:
1781:
U.S. Naval
Observatory Nautical Almanac Office; U.K. Hydrographic Office; H.M. Nautical Almanac Office (2008).
1513:
660:
These expressions for the obliquity are intended for high precision over a relatively short time span, perhaps
483:
5575:
5456:
3692:
831:
270:, and the obliquity of the ecliptic is not a fixed quantity. At present, it is decreasing at a rate of about
159:
741:
594:
343:
5540:
4631:
3809:
3717:
3596:
2905:
Heller, R.; Leconte, J.; Barnes, R. (2011). "Habitability of
Extrasolar Planets and Tidal Spin Evolution".
1577:
70:
3181:
2850:
Heller, R.; Leconte, J.; Barnes, R. (2011). "Tidal obliquity evolution of potentially habitable planets".
2000:
5605:
5352:
4372:
4251:
4125:
3171:
471:
increases, and from these ephemerides various astronomical values, including the obliquity, are derived.
154:, defined in relation to the direction of Earth's north pole, and the other way is based on the planet's
2083:
Laskar, J. (1986). "Secular terms of classical planetary theories using the results of general theory".
5666:
5620:
5590:
5495:
4576:
3626:
3616:
3237:
3127:
3015:
2852:
2828:
2196:
3247:
1691:
1642:
5595:
4831:
4661:
4489:
3893:
3474:
3358:
1829:
534:
82:
2003:
Explanatory
Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris and the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac
5515:
5304:
4636:
3707:
3601:
3479:
3242:
3202:
961:
396:
267:
4787:
3697:
2547:
2393:
Li, Gongjie; Batygin, Konstantin (20 July 2014). "On the Spin-axis
Dynamics of a Moonless Earth".
2068:
1963:
330:
in 1538. The first accurate, modern, western observations of the obliquity were probably those of
5610:
5342:
5314:
4626:
3712:
3661:
3323:
3313:
3252:
1891:
590:
464:
318:
217:
803:, with a mean period of 41,040 years. This cycle is a combination of precession and the largest
150:
There are two standard methods of specifying a planet's tilt. One way is based on the planet's
5064:
5054:
4130:
4090:
3904:
3845:
3804:
3631:
3611:
3530:
3408:
2976:"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006"
2006:
1912:
1742:"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006"
1517:
2686:
1640:
1458:
From the origin of the radio emissions; the visible clouds generally rotate at different rate.
5505:
5500:
5309:
5299:
5130:
5049:
4846:
4686:
4397:
4191:
4105:
3778:
3591:
3560:
3505:
3293:
756:
545:
460:
455:
The exact angular value of the obliquity is found by observation of the motions of Earth and
322:
of the equinoxes. Perhaps the first to realize this was incorrect (during historic time) was
207:
2875:
2209:
2116:
2096:
937:
interaction, among other things. When a planet's precession rate approaches certain values,
5337:
5246:
5140:
4571:
4416:
4390:
4231:
4201:
3606:
3586:
3277:
3176:
3161:
2987:
2924:
2871:
2711:
2632:
2564:
2504:
2457:
2412:
2360:
2301:
2244:
2205:
2112:
2092:
2064:
1856:
1753:
1706:
1657:
906:
552:. Obliquity based on DE200, which analyzed observations from 1911 to 1979, was calculated:
549:
479:
425:
3083:
2687:"Methane bursts as a trigger for intermittent lake-forming climates on post-Noachian Mars"
8:
5661:
5580:
5570:
5479:
5185:
5135:
4908:
4882:
4776:
4711:
4691:
4357:
4196:
4176:
4110:
4095:
3966:
3925:
3646:
3621:
3308:
3227:
3077:
1562:
778:
468:
417:
408:
213:
90:
5266:
3272:
2991:
2928:
2715:
2636:
2568:
2508:
2461:
2416:
2364:
2305:
2248:
2058:
1957:
1885:
1860:
1757:
1710:
1661:
5510:
5100:
5029:
4868:
4566:
4421:
4362:
4040:
3992:
3850:
3403:
3197:
3065:
3053:
3008:
2948:
2914:
2887:
2861:
2751:
2727:
2701:
2648:
2622:
2588:
2528:
2428:
2402:
2317:
2260:
1541:
926:
842:
755:) short-period (about 18.6 years) oscillations of the rotation axis of Earth, known as
4931:
2667:
2143:
1906:
1718:
1669:
5640:
5357:
5278:
5211:
5115:
5105:
4875:
4769:
4676:
4656:
4452:
4447:
4321:
4181:
3722:
3656:
3651:
3368:
2974:
Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; et al. (2007).
2940:
2891:
2731:
2580:
2555:
2520:
2469:
2432:
2424:
2174:
2025:
2001:
U.S. Naval
Observatory Nautical Almanac Office; H.M. Nautical Almanac Office (1961).
1786:
1606:
1582:
1557:
938:
837:
827:
784:
242:
187:
127:
2952:
2652:
2592:
2532:
1601:
U.S. Naval
Observatory Nautical Almanac Office (1992). P. Kenneth Seidelmann (ed.).
293:
The ancient Greeks had good measurements of the obliquity since about 350 BCE, when
234:
5392:
5160:
5110:
5044:
5014:
5004:
4994:
4938:
4894:
4721:
4512:
4462:
4431:
4306:
4296:
4226:
4085:
4045:
4030:
3953:
3918:
3898:
3840:
3763:
3748:
3743:
3469:
3318:
3207:
3029:
2995:
2932:
2879:
2719:
2640:
2572:
2512:
2465:
2448:
2446:
Ward, W.R. (1982). "Comments on the Long-Term
Stability of the Earth's Obliquity".
