616:, decided to mount a court challenge to the discriminatory seating practices on Montgomery's municipal buses, along with a boycott of the bus company. A Montgomery ordinance reserved the front seats on these buses for white passengers only, forcing African-American riders to sit in the back. The middle section was available to blacks unless the bus became so crowded that white passengers were standing; in that case, blacks were supposed to give up their seats and stand if necessary. Blacks constituted the majority of riders on the city-owned bus system.
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completely opposite of what Nixon and the other activists hoped to achieve. An exasperated Nixon threatened to publicly denounce the ministers as cowards. King stood and said that he was no coward. By the end of the meeting, he had accepted the MIA presidency and Nixon had become the treasurer. That evening, King delivered a
683:, a sympathetic white lawyer, to represent her. After years of working with Parks, Nixon was certain that she was the ideal candidate to challenge the discriminatory seating policy. Even so, Nixon had to persuade Parks to lead the fight. After consulting with her mother and husband, Parks accepted the challenge.
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By the late 1960s, through a series of political defeats, his leadership role in the MIA was eliminated. After retiring from the railroad, Nixon worked as the recreation director of a public housing project. He continued to work for civil rights, especially to improve housing and education for blacks
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After a successful one-day bus boycott on
December 5, 1955, Nixon met with a group of ministers to plan the larger boycott. But, the meeting did not proceed as he had envisioned. The ministers wanted to organize a low-key boycott that would not upset the white power structure in Montgomery. This was
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In 1943, Nixon and lawyer Arthur
Madison founded the Alabama Voters League to encourage African Americans to apply for voter registration, at a time when African Americans were generally excluded from voting in the South using highly subjective rules. Nixon organized an event on June 12, 1944, in
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Nixon's relationship with the MIA was contentious. He frequently had sharp disagreements with others in the group and competed for leadership. He expressed resentment that King and
Abernathy had received most of the credit for the boycott, as opposed to the local activists who had already spent
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What was expected to be a short boycott lasted 381 days, more than one year. Despite fierce political opposition, police coercion, personal threats, and their own sacrifices, the blacks of
Montgomery held the boycott. They walked to work; the people with cars gave others rides. They gave up some
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Before the activists could mount the court challenge, they needed someone to voluntarily violate the bus seating law and be arrested for it. Nixon carefully searched for a suitable plaintiff. At the same time, some women mounted their own individual challenges. For instance, 15-year-old student
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to Wesley M. Nixon and Sue Ann
Chappell Nixon. As a child, Nixon received 16 months of formal education, as black students were ill-served in the segregated public school system. His mother died when he was young, and he and his seven siblings were reared among extended family in
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since the start of the 20th century by changes in the
Alabama state constitution and electoral laws. He also served as an unelected advocate for the African-American community, helping individuals negotiate with white officeholders, policemen, and civil servants.
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years organizing against racism. However, King admired Nixon, describing him as "one of the chief voices of the Negro community in the area of civil rights," and "a symbol of the hopes and aspirations of the long oppressed people of the State of
Alabama."
815:, that had stood still for more than ninety-three years until Rosa L. Parks was arrested and thrown in jail like a common criminal.... Fifty thousand people rose up and caught hold to the Cradle of the Confederacy and began to rock it till the
644:, the elected secretary of the Montgomery NAACP. Nixon had been her boss, although he said, "Women don't need to be nowhere but in the kitchen." When she asked, "Well, what about me?", he replied, "I need a secretary and you are a good one."
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On
December 1, 1955, Parks entered a Montgomery bus, refused to give up her seat for a white passenger, and was arrested. After being called about Parks' arrest, Nixon went to bail her out of jail. He arranged for Parks' friend,
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In 1954, he was the first black to run for a seat on the county
Democratic Executive Committee. The next year, he questioned the Democratic candidates for the Montgomery City Commission on their positions on civil rights issues.
