Émile Durkheim - Knowledge

786: 1241: 623: 837: 1875:, an expert on religion and ritual, and also on Australian belief systems. Van Gennep argued that Durkheim's views of primitive peoples and simple societies were "entirely erroneous". Van Gennep further argued that Durkheim demonstrated a lack of critical stance towards his sources, collected by traders and priests, naively accepting their veracity, and that Durkheim interpreted freely from dubious data. At the conceptual level, van Gennep pointed out Durkheim's tendency to press ethnography into a prefabricated theoretical scheme. 2236:, however, demonstrates how Searle's views on society are more or less a reconstitution of Durkheim's theories of social facts, social institutions, collective representations, and the like. Searle's ideas are thus open to the same criticisms as Durkheim's. Searle responded by arguing that Durkheim's work was worse than he had originally believed, and, admitting that he had not read much of Durkheim's work: "Because Durkheim's account seemed so impoverished I did not read any further in his work." 500:. However at an early age he switched schools, deciding not to follow in his family's footsteps. In fact Durkheim led a completely secular life, whereby much of his work was dedicated to demonstrating that religious phenomena stemmed from social rather than divine factors. Nevertheless Durkheim did not sever ties with his family nor with the Jewish community. In fact many of his most prominent collaborators and students were Jewish, some even being blood relatives. For instance 1364:

for the modern, highly complex society to survive. In mechanical solidarity, people are self-sufficient, there is little integration, and thus there is the need for use of force and repression to keep society together. Also, in such societies, people have much fewer options in life. In organic solidarity, people are much more integrated and interdependent, and specialization and cooperation are extensive. Progress from mechanical to organic solidarity is based first on

1053:, had argued that all realities in the outside world are products of human sense perception, thus all realities are merely perceived: they do not exist independently of our perceptions, and have no causal power in themselves. Comte's positivism went a step further by claiming that scientific laws could be deduced from empirical observations. Going beyond this, Durkheim claimed that sociology would not only discover "apparent" laws, but would be able to discover the 6998: 51: 7008: 8456: 2475:: "They are not homogeneous with the visible things among which we place them. They may well take from these things the outward and material forms in which they are represented, but they owe none of their efficacy to them. They are not united by external bonds to the different supports upon which they alight; they have no roots there; according to an expression we have already used and which serves best for characterizing them, 8444: 6020: 6197: 7023: 1916:. This book has as its goal not only the elucidation of the social origins and function of religion, but also the social origins and impact of society on language and logical thought. Durkheim worked largely out of a Kantian framework and sought to understand how the concepts and categories of logical thought could arise out of social life. He argued, for example, that the categories of space and time were not 1711:(1912), Durkheim's first purpose was to identify the social origin and function of religion as he felt that religion was a source of camaraderie and solidarity. His second purpose was to identify links between certain religions in different cultures, finding a common denominator. He wanted to understand the empirical, social aspect of religion that is common to all religions and goes beyond the concepts of 1491:, he argues that "his crime, namely, the independence of his thought, rendered a service not only to humanity but to his country" as "it served to prepare a new morality and faith that the Athenians needed." As such, his crime "was a useful prelude to reforms." In this sense, he saw crime as being able to release certain social tensions and so have a cleansing or purging effect in society. 8432: 2240:, however, responded to Searle's reply to Gross, refuting, point by point, the allegations that Searle makes against Durkheim, essentially upholding the argument of Gross, that Searle's work bears great resemblance to that of Durkheim. Lukes attributes Searle's miscomprehension of Durkheim's work to the fact that Searle, quite simply, never read Durkheim. 762:. Durkheim had aimed for the position earlier, but the Parisian faculty took longer to accept what some called "sociological imperialism" and admit social science to their curriculum. He became a full professor (specifically, Professor of the Science of Education) there in 1906, and in 1913 he was named chair in "Education and Sociology". Because 1845:, which in turn was created to allow us to keep track of our social gatherings and rituals; those in turn on their most basic level originated from religion. In the end, even the most logical and rational pursuit of science can trace its origins to religion. Durkheim states that, "Religion gave birth to all that is essential in the society." 2006:

If concepts were only general ideas, they would not enrich knowledge a great deal, for, as we have already pointed out, the general contains nothing more than the particular. But if before all else they are collective representations, they add to that which we can learn by our own personal experience

1495:

The authority which the moral conscience enjoys must not be excessive; otherwise, no-one would dare to criticize it, and it would too easily congeal into an immutable form. To make progress, individual originality must be able to express itself… the originality of the criminal…shall also be possible.

