489:
569:, were known to have shocked Ford by catching live moths as they flitted around a light, popping them in their mouths, and eating them whole. Haldane, who did not like Ford, was of the opinion that Ford and Kettlewell had attempted to capitalise on the supposed evolutionary adaptation of the main two variants of the peppered moth, for which Haldane, as early as 1924, had predicted the statistical probability of rate of change from light to melanic forms as an example of classic
468:
337:
545:(2002) gave a critical account of Ford's supervision and relationship with Kettlewell, and implied that the work was fraudulent or at least incompetent. Careful studies of Kettlewell's surviving papers by Rudge (2005) and Young (2004) found Hooper's suggestion of fraud to be unjustified, and that "Hooper does not provide one shred of evidence to support this serious allegation". Majerus himself described
893:
thought that was amusing, and decided that, for one lecture in 1965, no men would attend. So he walked in to the lecture theatre with about 50 women sitting there waiting attentively, but no men. He put his notes on the lectern and looked up. “Oh dear, nobody here today I see, might as well go home”! Picked up his notes and walked out. (This story is also told of
440:. Polymorphism in natural populations is frequent; the key feature is the occurrence together of two or more discontinuous forms of a species in some kind of balance. So long as the proportions of each form is above mutation rate, then selection must be the cause. As early as 1930 Fisher had discussed a situation where, with alleles at a single locus, the
243:, England, in 1901. He was the only child of Harold Dodsworth Ford (1864–1943), a classics teacher turned Anglican clergyman, and his wife (and second cousin) Gertrude Emma Bennett. His paternal grandfather, Dr Henry Edmund Ford (1821–1909), was a professor of music at Carlisle and the organist of Carlisle Cathedral from 1842 to 1902. Ford was educated at
880:
Ford never married, had no children, and was considered decidedly eccentric, although his eccentricity was said to be more prominent when he knew he had an audience; he was also fond of slightly surrealist practical joking. He could be markedly generous to his friends: it was "an open secret" that he
1061:
The
Succession of Organists of the Chapel Royal and the Cathedrals of England and Wales from C. 1538: Also of the Organists of the Collegiate Churches of Westminster and Windsor, Certain Academic Choral Foundations, and the Cathedrals of Armagh and Dublin, Watkins Shaw, Clarendon Press, 1991, p.
892:
Professor Ford would come into first year biology lectures at Oxford
University – which were quite large, with about 150 students, and address the mixed group “good morning gentlemen”, ignoring the ladies, who even at that time were maybe 30% of student numbers – they are now 48%. The students
577:
about the peppered moth and the unlikelihood of Ford and
Kettlewell obtaining results that approximated Haldane's 1924 statistical calculations so closely, but the reasoning behind this view is far from clear. Botting already regarded the case of the peppered moth as tantamount to belief in
271:. "The lecturer whose interests most closely reflected mine was Julian Huxley. I owe him a great debt, especially for inspiration... Even though Huxley was... only at Oxford from 1919 to 1925, he was the most powerful voice in developing the selectionist attitude there... I met
383:
might be maintained in the population by providing some protection against disease. Six years after this prediction it was found to be so, and furthermore, heterozygous advantage was decisively established by a study of AB x AB crosses. His magnum opus was
553:"If you wade through the 200+ papers written about melanism in the peppered moth, it is difficult to come to any conclusion other than that natural selection through the agent of differential bird predation is largely responsible for the rise and fall of
294:, in 1933. Specialising in genetics, he was appointed University Reader in Genetics in 1939 and was the Director of the Genetics Laboratory, 1952–1969, and Professor of Ecological Genetics 1963–1969. Ford was one of the first scientists to be elected a
390:, which ran to four editions and was widely influential. He laid much of the groundwork for subsequent studies in this field, and was invited as a consultant to help set up similar research groups in several other countries.
926:
with similar interests in investigating the role of natural selection; but Ford avoided the departmental teatime discussions and indeed most scientific discussion with these colleagues other than via the printed word.
881:
made a handsome contribution to the grant of ÂŁ350000 given by the
Nuffield Foundation for the establishment of a Unit of Medical Genetics at the University of Liverpool; this greatly boosted the research of
900:
Non-academic information on his life is hard to come by, mostly consisting of scattered remarks made by colleagues. He campaigned strenuously against the admission of female
Fellows to
313:, Fisher had got accustomed to high selection values in nature. He was most impressed by the fact that polymorphism concealed powerful selective forces (Ford gave human
44:
1799:
897:, and has to be treated as apocryphal)(It is not apocryphal - it is confirmed by a number of first year Agriculture undergraduates who participated in the activity).
