Regulations on children's television programming in the United States

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count as E/I, and stations will be allowed to schedule up to a third of the required programming on its digital subchannels. As a consequence of the latter aspect of the rule changes, the requirement to place E/I programming on every subchannel would be removed. Enforcement of the subchannel compliance with the E/I rules had resulted in incongruency of the required programming with the formats of many subchannels, particularly with the rise of niche multicast networks that rely on a specific genre of programming (e.g., classic television, movies, etc.) or focus on news, weather or sports (whether nationally distributed or locally originated) as few subchannel services target a general audience or children. The rules were officially approved on July 10, and went into effect on September 16.

416: 686:: a regularly-scheduled program, of at least 30 minutes in length, that is "specifically designed" to meet the educational and informative needs of children 16 years old and younger. The FCC ordered that by September 1997, all commercial television stations must broadcast at least three hours of core educational programming per-week, regularly scheduled between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. Beginning January 2, 1997, television stations were required to use the branding "E/I" to promote these programs on-air and in programming information supplied to 633: 97:

the program currently airing, including identifiable elements and talent ("host-selling"). The FCC adopted a stronger regulation known as the Children's Programming Report and Order in 1996, which took effect in 1997: it requires all television stations to broadcast at least three hours of programming per-week that is specifically-designed to educate and inform viewers aged 16 and younger, requires on-air identification of these programs, and has more stringent reporting requirements.

1504: 216: 713: 1323:. Litton defended its practices, stating that its programming was designed to meet "child psychologist-developed standards that did not exist prior to 1990", and considered the brand placements in the programs to be "a far better alternative to the ads that have often previously aired during children's programming, whose sole purpose was to sell less than beneficial products to children". 1150:, the merged network initially maintained Kids' WB; by then the five-hour block only carried one hour of E/I programming at 7:00 a.m. ET/PT, which was branded as the "Pillow Head Hour". In October 2007, The CW reached a five-year agreement with 4Kids for it to program its Saturday morning block, resulting in the replacement of Kids' WB with 774:

allowing stations to organize or sponsor "non-broadcast" initiatives in lieu of airing educational programming, and replacing the quarterly report with an annual report. O'Rielly felt that the 30-minute minimum length "killed off shorter, high-quality programs that were once popular and educational", and does not reflect current viewing habits.

585:. The restriction on "program-length commercials" was also considered to be too narrow; critics (such as Charren) had demanded that it apply to any program targeted towards children that was primarily designed to promote products associated with them, rather than only applying if advertising for said products were broadcast during the program. 697:, detailing the children's educational programming aired during the past quarter, what programs it plans to air during the next, and providing a point of contact for viewer inquiries about the educational programs aired by a station. As they are not under the jurisdiction of the FCC, this regulation does not apply to cable channels. 789:, among others, issued a letter of opposition to the FCC. They disagreed with O'Rielly's assessment that non-broadcast platforms "provide significant educational programming for children", and argued that broadcast television was still widely viewed by children, and that not all families have access to non-broadcast media. 140:

of children's educational programming, with stations attempting to classify various non-educational programs as containing educational elements. The amount of network television programming considered "highly educational" decreased after the implementation of the CTA, with the allowance for programming dealing with

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Columbus to cut back on the block in favor of more general interest programming (such as lifestyle shows, British dramas, and distance education programming). PBS would still provide a recommended schedule for the late-afternoon section of the PBS Kids block for member stations who wished to continue

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said that one issue contributing to this was that what constituted "educational television" programming was defined too broadly, as programming that was only academic or that covered pro-social issues, for example, counted towards station requirements. Another issue was that traditional ideas of what

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began campaigning for stricter children's educational programming regulations, arguing that broadcasters were not displaying a sufficient commitment to the 1990 regulations. His proposal included that stations be required to air a minimum of three hours of children's educational programming per-week.

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The 1990 regulations were considered ineffective; many stations failed to keep the required records or had any method for accurate recording. More than 25% of television stations in the U.S. failed to record the time, date, or length of programming considered to be educational in content. The FCC did

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On June 19, 2019, the FCC issued its proposed rule changes: while the basic minimum will remain intact, the earliest time allowed for E/I programming was moved up to 6:00 a.m. local time. Furthermore, a limited amount of public service announcements and short-form programming will be allowed to

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issued a joint filing to the FCC in September 2005 to urge against the "far-reaching, burdensome and expensive" advertising rules, with Disney also suing over the regulations as being a violation of freedom of speech. On December 16, 2005, the FCC chose to delay the new regulation to March 6, 2006,

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The FCC also instituted new rules for promoting websites during programs targeting children 12 and younger: they must offer "a substantial amount of bona fide program-related or other noncommercial content", and not contain any commercial or e-commerce content. Pages containing imagery of characters

682:, the FCC adopted the Children's Programming Report and Order in August 1996. The new regulations were intended to provide clearer regulatory obligations for television stations, and promote public awareness of educational programming offered by television stations. The order and regulations defined 139:

The educational programming regulations have faced a mixed reception from the industry. There have historically been concerns over whether these mandates constitute a violation of broadcasters' rights to free speech. The FCC's initial regulations faced criticism for being too broad in its definition

670:, accused Hundt of being "obsessed" with the proposed quota. In regards to reports that Hundt was struggling to receive FCC majority support for the proposal and was repeatedly "stalling" a final vote, Fritts stated that Hundt was that "acting like a regulatory referee wanting to push the game into 769:

has considered the educational programming regulations to be outdated. Citing the wider variety of platforms available (including cable networks and digital platforms), he stated that "with today's dynamic media marketplace there are very little, if any, additional benefits provided by the Kid Vid

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Concern over the impact that television had on children began when television was still a new entertainment medium. During the 1950s, many individuals, particularly parents, asked their legislators to do something about the potential effects of television viewing on young people. Academic research

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needs", and for the FCC to use these reports as a factor in license renewals. The Act also imposed limits on advertising during television programming targeting viewers 12 and younger, including limits on how many minutes of advertising may be aired, and prohibiting advertising that is related to