1828:

Durkheim also argued that our primary categories for understanding the world have their origins in religion. It is religion, Durkheim writes, that gave rise to most if not all other social constructs, including the larger society. Durkheim argued that categories are produced by the society, and thus

1807:

societies, as the emotions collective effervescence run high in the growing groups, forcing them to act in a new ways, and giving them a sense of some hidden force driving them. Over time, as emotions became symbolized and interactions ritualized, religion became more organized, giving a rise to the

1363:

is counteracting and replacing to collective consciousness. In the simpler societies, people are connected to others due to personal ties and traditions; in the larger, modern society they are connected due to increased reliance on others with regard to them performing their specialized tasks needed

766:

are technically institutions for training secondary school teachers, this position gave Durkheim considerable influence—his lectures were the only ones that were mandatory for the entire student body. Durkheim had much influence over the new generation of teachers; around that time he also served as

1988:

are created through intense social interaction and are products of collective activity. As such, these representations have the particular, and somewhat contradictory, aspect that they exist externally to the individual—since they are created and controlled not by the individual but by society as a

2067:

Durkheim has had an important impact on the development of anthropology and sociology as disciplines. The establishment of sociology as an independent, recognized academic discipline, in particular, is among Durkheim's largest and most lasting legacies. Within sociology, his work has significantly

1824:

However, even if the religion was losing its importance for Durkheim, it still laid the foundation of modern society and the interactions that governed it. And despite the advent of alternative forces, Durkheim argued that no replacement for the force of religion had yet been created. He expressed

1392:. The individual, rather than the collective, becomes the focus of rights and responsibilities, the center of public and private rituals holding the society together—a function once performed by the religion. To stress the importance of this concept, Durkheim talked of the "cult of the individual": 1077:

Throughout his career, Durkheim was concerned primarily with three goals. First, to establish sociology as a new academic discipline. Second, to analyse how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in the modern era, when things such as shared religious and ethnic background could no

1878:

Despite such critiques, Durkheim's work on religion has been widely praised for its theoretical insight and whose arguments and propositions, according to Robert Alun Jones, "have stimulated the interest and excitement of several generations of sociologists irrespective of theoretical 'school' or

2046:

Durkheim agrees with Kant that within morality, there is an element of obligation, "a moral authority which, by manifesting itself in certain precepts particularly important to it, confers upon an obligatory character." Morality tells us how to act from a position of superiority. There exists a

1979:

are the symbols and images that come to represent the ideas, beliefs, and values elaborated by a collectivity and are not reducible to individual constituents. They can include words, slogans, ideas, or any number of material items that can serve as a symbol, such as a cross, a rock, a temple, a

1866:

Now the totem is the flag of the clan. It is therefore natural that the impressions aroused by the clan in individual minds—impressions of dependence and of increased vitality—should fix themselves to the idea of the totem rather than that of the clan: for the clan is too complex a reality to be

1223:

suicides. Suicide, like other immaterial social facts, exists independently of the will of an individual, cannot be eliminated, and is as influential—coercive—as physical laws like gravity. Sociology's task therefore consists of discovering the qualities and characteristics of such social facts,

1109:

Durkheim authored some of the most programmatic statements on what sociology is and how it should be practiced. His concern was to establish sociology as a science. Arguing for a place for sociology among other sciences, he wrote, "sociology is, then, not an auxiliary of any other science; it is

2058:

However, in order to accomplish its aims, morality must be legitimate in the eyes of those to whom it speaks. As Durkheim argues, this moral authority is primarily to be located in religion, which is why in any religion one finds a code of morality. For Durkheim, it is only society that has the

652:

and sociology (the latter having never been taught in France before). The appointment of the social scientist to the mostly humanistic faculty was an important sign of changing times and the growing importance and recognition of the social sciences. From this position Durkheim helped reform the

589:

The opportunity for Durkheim to receive a major academic appointment in Paris was inhibited by his approach to society. From 1882 to 1887 he taught philosophy at several provincial schools. In 1885 he decided to leave for Germany, where for two years he studied sociology at the universities of

1090:

For if society lacks the unity that derives from the fact that the relationships between its parts are exactly regulated, that unity resulting from the harmonious articulation of its various functions assured by effective discipline and if, in addition, society lacks the unity based upon the

1746:

or God. Durkheim rejected earlier definitions by Tylor that religion was "belief in supernatural beings," finding that primitive societies such as the Australian aborigines (following the ethnologies of Spencer and Gillen, largely discredited later) did not divide reality into "natural" vs.