2420:
2368:
2351:
2321:
2309:
2264:
2252:
2235:
1864:
1761:
1714:
1665:
1093:
998:
945:
934:
922:
443:
377:
355:
263:
246:
175:
131:
112:
28:
2883:
2576:
2019:
5600:
5417:
5251:
5165:
5024:
4901:
4838:
4736:
4681:
4646:
4367:
4301:
4065:
4020:
3550:
3424:
3393:
3343:
3328:
3156:
2644:
2516:
2372:
1823:
1434:
With respect to the ecliptic; the Moon's orbit is inclined 5.16° to the ecliptic.
1048:
1036:
853:
46:
3383:
2495:
William Ward (20 July 1973). "Large-Scale
Variations in the Obliquity of Mars".
1943:
A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam
862:
482:'s angular value of the mean obliquity for any date was calculated based on the
5412:
5374:
5150:
5125:
5120:
4917:
4861:
4824:
4591:
4581:
4211:
4186:
3972:
3835:
3489:
3464:
3449:
3434:
3398:
3267:
1641:
Correia, Alexandre C. M.; Laskar, Jacques; de Surgy, Olivier Néron (May 2003).
1545:
930:
665:
448:
123:
4551:
3000:
2975:
2936:
1766:
1741:
1600:
791:
behavior over a period of several million years, long-term changes in Earth's
111:, whereas the Earth's orbital axis is the line perpendicular to the imaginary
5655:
5545:
5294:
5199:
5180:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4706:
4701:
4671:
4596:
4331:
4241:
4115:
3985:
3978:
3677:
3545:
3459:
1529:. Many extrasolar planets have since had their obliquity determined, such as
845:, resonances may occur which will cause large oscillations of the obliquity.
752:
675:
530:
478:
are published listing the derived values and methods of use. Until 1983, the
429:
Relationship between Earth's axial tilt (ε) to the tropical and polar circles
351:
347:
323:
271:
119:; the Earth's obliquity or axial tilt is the angle between these two lines.
78:
4546:
3520:
2194:
Berger, A.L. (1976). "Obliquity and Precession for the Last 5000000 Years".
1805:
5625:
5205:
4970:
4716:
4651:
4536:
4161:
4055:
3768:
3702:
3555:
3298:
3262:
3041:
2944:
2584:
2524:
1928:
Prolégomènes des tables astronomiques d'OlougBeg: Traduction et commentaire
1567:
917:
811:. For the next 1 million years, the cycle will carry the obliquity between
788:
339:
250:
179:
5190:
4785:
5635:
5192:
5175:
5069:
4954:
4753:
4731:
4666:
4601:
4561:
4541:
4336:
4326:
4291:
4100:
4080:
3959:
3799:
3535:
3484:
3444:
3212:
1869:
1844:
1812:. (2023). Washington DC: United States Naval Observatory. s.v. obliquity.
1534:
1530:
1054:
1042:
331:
313:
135:
37:
2968:
2341:
1540:
Astrophysicists have applied tidal theories to predict the obliquity of
5530:
5448:
5422:
5241:
5216:
5074:
4817:
4606:
4556:
4281:
4261:
4146:
4070:
3738:
3687:
3525:
3515:
3353:
3348:
3333:
1572:
972:
The obliquities of the outer planets are considered relatively stable.
737:
372:
327:
108:
104:
2973:
5402:
5397:
5231:
5226:
5221:
4999:
4611:
4586:
4531:
4526:
4316:
4256:
4035:
3814:
3758:
3429:
3363:
3338:
3222:
2723:
2313:
2256:
1692:"Long-term evolution of the spin of Venus: II. numerical simulations"
953:
392:
306:
54:
5437:
5387:
5256:
5236:
5145:
4761:
4726:
4481:
4341:
4311:
4276:
4266:
4206:
4025:
3540:
3510:
3454:
3388:
3378:
3303:
3217:
2780:
2706:
1738:
1422:
808:
302:
230:
2919:
2866:
2627:
2407:
103:, for example, is the imaginary line that passes through both the
5585:
5565:
5407:
5382:
5095:
5059:
5019:
5009:
4961:
4696:
4616:
4246:
4236:
4171:
4120:
4060:
4050:
4015:
3373:
1341:
1248:
475:
456:
338:, about 1584, although observations by several others, including
335:
294:
275:
255:
86:
266:. But the ecliptic (i.e., Earth's orbit) moves due to planetary
5630:
5432:
5427:
5155:
5039:
4641:
4221:
4216:
2284:
1310:
1279:
902:
834:, reaching as high as 90° in as little as a few million years (
804:
404:
400:
367:
298:
139:
2121:
Units in article are arcseconds, which may be more convenient.
1544:. It has been shown that the obliquities of exoplanets in the
956:, Earth, too, could have passed through times of instability.
126:, the obliquity usually does not change considerably, and the
5261:
5170:
5034:
4946:
4621:
4286:
4151:
4075:
2755:
2668:"Methane burps on young Mars helped it keep its liquid water"
2020:
U.S. Naval Observatory; H.M. Nautical Almanac Office (1989).
