94:
161:
33:
417:. An enhanced GPS can provide the 3D location of the aircraft with accuracy of a 10 cm (4"). There are integrity issues that prevent it from being a full navigation solution. It can be blocked or tricked into reporting a false position, or lose the position, and not be able to report the problem in the first few seconds. These drawbacks prevent the GPS to be used as a stand-alone sensor in critical flight phases such as landing.
804:, or ILS, relies on radio signals to allow operation in any weather. For an ILS landing to be allowed, the system must be installed on the ground, and a suitably equipped aircraft and appropriately qualified crew are required. Not all airports and runways are suitable for ILS installation, because of terrain conditions (hills in the way of the signal, non-straight landing slope).
482:
203:. The FAA permitted the use of the EVS to descend down to 100 feet above Touch-down zone, if no other restrictions apply. It was not clear at the time whether an EFVS could be used for descending below that height. The situation was amended in 2004 with corrections to FAA FAR 91.175. This marks the first time an EFVS gave a concrete commercial advantage over unaided vision.
136:(HUD). The IR image on the HUD is conformal to the outside scene, meaning that objects detected by the IR camera are the same size and aligned with objects outside the aircraft. Thus in poor visibility the pilot is able to view the IR camera image and is able to seamlessly and easily transition to the outside world as the aircraft gets closer.
129:. As of 2009, Gulfstream has delivered over 500 aircraft with a certified EVS installed. Other aircraft OEMs followed, with EVS now available on some Bombardier and Dassault business jet products. Boeing has begun offering EVS on its line of Boeing business jets and is likely to include it as an option on the B787 and B737 MAX.
398:
in principle. Due to the relatively short distance it is considered more for helicopters than for airplanes. It can also aid in penetrating light to moderate atmospheric low-visibility conditions, such as fog and dust. Lidar is used in automotive applications (cars), and is being tested for helicopter landing applications.
384:
An imaging radar has also been proposed by NASA in the 1990s. It can offer the same scene resolution as a PMMW, but has different properties. It does not rely on natural radiation bu emits radio waves, which are reflected from the target and captured in the receiver. The image will be nearly the same
143:
The FAA grants some additional operating minimums to aircraft equipped with certified enhanced vision systems allowing
Category I approaches to Category II minimums. Typically an operator is permitted to descend to lower altitudes closer to the runway surface (typically as low as 100 ft) in poor
112:
Night vision systems have been available to pilots of military aircraft for many years. More recently business jets have added similar capabilities to aircraft to enhance pilot situational awareness in poor visibility due to weather or haze, and at night. The first civil certification of an enhanced
740:
for approaches down to 100 ft (30 m). The Falcon 2000 and 900LX were approved in early 2019. A dual HUD FalconEye will allow EVS-to-land in 2020, without using natural vision. Rockwell
Collins's conformal overlay of EVS and SVS is expected to enter service with the updated Global 5500/6500
644:
defines
Decision Height as "a specified altitude or height in the precision approach at which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach has not been established." When a pilot is approaching the ground, they must see a visual reference to continue
425:
is the comparison of the image acquired from an imaging sensor to a recorded image (usually from satellite) which has a known global position. The comparison allows to place the image, and therefore the camera (and with it the aircraft) in a precise global position and orientation, up to a precision
397:
is a laser system which scans the surrounding volume and provides 3D location of objects. From the data can be produced a synthetic image and also other critical flight data. The operational distance of a lidar depends on the output power. It is typically under 1 km distance, but is not limited
343:
In day vision and bright light it may seem that there is no need to improve the natural vision, but there are certain cases in which it may be necessary. For example, in a strong haze situation where the whole scene is very bright and features are not distinguishable, a high dynamic range camera can
151:
The combination of dissimilar sensor types such as long wave IR, short wave IR, and millimeter wave radar can help ensure that real time video imagery of the outside scene can be provided to the pilot in all types of visibility conditions. For example, long wave IR sensor performance can be degraded
812:
While the GPS has a very high inherent precision, the reliability is not high enough for landing. GPS signals may be intentionally jammed, or lose integrity. In such cases, it may take the GPS receiver a few seconds to detect the malfunction, which is too long for critical flight stages. GPS can be
669:
Above the decision height, the pilot uses mostly the aircraft displays. Below decision height, the pilot must look outside to identify visual references. In this stage the pilot alternates between looking at displays and looking out the window. This switching can be avoided if a see-through display
147:
Other sensor types have been flown for research purposes, including active and passive millimeter wave radar. In 2009, DARPA provided funding to develop "Sandblaster", a millimeter wave radar based enhanced vision system installed on helicopters which enables the pilot to see and avoid obstacles in
139:
The advantage of EVS is that safety in nearly all phases of flight are enhanced, especially during approach and landing in limited visibility. A pilot on a stabilized approach is able to recognize the runway environment (lights, runway markings, etc.) earlier in preparation for touchdown. Obstacles
80:
An EFVS can be mounted on military or civilian aircraft, fixed wing (airplane) or rotary wing (helicopter). The image must be displayed to the pilot conformal to the scene, i.e. the pilot must see the artificially displayed elements in exact positions relative to the real world. Usually along with
56:
which provides an image of the scene and displays it to the pilot, in order to provide an image in which the scene and objects in it can be better detected. In other words, an EFVS is a system which provides the pilot with an image which is better than unaided human vision. An EFVS includes imaging
315:
The EVS sensor in a single FLIR EVS is usually the high-end cooled sensor. In multi-spectral applications the preferred sensor is usually uncooled since it has better atmospheric penetration in most cases (will see farther), while the fine image details will be provided by a complementary sensor.
356:) camera is a relatively new technology. It can offer advantages for an EFVS, such as: better haze penetration than VIS, natural scene contrast similar to VIS unlike a MWIR or LWIR. SWIR cameras are available commercially, but there is no reported use of a SWIR camera in a commercial EFVS.
406:
A navigational sensor may aid in complementing the image. A synthetic image can be produced based on scene data in memory and location of the aircraft, and displayed top the pilot. In principle, a pilot could land based on this synthetic image, subject to its precision and fidelity.
385:
under all conditions since it does not depend on the object temperature. An imaging radar requires very high resources for computation, since the image is formed by digital calculation and not by a lens. There have been flying prototypes, but it is not yet commercially available.
369:
as well as ship navigation in low visibility, and industrial applications. The first commercially available passive millimeter wave camera for use in aircraft was created by VÅ« Systems and launched at the
National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) Conference in October 2019.
144:
visibility in order to improve the chances of spotting the runway environment prior to landing. Aircraft not equipped with such systems would not be allowed to descend as low and often would be required to execute a missed approach and fly to a suitable alternate airport.
256:, to capture both visual light from LED lights and the thermal image of previous EVS generations. Future EVS designs focus on all-weather vision, which can be accomplished by intelligently fusing images and data from cameras operating in visible light, infrared, and
537:, which is a collection of visual cues displayed to a pilot regarding altitude, azimuth, horizon orientation, flight path, fuel state, other aircraft etc., and in military avionics additional friend/foe symbols, targeting system cues, weapon sights etc.
544:. A head-up display must be harmonized with the imaging sensors. A head-mounted display moves constantly with the pilot's head, and must therefore be tracked continuously so that the image displayed conforms to the scene in real-time, see
364:
A passive millimeter wave (PMMW) camera is capable of producing a real time video image, with the advantage of seeing through clouds, fog and sand. Use of passive millimeter wave cameras are a promising technology for aircraft based
732:, to touchdown and rollout, after 50 test approaches, and testing to lower visibilities could allow dropping the limit, with approvals for previous Gulfstreams to follow. By October 2018, the Falcon 8X FalconEye was approved by the
515:
to the pilot's eyes. Augmented-reality goggles are a notable example of such a display. Since it is moving with the pilot's head it must include tracking sensors to project the correct image according to the direction it is
268:
An EFVS can be mounted on any type of craft. The typical platform is a small passenger plane, since it is more cost-effective to use an EFVS than an instrumental landing system, which is used in larger passenger airplanes.
279:, to study technology related to better supersonic passenger planes. A key feature is an opaque nosecone, which the pilot cannot see through. NASA is considering using an EFVS to enable pilot vision on this plane.
522:
is a system composed of a large reflecting plate (called combiner) positioned in front of the pilot, and a projection system. The system generates an image which is reflected from the combiner to the pilot.