1297:

is therefore of key importance to the society; its requisite function without which the society cannot survive. This consciousness produces the society and holds it together, while, at the same time, individuals produce collective consciousness through their interactions. Through collective

1030:. Although he never explicitly espoused it, Durkheim adopted a realist perspective in order to demonstrate the existence of social realities outside the individual and to show that these realities existed in the form of the objective relations of society. As an epistemology of science, 812:

that followed, made it difficult to sustain this already nuanced position. While Durkheim actively worked to support his country in the war, his reluctance to give in to simplistic nationalist fervor (combined with his Jewish background) made him a natural target of the now-ascendant

733:, the first French social science journal. Its aim was to publish and publicize the work of what was, by then, a growing number of students and collaborators (this is also the name used to refer to the group of students who developed his sociological program). In 1897, he published 1396:

Thus very far from there being the antagonism between the individual and society which is often claimed, moral individualism, the cult of the individual, is in fact the product of society itself. It is society that instituted it and made of man the god whose servant it

1154:

A social fact is every way of acting, fixed or not, capable of exercising on the individual an external constraint; or again, every way of acting which is general throughout a given society, while at the same time existing in its own right independent of its individual

1167:

Durkheim's work revolved around the study of social facts, a term he coined to describe phenomena that have an existence in and of themselves, are not bound to the actions of individuals, but have a coercive influence upon them. Durkheim argued that social facts have,

2007:

all that wisdom and science which the group has accumulated in the course of centuries. Thinking by concepts, is not merely seeing reality on its most general side, but it is projecting a light upon the sensation which illuminates it, penetrates it and transforms it.

1829:

are collective creations. Thus as people create societies, they also create categories, but at the same time, they do so unconsciously, and the categories are prior to any individual's experience. In this way Durkheim attempted to bridge the divide between seeing

1174:, an independent existence greater and more objective than the actions of the individuals that compose society. Only such social facts can explain the observed social phenomena. Being exterior to the individual person, social facts may thus also exercise 1568:

Durkheim believed there was more to suicide than extremely personal individual life circumstances such as loss of a job, divorce, or bankruptcy. Instead, Durkheim explained suicide as a symptom of collective social deviance, like alcoholism or homicide.

1629:

results from too much social regulation. An example of this would be when one follows the same routine day after day. This leads to a belief that there is nothing good to look forward to. Durkheim suggested this was the most popular form of suicide for

1178:

on the various people composing society, as it can sometimes be observed in the case of formal laws and regulations, but also in situations implying the presence of informal rules, such as religious rituals or family norms. Unlike the facts studied in

2047:

certain, pre-established moral norm to which we must conform. It is through this view that Durkheim makes a first critique of Kant in saying that moral duties originate in society, and are not to be found in some universal moral concept such as the

2002:, which according to Durkheim is a product of collective action. And because language is a collective action, language contains within it a history of accumulated knowledge and experience that no individual would be capable of creating on their own: 1380:

aspect, and aims to reinforce the cohesion of the community, often by making the punishment public and extreme; whereas in the organic society the law focuses on repairing the damage done and is more focused on individuals than the community.

1565:, explaining variations in its rate on a macro level, considering society-scale phenomena such as lack of connections between people (group attachment) and lack of regulations of behavior, rather than individuals' feelings and motivations. 6001: 705:

approach necessary to rejuvenate France's fading power. Durkheim, a Jew and a staunch supporter of the Third Republic with a sympathy towards socialism, was thus in the political minority, a situation that galvanized him politically. The

1747:"supernatural" realms, but rather into realms of the "sacred" and the "profane," which were not moral categories, since both could include what was good or evil. Durkheim argues we are left with the following three concepts: 1204:". Physical objects, too, can represent both material and immaterial social facts. For example, a flag is a physical social fact that is often ingrained with various immaterial social facts (e.g. its meaning and importance). 2051:. Durkheim also argues that morality is characterized not just by this obligation, but is also something that is desired by the individual. The individual believes that by adhering to morality, they are serving the common 1340:, and how the existence of diversity nonetheless fails to destroy a society. To that, Durkheim answered that any apparent cultural diversity is overridden by a larger, common, and more generalized cultural system, and the 1922:. Rather, the category of space depends on a society's social grouping and geographical use of space, and a group's social rhythm that determines our understanding of time. In this Durkheim sought to combine elements of 1199:

grounds. Social facts can be material (i.e. physical objects ) or immaterial (i.e. meanings, sentiments, etc.). Though the latter cannot be seen or touched, they are external and coercive, thus becoming real and gaining