1372:
1155:
1124:
988:
949:
910:
792:
388:
384:
226:
222:
183:
100:
74:
66:
174:
of a planet as that which lies on Earth's north side of the
34:
Angle between the rotational axis and orbital axis of a body
5272:
3113:
1689:
1217:
1186:
984:
957:
823:
759:, which add a periodic component to Earth's obliquity. The
309:
determined the Earth's axial tilt as 23°30′17″ (23.5047°).
3036:
1843:
Ray, Richard D.; Erofeeva, Svetlana Y. (4 February 2014).
486:, who analyzed positions of the planets until about 1895:
4977:
3944:
2804:"Study Shows Exoplanet Has a Stable Axis Just Like Earth"
1412:
At 16° latitude; the Sun's rotation varies with latitude.
1062:
994:
116:
115:
through which the Earth moves as it revolves around the
3013:
2342:
Lissauer, J.J.; Barnes, J.W.; Chambers, J.E. (2011).
2225:
1516:. Since the launch of space-based telescopes such as
885:
Poles of astronomical bodies § Poles of rotation
2287:"Stabilization of the Earth's Obliquity by the Moon"
1930:. Paris: Firmin Didot Frères. pp. 87 & 253.
1643:"Long-term evolution of the spin of Venus I. theory"
1503:
has been observed, which serves as a lower limit to
2904:
2849:
1845:"Long-period tidal variations in the length of day"
763:or instantaneous obliquity includes this nutation.
544:of computer-generated ephemerides took over as the
1603:Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac
976:Axis and rotation of selected Solar System bodies
193:The IAU also uses the right-hand rule to define a
447:Obliquity of the ecliptic for 20,000 years, from
301:at the summer solstice. About 830 CE, the Caliph
5653:
2221:
2219:
916:All four of the innermost, rocky planets of the
1636:
1634:
451:(1986). The red point represents the year 2000.
395:. This means that one pole (and the associated
241:, being the angle between the ecliptic and the
2024:. US Government Printing Office. p. B18.
1887:Astronomical Essays Historical and Descriptive
1785:. US Government Printing Office. p. M11.
27:"Obliquity" redirects here. For the book, see
5616:Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern
5464:
4497:
3099:
2665:
2612:
2216:
1825:A Manual of Spherical and Practical Astronomy
190:, opposite that of most of the other planets.
2898:
2494:
2285:Laskar, J.; Joutel, F.; Robutel, P. (1993).
1849:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
1631:
1468:
1466:
1464:
85:; equivalently, it is the angle between its
2980:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
2907:Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres
2843:
2606:
2545:
1842:
1746:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
773:Formation and evolution of the Solar System
358:, could have provided similar information.
5471:
5457:
5322:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
4504:
4490:
3106:
3092:
2829:"Kepler Finds a Very Wobbly Planet - NASA"
2685:Edwin Kite; et al. (2 October 2017).
2684:
2445:
2344:"Obliquity variations of a moonless Earth"
2038:
2022:The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1990
1783:The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2010
674:good to 0.02″ over 1000 years and several
2999:
2918:
2865:
2705:
2626:
2406:
2392:
1868:
1821:
1765:
1605:. University Science Books. p. 733.
1512:. Most of these measurements rely on the
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
969:and the climate would become arid again.
467:improves and as the understanding of the
459:over many years. Astronomers produce new
208:Ecliptic § Obliquity of the ecliptic
89:plane and orbital plane. It differs from
5478:
4925:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
2801:
2781:"Holt-Rossiter-McLaughlin Encyclopaedia"
1925:
888:
747:These expressions are for the so-called
442:
424:
371:
128:orientation of the axis remains the same
36:
3115:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
2490:
2488:
2056:
1904:
297:of Marseilles measured the shadow of a
14:
5654:
3912:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
3258:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi
2228:"The Chaotic Obliquity of the Planets"
2193:
2102:
2082:
2075:
1985:
1955:
1940:
1836:
1690:Correia, A. C. M.; Laskar, J. (2003).
1437:
878:
5452:
4485:
3933:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
3871:
3125:
3087:
2168:
1483:
542:Jet Propulsion Laboratory's DE series
4511:
3882:
3009:Obliquity of the Ecliptic Calculator
2745:
2485:
2331:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1883:
1728:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1679:from the original on 9 October 2022.
832:chaotic behavior of the Solar System
5561:Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation
2772:
2144:"Basics of Space Flight, Chapter 2"
2060:A Compendium of Spherical Astronomy
45:pole of a planet is defined by the
24:
2969:National Space Science Data Center
2778:
2741:from the original on 23 July 2018.
2602:from the original on 25 June 2010.
2169:Meeus, Jean (1991). "Chapter 21".
25:
5678:
5551:Diurnal air temperature variation
5536:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
5521:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
2962:
2382:from the original on 8 June 2013.
3139:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3023:
2802:Grossman, David (29 June 2018).
2666:Rebecca Boyle (7 October 2017).
2226:Laskar, J.; Robutel, P. (1993).
1911:. Chapman and Hall, ld. p.
1174:
861:
852:
668:computed an expression to order
168:International Astronomical Union
3637:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi
3126:
2821:
2795:
2760:
2678:
2659:
2548:"The Chaotic Obliquity of Mars"
2539:
2476:
2439:
2386:
2335:
2278:
2187:
2162:
2136:
2124:
2050:
2013:
1994:
1979:
1970:
1949:
1934:
1919:
1898:
1890:. Chatto & Windus. p.