376:
Operation of a passive millimeter wave camera is based on measuring the difference or contrast in temperatures, but at millimeter wave frequencies, anywhere from 30 GHz to 300 GHz range.
947:
472:
can provide the aircraft elevation above the terrain with high precision and fidelity. Altitude is information which can be combined with other data to provide a precise location.
530:
is an LCD screen installed below the window, hence the name "head-down". It is generally not used as an EFVS display, since the external scene cannot be seen when looking at it.
925:
1196:
DO-315B Minimum
Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Enhanced Vision Systems, Synthetic Vision Systems, Combined Vision Systems and Enhanced Flight Vision Systems
308:(3â5 um) camera, which has better temperature resolution and frame rate but is more expensive and bulky, and the other is uncooled microbolometers which operate in the
693:
91.175 regulations, airplanes with HUDs can attain 100 ft (30 m) before switching to natural vision to land, permitting all-weather landing in airports without
109:
which incorporates information from aircraft based sensors (e.g., near-infrared cameras, millimeter wave radar) to provide vision in limited visibility environments.
980:
884:
534:
540:
The displayed EFVS imagery and symbology must be presented so that they are aligned with and scaled to the external view. The process of alignment is called
185:(helicopters). The use of such devices has been suggested for use by commercial pilots since the 1970s, but it was not until 1999 that the first commercial,
1226:
666:
If the pilot cannot see such a reference in the decision height, they must abort the landing, and then circle for a second approach or land elsewhere.
511:-like surfaces in front of the pilot's eyes and mounted on the head, and a projection system which projects an image on the glasses to be reflected or
1252:
1281:
1307:
951:
140:
such as terrain, structures, and vehicles or other aircraft on the runway that might not otherwise be seen are clearly visible on the IR image.
463:, i.e. only relative to a previously known position. Combined with a GPS or image registration, it can provide an accurate absolute position.
965:
500:, which means it allows both seeing the scene directly with unaided vision and seeing a projected image. The display is one of two types:
237:
903:
117:
using a
Kollsman IR camera. Originally offered as an option on the Gulfstream V aircraft, it was made standard equipment in 2003 when the
189:
certified system, was airborne. Still, the pilot could not use the system to lower an aircraft below the required natural vision limit.
1333:
1200:
200:
681:
then EVS came to business jets in 2001 and the FAA published EVFS rules in 2016 to land in poor visibility through a HUD, precluding
548:. There is an additional issue of lag time between the image and head motion, which must be very small so as not to cause dizziness.
344:
filter the background and present a high-contrast image, and detect the runway approach lights further away than natural vision.
292:
The sensor unit of the EFVS can include a single imaging sensor, multiple cameras and also additional navigation-aiding sensors.
1194:
195:
in 2001 became the first civilian aircraft manufacturer to develop and earn certification on its aircraft for EVS produced by
132:
The
Gulfstream EVS and later EVS II systems use an IR camera mounted in the aircraft's nose to project a raster image on the
373:
Short range passive millimeter wave scanners are in use today for airport screening and many scientific research programs.
232:
332:, can be improved by using high end cameras. Such a camera can be a high dynamic range camera for day vision, a low-light
1084:
1106:
312:(8â14 um) of the light spectrum, are small and cheap but are less "sharp" with regards to temperature contrast.
813:
used to lower the decision height below the unaided threshold, down to cat I decision height minima, but not lower.
215:(FLIR) camera, and a HUD, certified for flight with the Gulfstream V aircraft. The camera has a cooled MWIR sensor
625:
in poor visibility conditions, where landing would not be safe otherwise. An EVS is certified for landing by the
690:
276:
822:
431:
152:
in some types of large water droplet precipitation where millimeter wave radar would be less affected.
837:
801:
694:
662:
Both the runway threshold and the touchdown zone, which are identifiable by their markings or lights.