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or number systems, were lost. There was also a reported increase in the number of programs focusing on social issues. Writers for these programs wrote stories that often were not academically sound for young viewers, because they were not trained in writing for this audience. One show that was an

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In July 2018, the FCC issued proposals regarding changes to the rules, including removing the requirement that a program must be regularly scheduled and at least 30 minutes in length, providing the option for all of a station's E/I programming to air on a subchannel rather than the main signal,

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The FCC implemented the CTA via new regulations that came into effect on October 1, 1991. Television stations and cable providers would be required to maintain and publish summaries of the children's educational programming that they broadcast, defined as "programming that furthers the positive

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is gone, but the Government should not be issuing directives about what should be on the air." Fowler suggested that, if the FCC felt there was not enough children's programming on television, it could mandate that commercial stations contribute funding to support the production of educational

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ordering the FCC to implement regulations surrounding programming that serves the "educational and informational" (E/I) needs of children, as well as the amount of advertising broadcast during television programs aimed towards children. This included that a station's commitment to airing and

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Commercial time during children's programming was limited to 12 minutes per hour on weekdays and 10.5 on weekends. The airing of advertising during children's programs for products associated with the program currently airing ("program-length commercials"), or otherwise containing talent or

1158:, and contained only a single half-hour of E/I programming. After a legal dispute with the company over missed payments and insufficient national clearance, Fox reached a settlement to end its agreement with 4Kids at the end of 2008. As a result, 4Kids TV would be replaced by a 1383:

claimed by Univision as E/I programming did not meet the requirements for core educational programming, citing their lack of actual educational content, and themes inappropriate for a youth audience. The following year, Univision would introduce a more traditional E/I block,

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was initiated since this time to monitor, analyze and explain the relationships between television and children, although the impact of television on academic performance continues to be debated in scholarly research. The first attempt to address these concerns were during

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passed in 1990. They included a requirement for television stations to publish reports on their efforts to carry programming that "furthers the positive development of children 16 years of age and under in any respect, including the child's intellectual/cognitive or

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An act to require the Federal Communications Commission to reinstate restrictions on advertising during children's television, to enforce the obligation of broadcasters to meet the educational and informational needs of the child audience, and for other

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The idea was criticized by NBC's vice president as being a "tax" on commercial broadcasting, while ABC argued that commercial television (including networks and their affiliates) was doing a better job at serving children than public broadcasters.

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supporting educational children's programming had to become a factor in license renewals, and that limits had to be imposed on the amount of advertising that can be aired during television programs targeting children. The CTA also called for the

1236:, brought changes to viewing habits that made non-educational Saturday morning programming less viable for networks. Throughout the 2010s, the major networks began to change the manner in which they fulfilled their E/I obligations, by airing 2492: 234:(ACT)—a lobbying group that campaigned for high-quality children's programming to be broadcast by television stations. ACT believed that the broadcasting of educational programming was part of broadcasters' obligations to serve the 801:

Following the initial implementation of the regulations, many television stations began to cut locally produced children's programs due to budgetary concerns, and largely replaced them with educational programs acquired from the

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throughout such a program, that a regularly-scheduled E/I program may only be rescheduled 10% of the time, and that if rescheduled or moved to a different multicast channel, the station must announce the new scheduling on-air.

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broadcast during them. Most children had little or no understanding of the persuasive intent of commercials, and as such, were highly vulnerable to claims and appeals by advertisers. Advertisers, especially those related to

1092:, it consisted of E/I programming targeting a female youth audience, including original programming and DIC library programs. The block was re-branded as KEWLopolis the following season as part of a new sponsorship with 1341:

are not directly tied to ratings. PBS requires its member stations to take at least seven hours of PBS Kids programming on weekdays, while its national schedule previously fed 13 hours of PBS Kids programming per-day.

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identifiable characteristics from the program ("host-selling"), was prohibited. The prohibition of "host-selling" was intended to prevent children's programs that were tie-ins with toy franchises (such as, for example,

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In February 2023, PBS reduced the amount of PBS Kids programming on the national schedule to eight hours per-day in the morning and early-afternoon hours; it cited viewing habits favouring its streaming platforms and

924:). ABC stated that four of the block's five hours would be billed as E/I programming. One Saturday Morning quickly became the top Saturday morning block in terms of viewership, until competition from Fox Kids and 674:

even though the final score is lopsided.", and that he "made up his mind long ago that broadcasters were to be castigated on children’s TV, without reservation, and despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary."

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traditionally aired by major networks began to increase their focus on educational programming. This factor, however, alongside the growth of platforms not subject to the rules, such as cable channels (including

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provision in order to regulate content for younger audiences. Due to the weak definition used in the regulation, many stations attempted to declare programs not specifically-designed to be educational—such as

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cable channel—to Disney. As a result, Fox discontinued the Fox Kids block in 2002, and returned its weekday daytime timeslots back to affiliates in 2002. The network would continue to provide airings of

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rules". O'Rielly also argued that the "onerous" nature of the regulations were also making stations reluctant to air other, more viable programs on Saturday mornings, such as newscasts and sports.

136:-style programming—declared as targeting teenagers—to meet their E/I obligations, as they are not subject to the same restrictions on advertising as programs targeting children 12 and under. 200:

was one of the first federal officials to speak of the need for regulation of children's programming, openly denouncing cartoons as being unfit for the airwaves in his 1961 landmark speech "

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brand, but from 2002 to 2004 the block targeted a broader youth audience as simply "Nick on CBS" (after 2004, the block returned to a preschool audience). NBC partnered with cable network

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had a greater interest in producing preschool programming that was engaging and had educational value. However, they also leveraged techniques designed to bolster the programs as a

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The implementation of the advertising rules were deferred from February 2005 to January 2006, following concerns by broadcasters over the amount of time given to become compliant.

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In September 2022, the FCC proposed a total of $ 3.4 million in fines for 21 television stations, which violated the program-length commercial rules by airing commercials for

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agreed to a record $ 24 million fine from the FCC for violations of the educational programming regulations across 24 of its stations. The fine acted upon complaints by the

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audiences. As they are not targeting viewers 12 and younger, these programs are not subject to the restrictions on advertising prescribed by the Children's Television Act.