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there in 1955. The boycott highlighted the issues of segregation in the South, was upheld for more than a year by black residents, and nearly brought the city-owned bus system to bankruptcy. It ended in
December 1956, after the
710:(MIA), and discussed candidates for president of the association. Nixon recommended King to Abernathy and French because Nixon believed that King had not been compromised by dealing with the local white power structure.
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trips. Bus ridership plummeted, as blacks were the majority riders in the system, and the bus company was on the verge of financial ruin. In late January a bomb was set off near the home of Rev.
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described Nixon as "one of the chief voices of the Negro community in the area of civil rights," and "a symbol of the hopes and aspirations of the long oppressed people of the State of Alabama."
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porter, which was a well-respected position with good pay. He was able to travel around the country and worked steadily. He worked with them until 1964. In 1928, he joined the new union, the
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Nixon resigned his post as MIA treasurer in 1957, writing a bitter letter to King complaining that he had been treated as a child and a "newcomer." Nixon continued to feud with Montgomery's
792:. On November 13, 1956, the US Supreme Court upheld the lower court's ruling. On December 17, 1956, the Supreme Court rejected appeals by the city and state to reconsider its decision.
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Nixon rejected Colvin because she became an unwed mother, another woman who was arrested because he did not believe she had the fortitude to see the case through, and a third woman,
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Nixon shared his labor and civil rights contacts with the MIA, organizing financial and other resources to help manage and support the boycott. These were critical to its success.
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Three days later, the Supreme Court issued its order for Montgomery to desegregate its buses. With that legal victory, the MIA organizers ended the boycott. At a later rally at
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965: : 15 November 2020), Edgar D Nixon and Alleas Curry, 21 Aug 1927; citing Montgomery, Alabama, United States, County Probate Courts, Alabama; FHL microfilm 1,535,180.
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and Rev. E.N. French to plan the program for the next boycott meeting. They came up with a list of demands for the bus company, named the new organization the
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filed the petition in federal district court for it to review the state and city laws on bus segregation in the case that became known as
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which up to 750 African Americans marched to the Montgomery County courthouse and attempted to register to vote, to protest Madison's
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over the voter registration campaign he conducted as part of this organization. Nixon himself gained voter registration in 1945.
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was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger in March 1955, nine months before Parks' action.
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for African Americans in Montgomery. Like other blacks in the state, they had been essentially
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Edgar D. Nixon Elementary School, on Edgar D. Nixon Avenue in Montgomery, is named after him.
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Freedom's Daughters: The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement from 1830 to 1970
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1005:"The believer: In 1944, Arthur Madison launched a voter registration in Montgomery"
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A longtime organizer and activist, Nixon was president of the local chapter of the
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The Origins Of The Civil Rights Movement, Black Communities Organizing For Change
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In 1986, a year before his death, Nixon's house in Montgomery was placed on the
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Montgomery Bus Boycott speech, at Holt Street Baptist Church (5 December 1955)
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My Soul Is Rested, The Story Of The Civil Rights Movement In The Deep South
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Alabama County Marriages, 1809–1950," database with images, FamilySearch (
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union, known as the Pullman Porters Union, which he had helped organize.
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On June 5, 1956, a three-judge panel of the US District Court ruled on
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536: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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390: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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After working in a train station baggage room, Nixon rose to become a
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Edgar D. Nixon was born on July 12, 1899, in rural, majority-black
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rockers began to reel and the segregated slats began to fall out.
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Nixon died at the age of 87 in Montgomery on February 25, 1987.
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666:'America, They Loved You Madly'; Interview with Edgar D. Nixon”
1991:
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My Soul Is Rested: Movement Days in the Deep South Remembered
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
3219:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
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African American founding fathers of the United States
1818:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
1683:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
1290:
1189:
Parting The Waters; America In The King Years 1954–63
963:
https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QKMY-GT1Y
272:
who played a crucial role in organizing the landmark
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When Nixon returned to Montgomery, he met with Rev.
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Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1112:
344:Nixon married Alease Curry on August 21, 1927 in
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2049:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
867:, in recognition of his leadership in the state.