697:
Cat II/III approaches. After beginning work in 2011, Dassault was first to certify its CVS with its
1130:
656:
301:
228:
224:
212:
842:
106:
74:
1059:
966:"Lighting Systems - Medium Approach Light System with Runway Alignment Indicator Lights (MALSR)"
783:
for finer environment details: the Elbit FalconEye sees in the 0.4â1.1-micron visible light and
911:
827:
682:
545:
253:
862:
752:
504:
490:
337:
192:
182:
114:
66:
17:
8:
832:
729:
533:
In addition to the improved sensors image, the image displayed to the pilot will include
497:
227:
camera which gives a thermal image of the world, and shows up heat released from airport
174:
981:"NASA's X-59A Quiet Supersonic Test Jet Will Have Zero Forward Visibility for Its Pilot"
93:
780:
772:
421:
888:
1357:
1169:
1036:
926:"Special Conditions: Enhanced Vision System (EVS) for Gulfstream Model G-V Airplanes"
760:
744:
527:
1204:
748:
686:
459:. The INS uses the information to determine position and orientation over time, by
440:
1143:
1031:
721:
678:
637:
630:
565:
519:
486:
468:
257:
168:
133:
126:
122:
118:
70:
58:
460:
444:
1092:
1351:
784:
512:
456:
448:
329:
325:
196:
164:
160:
768:
764:
436:
178:
948:"General Operating and Flught Rules â Instrument Flight Rules Sec. 91.175"
304:(FLIR) camera. FLIRs are of two major types: one is the high-end, cooled,
36:
The forward-facing camera used for the PlaneView EVS on a
Gulfstream G450.
706:
670:
is installed to display information to the pilot while also looking out.
333:
248:
However, since 2007, airports are switching to the more energy efficient
98:
82:
1005:
755:
have a cooled
Kollsman (Elbit) camera and a Rockwell Collins HUD. Early
1148:
Proceedings of the
Workshop on Augmented Visual Display (AVID) Research
756:
710:
645:
the approach. The visual references must be one of the following (see
32:
1334:"Dassault FalconEye: A Head-Up Leap Forward In Situational Awareness"
1032:"VÅ« Systems' New Cube Will Change Instrument Approach Flying Forever"
714:
452:
252:
lighting, which has a lower thermal profile. The new EVS designs are
435:(INS) or inertial measurement unit (IMU) is a device which measures
904:"Let's look at FAA's final rule on EFVS use published Dec 13, 2016"
353:
53:
725:
622:
618:
614:
508:
218:
181:. Their use has been adopted also by military pilots, mainly in
647:
177:
for military personnel have been operational since the time of
148:
the landing area that may be obscured by smoke, sand, or dust.
698:
394:
62:
737:
641:
309:
305:
272:
481:
776:
771:
and some background radiation from its surface, blind to
733:
626:
413:
249:
242:
186:
65:, and typically a display for the pilot, which can be a
790:
724:
allowed the EFVS to provide the only visual cues for
1227:"Flying Dassault's FalconEye Combined Vision System"
1170:"Getting to grips with CAT II / CAT III operations"
211:The first EVS's comprised a cooled mid-wave (MWIR)
235:, though energy efficiency standards (such as the
1253:"Gulfstream First to Certify EFVS Landing System"
673:
1349:
1282:"FAA, EASA OK Dassault 8X EFVS Down to 100 Feet"
336:(sometimes called scientific CMOS or sCMOS) and
1308:"Dassault Expands Certifications for FalconEye"
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
245:lighting, which has a lower thermal signature.
1275:
1273:
328:portion of the light spectrum, along with the
113:vision system on an aircraft was pioneered by
57:sensors (one or many) such as a color camera,
275:is developing a new supersonic airplane, the
219:Airport LED transition and multispectral EFVS
1211:
1085:"Millivision Passive Millimeter Wave Imager"
795:
238:Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
81:the enhanced image, the system will display
1270:
1162:
787:band and the 8.0â12.5-micron long-wave-IR.
763:(InSb) cameras could detect 1.0â5.0-micron
300:Traditionally, the EVS sensor was a single
85:such as a horizon bar and runway location.
978:
1141:
359:
241:) have caused some airports to switch to
1142:Alon, Yair; Ulmer, Lon (December 1993).
613:The main purpose of an EVS is to permit
480:
159:
92:
31:
1305:
1279:
1250:
1224:
807:
720:In July 2018, FAA certification of the
507:or helmet-mounted display. It includes
401:
14:
1350:
1331:
1057:
636:The criterion for landing is known as
633:, in which case it is called an EFVS.
557:Precision instrument approach/landing
426:which depends on the image resolution.