2858: 3888: 128:, contributed to an overall decline in broadcast television airings of non-educational children's programming. In the 2010s, the major commercial networks began to use 80:(E/I) needs of children aged 16 and younger. There are also regulations on advertising in broadcast and cable television programming targeting children 12 and younger. 5063: 5143: 3811: 165:

hearings in 1952 that addressed violence. Besides Congress, there were government commissions that also pursued this agenda. Included in these discussions were the

4474: 3567:"CBS AND COOKIE JAR ENTERTAINMENT PRESENT THE NEW CHILDREN'S EDUCATIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL PROGRAMMING SCHEDULE FOR "COOKIE JAR TV" PREMIERING SATURDAY, SEPT. 17" 4256: 570:) from airing ads for the toys themselves during their associated programs. When airing children's programming, broadcasters were also encouraged to establish a 5138: 1333:

block continuing to largely air animated, educational series catered towards a broad range of children's audiences ranging from preschoolers to preteens; as a

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beginning in the 2002–03 season. That season, ABC's One Saturday Morning was rebranded as ABC Kids, which drew from the programming of Disney's cable networks

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for the 1997–98 season. It featured a mix of Disney animated series, educational interstitial segments (including a history-oriented segment starring comedian

204:." He did not take any direct action because he believed that improvements could be made without force and could be resolved by increasing competition through 1455:

In 2004, Disney and Viacom were respectively issued $ 1 million and $ 500,000 fines for violating the limits on advertising during children's programming on

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from the program must also be "sufficiently separated" from commercial areas of the site. The rule would be enforcable by the FCC for broadcast TV, and the

144:(as opposed to programming dealing in traditional academic subjects) having been cited as a factor. The regulations were described by then-FCC commissioner 724:. An additional half-hour of E/I programming must be broadcast for every increment of 28 hours of additional free video programming the station offers via 3947: 1033:

entertainment programming and educational cartoons (including the first animated programs aired by NBC's Saturday morning lineup since the TNBC era).

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in Spokane, Washington was similarly fined $ 70,000 for having, on multiple occasions, aired an advertisement for a local collectibles shop during

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in 2018) all leased their weekend morning blocks to Litton Entertainment to air such E/I programming. Fox entered into a similar arrangement with

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trying to defend itself by arguing that the references were "fleeting"), even though it was the network which transmitted the content. In 2010,

1177:. Ion continued to operate the Qubo channel until February 2021, when it was shut down as part of the merger of Ion's operations with new owner 2806: 245:

In the early-1980s, ACT criticized the major networks for their decreasing commitments to educational programming, citing the cancellations of

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cartoons from their children's programming, and in 1971, first proposed restrictions on airing any advertising during children's programs.

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CBS relaunched its Saturday morning block for the 1997–98 season as Think CBS Kids, with a focus on live-action educational series such as

2233: 1154:(later branded as Toonzai) in the 2008–09 season. The block initially co-existed with 4Kids' block for Fox, which was by then branded as 4756:

Dale Kunkel & Brian L. Wilcox, “Children and Media Policy: Historical Perspectives and Current Practices”, ch. 28, pp. 569–93.

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on Kids' WB induced notable violations of the program-length commercial restrictions. The network aired several commercials during the

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Commercial stations are also required to compile, publish, and publicize a quarterly Children's Television Programming Report in their

4287: 1601: 1192:, which included the company's contract to program The CW's Saturday morning lineup. Toonzai was subsequently re-launched by Saban as 173:, and advocacy groups formed by concerned citizens. The FCC intended to change a number of policies regarding children's programming. 4786: 3479: 666:

affiliates already aired an average of four hours of children's educational programming per-week. Edward O. Fritts, president of the

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In the 2000s, multiple networks began to outsource their Saturday morning blocks to sister cable networks and third-parties. After

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disagreed, arguing that children were "just too important to be left to the networks and their profit motives." Citing the recent

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Dale Kunkal; Donald Roberts (April 14, 2010). "Young Minds and Marketplace Values: Issues in Children's Television Advertising".

1136: 997:. By 2001, TNBC's viewership had seen major declines in its core demographic, while the median age of its viewers was around 41. 3704: 5073: 5008: 3619: 3124: 3096: 2397: 2146:

Rostron, Allen (1996). "Return to Hot Wheels: The FCC, Program-Length Commercials, and the Children's Television Act of 1990".

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Fowler was against mandating the broadcast of educational programming by commercial stations, arguing that it was within their

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Karen Hill-Scott, “Television Broadcaster Practices: Compliance with the Children's Television Act”, ch. 29, pp. 595–613.

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J. Lisosky. “‘For all Kids’ Sakes: Comparing Children's Television Policy-Making in Australia, Canada and the United States”,

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platforms that have emerged since their introduction, which led to changes in 2019 to provide more flexibility in compliance.

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for its affiliates, which premiered in September 2014. NBC argued that its The More You Know block was a better lead-out for

4650: 2460: 1576: 1216:. The CW remained the last major U.S. network to still program non-educational children's programming on weekend mornings. 1132: 667: 549: 3803: 1995: 943:(which only unwillingly, and with great difficulty, complied with the E/I mandate as a condition of being picked up), and 185:, were interested in youth as consumers because of their spending power through their parents, their influence, and their 3753: 231: 3234: 2832: 2605: 4677:"Sinclair, And Shared Services Providers, Get Huge Fine For KidVid Violations | Radio & Television Business Report" 4312: 3566: 2213: 1658: 704:

stations are also required to comply with the regulations, they are not subject to its monitoring and reporting rules.