1877:
1428:
1415:
1406:
280:
237:is known to astronomers as the
4126:Schema for horizontal sundials
3642:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
3167:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
2546:Touma, J.; Wisdom, J. (1993).
2148:Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA
1815:
1799:
1774:
1732:
1683:
1619:
1594:
433:
13:
1:
2577:10.1126/science.259.5099.1294
1962:. A. & C. Black. p.
1719:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00043-5
1670:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00042-3
1588:
438:
5556:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
4889:Rājamṛgāṅka (astronomy book)
4632:Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
4384:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)
2645:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.12.034
2517:10.1126/science.181.4096.260
2470:10.1016/0019-1035(82)90134-8
2373:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.10.013
1578:Rotation around a fixed axis
766:
145:
7:
5606:Pacific decadal oscillation
5191:
4786:
4373:University of al-Qarawiyyin
3577:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
2884:10.1051/0004-6361/201015809
1926:Sédillot, L.P.E.A. (1853).
1822:Chauvenet, William (1906).
1810:Astronomical Almanac Online
1626:Explanatory Supplement 1992
1551:
686:= 23°26′21.448″ − 4680.93″
560:= 23°26′21.448″ − 46.8150″
10:
5683:
5621:Quasi-biennial oscillation
5591:North Atlantic oscillation
5525:
5496:Antarctic Circumpolar Wave
4577:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
3872:
3617:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
2853:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2769:, pp. B52, C3, D2, E3, E55
2756:http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
2425:10.1088/0004-637X/790/1/69
2197:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2105:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2085:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2081:See table 8 and eq. 35 in
1514:Rossiter–McLaughlin effect
882:
776:
770:
365:
361:
288:
211:
205:
26:
18:Earth's rotation axis
5596:North Pacific Oscillation
5576:Madden–Julian oscillation
5486:
5371:
5330:
5287:
5083:
4987:
4745:
4662:Venkatraman Radhakrishnan
4519:
4458:Medieval European science
4440:
4409:
4350:
4139:
4006:
3942:
3889:
3878:
3867:
3828:
3792:
3731:
3718:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
3670:
3569:
3498:
3475:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
3417:
3286:
3190:
3149:
3138:
3134:
3121:
3001:10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y
2937:10.1007/s11084-011-9252-3
2767:Astronomical Almanac 2010
2045:Astronomical Almanac 2010
1956:Dreyer, J. L. E. (1890).
1767:10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y
1402:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1005:
993:
983:
980:
537:to the date in question.
239:obliquity of the ecliptic
186:is tilted 3° and rotates
5541:Dansgaard–Oeschger event
5516:Atlantic Equatorial mode
3708:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
3602:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
3243:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
1988:The Observatory in Islam
494:= 23°27′8.26″ − 46.845″
201:
77:axis, which is the line
5611:Pacific Meridional Mode
5343:Ancient Greek astronomy
4627:Madhava of Sangamagrama
3810:Baha' al-din al-'Amili
3784:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
3662:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati
3582:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
2876:2011A&A...528A..27H
2210:1976A&A....51..127B
2171:Astronomical Algorithms
2117:1986A&A...164..437L
2101:and erratum to article
2097:1986A&A...157...59L
2057:Newcomb, Simon (1906).
1941:Saliba, George (1994).
1905:Marmery, J. V. (1895).
905:and two dwarf planets,
736:is multiples of 10,000
461:fundamental ephemerides
249:. It is denoted by the
218:Earth-centered inertial
99:The rotational axis of
4091:Navigational astrolabe
3846:Al Achsasi al Mouakket
3612:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
3531:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
3480:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani
3409:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
2131:Explanatory Supplement
2007:H.M. Stationery Office
1986:Sayili, Aydin (1981).
1518:Kepler space telescope
1488:The stellar obliquity
913:
452:
430:
381:
122:Over the course of an
50:
5506:Arctic dipole anomaly
5501:Antarctic oscillation
5348:Hellenistic astronomy
5131:Deferent and epicycle
4855:Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta
4687:Jai Singh II of Amber
4427:Hellenistic astronomy
4398:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)
4192:Deferent and epicycle
3592:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
3561:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
3203:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
2752:Planetary Fact Sheets
2395:Astrophysical Journal
1976:Dreyer (1890), p. 123
900:
807:in the motion of the
546:fundamental ephemeris
523:is the obliquity and
446:
428:
375:
206:Further information:
182:; under this system,
40:
5480:Climate oscillations
5338:Babylonian astronomy
4572:Radhagobinda Chandra
4417:Babylonian astronomy
4232:Gravitational energy
3607:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
3597:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri
3278:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
3177:Mashallah ibn Athari
3162:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
2274:on 23 November 2012.
1884:Gore, J. E. (1907).
1870:10.1002/2013JB010830
1421:With respect to the
997:, 0h 0 January 2010
901:Axial tilt of eight
604:for 2010 specifies:
602:Astronomical Almanac
550:Astronomical Almanac
480:Astronomical Almanac
69:between an object's
5581:Milankovitch cycles
5571:Indian Ocean Dipole
5186:Hindu units of time
4909:Vasishtha Siddhanta
4883:Paitamaha Siddhanta
4777:Shatapatha Brahmana
4692:Nilakantha Somayaji
4358:Al-Azhar University
4177:Celestial mechanics
3967:Book of Fixed Stars
3926:The Book of Healing
3905:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat
3647:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi
3622:Zakariya al-Qazwini
3233:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
3228:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
2992:2007CeMDA..98..155S
2929:2011OLEB...41..539H
2716:2017NatGe..10..737K
2637:2009Icar..201....1C
2569:1993Sci...259.1294T
2563:(5099): 1294–1297.