1135:". The establishment of sociology as an independent, recognized academic discipline is among Durkheim's largest and most lasting legacies. Within sociology, his work has significantly influenced structuralism or 1417:

between the more numerous people also leads to further division of labour. In time, the importance of the state, the law and the individual increases, while that of the religion and moral solidarity decreases.

1467:

refers to a lack of social norms; where too rapid of population growth reduces the amount of interaction between various groups, which in turn leads to a breakdown of understanding (i.e. norms, values, etc.).

2479:. So there are no objects which are predestined to receive them, to the exclusion of all others; even the most insignificant and vulgar may do so; accidental circumstances decide which are the chosen ones." 657:, introducing the study of social science in its curriculum. However, his controversial beliefs that religion and morality could be explained in terms purely of social interaction earned him many critics. 1187:

fact thus refers to a specific category of phenomena: "the determining cause of a social fact must be sought among the antecedent social facts and not among the states of the individual consciousness."

2011:

As such, language, as a social product, literally structures and shapes our experience of reality. This discursive approach to language and society was developed by later French philosophers, such as

1487:" and serves a social function. He states that crime implies "not only that the way remains open to necessary changes but that in certain cases it directly prepares these changes." Examining the 1211:

social facts. Individuals composing society do not directly cause suicide: suicide, as a social fact, exists independently in society, and is caused by other social facts—such as rules governing

1255:

in general, Durkheim saw it as a set of social facts. Even more than "what society is," Durkheim was interested in answering "how is a society created" and "what holds a society together." In

1862:. Durkheim saw this religion as the most ancient religion, and focused on it as he believed its simplicity would ease the discussion of the essential elements of religion. As such, he wrote: 1376:) and thirdly, on the increasing specialization in workplace. One of the ways mechanical and organic societies differ is the function of law: in mechanical society the law is focused on its 1034:

can be defined as a perspective that takes as its central point of departure the view that external social realities exist in the outer world and that these realities are independent of the

1302:

The totality of beliefs and sentiments common to the average members of a society forms a determinate system with a life of its own. It can be termed the collective or common consciousness.

1113:

To give sociology a place in the academic world and to ensure that it is a legitimate science, it must have an object that is clear and distinct from philosophy or psychology, and its own

868:

must be as impartial and impersonal as possible, even though a "perfectly objective observation" in this sense may never be attained. A social fact must always be studied according to its

5156: 1437:, but because lower classes want to look like the upper classes, they will eventually adapt the upper class fashion, depreciating it, and forcing the upper class to adopt a new fashion. 2525:, pp. 167–68: "For, speaking more generally, all the social sciences now live in the house of Durkheimism, unbeknownst to them, as it were, because they walked into it backwards." 6859: 1607:

corresponds to a low level of social integration. When one is not well integrated into a social group it can lead to a feeling that they have not made a difference in anyone's lives.

2251:, a contemporary British philosopher of social phenomena, has offered a close, sympathetic reading of Durkheim's discussion of social facts in the first chapter and the prefaces of 5082: 2430:

Durkheim (1960/1892), p. 9: "Science cannot describe individuals, but only types. If human societies cannot be classified, they must remain inaccessible to scientific description."

6037: 1871:

Durkheim's work on religion was criticized on both empirical and theoretical grounds by specialists in the field. The most important critique came from Durkheim's contemporary,

1634:

This study has been extensively discussed by later scholars and several major criticisms have emerged. First, Durkheim took most of his data from earlier researchers, notably

1791:, that is to say, moral forces; they are made up of the ideas and sentiments awakened in us by the spectacle of society, and not of sensations coming from the physical world. 1642:, who were much more careful in generalizing from their own data. Second, later researchers found that the Protestant–Catholic differences in suicide seemed to be limited to 1207:

Many social facts, however, have no material form. Even the most "individualistic" or "subjective" phenomena, such as love, freedom, or suicide, were regarded by Durkheim as

