22:
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165:
the state would continue developing the legal framework according to the needs of the enterprises. It has also been discussed in
Estonian media that e-residency could be used to spread knowledge about Estonian culture online to develop cultural export. By 18 January 2015, there had been applications from 225 countries, most of them from Finland (224), Russia (109), Latvia (38), the United States (34) and the United Kingdom (22).
276:
function as an entrepreneur provided by e-Residency may greatly complicate criminal investigations, because, for example, identifying a person who has committed tax fraud or fraud and conducting processes can be difficult due to his or her permanent presence overseas. As a result, criminal investigations, evidence gathering,
156:
expert Anto Veldre, the concrete proposal ("10 million e-residents by 2025") was presented by Taavi Kotka, Ruth Annus, and Siim Sikkut on an idea contest by
Estonian Development Fund in 2014. The project was initiated with the prize money from the contest. It is developed by a state-owned foundation,
94:
leak was suggested to be a factor helping the more transparent
Estonian initiative according to Korjus. E-residency itself does not have an effect on income taxation — neither does it establish an income tax liability in Estonia nor does it relieve from income taxation in the resident's home country.
77:
would be rejected. Successful applicants would be invited to an interview in
Tallinn or an Estonian embassy about three months after applying, and would then, if successful, be issued their card. The certificates of the document are valid for five years, up from three years when the program was first
164:
Kotka stated that, while the further goal of the project would be to gain millions of e-residents, its purpose was to increase the number of active enterprises in
Estonia. The private sector must be able to develop concrete services on the legal and technical platform provided by e-residency, while
121:
Entrepreneurs can obtain EU residency after purchasing real estate in
Estonia as a long-term benefit. The Estonian side benefits in particular by developing Estonia into an international business center with expanding service offerings for foreign entrepreneurs and investors in the disciplines of
168:
By the end of 2023, Estonia's e-Residency program had welcomed over 100,000 individuals from 181 countries worldwide. In less than a decade since the initiative's inception, these e-residents have established more than 27,000 Estonian enterprises, with the number continuing to grow rapidly. The
135:
It is not a way to avoid paying taxes in the country of actual residence - instead, one becomes a taxpayer both in
Estonia and in the country where one is a citizen and tax resident. The e-residency program was developed primarily for location-independent startups and companies offering digital
275:
in the case of people from countries with whom
Estonia does not have justice, security, or law enforcement cooperation. It is also impossible to effectively check the backgrounds of such countries' citizens or, if required, prosecute the crimes they have committed. Furthermore, the ability to
72:
by filling in a form, supplying a scan of a national passport and a photograph, and giving the reason for applying (which does not strongly affect the outcome of the application). Kaspar Korjus, former managing director of the e-residency program, said that applicants who had been involved in
356:
360:
263:, companies were seeking options to continue to be able to trade in euros, and others had other reasons: in the two weeks following the referendum, applications from Britain (with 616 e-residents hitherto) increased tenfold.
90:
E-residents will have their financial footprint monitored digitally, in a manner stated to be transparent; the reaction to the widespread financial misbehaviour at a high level revealed by the
615:
44:
on 1 December 2014. The program allows non-Estonians access to
Estonian services such as company formation, banking, payment processing, and taxation. The program gives the e-resident a
82:, they have to apply for a new document. The application process will be the same as when they first applied. A state fee needs to be paid again when they submit a new application.
649:
185:
In general the e-residency project was positively reviewed in the news media, being recognized for its innovativeness and potential. Estonia's former
Minister of Finance
861:
836:
1033:
384:
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In 2017, the Estonian government froze the digital ID cards of the e-residency program, two months after discovering a major security flaw that could enable
291:. ID cards that were issued between 16 October 2014, and 25 November 2017, were suspended until owners updated to a new security certificate by March 2018.
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400:
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noted in 2014 that it was as yet unclear how e-residency would bring capital to Estonia. Some legal experts warn that using e-residency to incorporate a
466:
913:
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738:
149:
612:
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152:. Although the idea of issuing ID cards to non-residents had been discussed at least from about 2007, and proposed again in 2012 by Estonian
252:), and others. In neighbouring Finland, it elicited some fear that e-residency might give Finnish enterprises an urge to move to Estonia.