2039:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1972:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
1863:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
1240:E.D. Nixon: organizer of Montgomery bus boycott
982:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 28–29.
3518:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
695:, a young minister who was newly arrived from
501:
257:(July 12, 1899 – February 25, 1987), known as
3426:List of lynching victims in the United States
1764:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
1276:
3722:Activists for African-American civil rights
1893:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
1145:"E. D. Nixon, Leader in Civil Rights, Dies"
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1056:
811:, a city that's known as the Cradle of the
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1942:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
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865:Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage
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3498:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
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596:Learn how and when to remove this message
450:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
3533:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
1573:University of Georgia desegregation riot
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977:
355:
16:American civil rights leader (1899–1987)
3447:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
3184:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
3179:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
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221: 1927; died 1934)
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3361:African-American women in the movement
1813:White House Conference on Civil Rights
1644:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
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144:1955 bus boycott arrest photo of Nixon
1802:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
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3570:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
2034:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
1982:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1928:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
1405:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
1330:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
1251:Rosa Parks: a working-class militant
1069:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 97–.
1048:Martin Luther King, Jr. Encyclopedia
930:
846:
823:
534:adding citations to reliable sources
505:
388:adding citations to reliable sources
359:
198:Union organizer, civil rights leader
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1977:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1913:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
1583:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
1119:. New York: Penguin Books. p.
334:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
296:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
13:
3727:Activists from Montgomery, Alabama
3421:African-American churches attacked
1987:Montgomery Improvement Association
1962:Georgia Council on Human Relations
1947:Council of Federated Organizations
1918:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1676:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
1634:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
1440:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
1344:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
1167:
1003:Lyman, Brian (February 25, 2021).
708:Montgomery Improvement Association
668:, conducted in 1979 discusses the
14:
3748:
3493:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
3366:Jews in the civil rights movement
1232:
3687:Civil rights movement portal
3680:
3528:Freedom Riders National Monument
3270:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
1782:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
1741:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
1628:Second Emancipation Proclamation
655:
510:
364:
30:
3555:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
3543:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
2019:National Council of Negro Women
1957:Deacons for Defense and Justice
1137:
921:Nixon, Edgar Daniel (1899–1987)
836:community for the next decade.
521:needs additional citations for
375:needs additional citations for
234:
218:
41:needs additional citations for
19:For his son, the musician, see
1435:Mansfield school desegregation
1101:
1090:
996:
955:
608:In the early 1950s, Nixon and
268:leader and union organizer in
1:
3565:National Voting Rights Museum
3508:Civil Rights Movement Archive
3307:Lynching in the United States
3194:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
1649:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1622:University of Chicago sit-ins
1389:Davis v. Prince Edward County
1204:, by Martin Luther King Jr.,
1050:. Accessed December 3, 2019.
886:
3717:American trade union leaders
3560:National Civil Rights Museum
3416:March on Washington Movement
3401:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1870:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
952:. Accessed October 29, 2023.
881:List of civil rights leaders
852:In 1985, Nixon received the
7:
3204:"This Little Light of Mine"
1952:Dallas County Voters League
1898:Atlanta Negro Voters League
1661:Letter from Birmingham Jail
1368:Brown v. Board of Education
978:Thornton, J. Mills (2002).
927:, accessed 3 December 2019.
874:
502:Challenging bus segregation
281:ruled in the related case,
279:United States Supreme Court
10:
3753:
3538:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
3406:Holt Street Baptist Church
3376:16th Street Baptist Church
2360:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
2004:Nashville Student Movement
1934:An Appeal for Human Rights
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720:Holt Street Baptist Church
490:Nixon was a member of the
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3035:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
3005:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
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2069:Women's Political Council
2064:Wednesdays in Mississippi
2059:United Auto Workers (UAW)
2044:Southern Regional Council
2014:Northern Student Movement
1923:Committee for Freedom Now
1883:
1830:Memphis sanitation strike
1796:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1718:
1539:Savannah Protest Movement
1501:
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1320:Journey of Reconciliation
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614:Women's Political Council
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179:Montgomery, Alabama, U.S.