2149:, the founder of Turkish sociology who replaced Durkheim's concept of society with nation. An ideologue who provided the intellectual justification for the Ottoman Empire's 1065:

Scholars also debate the exact influence of Jewish thought on Durkheim's work. The answer remains uncertain; some scholars have argued that Durkheim's thought is a form of

1658:. However, diverging views have contested whether Durkheim's work really contained an ecological fallacy. More recent authors such as Berk (2006) have also questioned the 634:

Durkheim's period in Germany resulted in the publication of numerous articles on German social science and philosophy; Durkheim was particularly impressed by the work of

431:

He remained a dominant force in French intellectual life until his death in 1917, presenting numerous lectures and publishing works on a variety of topics, including the

1191:

Such facts are endowed with a power of coercion, by reason of which they may control individual behaviors. According to Durkheim, these phenomena cannot be reduced to

883:, he was one of the first people to explain the existence and quality of different parts of a society through referencing what function they served in maintaining the 820:

Finally, Durkheim's own son, André, died on the war front in December 1915—a loss from which Durkheim never recovered. Emotionally devastated, Durkheim collapsed of a

817:. Even more seriously, the generations of students that Durkheim had trained were now being drafted to serve in the army, many of them perishing in the trenches. 1820:

Thus there is something eternal in religion which is destined to survive all the particular symbols in which religious thought has successively enveloped itself.

1121: 5808: 5029:"Contextualization, cognitive flexibility, and hypertext: the convergence of interpretive theory, cognitive psychology, and advanced information technologies" 2446:: "While Durkheim did not become a Rabbi, he may have transformed his father's philosophical and moral concerns into something new, his version of sociology." 1906:

While publishing short articles on the subject earlier in his career, Durkheim's definitive statement concerning the sociology of knowledge comes in his 1912

520:(ENS) in 1879, at his third attempt. The entering class that year was one of the most brilliant of the nineteenth century, as many of his classmates, such as 428:

in the sense that sociology should study phenomena attributed to society at large, rather than being limited to the study of specific actions of individuals.

299:

have come into being. Durkheim's conception of the scientific study of society laid the groundwork for modern sociology, and he used such scientific tools as

8196: 409: 1613:

corresponds to too much social integration. This occurs when a group dominates the life of an individual to a degree where they feel meaningless to society.

1730:"a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, i.e., things set apart and forbidden—beliefs and practices which unite in one single 334:). Also in 1895 Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology and became France's first professor of sociology. Durkheim's seminal monograph, 1091:

commitment of men's wills to a common objective, then it is no more than a pile of sand that the least jolt or the slightest puff will suffice to scatter.

1930:, arguing that certain aspects of logical thought common to all humans did exist, but that they were products of collective life (thus contradicting the 2043:

and his notion of duty. While Durkheim was influenced by Kant, he was critical of aspects of the latter's moral theory and developed his own positions.

1480:), results in people doing work that they are unsuited for. Such people are unhappy, and their desire to change the system can destabilize the society. 1117:. He argued that "there is in every society a certain group of phenomena which may be differentiated from those studied by the other natural sciences." 2935: 6090: 661: 2224:, elaborates a theory of social facts and collective representations that Searle believed to be a landmark work that would bridge the gap between 5113: 2549: 1483:

Durkheim's views on crime were a departure from conventional notions. He believed that crime is "bound up with the fundamental conditions of all

552:, whereby Durkheim became interested in a scientific approach to society early on in his career. This meant the first of many conflicts with the 8661: 8561: 2029: 1069:, while others argue that proving the existence of a direct influence of Jewish thought on Durkheim's achievements is difficult or impossible. 864:

of the sociologist: how may one study an object that, from the very beginning, conditions and relates to the observer? According to Durkheim,

8521: 2459: 1336:

another key social fact. Durkheim was one of the first scholars to consider the question of culture so intensely. Durkheim was interested in

8501: 8491: 6069: 7069: 4632:; Passeron, Jean-Claude (1967). "Sociology and philosophy in France since 1945: death and resurrection of a philosophy without subject". 763: 6136: 2462:: "Suicide…is indeed the paradigm case of Durkheim's positivism: it remains the exemplar of the sociological application of statistics." 268:. Durkheim formally established the academic discipline of sociology and is commonly cited as one of the principal architects of modern 6184: 1707: 1513:

Deviance challenges the perspective and thoughts of the general population, leading to social change by pointing out a flaw in society.