125:
Korjus said that registering an Estonian business was "useful for internet entrepreneurs in emerging markets who don’t have access to an
447:
874:
197:, as this is a completely new legal status that has not been considered in the framework of existing international agreements to avoid
926:
981:
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110:, tax declaration, and fulfilment of medical prescriptions. Other services become available as the scheme is expanded. A digital ID
129:
provider", and for startups from countries such as Ukraine or Belarus which suffer financial limitations from their governments.
653:
939:
848:
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Estonian virtual residency program shows how established nations may adopt strategies similar to
204:
There has been international interest in different countries, with the issue being covered by media in the United States (
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241:
381:
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The e-residency program offers a marketplace of trusted services of potential use to businesses run using the program.
56:; the first person to apply for and be granted e-residency through the standard process was Hamid Tahsildoost from the
1007:
887:
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271:
One of the biggest challenges for the Estonian government and other institutions is how to secure the certainty of
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E-residency is not related to citizenship and does not provide the right to physically enter or reside in Estonia.
688:
713:
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which they can use to sign documents. The program is aimed towards location-independent entrepreneurs such as
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The Estonian government first revealed the original flaw in September, but gave no details until much later.
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21:
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Estonia offers e-residency to allow non-citizens access to government services and business online
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212:
448:"A Brexit bolthole? For €100 you can become an e-resident of an EU country you've never visited"
587:
281:
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99:
8:
1069:
49:
1008:"Estonia has frozen its popular e-residency ID cards because of a massive security flaw"
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804:
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Majandus- ja kommunikatsiooniministeerium (in Estonian) (Accessed on 6 February 2015)
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in Estonia might under certain circumstances make that company's profits subject to
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1034:"Here's what e-residents need to know about the potential security vulnerability"
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E-residentsuse varjatud karid ehk mis juhtub teisest riigist juhitud äriühinguga
359:(in Estonian). Estonian Development Foundation. 1 December 2014. Archived from
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259:
leak pointed out the need for greater transparency in offshore business. After
236:
126:
107:
796:
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Taavi Kotka: e-residentsus on üksnes vahend, vaja on paremat majanduskeskkonda
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186:
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403:
Eesti Päevaleht, 29 November 2014 (in Estonian) (Accessed on 6 February 2015)
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153:
148:, the vice chancellor of communications and state information systems in the
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57:
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Eesti Päevaleht, 14 October 2014 (in Estonian) (Accessed on 6 February 2015)
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321:
224:
218:
206:
827:
Advokaadibüroo Biin & Biin (in Estonian) (Accessed on 6 February 2015)
173:, providing an example of what citizenship might look like in a
914:
I’m now an Estonian e-resident, but I still don’t know what to do with it
701:"10 miljoni eestlase" idee pääses Arengufondi konkursi kolme võitja sekka
170:
145:
111:
79:
45:
678:
Postimees, 9 November 2012 (in Estonian) (Accessed on 6 February 2015)
839:Äripäev, 15 December 2014 (in Estonian) (Accessed on 6 February 2015)
716:
Memokraat, 13 October 2014 (in Estonian)(Accessed on 6 February 2015)
401:
Milliste hüvede osaliseks saab Eesti esimene e-resident Edward Lucas?
316:
103:
901:
Estonia wants to give us all digital ID cards, make us “e-residents”
741:Äripäev (in Estonian), 6 February 2015 (Accessed on 6 February 2015)
52:
and writers. The first e-resident of Estonia was British journalist
995:
e-residency: residenza virtuale e digitale, in Estonia è già realtà
492:"Estonian e-Residency - Which services can I use as an e-Resident?"
230:
78:
announced. After that period, if a person wishes to continue using
467:"Estonia is extending the validity period of its digital ID cards"
739:
Kas e-residentsus toob rohkem venelasi Eestisse kinnisvara ostma?