1144:"The 94 GHz MMW imaging radar system"
979:Trevithick, Joseph (23 August 2018).
233:Parabolic aluminized reflector lights
1058:Harris, William (28 November 2012).
1029:
901:
855:
791:Alternatives to EVS-assisted landing
411:The most common navigation aid is a
206:
77:to create a combined vision system.
27:Airborne system with imaging sensors
1060:"How Millimeter Wave Scanners Work"
728:down to 1,000 ft (300 m)
121:was introduced and followed on the
24:
1338:Business & Commercial Aviation
1306:Thurber, Matt (22 February 2019).
1251:Thurber, Matt (13 November 2018).
223:EVSs are traditionally based on a
88:
25:
1369:
231:. Most airports use incandescent
73:. An EFVS may be combined with a
1280:Thurber, Matt (9 October 2018).
685:use, with combined enhanced and
551:
379:
105:Enhanced vision is a related to
1332:George, Fred (23 August 2018).
1325:
1299:
1244:
1187:
1135:
1124:
1099:
1077:
1051:
1225:Thurber, Matt (20 July 2018).
1023:
998:
972:
958:
940:
918:
895:
877:
674:Combined with synthetic vision
629:only if it is combined with a
496:The display to the pilot is a
367:Enhanced Flight Vision Systems
324:Natural unaided vision in the
319:
13:
1:
1030:Mark, Rob (6 November 2019).
848:
282:
42:enhanced flight vision system
902:Gunn, Bill (February 2017).
887:. Gulfstream. Archived from
689:system (CVS). Under current
7:
950:. FAA. 2004. Archived from
816:
263:
10:
1374:
823:Index of aviation articles
476:
432:inertial navigation system
287:
155:
838:Instrument landing system
802:Instrument landing system
796:Instrument landing system
705:, in October 2016 in the
583:30â60m (100â200 ft)
447:, using a combination of
352:A SWIR (short-wavelength
1131:Extremely high frequency
885:"Enhanced Vision System"
657:approach lighting system
388:
302:forward looking infrared
225:Forward looking infrared
213:Forward looking infrared
843:Synthetic vision system
591:< 100 ft (30m)
575:> 200 ft (60m)
347:
295:
107:Synthetic vision system
75:synthetic vision system
1203:. 2012. Archived from
1175:. Airbus. October 2001
828:External vision system
599:< 50 ft (15m)
546:Helmet-mounted display
493:
360:Millimeter wave camera
171:
102:
37:
1158:– via nasa.gov.
767:for hot incandescent
751:HUD and camera while
484:
163:
96:
35:
1095:on 17 February 2020.
914:on 14 February 2018.
808:GPS-assisted landing
757:cryogenically cooled
505:Head-mounted display
491:head-mounted display
443:, and sometimes the
402:Navigational sensors
338:night vision goggles
183:rotary-wing aircraft
175:Night vision devices
115:Gulfstream Aerospace
67:head-mounted display
968:. FAA. August 2014.
954:on 8 December 2016.
928:. FAA. 18 June 2001
833:Instrument approach
773:visible wavelengths
730:runway visual range
558:
498:see-through display
97:EVS Camera under a
908:Professional Pilot
779:airport lights or
745:Bombardier Globals
556:
494:
422:Image registration
172:
103:
38:
761:indium antimonide
611:
610:
528:head-down display
455:, sometimes also
207:Generation I EFVS
167:viewed through a
16:(Redirected from
1365:
1342:
1341:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1222:
1209:
1208:
1207:on 6 April 2016.
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1150:. pp. 47â60
1139:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1111:Trex Enterprises
1103:
1097:
1096:
1091:. Archived from
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
991:
976:
970:
969:
962:
956:
955:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
922:
916:
915:
910:. Archived from
899:
893:
892:
891:on 7 March 2016.
881:
875:
874:
872:
870:
865:. September 2012
859:
749:Rockwell Collins
701:HUD and camera,
687:synthetic vision
559:
555:
441:angular velocity
21:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1304:
1300:
1290:
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1271:
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1235:
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1212:
1193:
1192:
1188:
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1168:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1089:millivision.com
1083:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1064:How Stuff Works
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1004:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
977:
973:
964:
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959:
946:
945:
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931:
929:
924:
923:
919:
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896:
883:
882:
878:
868:
866:
861:
860:
856:
851:
819:
810:
798:
793:
722:Gulfstream G500
717:in early 2017.