773: 370: 7036: 5212:

Nefes, Türkay Salim (2013). "Ziya Gökalp's adaptation of Emile Durkheim's sociology in his formulation of the modern Turkish nation".

2598:(Retrieved 21 June 2024) - " Weber is known as a principal architect of modern social science along with Karl Marx and Emil Durkheim." 1413:. As the number of people in a given area increase, so does the number of interactions, and the society becomes more complex. Growing 8611: 8516: 8506: 8496: 8551: 5520:

van Poppel, Frans; Day, Lincoln H. (1996). "AtTest of Durkheim's theory of suicide – without committing the "ecological fallacy"".

2059:

resources, the respect, and the power to cultivate within an individual both the obligatory and the desirous aspects of morality.

8606: 6342: 8591: 528:, went on to become major figures in France's intellectual history as well. At the ENS, Durkheim studied under the direction of 7707: 4464: 2331: 1912: 1989:

whole—yet, simultaneously within each individual of the society, by virtue of that individual's participation within society.

1833:

as constructed out of human experience and as logically prior to that experience. Our understanding of the world is shaped by

5900: 5789: 5756: 5730: 5707: 5669: 5628: 5613: 5595: 5569: 5510: 5467: 5445: 5355: 5307: 5269: 5202: 5179: 5102: 5068: 5044: 4899: 4817: 4798: 4769: 4750: 4723: 4681: 4662: 4619: 4558: 4425: 3752: 3713: 3594: 3381: 3273: 3161: 2761: 2646: 1078:

longer be assumed. To that end he wrote much about the effect of laws, religion, education and similar forces on society and

515: 111: 4812:. Routledge Revivals. Translated by D. F. Pocock, with an introduction by J. G. Peristiany. Taylor & Francis. 3148: 1600:, Durkheim began his theory by plotting social regulation on the x-axis of his chart, and social integration on the y-axis: 8511: 1936:

empiricist understanding whereby categories are acquired by individual experience alone), and that they were not universal

1788: 5059: 1519:

Reactions to deviant activity could increase camaraderie and social support among the population affected by the activity.

6787: 6362: 6268: 6106: 4745:. Edited with an introduction by Steven Lukes; translated by W. D. Halls. New York: The Free Press. pp. 34–47. 3337: 2591: 1524: 748: 5279:

Pickering, W. S. F. (2012). "Reflections on the death of Émile Durkheim". In W. S. F. Pickering; Massimo Rosati (eds.).

1322:, and Durkheim believes that human beings, when in a group, will inevitably act in such a way that a society is formed. 8641: 8586: 7293: 6748: 6081: 5288: 3871: 2267:"—Gilbert argues that some of his statements that may seem to be philosophically untenable are important and fruitful. 1859: 1623:, meaning a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises from the inability to reasonably expect life to be predictable. 1509:

to be an essential component of a functional society. He believed that deviance had three possible effects on society:

586:

in philosophy in 1882, though finishing next to last in his graduating class owing to serious illness the year before.

5480:(2012). "Émile Durkheim between Gabriel Tarde and Arnold van Gennep: founding moments of sociology and anthropology". 2216:

Much of Durkheim's work remains unacknowledged in philosophy, despite its direct relevance. As proof, one can look to

1799:

of humankind, and one that gave rise to other social forms. It was religion that gave humanity the strongest sense of

8651: 8646: 8636: 8621: 8546: 6248: 6160: 5892: 5877: 5862: 5847: 5800: 5781: 5748: 5722: 5699: 5684: 5661: 5643: 5587: 5426: 5250: 4704: 4520: 3744: 3082: 2719: 2660: 2280: 1359:(one rising from mutual need). As societies become more complex, evolving from mechanical to organic solidarity, the 1257: 996:

from the relationship among these facts. There were many points on which Durkheim agreed with the positivist thesis:

723:

stating what sociology is and how it ought to be done, and founded the first European department of sociology at the

669: 318: 5828: 606:

and its language of concrete, complex things, in sharp contrast to the more abstract, clear and simple ideas of the

8556: 8266: 8186: 8166: 7031: 6698: 6168: 4269: 4204: 3180: 2633: 2288: 2253: 1215:

and group attachment—whether an individual likes it or not. Whether a person "leaves" a society does not alter the