729:
Sirp, 16 January 2015 (in Estonian) (Accessed on 6 February 2015)
691:Äripäev, 12 June 2014 (in Estonian) (Accessed on 6 February 2015)
331:
41:
1063:
382:
Eesti avab 2014. aasta lõpus oma e-teenused ülejäänud maailmale
260:
69:
940:
Estonia First Country to Offer E-Residency Digital Citizenship
779:
Invisible countries : journeys to the edge of nationhood
703:
ERR, 12 June 2014 (in Estonian) (Accessed on 6 February 2015)
118:
in Estonia or at an embassy is used for access to services.
622:, pp. 2, 15, 22 (in Estonian) (Accessed on 6 February 2015)
357:"President Ilves annab täna üle esimese e-residendi kaardi"
85:
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Ligi: on ebaselge, kuidas e-residentsus raha sisse toob
548:"E-Residency: a business platform for Industry 4.0?"
732:
969:Estonian e-residency attracts Finnish businessmen
714:Kui seda ei tee Eesti, siis teeb seda keegi teine
1077:
416:. E-Estonia.com. 13 January 2015. Archived from
864:Eesti Päevaleht, 29 November 2014 (in Estonian)
776:
650:"E-residentsus aitab välisinvestoreid Eestisse"
441:
439:
437:
435:
284:, and other processes may be slowed or halted.
150:Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications
727:E-residentsus ja Eesti virtuaalne kultuuriruum
445:
942:International Business Times, 7 October 2014)
519:
517:
414:"E-residency – up against great expectations"
888:Estonia to Offer ‘E-Residency’ to Foreigners
432:
255:There was an increase in interest after the
963:
961:
406:
68:An application for e-residency can be made
1068:
953:Why you should be an e-resident of Estonia
809:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
781:. Nelson, Bill (Cartographer). New Haven.
753:"How to apply for e-Residency in Estonia?"
552:Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues
514:
122:finance, consulting, accounting, and law.
706:
647:
630:
628:
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261:Britain voted to leave the European Union
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927:Estonia offers e-residency to foreigners
890:The Wall Street Journal, 21 October 2014
851:Postimees, 6 December 2014 (in Estonian)
20:
689:Arengufondi ideekonkursil kolm võitjat"
652:(in Estonian). Läänlane. Archived from
527:. Government of the Republic of Estonia
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86:Benefits and limitations of e-residency
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1031:
875:The World Now Has Its First E-Resident
854:
648:Kallemets, Kalev (18 September 2014).
625:
545:
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613:"Eesti infoühiskonna arengukava 2020"
588:"Estonian e-Residency: Pros and Cons"
394:
464:
446:Maeve Shearlaw (15 September 2016).
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1032:Korjus, Kaspar (5 September 2017).
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13:
825:Mida kujutab endast e-residentsus?
16:Estonian virtual residency program
14:
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971:Helsinki Times, 12 December 2014
777:Keating, Joshua (26 June 2018).
546:Prause, Gunnar (31 March 2016).
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929:The Guardian, 26 December 2014
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1:
903:Ars Technica, 8 December 2014
877:The Atlantic, 1 December 2014
676:Infoühiskonnast hereetiliselt
465:Saue, Victoria (4 May 2018).
342:
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116:Police and Border Guard Board
916:Ars Technica, 22 August 2015
312:Digital signature in Estonia
180:
7:
305:
40:) is a program launched by
10:
1112:
997:Wired-it, 17 October 2014
25:e-Residency identity card
565:10.9770/jesi.2016.3.3(1)
337:e-Residency of Lithuania
1086:E-government by country
860:Kärt Anna Maire Kelder
387:19 January 2015 at the
273:personal identification
213:The Wall Street Journal
144:E-residency was led by
114:issued by the Estonian
282:bankruptcy proceedings
30:e-Residency of Estonia
26:
1096:E-commerce in Estonia
984:ABC, 25 November 2014
24:
938:Anthony Cuthbertson
618:3 March 2016 at the
106:-document exchange,
102:, document signing,
100:company registration
525:"About e-Residency"
222:), United Kingdom (
98:E-residency allows
50:software developers
656:on 6 February 2015
420:on 6 February 2015
363:on 6 February 2015
159:Enterprise Estonia
27:
980:Kirsten Drysdale
925:Nabeelah Shabbir
751:Nikiforov, Ilja.
267:Security concerns
191:letterbox company
34:virtual residency
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