2509:1973Sci...181..260W
2462:1982Icar...50..444W
2417:2014ApJ...790...69L
2365:2012Icar..217...77L
2306:1993Natur.361..615L
2249:1993Natur.361..608L
1908:Progress of Science
1861:2014JGRB..119.1498R
1832:. pp. 604–605.
1758:2007CeMDA..98..155S
1711:2003Icar..163...24C
1662:2003Icar..163....1C
1563:Milankovitch cycles
977:
879:Solar System bodies
779:Milankovitch cycles
678:over 10,000 years.
664:several centuries.
463:as the accuracy of
418:Milankovitch cycles
409:Northern hemisphere
397:hemisphere of Earth
91:orbital inclination
5526:Earth's axial tilt
5511:Arctic oscillation
5363:European astronomy
5101:Cardinal direction
5030:Equatorial sundial
4869:Pancha-Siddhantika
4567:Sandip Chakrabarti
4422:Egyptian astronomy
4363:House of Knowledge
4041:Astronomical clock
3851:Muhammad al-Rudani
3248:Banū Mūsā brothers
3198:Abu Ali al-Khayyat
1542:extrasolar planets
1484:Extrasolar planets
975:
939:orbital resonances
914:
843:tidal acceleration
828:orbital resonances
612:= 23°26′21.406″ −
531:tropical centuries
453:
431:
382:
170:(IAU) defines the
51:
5667:Planetary science
5649:
5648:
5641:True polar wander
5636:Solar variability
5446:
5445:
5358:Chinese astronomy
5353:Islamic astronomy
5116:Celestial spheres
5106:Celestial equator
4876:Paulisa Siddhanta
4770:Aitareya Brahmana
4677:Jagannatha Samrat
4657:Achyuta Pisharati
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4453:Chinese astronomy
4448:Byzantine science
4322:Temporal finitism
4252:Islamic cosmology
4182:Celestial spheres
4002:
4001:
3894:Arabic star names
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3723:Fathullah Shirazi
3657:Al-Ashraf Umar II
3369:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
3172:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
2831:. 4 February 2014
2808:Popular Mechanics
2694:Nature Geoscience
2503:(4096): 260–262.
2300:(6413): 615–617.
2243:(6413): 608–612.
2180:978-0-943396-35-4
2173:. Willmann-Bell.
2150:. 29 October 2013
2031:978-0-11-886934-8
1792:978-0-7077-4082-9
1612:978-0-935702-68-2
1583:True polar wander
1558:Axial parallelism
1481:
1480:
927:tidal dissipation
898:
838:Orbit of the Moon
785:numerical methods
243:celestial equator
158:, defined by the
16:(Redirected from
5674:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5450:
5449:
5196:
5166:Geoheliocentrism
5136:Earth's rotation
5111:Celestial sphere
5045:Mural instrument
4995:Armillary sphere
4939:Vedanga Jyotisha
4895:Romaka Siddhanta
4791:
4722:Shankara Variyar
4513:Indian astronomy
4506:
4499:
4492:
4483:
4482:
4463:Indian astronomy
4432:Indian astronomy
4400:
4393:
4386:
4307:Sublunary sphere
4297:Specific gravity
4197:Earth's rotation
4086:Mural instrument
4031:Armillary sphere
3954:Alfonsine tables
3919:Tabula Rogeriana
3899:Islamic calendar
3887:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3764:Sibt al-Maridini
3749:Jamshid al-Kashi
3470:Said al-Andalusi
3273:Thābit ibn Qurra
3208:Abu Said Gorgani
3182:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
3136:
3135:
3123:
3122:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3005:
3003:
2957:
2956:
2922:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2869:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2724:10.1038/ngeo3033
2709:
2691:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2630:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2552:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2492:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2456:(2–3): 444–448.
2443:
2437:
2436:
2410:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2348:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2314:10.1038/361615a0
2291:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2267:. Archived from
2257:10.1038/361608a0
2232:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2100:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1855:(2): 1498–1509.
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:J. B. Lippincott
1819:
1813:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1598:
1528:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1473:
1470:
1459:
1456:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1410:
978:
974:
923:axial precession
899:
865:
856:
818:
814:
802:
798:
735:
726:
673:
663:
656:
643:
642:
639:
629:
628:
618:
617:
591:Julian centuries
588:
583:where hereafter
579:
574:
573:
528:
522:
513:
508:
507:
393:gyroscope effect
279:(see details in
264:axial precession
247:celestial sphere
229:is known as the
214:Earth's rotation
176:invariable plane
130:relative to the
61:, also known as
29:Obliquity (book)
21:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5601:Orbital forcing
5488:
5482:
5477:
5447:
5442:
5373:
5367:
5326:
5283:
5252:Spherical Earth
5079:
5025:Equatorial ring
5005:Celestial globe
4983:
4902:Surya Siddhanta
4839:Makarandasarini
4741:
4737:Pathani Samanta
4682:Bapudeva Sastri
4647:Jayant Narlikar
4597:M. K. Das Gupta
4515:
4510:
4480:
4467:
4436:
4405:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4368:House of Wisdom
4346:
4302:Spherical Earth
4135:
4066:Equatorial ring
4046:Celestial globe
4021:Analog computer
3998:
3993:Sullam al-sama'
3938:
3874:
3855:
3824:
3788:
3727:
3666:
3565:
3551:Jabir ibn Aflah
3494:
3425:Abu Nasr Mansur
3413:
3394:Abolfadl Harawi
3329:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
3282:
3186:
3157:Ahmad Nahavandi
3145:
3130:
3117:
3112:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3014:
2965:
2960:
2903:
2899:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2750:
2746:
2738:
2700:(10): 737–740.