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1903:Atlanta Student Movement
1852:Civil Rights Act of 1968
1777:1964–1965 Scripto strike
1758:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1656:1963 Birmingham campaign
1549:Civil Rights Act of 1960
1473:Civil Rights Act of 1957
925:King Encyclopedia Online
308:Early life and education
3455:Voter Education Project
3209:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
2870:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
2305:Josephine Dobbs Clement
1731:Chester school protests
1726:Twenty-fourth Amendment
1688:Detroit Walk to Freedom
1430:Tallahassee bus boycott
1351:Baton Rouge bus boycott
950:Encyclopedia of Alabama
718:to the full meeting at
466:, Nixon had worked for
314:Lowndes County, Alabama
3732:Montgomery bus boycott
3668:Movement photographers
2910:Bernice Johnson Reagon
2630:Martin Luther King Sr.
2625:Martin Luther King Jr.
2195:William Holmes Borders
1967:Highlander Folk School
1857:Poor People's Campaign
1710:St. Augustine movement
1560:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
1483:Katz Drug Store sit-in
1454:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
1416:Montgomery bus boycott
821:
736:Martin Luther King Jr.
693:Martin Luther King Jr.
687:Organizing the boycott
670:Montgomery Bus Boycott
464:Montgomery bus boycott
302:Martin Luther King Jr.
274:Montgomery bus boycott
3503:Civil Rights Memorial
3391:Bethel Baptist Church
3040:Charles Kenzie Steele
2485:Audrey Faye Hendricks
2390:Myrlie Evers-Williams
2370:Patricia Stephens Due
2340:Abraham Lincoln Davis
2275:Colia Lafayette Clark
2029:Operation Breadbasket
2024:National Urban League
1771:Katzenbach v. McClung
1639:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
1292:Civil rights movement
1202:Stride Toward Freedom
1063:Olson, Lynne (2001).
1009:Montgomery Advertiser
946:"Nixon, Edgar Daniel"
805:
801:Madison Square Garden
640:The final choice was
356:Civil rights activism
3548:other King memorials
3523:Freedom Rides Museum
3460:1960s counterculture
3411:Edmund Pettus Bridge
3090:Walter Francis White
2995:Alexander D. Shimkin
1509:New Year's Day March
1478:Ministers' Manifesto
1325:Executive Order 9981
1044:352 U.S. 903 (1956)"
786:Fourteenth Amendment
530:improve this article
384:improve this article
50:improve this article
3286:Mary McLeod Bethune
3247:Sermon on the Mount
3214:"We Shall Overcome"
2795:William Lewis Moore
2575:Frank Minis Johnson
2550:Richie Jean Jackson
2505:Donald L. Hollowell
2310:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
2115:Gwendolyn Armstrong
2110:William G. Anderson
2090:Victoria Gray Adams
2054:The Freedom Singers
1908:Black Panther Party
1693:March on Washington
1606:Garner v. Louisiana
1567:Boynton v. Virginia
809:Montgomery, Alabama
612:, president of the
346:Montgomery, Alabama
340:Marriage and family
321:. His father was a
161:Montgomery, Alabama
3603:Michael Eric Dyson
3488:In popular culture
3371:Fifth Circuit Four
3355:Loving v. Virginia
3348:Hernandez v. Texas
3327:Buchanan v. Warley
3319:Separate but equal
3313:Plessy v. Ferguson
3276:Frederick Douglass
3110:Robert F. Williams
3020:Kelly Miller Smith
3000:Fred Shuttlesworth
2925:Frederick D. Reese
2905:George Raymond Jr.