201: 4551: 4083: 2579: 4821: 4764: 2366: 2267: 1376: 950: 316:. CBS had already shortened the program from a full hour to 30 minutes in 1981 for the same reason. At the time, the 166: 45: 1045: 176:

Research demonstrated that young children had difficulty distinguishing between the program they were watching, and

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little to regulate these logs up until 1993, but later on, came up with certain rules and regulations such as the

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development of children 16 years of age and under in any respect, including the child's intellectual/cognitive or

5153: 5091: 4796: 3778: 3453: 1018: 578: 37: 4651:"FCC Proposes $ 3.4 Million In Fines To Stations For Violating Children's Ad Limits With Hot Wheels Commercials" 4439: 4401: 3676: 3424: 2337: 4981: 4916: 4602: 3779:"KIDS' WB! ON THE CW ANNOUNCES 2006-2007 "TOO BIG FOR YOUR TV" SATURDAY MORNING PROGRAMMING SCHEDULE" 3297: 1887: 1517: 3205: 1303:

Peggy Charren's daughter Claudia Moquin criticized Litton for contravening the spirit of the CTA by including

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Dale Kunkel. “Kids’ Media Policy Goes Digital: Current Developments in Children's Television Regulation”, in

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broadcast television stations have been required to broadcast at least three hours (or more if they operate

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between the program and advertising content so that younger viewers were able to distinguish between them.

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beginning in the 2006–07 season. Initially branded as KOL Secret Slumber Party under a sponsorship with

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to establish a National Endowment to help support the production of educational children's programming.

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shows deemed to be "highly educational" from 1990 to 1998 fell from 43% to 29%. A research report from

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that "despite the guarantee of free speech, our children are so precious that the free speech of the

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was a well-known advocate for the broadcast of children's educational programming on U.S. television.

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NBC had already abandoned cartoons as Saturday morning programming in 1992 with the introduction of

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Early regulations on educational programming were implemented by the FCC in 1991, as ordered by the

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In September 2004, the FCC announced revisions to the regulations to account for the then-upcoming

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issued a letter of support for the proposal, signed by 24 Democratic senators and one Republican.

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lineups for the 1997–98 television season in order to include more core educational programming.

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Dale Kunkel. “Children's Television Policy in the United States: An Ongoing Legacy of Change”,

2699: 2096: 1206: 1169:'s 2011 purchase of NBC Universal, it pulled out of the Qubo consortium and introduced the new 1120: 1077: 1017:

beginning in the 2000–01 season. The block primarily focused on preschool programming from the

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wrote that its replacement of Vortexx signaled the "end" of Saturday morning cartoons), NBC (

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from its historic weekday morning timeslot, to weekends, in order to accommodate an expanded

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An example E/I "bug", which must be displayed on-screen during core educational programming.

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denied Hundt's assessment that broadcasters were not following the rules, stating that most

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It also criticized the networks for airing cartoons that they considered to be promotional

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when merchandised, such as close-up "money shots" of key characters designed to encourage

8: 4634: 4373: 3889:"4Kids Entertainment Reports Third Quarter 2008 Results and Settlement of Fox Litigation" 2859:"Effective Date of Most of the Changes to the Children's Television Rules - September 16" 1812: 1485: 1269: 1185: 1159: 1116: 1054: 1037: 850: 766: 145: 30: 17: 1484:, who was also identified by stations as the originator of the program and advertising. 1196:

in August 2012, with a mix of animated and live-action series (the latter including the

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in order to allow time for further discussion. They were implemented in September 2006.

238:. In the early 1970s, ACT successfully pressured the major networks to remove "violent" 4967: 4885: 4378: 3980: 3924: 3484: 2371: 2272: 1734: 1290: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1112: 1093: 1053:

for E/I compliance at the discretion of affiliates, and entered into an agreement with

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rights to choose the programming they wish to broadcast, and adding that "it's too bad

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scheduled the majority of their children's programming—including cartoons—during their

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Dale Kunkel & B. Watkins. “Evolution of children's television regulatory policy”,

2317: 2122:"Policies and Rules Concerning Children's Television Programming, MM Docket No. 93-48" 1837:", address to the National Association of Broadcasters, Washington, D.C., May 9, 1961. 1776: 1749: 1398: 4875: 4409: 3952: 2673: 2639:"FCC addresses children's programming obligations of digital television broadcasters" 2613: 2241: 2155: 2003: 1969: 1883: 1816: 1781: 1509: 1427: 1419: 1415: 1338: 1308: 1304: 1081: 1006: 975: 939: 867: 778: 671: 540: 523: 487: 397: 369: 108: 3627: 1224:

The growing regulatory scrutiny, increasing competition from cable channels such as

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network, it does not rely on advertising revenue in the traditional sense, and its

1244:-style series aimed at a teen (13–16 years old) audience, rather than preschool or 1097: 624:—as educational programming, based on their discussion of social and moral issues. 329: 308: 3570: 3176: 5112: 4910: 4865: 4032:"Scripps takes first steps to realize ION synergies with multicast networks move" 3681: 1937: 1852: 1476: 1312: 1229: 1225: 1173:

and MiTelemundo blocks in July 2012, which were programmed by new sister network

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market was bolstered by demand for compliant educational programming, while the

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Networks picked up series more often when they were related to a well-known

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A. Alexander & J. Owers. “The Economics of Children's Television”, in

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A group in favor of maintaining the existing policies, which included the

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member stations have been an exception to this trend, with the network's

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lamented upon CBS's decision to move its long-running children's series

215: 5020: 1503: 1471: 1380: 945: 644: 636: 2209:"The Children's Hour Revisited: The Children's Television Act of 1990" 1406: 5118:

Regulations on children's television programming in the United States

5013: 5002: 4998: 4732:, ed. A. Bryant. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2007, pp. 203–28. 4201:"Preteen Saturday Morning Kids Shows Abandoned By Broadcast Networks" 2554:"FCC Fines Disney, Viacom: $ 1.5 Million In Children's TV Violations" 1799:

Howard L. Taras (1995). "Advertised Foods on Children's Television".

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Hi there, boys and girls! : America's local children's TV shows

955:. For the 1998–99 season, CBS relaunched the block once more as the 400:

had to give way to allow us to protect children from exploitation."

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Andy Levinsky (November–December 1999). "Unintended Consequences".

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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

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focusing on issues affecting youth—in late-afternoon timeslots.