448:. That is a typical genetic mechanism for causing this type of polymorphism. The work involves a synthesis of field observations, taxonomy, and laboratory genetics.
363:, covering the rear wings at rest. Here the moth, on a human hand, is resting but alert, and has jinked the front wings forward to reveal the warning flash.
965:
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251:, (where his father had also studied), graduating B.A. in 1924, upgraded to M.A. 1927, B.Sc. (a research degree) in 1927, and taking a D.Sc in 1943.
908:, an outstanding zoologist, was one of the few women with whom Ford was on good terms. Rothschild and Ford campaigned for the legalisation of
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Laurence M. Cook and John R.G. Turner, "Fifty percent and all that: what
Haldane actually said," Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,
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33:
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Ford was an experimental naturalist who wanted to test evolution in nature. He virtually invented the field of research known as
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The
Evolution of Melanism: The Study of a Recurring Necessity; with Special Reference to Industrial Melanism in the Lepidoptera
1764:
698:
649:
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605:
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species: they exchanged letters and visits. Within the
Department of Zoology at Oxford were a number of colleagues such as
329:, whom Ford believed put too much emphasis on genetic drift. It was as a result of Ford's work, as well as his own, that
267:
said Ford took a degree in classics before turning to zoology. Ford read zoology at Oxford, and was taught genetics by
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see for instance the "stone coffin" stunt reported from independent sources in Hooper (page 80) and Clarke (page 168)
1754:
350:
1784:
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1113:
Ford E.B. 1980. Some recollections pertaining to the evolutionary synthesis. In Mayr E. and
Provine W.B. (eds)
371:. His work on the wild populations of butterflies and moths was the first to show that the predictions made by
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29:
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386:
291:
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A Directory and Local Guide or Hand Book to
Carlisle and Immediate Vicinity, Hudson Scott, 1858, p. 22
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380:
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Amongst Ford's many publications, perhaps the most popularly successful was the first book in the
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509:
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as "littered with errors, misrepresentations, misinterpretations and falsehoods". He concludes
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248:
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discussed criticisms that had been made of Kettlewell's experimental methods in his 1998 book
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913:
330:
129:
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Cook, L.M. (2024). "Arthur Cain and ecological genetics in the Oxford Zoology Department".
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750:
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310:
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111:
8:
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Obituary Professor E.B. Ford--Theory and practice in genetics. The Times January 23, 1988
706:
642:
Of Moths and Men: An Evolutionary Tale: The Untold Story of Science and the Peppered Moth
405:
in the same series, one of only a few to have authored more than one book in the series.
368:
208:
188:
147:
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Alumni Oxonienses, 1715-1886, Later Series, E-K, Joseph Foster, Parker & Co., p. 476
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341:
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changed the emphasis in the third edition of his famous text from drift to selection.
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207:. He went on to study the genetics of natural populations, and invented the field of
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Ford E.B. (1980). Some recollections pertaining to the evolutionary synthesis. In
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280:
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115:
107:
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Cathedral Organists Past and Present, John Ebenezer West, Novello, 1921, p. 15
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evolution, and was of the opinion that some genetic mechanism other than bird
290:
Ford was appointed University Demonstrator in Zoology in 1927 and Lecturer at
191:. He was a leader among those British biologists who investigated the role of
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The Annual Obituary 1988, ed. Patricia Burgess, St James Press, 1988, p. 14
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Ford became Professor, and then Emeritus Professor of Ecological Genetics,
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531:. This book was misrepresented in reviews, and the story was picked up by
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The evolutionary synthesis: perspectives on the unification of biology
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The evolutionary synthesis: perspectives on the unification of biology
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Ecological Genetics and Evolution: Essays in Honour of E. B. Ford
284:
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573:. In 1961, Haldane and Spurway talked to Canadian lepidopterist
616:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London.
295:
279:. He was already an old man... but talked to me a good deal of
91:
963:(1995). "Edmund Brisco Ford. 23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988".
1429:
Moonshine: why the peppered moth remains an icon of evolution
1025:
Musical Opinion and Music Trade Review, vol. 33, 1909, p. 189
916:, who did ground-breaking work on ecological genetics with
204:
43:
309:. By the time Ford had developed his formal definition of
353:
in this species was investigated by Ford for many years.
1380:"Did Kettlewell commit fraud? Re-examining the evidence"
1164:
Ford E.B. 1940. Polymorphism and taxonomy. In Huxley J.
764:. Butterworth, London. 2nd edn: Oxford University Press.
835:. Institute of Biology studies, Edward Arnold, London.