2895:A. Philip Randolph
2875:Fay Bellamy Powell
2790:Queen Mother Moore
2675:Z. Alexander Looby
2620:Coretta Scott King
2565:Barbara Rose Johns
2545:Jimmie Lee Jackson
2470:William E. Harbour
2250:Stokely Carmichael
2165:Randolph Blackwell
1835:King assassination
1824:Loving v. Virginia
1808:March Against Fear
1788:How Long, Not Long
1666:Children's Crusade
1617:Cambridge movement
1554:Ax Handle Saturday
1519:Greensboro sit-ins
1446:Give Us the Ballot
1151:. 27 February 1987
1149:The New York Times
834:Black middle class
767:Aurelia S. Browder
729:Successful boycott
255:Edgar Daniel Nixon
154:Edgar Daniel Nixon
3737:Alabama Democrats
3694:
3693:
3471:Eyes on the Prize
3386:A.G. Gaston Motel
3381:Kelly Ingram Park
3341:Sweatt v. Painter
3025:Mary Louise Smith
2985:Cleveland Sellers
2970:Michael Schwerner
2935:Gloria Richardson
2715:Thurgood Marshall
2635:Bernard Lafayette
2365:John Wesley Dobbs
1879:
1878:
1598:Birmingham attack
1578:Rock Hill sit-ins
1529:Sibley Commission
1524:Nashville sit-ins
1396:Gebhart v. Belton
1382:Briggs v. Elliott
1375:Bolling v. Sharpe
1336:Sweatt v. Painter
1130:978-0-14-006753-8
1076:978-0-684-85012-2
1042:Browder v. Gayle,
847:Awards and honors
824:After the boycott
775:Mary Louise Smith
676:
675:
662:Eyes on the Prize
629:Mary Louise Smith
606:
605:
598:
580:
462:Years before the
460:
459:
452:
434:
252:
251:
172:February 25, 1987
126:
125:
118:
100:
3744:
3685:
3684:
3648:Charles M. Payne
3633:Steven F. Lawson
3623:David Halberstam
3593:Clayborne Carson
3334:Hocutt v. Wilson
3281:W. E. B. Du Bois
3130:Sammy Younge Jr.
3115:Q. V. Williamson
3080:Wyatt Tee Walker
2945:Bernice Robinson
2890:Lincoln Ragsdale
2880:Rodney N. Powell
2775:Douglas E. Moore
2650:Sanford R. Leigh
2585:J. Charles Jones
2460:Fannie Lou Hamer
2375:Joseph Ellwanger
2335:Jonathan Daniels
2325:Claudette Colvin
2315:Annie Lee Cooper
2300:Kathleen Cleaver
2295:Eldridge Cleaver
2270:Shirley Chisholm
2160:Gloria Blackwell
1751:workers' murders
1698:"I Have a Dream"
1593:Anniston bombing
1544:Greenville Eight
1459:Little Rock Nine
1422:Browder v. Gayle
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782:Browder v. Gayle
763:Claudette Colvin
758:Browder v. Gayle
753:Charles Langford
743:Browder v. Gayle
697:Atlanta, Georgia
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634:Browder v. Gayle
622:Claudette Colvin
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3653:Thomas E. Ricks
3643:Diane McWhorter
3628:Vincent Harding
3613:Adam Fairclough
3580:
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3431:Freedom Schools
3290:
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3171:
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3156:Omaha, Nebraska
3144:
3060:Hartman Turnbow
3050:Dorothy Tillman
3010:Glenn E. Smiley
2990:Charles Sherrod
2950:Jo Ann Robinson
2825:Charles Neblett
2815:Elijah Muhammad
2780:Harriette Moore
2740:Floyd McKissick
2725:Franklin McCain
2660:Stanley Levison
2525:T. R. M. Howard
2475:Vincent Harding
2405:Walter Fauntroy
2290:Xernona Clayton
2240:John H. Calhoun
2225:Aurelia Browder
2215:Stanley Branche
2210:Raylawni Branch
2190:Joseph E. Boone
2175:Ezell Blair Jr.
2170:Unita Blackwell
2145:Harry Belafonte
2085:Ralph Abernathy
2073:
2009:Nation of Islam
1885:
1875:
1714:
1671:Birmingham riot
1612:Albany Movement
1534:Atlanta sit-ins
1514:Sit-in movement
1497:
1493:Biloxi wade-ins
1465:Cooper v. Aaron
1355:
1301:
1295:
1289:
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1219:Aldon D. Morris
1187:Taylor Branch,
1173:Howell Raines,
1170:
1168:Further reading
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856:Award from the
849:
840:in Montgomery.