2689:
2683:
2679:
2664:
2660:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2444:
2440:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2230:
2224:
2217:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2133:(1961), sec. 2C
2129:
2125:
2080:
2076:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2018:
2014:
1999:
1995:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1954:
1950:
1939:
1935:
1924:
1920:
1903:
1899:
1882:
1878:
1841:
1837:
1828:. Vol. 1.
1820:
1816:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1779:
1775:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1554:
1527:
1521:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1462:
1457:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1007:
889:
887:
881:
876:
875:
874:
873:
868:
867:
866:
858:
857:
816:
812:
800:
796:
781:
775:
769:
731:
682:
669:
661:
640:
637:
635:
626:
624:
615:
613:
608:
584:
571:
569:
556:
540:From 1984, the
524:
518:
505:
503:
490:
484:work of Newcomb
441:
436:
413:climatic change
370:
364:
291:
220:
210:
204:
160:right-hand rule
148:
71:rotational axis
47:right-hand rule
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5680:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5566:Glacial cycles
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5492:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5476:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5453:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5377:
5375:Vedic calendar
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5202:
5197:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5151:Elliptic orbit
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5126:Circular orbit
5123:
5121:Center of mass
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4958:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4918:Tantrasangraha
4914:
4913:
4912:
4905:
4898:
4891:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4862:Maha-Siddhanta
4858:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4825:Khandakhadyaka
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4773:
4757:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4592:Gautama Siddha
4589:
4584:
4582:Amil Kumar Das
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4486:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4212:Elliptic orbit
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4187:Circular orbit
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3973:Toledan Tables
3970:
3963:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3876:
3875:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3836:Yang Guangxian
3832:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3490:Ali ibn Khalaf
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3465:Kushyar Gilani
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3435:Ali ibn Ridwan
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3399:Haseb-i Tabari
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3268:Sahl ibn Bishr
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3132:
3131:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3088:
3081:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3032:
3012:
3011:
3006:
2986:(3): 155–180.
2971:
2964:
2963:External links
2961:
2959:
2958:
2897:
2842:
2820:
2794:
2771:
2759:
2744:
2677:
2658:
2605:
2538:
2484:
2475:
2438:
2385:
2334:
2277:
2215:
2204:(1): 127–135.
2186:
2179:
2161:
2135:
2123:
2074:
2049:
2037:
2030:
2012:
1993:
1978:
1969:
1948:
1945:. p. 235.
1933:
1918:
1897:
1876:
1835:
1814:
1798:
1791:
1773:
1752:(3): 155–180.
1731:
1682:
1630:
1618:
1611:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1546:habitable zone
1525:
1508:
1493:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1460:
1436:
1427:
1414:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
992:
982:
880:
877:
870:
869:
860:
859:
851:
850:
849:
848:
847:
777:Main article:
771:Main article:
768:
765:
728:
727:
666:Jacques Laskar
658:
657:
581:
580:
515:
514:
440:
437:
435:
432:
407:occurs in the
366:Main article:
363:
360:
290:
287:
203:
200:
199:
198:
191:
147:
144:
124:orbital period
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5679:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5546:Diurnal cycle
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5469:
5467:
5462:
5460:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5372:Months of the
5370:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:Other regions
5329:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5295:Jantar Mantar
5293:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5279:Zodiacal sign
5277:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5201:
5200:Kali ahargaṇa
5198:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5181:Heliocentrism
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4811:Shulba Sutras
4808:
4806:
4805:
4804:Jyotirmimamsa
4801:
4799:
4798:
4797:Ganitagannadi
4794:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4788:Bṛhat Saṃhitā
4783:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4707:Govind Swarup
4705:
4703:
4702:Mahendra Suri
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4672:Megh Nad Saha
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4378:Observatories
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4332:Triangulation
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4242:Heliocentrism
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:Shadow square
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3986:Zij-i Sultani
3983:
3981:
3980:
3979:Zij-i Ilkhani
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3866:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:Kadızade Rumi
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:Ibn al-Shatir
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:Ibn al‐Raqqam
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3546:Ibn al-Kammad
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:Ibn al-Saffar
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2913:(6): 539–43.
2912:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2846:
2830:
2824:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2783:. René Heller
2782:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2673:
2672:New Scientist
2669:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2489:
2482:Berger, 1976.
2479:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2338:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2009:. Section 2B.
2008:
2004:
1997:
1990:. p. 78.