375:
were correct. He was the first to describe and define
1043:
The Musician, vol. 15, Hatch Music Co., 1915, p. 133
966:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
936:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
596:
Ackery, Phillip; Vane-Wright, Richard, eds. (1984).
565:, then the graduate student (and later the wife) of
195:
in nature. As a schoolboy Ford became interested in
1359:
The Peppered moth: decline of a Darwinian disciple.
727:, Isles of Scilly: the site of Ford's Common Blue (
355:The red with black rear wings, revealed in flight,
219:in 1954. In the wider world his best known work is
1160:
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1800:People associated with University College, Oxford
595:
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1278:
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767:Ford E.B. (1940). Polymorphism and taxonomy. In
451:
247:, Cumberland (now Cumbria), and read zoology at
1451:https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/issue/129/3
1155:
939:, but there are few other sources on his life.
828:. All Souls Studies, Faber & Faber, London.
187:(23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988) was a British
1481:Streaking! The Collected Poems of Gary Botting
1312:. New Naturalist No. 30 HarperCollins, London.
508:during Kettlewell's famous experiments on the
497:is the black-bodied form of the peppered moth.
317:as an example). Like Fisher, he continued the
1562:
1273:
1470:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984
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621:Creed, Robert; Ford, Edmund Brisco (1971).
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1468:The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses
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510:evolution of melanism in the peppered moth
305:Ford had a long working relationship with
42:
1371:
1339:
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676:
620:
600:. Royal Entomological Society of London.
16:British ecological geneticist (1901–1988)
1504:
1181:. 3rd ed, Columbia University Press N.Y.
912:in Britain. Ford was on good terms with
335:
259:Ford's career was based entirely at the
1299:. New Naturalist No. 1 Collins, London.
1013:"Edmund Briscoe Ford | RCP Museum"
869:Church treasures of the Oxford district
535:campaigners. In her controversial book
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712:
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254:
199:, the group of insects which includes
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1117:. Harvard 1980; 2nd ed 1998, p336-8.
955:
953:
951:
864:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.
625:. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
401:. Ford also went on in 1955 to write
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1203:
862:Taking genetics into the countryside
1204:Ford, E.B. (1949). "Polymorphism".
867:Ford E.B. and J.S. Haywood (1984).
705:(jointly dedicated to Ford and the
614:Clarke B 1995. Edmund Brisco Ford.
436:E.B. Ford worked for many years on
13:
1348:
1239:Chung, C.S.; Morton, N.E. (1961).
1218:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1945.tb00315.x
1179:Genetics and the Origin of Species
948:
14:
1811:
1770:People educated at St Bees School
1576:
1137:"The R.A. Fisher Digital Archive"
1775:Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
1479:Tihemme Gagnon, "Introduction,"
875:
817:Ford E.B. (1964, 4th edn 1975).
806:Ford E.B. (1954, 3rd edn 1972).
784:Ford E.B. (1945, 3rd edn 1977).
777:Ford E.B. (1942, 7th edn 1973).
737:
487:
476:is the white-bodied form of the
466:
1790:20th-century British zoologists
1780:Modern synthesis (20th century)
1740:British evolutionary biologists
1592:Overview, ecology, and genetics
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1495:
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1443:
1434:
1387:Public Understanding of Science
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760:Ford E.B. (1938, 2nd ed 1950).
743:Ford E.B. (1931, 8th ed 1965).
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381:human blood group polymorphisms
302:since the seventeenth century.
1308:Ford E.B. 1955, 3rd edn 1972.
1282:Ford E.B. 1964, 4th edn 1975.
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495:Biston betularia f. carbonaria
1:
1795:People from Dalton-in-Furness
1672:Melanism: Evolution in Action
1295:Ford E.B. 1945, 3rd ed 1977.
1192:Genetics for medical students
942:
933:wrote Ford's obituary in the
779:Genetics for medical students
528:Melanism: Evolution in Action
452:Melanism in the peppered moth
1765:Fellows of the Royal Society
1241:"Selection at the ABO locus"
821:. Chapman and Hall, London.
226:
7:
1513:Archives of Natural History
1286:. Chapman and Hall, London.
504:Ford was the supervisor of
444:is more viable than either
10:
1816:
1462:"Preface," in Heather and
871:. Alan Sutton, Gloucester.
842:. Faber and Faber, London.
598:The Biology of Butterflies
474:Biston betularia f. typica
455:
292:University College, Oxford
25:Edmund Brisco "Henry" Ford
1695:
1665:The Evolution of Melanism
1656:
1610:
1584:
781:Chapman and Hall, London.