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Also in the 2006–07 season, NBC and its Spanish sister network

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The E/I regulations had a major impact on U.S. television; the

2292: 2290: 1908:"How Peggy Charren Outflanked the Children's TV Establishment" 844:

icon, or could be marketable as toys. Owing to the success of

356:, but local and syndicated offerings also targeting children. 1996:"Group Bids F.C.C. End Ads on Children's TV (Published 1971)" 1394: 1300:

audience than the preschool programming it had aired before.

863: 495: 3976:"NBC Launches Preschool Saturday Block Programmed By Sprout" 1962:"Networks Say They Eliminated Most Violent Children's Shows" 728:. The regulations also stipulate that an "E/I" logo must be 4869: 2755:"KidVid Advocates to FCC: Rules Were Not Made to Be Broken" 2287: 1439: 1411: 1108: 1009:

acquired CBS in 2000, it was announced that sister network

990: 4930: 4855: 4845: 4815: 4473:(Press release). Univision Communications. Archived from 4343:"PBS, stations revamp afternoon schedules to draw adults" 4003:"Telemundo anuncia nuevo bloque infantil "Mi Telemundo!"" 1720: 1326: 1203: 1143: 1089: 845: 274: 256: 48:(FCC), under regulations colloquially referred to as the 5092:

Former children's television blocks in the United States

4709:

Reluctant Regulators: The FCC and the Broadcast Audience

4627: 1882:. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. p. 20. 1362: 3705:"Qubo's Rodriguez: Offering a 'Building Block' to Kids" 1747: 4279: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 510:

on September 24, 1990 (Voice vote) with amendment

4744:

Sesame Street and the Reform of Children's Television

3569:. Cookie Jar Group. September 6, 2011. Archived from 3322:

DelliColli, Lori; Marshall, Cindy (August 19, 2004).

2884:"Here's The Date KidVid Rule 'Modernization' Arrives" 2148:

Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal

1480:. The largest fine of $ 2.65 million was directed to 3447: 3445: 2043:"Are children no longer in the programming picture?" 1659:"NBC Undertakes Searching Study of Children's Shows" 1499: 1219: 4084:"'Power Rangers' Backer Saban to Reenter Kiddie TV" 2021: 1544:"Should The FCC Retire The 'Kid Vid' Requirements?" 678:Following a push for support from Congress and the 4746:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. 4464: 4288:"ABC to Premiere ABC Weekend Adventure on Sept. 3" 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 3371:Oei, Lily; McClintock, Pamela (November 6, 2003). 3321: 3148: 2178:"F.C.C. Adopts Limits on TV Ads Aimed at Children" 1350:, and successful moves by member stations such as 1080:split into separate companies, CBS partnered with 460: 3442: 3396: 1933:"Putting kids' TV into proper channels, part one" 1848:"Putting kids' TV into proper channels, part two" 44:stations in the United States is mandated by the 5144:United States federal communications legislation 5130: 4057:"WWE to bow new series on Saban's Vortexx block" 3511:"DIC uses online platform to dive into fan base" 3477: 3228: 3226: 3168: 3125:"'The Weird Al Show': The Complete Oral History" 3097:"'The Weird Al Show': The Complete Oral History" 2833:"FCC Gives Broadcasters More KidVid Flexibility" 2461:"FCC fends off 'fleeting Pokemon' waffle attack" 854:from both a critical and commercial standpoint, 4749:Dorothy G. Singer & Jerome L. Singer, eds. 4628:Howard Kurtz; Frank Ahrens (October 12, 2004). 4371: 4179: 3973: 3731:"UPN and WB to Combine, Forming New TV Network" 1798: 1013:would program CBS's Saturday-morning lineup as 543:signed the Children's Television Act (CTA), an 148:as "onerous" and outdated due to the cable and 4716:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 4136:"The CW signs Jessica Borutski for kids block" 3945: 3835:"4Kids Reports Losses, Rebranding of CW Block" 2729:"FCC starts process to revamp 'kid vid' rules" 2364: 2360: 2358: 2141: 2139: 1801:Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1228:, Disney Channel, and Nickelodeon, as well as 1188:acquired some of 4Kids' assets as part of its 277:rather than legitimate entertainment, such as 4780: 3538:"DIC's CBS block looks to reach girl viewers" 3370: 3223: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2296: 1488:was fined $ 182,000, and Sinclair-affiliated 1000: 878:In the wake of the stricter regulations, the 577:The CTA was passed despite objections by the 4257:"ABC Orders Saturday Kids Block From Litton" 3754:"KIDS' WB!'ON THE CW SETS SATURDAY SCHEDULE" 3674: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 2781:"FCC Releases 'Modest' Kids TV Reforms Item" 2392: 2390: 2265: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1111:, as a joint venture between NBC Universal, 959:, featuring a slate of animated series from 403: 4440:"Univision hopes to block further problems" 4399: 4313:"The CW Sets 5-Hour Saturday Morning Block" 4249: 4232:"'The More You Know': There's More to Know" 4110:"Jessica Borutski to rebuild CW toon block" 4107: 4023: 3917: 3728: 3617: 3611: 2367:"U.S. Mandates Educational TV for Children" 2355: 2306:Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 2136: 2040: 1748:Simone French; Mary Story (February 2004). 1127:. Qubo blocks aired on NBC, Telemundo, and 5139:Children's television in the United States 4787: 4773: 3618:Brzoznowski, Kristin (September 4, 2009). 2928: 2908: 2428:"F.C.C. Urged To Strengthen Children's TV" 2297:Calvert, Sandra; Kotler, Jennifer (2003). 1827: 873: 826:should be taught to children, such as the 29:"E/I" redirects here. For other uses, see 4458: 4081: 3861: 3451: 3422: 3344: 3252: 3042: 2700:"FCC Rule Boosts Education on Digital TV" 2387: 1775: 1765: 1694: 1561: 1530: 796: 4674: 4603:"FCC Fines 7 For Kid's TV Ad Violations" 4575: 4549: 4523: 4495: 4285: 4133: 4075: 3862:Schneider, Michael (November 24, 2008). 3696: 3677:"NBC Debuts Kids Programming Brand Qubo" 3269: 3149:Virginia Robertson (September 1, 1998). 3043:Schneider, Michael (November 27, 2000). 2856: 2830: 2778: 2752: 2666:"Disney Sues to Block Programming Rules" 2603: 2580:"Viacom Battles FCC Children's Ad Rules" 2522: 1541: 1434:and upheld the fines on appeal (despite 1131:, while Ion also offered a 24-hour Qubo 783:Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood 711: 631: 340:had to compete not only with news-based 214: 4711:. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1978. 4648: 4340: 4029: 3967: 3911: 3702: 3535: 3452:Bernstein, Paula (September 29, 2002). 3272:"Saturday morning cartoons are no more" 3232: 3177:"STE partners with Nelvana in CBS deal" 3088: 2986:Goldman, Michael (September 15, 1997). 2985: 2726: 2697: 2606:"Kids' Television Rules Face Challenge" 2577: 2425: 2335: 2231: 2175: 2145: 1602:"Establishment of a Class A TV Service" 1574: 1069:, and the newly-rebranded ABC Family. 1029:for the 2002–03 season, which featured 949:—a children's version of the game show 14: 5131: 4420:from the original on February 19, 2011 4400:Puzzanghera, Jim (February 25, 2007). 4341:Wakeman, Gregory (December 22, 2022). 4336: 4334: 4229: 4140:Radio & Television Business Report 3939: 3864:"Longform ads replace kid fare on Fox" 3857: 3855: 3832: 3814:from the original on February 27, 2021 3741:from the original on October 17, 2015. 3648: 3620:"CBS Sets Lineup for Cookie Jar Block" 3397:Michael Schneider (November 7, 2001). 3199: 3197: 3122: 3094: 3017:Grove, Christopher (August 29, 1997). 2981: 2979: 2956: 2888:Radio & Television Business Report 2722: 2720: 2663: 2551: 2547: 2545: 1901: 1899: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1653: 1651: 1548:Radio & Television Business Report 892:, which had recently been acquired by 280:He-Man and the Masters of the Universe 64:rules. Since 1997, all full-power and 4768: 4675:Jacobson, Adam (September 21, 2022). 4372:Stephen Labaton (February 24, 2007). 4225: 4223: 4221: 4030:Micheli, Carolyn (January 14, 2021). 3833:McLean, Thomas J. (August 18, 2010). 3751: 3480:"Synergy not kid-friendly at Eye web" 3478:Elizabeth Guider (January 19, 2006). 3423:Bernstein, Paula (January 19, 2002). 3270:Sullivan, Gail (September 30, 2014). 3123:Gaines, Caseen (September 13, 2017). 3095:Gaines, Caseen (September 23, 2017). 3071:"ABC kids block tops Fox on Saturday" 3019:"Webs roll out season geared to kids" 3016: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2909:Darlington, Abigail (July 20, 2014). 2804: 2727:Reardon, Marguerite (July 12, 2018). 2664:Shiver, Jube Jr. (October 12, 2005). 2518: 2516: 2514: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2421: 2419: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2176:Andrews, Edmund L. (April 10, 1991). 2171: 2169: 2041:Holsendolph, Ernest (July 25, 1982). 