1989:
1982:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1492:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
986:
979:
973:
970:
966:
963:
962:perturbations
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
912:
908:
904:
886:
864:
855:
846:
844:
840:
839:
833:
829:
825:
820:
810:
806:
794:
790:
786:
780:
774:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
734:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:
679:
677:
672:
667:
655:
652:− 4.34″ × 10
651:
648:− 5.76″ × 10
647:
633:
622:
611:
607:
606:
605:
603:
598:
596:
592:
587:
578:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:
553:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
527:
521:
512:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:
487:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
450:
445:
427:
423:
421:
419:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:) due to the
390:
386:
379:
374:
369:
359:
357:
353:
352:Regiomontanus
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:Ibn al-Shatir
321:
320:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
286:
284:
282:
277:
273:
269:
268:perturbations
265:
260:
258:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:orbital plane
224:
219:
215:
209:
196:
195:positive pole
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:
163:
161:
157:
156:positive pole
153:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
94:
92:
88:
84:
83:orbital plane
80:
79:perpendicular
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
44:
39:
30:
19:
5626:Seasonal lag
5489:oscillations
5423:Margashirsha
5271:
5204:
5141:Eccentricity
5090:
4976:
4971:Yavanajataka
4969:
4960:
4953:
4945:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4784:
4775:
4768:
4760:
4759:
4752:
4717:Varahamihira
4652:Parameshvara
4537:Aryabhata II
4351:Institutions
4271:
4202:Eccentricity
4166:
4162:Astrophysics
4056:Compass rose
3991:
3984:
3977:
3965:
3958:
3943:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3769:Ibn al-Majdi
3744:Abd al‐Wajid
3703:Al-Wabkanawi
3698:Abū al‐ʿUqūl
3587:Jamal ad-Din
3556:Omar Khayyam
3384:Al-ʻIjliyyah
3359:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
3344:Ibn al-A'lam
3263:Al-Khwarizmi
3078:Solar System
2983:
2979:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2833:. Retrieved
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2807:
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2774:
2766:
2762:
2747:
2697:
2693:
2680:
2671:
2661:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2560:
2554:
2541:
2500:
2496:
2478:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2401:(1): 69–76.
2398:
2394:
2388:
2359:(1): 77–87.
2356:
2350:
2337:
2297:
2293:
2280:
2269:the original
2240:
2234:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2170:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2147:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2108:
2104:
2091:(1): 59–70.
2088:
2084:
2077:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2021:
2015:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1972:
1958:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1927:
1921:
1907:
1900:
1886:
1879:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1782:
1776:
1749:
1745:
1734:
1705:(1): 24–45.
1702:
1698:
1685:
1653:
1649:
1625:
1621:
1602:
1596:
1568:Polar motion
1539:
1522:
1505:
1499:
1490:
1487:
1430:
1417:
1408:
971:
967:
944:
918:Solar System
915:
835:
821:
789:Solar System
787:to simulate
782:
760:
748:
746:
738:Julian years
732:
729:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
670:
659:
653:
649:
645:
631:
620:
609:
601:
599:
585:
582:
576:
565:
561:
557:
539:
525:
519:
516:
510:
499:
495:
491:
473:
454:
415:
383:
317:
311:
292:
278:
261:
254:
251:Greek letter
238:
235:Earth's tilt
221:
194:
180:Solar System
171:
155:
151:
149:
121:
98:
95:
62:
58:
52:
42:
5161:Geocentrism
5070:Water clock
5015:Cross-staff
4988:Instruments
4955:Atharvaveda
4932:Vākyakaraṇa
4754:Aryabhatiya
4732:Yajnavalkya
4667:J. J. Rawal
4602:Jyesthadeva
4562:Brahmagupta
4552:Bhāskara II
4542:Vainu Bappu
4532:Aryabhata I
4520:Astronomers
4337:Tusi couple
4327:Trepidation
4292:Salah times
4227:Geocentrism
4101:Planisphere
4081:Graph paper
4008:Instruments
3960:Huihui Lifa
3841:Ehmedê Xanî
3800:Al-Birjandi
3779:al-Kubunani
3536:Abu al-Salt
3485:Al-Isfizari
3445:Ibn al-Samh
3324:Abu al-Wafa
3309:al-Khojandi
3213:Al-Farghani
3128:Astronomers
3066:Outer space
3054:Spaceflight
2835:26 February
2813:26 February
2787:24 February
2779:Heller, R.
2621:(1): 1–11.
2067:. pp.
1959:Tycho Brahe
1656:(1): 1–23.
1535:Kepler-413b
1531:Kepler-186f
1031:(deg./day)
1026:North Pole
1021:Axial tilt
1014:Rotational
1011:North Pole
1006:Axial tilt
730:where here
694:+ 1999.25″
564:− 0.00059″
465:observation
434:Oscillation
332:Tycho Brahe
319:trepidation
314:Middle Ages
312:During the
233:plane, and
5662:Precession
5656:Categories
5531:Bond event
5408:Bhadrapada
5242:Precession
5217:Manvantara
5091:Axial tilt
5075:Yantraraja
5065:Triquetrum
4847:Siddhantas
4818:Panchangam
4607:Kamalakara
4587:P. Devadas
4557:Baudhayana
4547:Bhāskara I
4441:Influenced
4410:Influences
4282:Precession
4262:Multiverse
4167:Axial tilt
4147:Almucantar
4131:Triquetrum
4071:Equatorium
3820:Takiyüddin
3693:al-Battiwi
3688:Ibn Shuayb
3683:Al-Khalili
3526:Al-Khazini
3521:Al-Kharaqī
3516:Ibn Tufail
3506:Al-Bitruji
3440:Al-Zarqālī
3404:al-Majriti
3354:Al-Saghani
3349:Al-Nayrizi
3334:al-Battani
3253:Iranshahri
3238:Al-Marwazi
3142:by century
2707:1611.01717
1806:"Glossary"
1589:References
1573:Pole shift
1057:(degrees)
1051:(degrees)
1045:(degrees)
1039:(degrees)
1023:(degrees)
1008:(degrees)
883:See also:
753:arcseconds
702:− 249.67″
676:arcseconds
498:− 0.0059″
439:Short term
416:(also see
328:Fracastoro
281:Short term
212:See also:
188:retrograde
172:north pole
152:north pole
142:on Earth.