424:in 1946, and awarded the
416:, and Honorary Fellow of
357:warn of its noxious taste
287:, both of whom he knew."
161:
153:
143:
136:
121:
103:
80:
50:
41:
23:
1541:. HarperCollins, London.
1399:10.1177/0963662505052890
1324:"Morphism and evolution"
720:. London: HarperCollins.
661:"Morphism and evolution"
1755:English science writers
1611:Writers and researchers
1483:(Miami: Strategic, 2013
1126:Papers co-written with
833:Genetics and adaptation
814:No. 30 Collins, London.
745:Mendelism and evolution
659:Huxley, Julian (1954).
640:Hooper, Judith (2002).
458:Peppered moth evolution
211:. Ford was awarded the
110:, Cumberland, England;
1785:New Naturalist writers
1760:English lepidopterists
1132:University of Adelaide
983:10.1098/rsbm.1995.0010
961:Clarke, Bryan Campbell
857:. Harvard 1980; 1998.
840:Understanding genetics
792:No. 1 Collins, London.
364:
359:. The front wings are
249:Wadham College, Oxford
1357:Majerus M.E.N. 2004.
1322:Huxley, J.S. (1955).
1130:are available on the
914:Theodosius Dobzhansky
762:The study of heredity
753:and E.B. Ford (1933)
456:Further information:
412:. He was a Fellow of
379:, and predicted that
339:
189:ecological geneticist
130:Weldon Memorial Prize
1525:10.3366/anh.20240897
1378:Rudge, D.W. (2005).
1364:24 July 2011 at the
1177:Dobzhansky T. 1951.
1104:. Blackwell, Oxford.
895:Arthur Quiller Couch
826:Genetic polymorphism
751:Carpenter, G.D. Hale
438:genetic polymorphism
410:University of Oxford
377:genetic polymorphism
342:Callimorpha dominula
311:genetic polymorphism
261:University of Oxford
157:University of Oxford
112:University of Oxford
1750:British eugenicists
1745:English geneticists
1539:The New Naturalists
1453:2020, 129, 765–771.
1284:Ecological genetics
1166:The new systematics
1143:on 13 December 2005
819:Ecological genetics
797:British butterflies
772:The new systematics
733:) population study.
718:The New Naturalists
707:Nuffield Foundation
693:. Clarendon Press.
687:Kettlewell, Bernard
432:Ecological genetics
387:Ecological Genetics
369:ecological genetics
349:with spread wings.
255:Career and research
209:ecological genetics
148:Ecological genetics
1679:Icons of Evolution
1618:Bernard Kettlewell
1341:10.1038/hdy.1955.1
1206:Biological Reviews
1194:. Methuen, London.
910:male homosexuality
860:Ford E.B. (1981).
838:Ford E.B. (1979).
831:Ford E.B. (1976).
824:Ford E.B. (1965).
795:Ford E.B. (1951).
757:. Methuen, London.
747:. Methuen, London.
730:Polyommatus icarus
678:10.1038/hdy.1955.1
571:Mendelian genetics
506:Bernard Kettlewell
365:
55:Edmund Brisco Ford
1717:
1716:
1704:The Peppered Moth
906:Miriam Rothschild
902:All Souls College
700:978-0-19-857370-8
651:978-1-84115-392-6
644:. Fourth Estate.
632:978-0-632-08360-2
607:978-0-12-713750-6
521:The entomologist
420:. He was elected
414:All Souls College
319:natural selection
300:All Souls College
233:Dalton-in-Furness
231:Ford was born in
193:natural selection
165:
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138:Scientific career
69:Dalton-in-Furness
1807:
1709:Margaret Drabble
1686:Of Moths and Men
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1251:(1 Pt 1): 9–27.
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1190:Ford E.B. 1942.
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1139:. Archived from
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547:Of Moths and Men
538:Of Moths and Men
515:Biston betularia
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263:. The biologist
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1427:Young M. 2003.
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1368:(.doc download)
1366:Wayback Machine
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865:
858:
843:
836:
829:
822:
815:
812:New Naturalist
804:
793:
790:New Naturalist
782:
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748:
739:
736:
735:
734:
722:
710:
699:
683:
656:
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631:
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612:
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591:
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567:J.B.S. Haldane
559:
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493:
486:
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472:
465:
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463:
462:
461:
453:
450:
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418:Wadham College
395:New Naturalist
281:Charles Darwin
256:
253:
245:St Bees School
228:
225:
163:
162:
159:
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119:
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116:Wadham College
108:St Bees School
105:
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100:
90:
88:(aged 86)
84:2 January 1988
82:
78:
77:
67:
54:
52:
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39:
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27:
24:
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1648:Judith Hooper
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1579:
1578:Peppered moth
1572:
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1440:Hooper, p. 42
1437:
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1123:
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1103:
1100:et al. (eds)
1099:
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975:Royal Society
972:
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876:Personal life
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827:
823:
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801:Penguin Books
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738:Works by Ford
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714:Marren, Peter
711:
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619:
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613:
609:
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599:
594:
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587:
586:was at work.
585:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:Helen Spurway
556:
552:
551:
550:
548:
544:
543:Judith Hooper
540:
539:
534:
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524:
519:
517:
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479:
478:peppered moth
475:
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328:
327:Sewall Wright
324:
323:genetic drift
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:Ray Lankester
270:
269:Julian Huxley
266:
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246:
242:
238:
234:
224:
222:
218:
214:
213:Royal Society
210:
206:
202:
198:
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190:
185:
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177:
173:
169:
168:Edmund Brisco
160:
156:
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127:
124:
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117:
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109:
106:
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97:
93:
83:
79:
74:
70:
65:23 April 1901
53:
49:
45:
40:
35:
31:
22:
19:
1702:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1637:
1628:Cyril Clarke
1623:Mike Majerus
1597:Evolution of
1538:
1533:
1519:(1): 73–85.
1516:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1464:Gary Botting
1458:
1445:
1436:
1423:
1390:
1386:
1373:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1283:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1191:
1186:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:the original
1122:
1114:
1109:
1101:
1094:Provine W.B.
1085:
1076:
1067:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1007:
970:
964:
934:
931:Bryan Clarke
929:
917:
899:
891:
883:Cyril Clarke
879:
868:
861:
854:
851:Provine W.B.
839:
832:
825:
818:
807:
796:
785:
778:
771:
761:
754:
744:
728:
717:
690:
668:
664:
641:
622:
615:
597:
590:Bibliography
575:Gary Botting
560:
554:
546:
536:
526:
520:
513:
503:
494:
473:
442:heterozygote
435:
426:Darwin Medal
407:
402:
398:
392:
385:
366:
351:Polymorphism
346:
340:
325:debate with
315:blood groups
304:
289:
277:E.B. Poulton
258:
230:
220:
217:Darwin Medal
175:
171:
167:
166:
154:Institutions
137:
126:Darwin Medal
86:(1988-01-02)
18:
1735:1988 deaths
1730:1901 births
1633:Bruce Grant
1297:Butterflies
1147:9 September
1128:R.A. Fisher
977:: 146–168.
924:Arthur Cain
786:Butterflies
533:creationist
399:Butterflies
373:R.A. Fisher
307:R.A. Fisher
265:Arthur Cain
221:Butterflies
201:butterflies
197:lepidoptera
96:Oxfordshire
1724:Categories
1638:E. B. Ford
1098:Berry R.J.
973:. London:
943:References
919:Drosophila
580:Lamarckian
555:carbonaria
446:homozygote
331:Dobzhansky
241:Lancashire
73:Lancashire
61:1901-04-23
1226:221532346
1212:(2): 73.
1168:. Oxford.
1096:1992. In
1090:Cain A.J.
803:, London.
774:. Oxford.
769:Huxley J.
584:predation
428:in 1954.
237:Ulverston
227:Education
104:Education
98:, England
75:, England
1415:25525719
1407:16240545
1362:Archived
1334:: 1–52.
1328:Heredity
1267:13693519
999:72984345
716:(1995).
689:(1973).
671:: 1–52.
665:Heredity
397:series,
275:through
223:(1945).
1585:Biology
1258:1932110
847:Mayr E.
755:Mimicry
361:cryptic
345:morpha
321:versus
285:Pasteur
235:, near
1413:
1405:
1265:
1255:
1224:
997:
991:770139
989:
853:(eds)
697:
648:
629:
604:
347:typica
296:Fellow
144:Fields
132:(1959)
122:Awards
92:Oxford
1657:Works
1411:S2CID
1383:(PDF)
1310:Moths
1222:S2CID
995:S2CID
987:JSTOR
808:Moths
403:Moths
239:, in
205:moths
182:
172:Henry
32:
1403:PMID
1263:PMID
1149:2007
1092:and
885:and
849:and
725:Teän
695:ISBN
646:ISBN
627:ISBN
602:ISBN
283:and
203:and
184:FRCP
176:Ford
81:Died
51:Born
34:FRCP
1707:by
1521:doi
1395:doi
1336:doi
1253:PMC
1214:doi
979:doi
673:doi
422:FRS
298:of
215:'s
180:FRS
30:FRS
1726::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