1905: 1363:Notable violations of the regulations 1311:" in some of their programs, such as 920:, and a flagship wraparound program ( 810:benefited from the resulting demand. 4630:"Family's TV Clout in Bush's Corner" 4498:"Three More Stations Face FCC Fines" 4465:Elizabeth SanjenÌs (April 5, 2008). 4446:. Streamline-RBR, Inc. April 5, 2008 4402:"FCC to fine Univision $ 24 million" 4374:"Record Fine Expected for Univision" 4230:Garber, Megan (September 16, 2014). 4198: 4108:Wallenstein, Andrew (July 2, 2012). 3591: 3345:Schneider, Michael (June 15, 2000). 3233:Umstead, Thomas (December 7, 2001). 3068: 2957:McGinn, Daniel (November 10, 2002). 2698:Trotter, Andrew (January 10, 2006). 2604:Mohammed, Arshad (October 6, 2005). 2336:Wharton, Dennis (October 30, 1995). 2232:Andrews, Edmund L. (March 4, 1993). 1993: 1959: 1813:10.1001/archpedi.1995.02170190059010 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 993:, a block that featured live-action 668:National Association of Broadcasters 516:on October 1, 1990 (Voice vote) 4730:The Children's Television Community 4707:Barry G. Cole & Mal Oettinger. 4702:The Children's Television Community 4649:Johnson, Ted (September 21, 2022). 4524:Eggerton, John (October 14, 2008). 4331: 4305: 3920:"NBC to launch Saturday kids block" 3895:. November 10, 2008. Archived from 3852: 3454:"Kid skeds tread on joint strategy" 3390: 3298:"Adults 'Discover' kiddie programs" 3295: 3203: 3194: 3174: 2976: 2857:Oxenford, David (August 16, 2019). 2753:Eggerton, John (October 23, 2018). 2717: 2542: 2266:O'Connor, John J. (March 8, 1993). 2094: 1896: 1868: 1648: 1542:Jacobson, Adam (January 29, 2018). 627: 24: 4753:, 2nd edn. NY-London: SAGE, 2012. 4751:Handbook of Children and the Media 4550:Eggerton, John (August 31, 2007). 4218: 4082:Steinberg, Brian (July 12, 2012). 3974:Nellie Andreeva (March 28, 2012). 3703:Clemens, Luis (November 3, 2006). 3425:"4Kids buys 4 hours from Fox Kids" 3326:(Press release). CBS Press Express 3005: 2902: 2578:Shields, Todd (October 10, 2005). 2552:Kaplan, David (October 21, 2004). 2511: 2480: 2445: 2416: 2324: 2214:Federal Communications Law Journal 2195: 2166: 1994:Gent, George (December 16, 1971). 1835:Television and the Public Interest 1735:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1991.tb01811.x 1160:national block of paid programming 504:on July 23, 1989 (Voice vote) 465:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 202:Television and the Public Interest 189:as adult consumers in the future. 25: 5165: 4353:from the original on July 3, 2023 4011:. GFR Media LLC. October 24, 2012 3946:Lindsay Rubino (March 28, 2012). 2523:Eggerton, John (August 4, 2005). 2459:Lasar, Matthew (March 30, 2008). 2426:Mifflin, Lawrie (April 2, 1996). 2398:"Quality Television for Children" 2365:Lawrie Mifflin (August 9, 1996). 2338:"NAB, FCC square off over kidvid" 1960:Gent, George (January 13, 1972). 1906:Lowry, Brian (January 23, 2015). 1679: 1448:that contained references to its 1377:National Hispanic Media Coalition 1220:Shift in demographics and content 426:Children's Television Act of 1990 167:Federal Communications Commission 46:Federal Communications Commission 4668: 4642: 4621: 4595: 4576:Eggerton, John (July 13, 2007). 4569: 4543: 4517: 4489: 4444:Radio-Television Business Report 4432: 4393: 4365: 4286:Albiniak, Paige (May 24, 2011). 3804:"CW turns to 4Kids on Saturdays" 3729:Bill Carter (January 24, 2006). 3675:Andrew Hampp (August 24, 2006). 3235:"Discovery Gets NBC Kids' Block" 3206:"Nets face back to school blues" 2831:Eggerton, John (July 10, 2019). 2779:Eggerton, John (June 19, 2019). 1502: 514:House agreed to Senate amendment 414: 232:Action for Children's Television 4552:"FCC Fines KHCW For Pokemon Ad" 4496:Eggerton, John (May 27, 2008). 4153: 4134:Marcucci, Carl (July 3, 2012). 4127: 4101: 4049: 3995: 3881: 3826: 3796: 3771: 3745: 3722: 3668: 3642: 3585: 3559: 3529: 3503: 3471: 3416: 3364: 3338: 3315: 3296:Oei, Lily (February 23, 2003). 3289: 3142: 3116: 3062: 3045:"ABC Disney kid block revamped" 3036: 2988:"ABC hopes for virtual success" 2950: 2876: 2850: 2824: 2798: 2772: 2746: 2691: 2657: 2631: 2597: 2571: 2259: 2225: 2114: 2088: 2060: 1987: 1953: 1925: 1840: 1463:. The fines were levied by the 760: 707: 643:In 1995, then-FCC commissioner 4263:. May 24, 2011. Archived from 3918:Jon Weisman (March 28, 2012). 3592:Ball, Ryan (August 23, 2007). 1792: 1741: 1714: 1620: 1594: 1575:Johnson, Ted (July 12, 2018). 1518:Telecommunications Act of 1996 1137:digital terrestrial television 1107:launched a new block known as 928:began to erode its audience. 324:. They also aired occasional " 13: 1: 4723:Media International Australia 4694: 4199:Robb, David (June 20, 2016). 4161:"Saban builds CW kids' block" 3204:Oei, Lily (August 24, 2003). 3069:Katz, Richard (May 8, 1998). 2805:Hayes, Dade (July 10, 2019). 2404:. August 16, 1996. p. 32 2318:10.1016/S0193-3973(03)00066-2 2097:"The Captain was no Kangaroo" 1667:. August 25, 1955. p. 74 1036:In 2001, Fox and its partner 934:The New Ghostwriter Mysteries 922:Disney's One Saturday Morning 880:big three television networks 806:market. Distributors such as 722:digital television transition 486:in the House as H.R. 1677 by 155: 36:The broadcast of educational 4797:children's television blocks 4737:Media, Culture & Society 3649:Calder, Kate (May 8, 2009). 3536:Stewart, Lianne (May 2006). 3399:"Fox outgrows kids programs" 1941:. March 14, 1983. p. 25 1856:. March 14, 1983. p. 28 1636:. March 19, 1950. p. 52 1426:). The FCC fined individual 1086:a new Saturday morning block 684:core educational programming 445:101st United States Congress 7: 3752:Staff (September 8, 2006). 3594:"CBS Blocks out KEWLopolis" 3175:Fry, Andy (April 1, 1998). 2207:Hayes, Diane (March 1994). 1664:Delaware County Daily Times 1495: 1450:eponymous trading card game 1162:beginning in January 2009. 539:In October 1990, President 259:'s children's newsmagazine 10: 5170: 2095:Rug, Norb (June 3, 2018). 2076:. June 7, 1987. p. 98 1523: 1474:toys during broadcasts of 1410:-related tie-ins (such as 1335:non-commercial educational 1253:Litton's Weekend Adventure 1059:new Saturday morning block 1001:Outsourcing of programming 914:), the educational series 831:exception to this rule is 702:non-commercial educational 368:children's programming by 210:non-commercial educational 192: 28: 5100: 5044: 4991: 4960: 4899: 4804: 4739:23, no. 6 (2001): 821–42. 3490:Reed Business Information 3373:"Kids mixed on new skeds" 1697:"Children and Television" 1359:carrying the full block. 1283:Steve Rotfeld Productions 1277:in 2016), and Telemundo ( 963:such as book adaptations 817:found that the number of 479: 474: 455: 450: 439: 430: 422: 413: 409:Children's Television Act 404:Children's Television Act 252:Animals, Animals, Animals 85:Children's Television Act 50:Children's Television Act 5108:Saturday-morning cartoon 4947:Universal Kids Preschool 4725:93, no. 1 (1999): 51–63. 