676:
659:(if it exists).
638:decision height
566:Decision height
554:
520:Head-up display
485:Not displayed,
479:
469:radar altimeter
404:
391:
382:
362:
350:
322:
298:
290:
285:
266:
258:millimeter-wave
229:approach lights
221:
209:
169:head-up display
158:
134:head-up display
127:Gulfstream G650
123:Gulfstream G450
119:Gulfstream G550
91:
89:Enhanced vision
71:head-up display
59:infrared camera
54:airborne system
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1371:
1361:
1360:
1344:
1343:
1324:
1298:
1269:
1243:
1210:
1186:
1161:
1134:
1123:
1098:
1076:
1050:
1022:
997:
971:
957:
939:
917:
894:
876:
853:
852:
850:
847:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
818:
815:
809:
806:
797:
794:
792:
789:
713:, then in the
675:
672:
664:
663:
660:
609:
608:
605:
601:
600:
597:
593:
592:
589:
585:
584:
581:
577:
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573:
569:
568:
563:
553:
550:
524:
523:
517:
478:
475:
474:
473:
464:
461:dead reckoning
449:accelerometers
445:magnetic field
427:
418:
403:
400:
390:
387:
381:
378:
361:
358:
349:
346:
321:
318:
297:
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265:
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157:
154:
90:
87:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1370:
1359:
1356:
1355:
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1339:
1335:
1328:
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1287:
1283:
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1274:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1206:
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863:"RTCA DO-341"
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769:runway lights
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741:around 2020.
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1315:. Retrieved
1311:
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1289:. Retrieved
1285:
1260:. Retrieved
1256:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1230:
1205:the original
1195:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1164:
1152:. Retrieved
1147:
1137:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1110:
1101:
1093:the original
1088:
1079:
1067:. Retrieved
1063:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1035:
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
1009:
1006:"Technology"
1000:
988:. Retrieved
985:The War Zone
984:
974:
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952:the original
942:
930:. Retrieved
920:
912:the original
907:
897:
889:the original
879:
867:. Retrieved
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811:
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781:long-wave IR
743:
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104:
79:
49:
48:, sometimes
45:
41:
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29:
753:Gulfstreams
707:Falcon 2000
334:CMOS camera
320:VIS and NIR
277:X-59 QueSST
99:Global 6000
83:visual cues
1312:AIN online
1286:AIN online
1257:AIN online
1231:AIN online
1107:"Avionics"
1010:Vu Systems
849:References
453:gyroscopes
283:Technology
193:Gulfstream
101:windshield
703:FalconEye
607:no limit
535:symbology
513:refracted
310:LWIR band
306:MWIR band
1358:Avionics
1352:Category
817:See also
562:Category
354:infrared
264:Aircraft
201:Kollsman
52:) is an
785:near-IR
726:landing
623:taxiing
619:landing
615:takeoff
516:facing.
509:glasses
477:Display
326:visible
288:Sensors
156:History
1317:21 May
1291:21 May
1262:21 May
1236:21 May
1179:21 May
1154:21 May
1116:21 May
1069:21 May
1043:21 May
1037:Flying
1015:21 May
990:21 May
932:21 May
869:21 May
765:mid-IR
747:use a
648:runway
604:III C
596:III B
588:III A
1173:(PDF)
699:Elbit
395:lidar
389:Lidar
197:Elbit
63:radar
1319:2024
1293:2024
1264:2024
1238:2024
1201:RTCA
1181:2024
1156:2024
1118:2024
1071:2024
1045:2024
1017:2024
992:2024
934:2024
871:2024
775:for
738:EASA
736:and
709:and
679:HUDs
655:The
642:ICAO
621:and
451:and
348:SWIR
296:FLIR
273:NASA
125:and
46:EFVS
18:EFVS
800:An
777:LED
734:FAA
711:900
695:ILS
691:FAR
683:PFD
651:):
631:HUD
627:FAA
580:II
487:HUD
429:An
414:GPS
250:LED
243:LED
199:'s
187:FAA
69:or
61:or
50:EVS
40:An
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44:(
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