1006:

Third, he agreed with Comte that the social sciences could become scientific only when they were stripped of their

852: 842: 715: 330: 2421:, p. 539: "Durkheim was the first to seriously use the comparative method correctly in the scientific sense." 8631: 8576: 8536: 8526: 7062: 6453: 5925: 3782:"The Social Roots of Suicide: Theorizing How the External Social World Matters to Suicide and Suicide Prevention" 6129: 1755:: ideas and sentiments kindled by the spectacle of society and which inspire awe, spiritual devotion or respect; 872:

with other social facts, never according to the individual who studies it. Sociology should therefore privilege

8541: 6817: 5281:

Suffering and Evil: The Durkheimian Legacy. Essays in Commemoration of the 90th Anniversary of Durkheim's Death

5121: 1003:

Second, like Comte, he acknowledged that the only valid guide to objective knowledge was the scientific method.

953: 805:, in that he sought a secular, rational form of French life. However, the onset of the war, and the inevitable 768: 529: 8601: 1783:

Out of those three concepts, Durkheim focused on the sacred, noting that it is at the very core of a religion:

1576:

of suicide focusing on the conditions of group life. Proposing four different types of suicide, which include

1516:

Deviant acts may support existing social norms and beliefs by evoking the population to discipline the actors.

754:

By 1902, Durkheim had finally achieved his goal of attaining a prominent position in Paris when he became the

8156: 7667: 6959: 6889: 6548: 4570: 3577: 1553:

among Catholics results in lower suicide rates. According to Durkheim, Catholic society has normal levels of

595: 489: 117: 6213: 4827:

Gibbs, Jack P.; Martin, Walter T. (1958). "A theory of status integration and its relationship to suicide".

1318:, we act socially because we recognize it is the responsible, moral way to act. A key to forming society is 8616: 8581: 8566: 8226: 8095: 6430: 6263: 5769: 4982: 4829: 4718:. Translated by D. F. Pocock; with an introduction by J. G. Peristiany. Toronto: The Free Press. 2988: 911: 626:

A collection of Durkheim's courses on the origins of socialism (1896), edited and published by his nephew,

139: 6042: 5963: 5944: 5264:. Vol. 1. In conjunction with the British Centre for Durkheimian Studies. Routledge. pp. 62–87. 4971:

Inkeles, A. (1959). "Personality and social structure". In R. K. Merton; L. Broom; L. S. Cottrell (eds.).

1666:(1959), Johnson (1965), and Gibbs (1968), have claimed that Durkheim's only intent was to explain suicide 879:

Durkheim sought to create one of the first rigorous scientific approaches to social phenomena. Along with

7528: 6894: 6335: 5906:

Tekiner, Deniz (2002). "German Idealist Foundations of Durkheim's Sociology and Teleology of Knowledge",

802: 408:, understanding the term in its broader meaning as the "beliefs and modes of behaviour instituted by the 401: 17: 2039:

Durkheim defines morality as "a system of rules for conduct". His analysis of morality is influenced by

785: 602:. As Durkheim indicated in several essays, it was in Leipzig that he learned to appreciate the value of 8422: 8409: 7055: 7001: 6693: 6405: 1968: 1682: 1619:

occurs when one has an insufficient amount of social regulation. This stems from the sociological term

8476: 7672: 6219: 6122: 4230:

Jones, T. Anthony (June 1981). "Durkheim, Deviance and Development: Opportunities Lost and Regained".

3736: 2308: 1240: 860:

that would guarantee sociology's truly scientific character. One of the questions raised concerns the

729: 358: 8571: 8531: 8296: 8246: 7176: 7026: 6051: 4298:"Europe's Seminal Proto-Fascist? Historically Approaching Ziya Gökalp, Mentor of Turkish Nationalism" 2472: 1937: 1917: 1825:

his doubt about modernity, seeing the modern times as "a period of transition and moral mediocrity."

1472:, on the other hand, refers to a situation in which those who hold power, driven by their desire for 5911: 3977: 2510: 2506: 2024:

How many times, indeed, it is only an anticipation of future morality - a step toward what will be!