4582:Broadcasting & Cable 4556:Broadcasting & Cable 4530:Broadcasting & Cable 4503:Broadcasting & Cable 4292:Broadcasting & Cable 4036:The E.W. Scripps Company 2837:Broadcasting & Cable 2785:Broadcasting & Cable 2759:Broadcasting & Cable 2529:Broadcasting & Cable 2154:. Rochester, NY: 57–86. 2073:Fort Worth Star-Telegram 1482:Sinclair Broadcast Group 1465:Federal Trade Commission 1348:PBS Kids digital channel 1142:When The WB merged with 983:Flying Rhino Junior High 904:, reprising his role as 787:Common Sense Kids Action 739:Federal Trade Commission 322:Saturday morning lineups 171:Federal Trade Commission 106:Saturday morning cartoon 4832:One Magnificent Morning 4578:"Pokemon Ad Bites WPIX" 4526:"Pokemon Strikes Again" 3783:ViacomCBS Press Express 2068:"30-minute Commercials" 1490:Cunningham Broadcasting 1373:United Church of Christ 1307:and host-selling from " 1265:One Magnificent Morning 1072:In January 2006, after 874:Saturday morning blocks 5154:Educational television 2558:MediaPost Publications 2180:. The Media Business. 1379:, alleging that youth 797:Effects on programming 717: 680:Clinton administration 640: 550:Secretary of Education 223: 42:terrestrial television 38:children's programming 2525:"FCC's E/I Bug Lands" 1767:10.1186/1479-5868-1-3 1701:University of Florida 1492:was fined $ 140,000. 1317:Norwegian Cruise Line 1212:Saturday Morning Slam 1190:chapter 11 bankruptcy 1179:E. W. Scripps Company 1027:Discovery Kids on NBC 1025:to replace TNBC with 823:Georgetown University 715: 635: 326:after school specials 300:Reagan administration 218: 4799:in the United States 4477:on November 17, 2015 3899:on February 27, 2009 3630:on September 7, 2009 3347:"CBS picks Nick mix" 2915:The Post and Courier 2645:. September 21, 2004 1878:Hollis, Tim (2001). 1051:The Magic School Bus 1044:—which included the 898:One Saturday Morning 870:of them by viewers. 851:Barney & Friends 834:The Magic School Bus 815:Annenberg Foundation 808:Litton Entertainment 347:Good Morning America 4635:The Washington Post 4267:on December 4, 2013 3810:. October 2, 2007. 3276:The Washington Post 1486:Nexstar Media Group 1270:The Washington Post 1240:, documentary- and 1202:franchise, and the 1186:Saban Capital Group 1117:Corus Entertainment 1055:4Kids Entertainment 1038:Saban Entertainment 730:displayed on-screen 726:digital subchannels 579:Bush administration 530:on October 17, 1990 475:Legislative history 410: 370:public broadcasters 70:digital subchannels 31:EI (disambiguation) 4886:Xploration Station 4718:31 (1987): 367–89. 4379:The New York Times 4317:Deadline Hollywood 4205:Deadline Hollywood 3981:Deadline Hollywood 3839:Animation Magazine 3735:The New York Times 3598:Animation Magazine 2863:Broadcast Law Blog 2499:. February 4, 2005 2402:The New York Times 2372:The New York Times 2273:The New York Times 2238:The New York Times 2182:The New York Times 2047:The New York Times 2000:The New York Times 1966:The New York Times 1833:Newton N. Minow, " 1422:accessory for the 1404:for products with 1339:underwriting spots 1291:Xploration Station 1234:streaming services 1113:Ion Media Networks 1094:American Greetings 819:network television 718: 641: 621:Leave It to Beaver 498:) on April 5, 1989 423:Other short titles 408: 393:The New York Times 390:decision, he told 387:New York v. Ferber 318:big three networks 226:In 1968, activist 224: 126:streaming services 5126: 5125: 5064:First-syndication 4876:Weekend Adventure 4852:The More You Know 4406:Los Angeles Times 4063:. August 10, 2012 4034:(Press release). 3953:Multichannel News 3709:Multichannel News 3517:. October 1, 2006 3239:Multichannel News 3151:"The CBS Kidshow" 2890:. August 16, 2019 2670:Los Angeles Times 1510:Television portal 1420:Nintendo e-Reader 1416:Fruit by the Foot 1305:product placement 1275:The More You Know 1082:DIC Entertainment 940:The Weird Al Show 779:Benton Foundation 765:FCC commissioner 741:(FTC) for cable. 541:George H. W. Bush 537: 536: 524:George H. W. Bush 508:Passed the Senate 380:creator and host 66:Class A low-power 16:(Redirected from 5161: 4931:HBO / HBO Family 4789: 4782: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4338: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4227: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4196: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3859: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3626:. 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440:Enacted by 406: 361:First Amendment 273:for associated 236:public interest 195: 187:brand awareness 158: 114:Cartoon Network 89:Act of Congress 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5167: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5050: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5028: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5006: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4975: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4951:Universal Kids 4944: 4934: 4924: 4921:Disney Channel 4914: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4883: 4873: 4863: 4849: 4839: 4829: 4819: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4792: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4757: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4667: 4641: 4620: 4609:. June 1, 2010 4594: 4568: 4542: 4516: 4488: 4457: 4431: 4392: 4364: 4330: 4319:. June 6, 2014 4304: 4278: 4248: 4217: 4178: 4167:. July 3, 2012 4152: 4126: 4100: 4074: 4048: 4022: 3994: 3966: 3938: 3910: 3893:QuoteMedia.com 3880: 3851: 3825: 3795: 3770: 3744: 3721: 3695: 3667: 3641: 3610: 3584: 3558: 3528: 3502: 3470: 3441: 3415: 3389: 3363: 3337: 3314: 3288: 3251: 3222: 3193: 3167: 3141: 3115: 3087: 3061: 3035: 3004: 2975: 2949: 2927: 2901: 2875: 2849: 2823: 2797: 2771: 2745: 2716: 2704:Education Week 2690: 2656: 2630: 2596: 2570: 2541: 2510: 2479: 2444: 2432:New York Times 2415: 2386: 2354: 2323: 2312:(3): 375–380. 2286: 2258: 2224: 2194: 2165: 2135: 2113: 2087: 2059: 2020: 1986: 1952: 1924: 1895: 1888: 1867: 1839: 1826: 1807:(6): 649–652. 1791: 1740: 1713: 1678: 1647: 1619: 1608:. 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Fowler 292:My Little Pony 220:Peggey Charren 208:and expanding 206:UHF television 194: 191: 157: 154: 124:) and, later, 118:Disney Channel 60:rules, or the 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5166: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5149:Broadcast law 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5043: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4678: 4671: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4638:. p. 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Regulations on children's television programming in the United States

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