132:background
109:South Pole
105:North Pole
87:equatorial
59:axial tilt
5403:Shraavana
5398:Aashaadha
5305:New Delhi
5232:Nityayoga
5227:Nakshatra
5222:Moonlight
5000:Astrolabe
4762:Brahmanas
4612:Katyayana
4527:Apastamba
4317:Supernova
4272:Obliquity
4257:Moonlight
4157:Astrology
4036:Astrolabe
3815:Piri Reis
3805:al-Khafri
3774:al-Wafa'i
3759:Ulugh Beg
3739:Ali Kuşçu
3713:al-Jadiri
3632:al-Abhari
3430:al-Biruni
3364:Ibn Yunus
3339:Al-Qabisi
3314:al-Khazin
3223:Al-Mahani
3030:Astronomy
2920:1108.4347
2892:118784209
2867:1101.2156
2732:102484593
2628:0901.1843
2433:119295403
2408:1404.7505
2065:MacMillan
1175:Undefined
1029:Rotation
991:.0 epoch
954:formation
836:also see
817:24°20′50″
813:22°13′44″
801:24°30′16″
767:Long term
714:+ 27.87″
706:− 39.05″
698:− 51.38″
340:al-Ma'mun
307:Ulugh Beg
146:Standards
65:, is the
63:obliquity
55:astronomy
5438:Phalguna
5388:Vaisakha
5315:Varanasi
5257:Sunlight
5237:Parallax
5146:Ecliptic
5084:Concepts
5050:Quadrant
4832:Mahādevī
4727:Vasistha
4637:Mahavira
4391:Maragheh
4342:Universe
4312:Sunlight
4277:Parallax
4267:Muwaqqit
4207:Ecliptic
4140:Concepts
4106:Quadrant
4026:Aperture
3541:Averroes
3511:Avempace
3455:Avicenna
3389:Nastulus
3379:al-Sijzi
3304:Al-Adami
3218:Al-Kindi
2953:10154158
2945:22139513
2736:Archived
2653:14778204
2597:Archived
2593:42933021
2585:17732249
2533:41231503
2525:17730940
2377:Archived
2326:Archived
2154:26 March
2047:, p. B52
1723:Archived
1674:Archived
1628:, p. 384
1552:See also
1425:of 1850.
1423:ecliptic
1336:−501.16
1018:(hours)
809:ecliptic
797:22°2′33″
757:nutation
722:+ 2.45″
718:+ 5.79″
710:+ 7.12″
690:− 1.55″
476:almanacs
469:dynamics
303:Al-Mamun
253:Eplison
231:ecliptic
73:and its
43:positive
5631:Seasons
5586:Monsoon
5487:Climate
5393:Jyeshta
5383:Chaitra
5288:Centres
5193:Jyotiṣa
5176:Gravity
5096:Azimuth
5060:Sundial
5055:Sextant
5020:Dioptra
5010:Compass
4962:Rigveda
4697:Sripati
4617:Lagadha
4247:Inertia
4237:Gravity
4172:Azimuth
4121:Sundial
4111:Sextant
4061:Dioptra
4051:Compass
4016:Alidade
3627:al-Urdi
3450:Alhazen
3374:Ma Yize
3319:al-Qūhī
3294:al-Sufi
3016:Portals
2988:Bibcode
2925:Bibcode
2872:Bibcode
2860:: A27.
2712:Bibcode
2633:Bibcode
2565:Bibcode
2556:Science
2505:Bibcode
2497:Science
2458:Bibcode
2413:Bibcode
2361:Bibcode
2322:4233758
2302:Bibcode
2265:4372237
2245:Bibcode
2206:Bibcode
2113:Bibcode
2111:: 437.
2093:Bibcode
1857:Bibcode
1754:Bibcode
1707:Bibcode
1658:Bibcode
1398:−56.36
1386:−153.29
1380:312.99
1367:536.31
1342:Neptune
1305:810.79
1274:870.54
1249:Jupiter
1243:350.89
1181:360.99
1138:−5832.6
1094:Mercury
1016:period
946:Mercury
903:planets
742:J2000.0
595:J2000.0
548:of the
535:B1900.0
474:Annual
457:planets
401:seasons
362:Seasons
356:Walther
348:Purbach
344:al-Tusi
336:Denmark
295:Pytheas
289:History
276:century
245:on the
178:of the
140:seasons
81:to its
75:orbital
5433:Maagha
5428:Pausha
5418:Kartik
5413:Ashvin
5310:Ujjain
5300:Jaipur
5212:Karana
5156:Equant
5040:Gnomon
4712:Utpala
4642:Manava
4222:Galaxy
4217:Equant
4152:Apogee
4096:Octant
3873:Topics
2951:
2943:
2890:
2730:
2651:
2615:Icarus
2591:
2583:
2531:
2523:
2449:Icarus
2431:
2352:Icarus
2320:
2294:Nature
2263:
2236:Nature
2177:
2028:
1789:
1699:Icarus
1650:Icarus
1609:
1392:312.99
1361:299.40
1349:299.33
1333:−15.18
1330:257.31
1324:−17.24
1321:−15.18
1318:257.31
1311:Uranus
1280:Saturn
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