826:
790:US Constitution
745:
731:
716:keynote address
704:Ralph Abernathy
689:
656:
650:External videos
610:Jo Ann Robinson
602:
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476:disenfranchised
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3199:"Oh, Freedom"
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2810:William Moyer
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2745:Joseph McNeil
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Charles McDew
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Benjamin Mays
2718:
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2708:
2706:
2705:Vivian Malone
2703:
2701:
2698:
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2683:
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2680:Joseph Lowery
2678:
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2595:Vernon Jordan
2593:
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2590:Matthew Jones
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1997:Youth Council
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1980:
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1333:
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1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:Prior to 1954
1311:
1308:
1305:
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1279:
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1267:
1266:
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1227:0-02-922130-7
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1197:0-671-46097-8
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989:0-8173-1170-X
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797:New York City
793:
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726:
723:
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694:
684:
682:
681:Clifford Durr
671:
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663:
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611:
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589:
586:November 2022
578:
575:
571:
568:
564:
561:
557:
554:
550:
547: –
546:
545:"E. D. Nixon"
542:
541:Find sources:
535:
531:
525:
524:
519:This section
517:
513:
508:
507:
499:
495:
493:
488:
486:
480:
477:
473:
469:
468:voting rights
465:
454:
451:
443:
440:November 2022
432:
429:
425:
422:
418:
415:
411:
408:
404:
401: –
400:
399:"E. D. Nixon"
396:
395:Find sources:
389:
385:
379:
378:
373:This section
371:
367:
362:
361:
353:
351:
347:
337:
335:
331:
326:
324:
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315:
305:
303:
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288:
286:
285:
280:
275:
271:
267:
264:
260:
256:
247:
243:
205:
201:
197:
195:Occupation(s)
193:
190:
187:
183:
171:
167:
162:
157:July 12, 1899
152:
148:
141:
136:
129:
120:
117:
109:
106:February 2018
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
65:"E. D. Nixon"
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3678:
3618:David Garrow
3598:John Dittmer
3469:
3396:Brown Chapel
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3311:
3268:
3120:Andrew Young
3075:A. T. Walden
3070:C. T. Vivian
3030:Maxine Smith
2865:Homer Plessy
2845:James Orange
2834:
2800:Irene Morgan
2755:William Ming
2735:Ralph McGill
2670:Viola Liuzzo
2655:Jim Letherer
2640:James Lawson
2570:Vernon Johns
2560:Esau Jenkins
2515:Myles Horton
2465:Fred Hampton
2455:Prathia Hall
2445:Dick Gregory
2415:Marie Foster
2410:James Forman
2400:James Farmer
2385:Medgar Evers
2345:Angela Davis
2280:Ramsey Clark
2260:James Chaney
2255:Johnnie Carr
2235:Ralph Bunche
2230:H. Rap Brown
2220:Ruby Bridges
2180:Joanne Bland
2155:Claude Black
2135:Marion Barry
2105:Muhammad Ali
1932:
1868:
1861:
1822:
1800:
1769:
1762:
1604:
1565:
1558:
1488:Kissing Case
1463:
1420:
1403:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1342:
1334:
1255:The Militant
1254:
1244:The Militant
1243:
1214:
1201:
1188:
1174:
1153:. Retrieved
1148:
1139:
1114:
1103:
1092:
1082:February 27,
1080:. Retrieved
1065:
1047:
1041:
1012:. Retrieved
1008:
998:
979:
957:
949:
924:
854:Walter White
842:
838:
831:
827:
806:
794:
781:
779:
756:
746:
732:
724:
712:
701:
690:
677:
639:
632:
626:
618:
607:
592:
583:
573:
566:
559:
552:
540:
528:Please help
523:verification
520:
496:
489:
481:
472:civil rights
461:
446:
437:
427:
420:
413:
406:
394:
382:Please help
377:verification
374:
343:
327:
311:
300:
289:
282:
266:civil rights
258:
254:
253:
208:Alease Curry
174:(1987-02-25)
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3712:1987 deaths
3707:1899 births
3638:Doug McAdam
3608:Chuck Fager
3235:Nonviolence
3140:James Zwerg
3135:Bob Zellner
3095:Roy Wilkins
3045:Hank Thomas
2980:Pete Seeger
2975:Bobby Seale
2840:Jack O'Dell
2835:Edgar Nixon
2765:Amzie Moore
2760:Jack Minnis
2700:Mae Mallory
2685:Clara Luper
2645:Bernard Lee
2535:Cecil Ivory
2530:Ruby Hurley
2500:Oliver Hill
2495:Aaron Henry
2395:Chuck Fager
2355:Dave Dennis
2245:Guy Carawan
2185:Julian Bond
2150:James Bevel
2140:Daisy Bates
1411:Emmett Till
1294:(1954–1968)
1014:October 29,
813:Confederacy
350:Nick LaTour
330:Pullman car
259:E. D. Nixon
185:Nationality
132:E. D. Nixon
21:Nick LaTour
3701:Categories
3581:historians
3262:Satyagraha
3228:Influences
2920:James Reeb
2855:James Peck
2850:Rosa Parks
2820:Diane Nash
2690:Danny Lyon
2665:John Lewis
2610:A. D. King
2510:James Hood
2125:Ella Baker
2095:Zev Aelony
1155:August 28,
887:References
747:Attorneys
642:Rosa Parks
556:newspapers
485:disbarment
410:newspapers
325:minister.
319:Montgomery
76:newspapers
3240:Padayatra
3189:"Kumbaya"
3149:By region
2805:Bob Moses
2710:Bob Mants
2695:Malcolm X
2615:C.B. King
2435:Fred Gray
2078:Activists
1719:1964–1968
1502:1960–1963
1360:1954–1959
1111:(1983) .
807:I'm from
749:Fred Gray
261:, was an
3170:Movement
2600:Tom Kahn
1884:Activist
1304:timeline
875:See also
817:Jim Crow
263:American
245:Children
189:American
3295:Related
2885:Al Raby
1840:funeral
1703:Big Six
788:of the
570:scholar
424:scholar
323:Baptist
270:Alabama
239:
231:
223:
215:
211:
203:Spouses
90:scholar
3481:Legacy
3257:Ahimsa
1886:groups
1347:(1950)
1339:(1950)
1300:Events
1257:, 2005
1246:, 2005
1225:
1208:
1195:
1181:
1127:
1073:
986:
572:
565:
558:
551:
543:
426:
419:
412:
405:
397:
163:, U.S.
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3579:Noted
3172:songs
1992:NAACP
1845:riots
1217:, by
858:NAACP
577:JSTOR
563:books
431:JSTOR
417:books
233:(
229:
217:(
213:
97:JSTOR
83:books
1223:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1157:2016
1125:ISBN
1084:2014
1071:ISBN
1016:2023
984:ISBN
751:and
549:news
470:and
403:news
169:Died
150:Born
69:news
1253:",
799:'s
532:by
386:by
52:by
3703::
1242:"
1221:,
1191:,
1177:,
1147:.
1123:.
1121:37
1055:^
1046:,
1024:^
1007:.
970:^
948:,
932:^
923:,
895:^
773:,
769:,
765:,
722:.
664:,
235:m.
219:m.
3449:"
3445:"
1790:"
1786:"
1630:"
1626:"
1448:"
1444:"
1306:)
1302:(
1284:e
1277:t
1270:v
1249:"
1238:"
1159:.
1133:.
1086:.
1040:"
1018:.
992:.
860:.
672:.
660:"
599:)
593:(
588:)
584:(
574:·
567:·
560:·
553:·
526:.
453:)
447:(
442:)
438:(
428:·
421:·
414:·
407:·
380:.
248:1
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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