1506: 891:, comparing society to a living organism. As a result, his work is sometimes seen as a precursor to 642:

in 1887, where he was to teach the university's first social science course. His official title was

202: 8286: 8236: 8045: 7335: 6976: 6864: 6849: 6841: 6723: 6278: 6243: 3990: 2141: 2069: 1800: 1768: 1330:

Groups, when interacting, create their own culture and attach powerful emotions to it, thus making

1274: 1136: 892: 460: 417: 155: 143: 6095: 3413: 638:. Durkheim's articles gained recognition in France, and he received a teaching appointment in the 8656: 8596: 8366: 7677: 6944: 6176: 5114:"Elementary forms of the metaphorical life: tropes at work in Durkheim's theory of the religious" 4942: 4911: 4568:

Berk, Bernard B. (2006). "Macro-micro relationships in Durkheim's analysis of egoistic suicide".

4081: 3982: 2753: 2296: 2154: 1888: 1536: 1348: 969: 814: 735: 336: 304: 8030: 6066: 5986: 4297: 7652: 7564: 6869: 6718: 6533: 6385: 6328: 6304: 6258: 5167: 4790: 4784: 4187: 3703: 3586: 2665: 2229: 2089: 2048: 1900: 1855: 1643: 724: 639: 452: 432: 4780: 4510: 3373: 3367: 3320: 3143: 3086: 2905: 2873: 2858: 2792: 2579: 2409:"The first and most fundamental rule is: Consider social facts as things." (Durkheim 1895:14). 2105: 8371: 8361: 8256: 7782: 7737: 7240: 6965: 6954: 6458: 5409: 4940:

Hayward, J. E. S. (1960b). "Solidarist Syndicalism: Durkheim and DuGuit, part II".

4183: 3842: 3117: 3102: 2723: 2694: 2443: 2109: 1647: 1352: 1225: 861: 825: 690: 591: 444: 440: 397: 125: 121: 5795:

Macionis, John J. (1991). Sociology (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

4909:

Hayward, J. E. S. (1960a). "Solidarist Syndicalism: Durkheim and DuGuit, part I".

4076: 2318:(1900), translation of an Italian text entitled "La sociologia e il suo dominio scientifico" 307:, and historical observation in his analysis of suicides in Catholic and Protestant groups. 8626: 8486: 8481: 8376: 8176: 7637: 6914: 6854: 6653: 6558: 6309: 3582: 2081: 1694: 1659: 1083: 789:

Grave of Émile Durkheim, the founder of sociology, in Montparnasse Cemetery, Paris, France.

674: 654: 456: 353: 7975: 7762: 7697: 1298:

consciousness human beings become aware of one another as social beings, not just animals.

1000:

First, he accepted that the study of society was to be founded on an examination of facts.

903: 667:

The 1890s were a period of remarkable creative output for Durkheim. In 1893, he published

8: 8216: 7777: 7722: 7642: 7584: 7467: 7362: 7092: 6488: 5824: 2225: 1573: 989: 759: 682: 673:, his doctoral dissertation and fundamental statement of the nature of human society and 622: 553: 198: 6713: 5365:

Searle, John (2006). "Durkheim versus Searle and the waves of thought: reply to Gross".

8336: 7995: 7960: 7870: 7397: 7230: 7181: 6807: 6797: 6568: 6473: 6238: 5537: 5382: 5348:

A New Science of International Relations: Modernity, Complexity and the Kosovo Conflict

5334: 5229: 5191: 5148: 5015: 4999: 4959: 4955: 4928: 4924: 4878: 4846: 4693: 4641: 4608: 4587: 4364: 4325: 4247: 3816: 3781: 3433: 3074: 2979:

Durkheim, Émile. 1960 . "Montesquieu's Contribution to the Rise of Social Science." In

2711: 2150: 1796: 1675: 1655: 1650:

of other factors. Durkheim's study of suicide has been criticized as an example of the

1554: 1473: 1450: 1402: 1373: 1369: 1360: 1356: 1337: 1319: 1290: 1252: 1079: 1026: 910:, he did not focus on what motivates individuals' actions (an approach associated with 873: 836: 806: 798: 599: 375: 284: 147: 7945: 6638: 6528: 988:. According to Comte, a true social science should stress empirical facts, as well as 8125: 8025: 7990: 7815: 7792: 7787: 7662: 7278: 7268: 7117: 7102: 7078: 7016: 7007: 6777: 6628: 6598: 6415: 6395: 6380: 5996: 5982: 5958: 5939: 5896: 5888: 5873: 5858: 5843: 5796: 5785: 5777: 5774:

Solidarity and Schism: "The Problem of Disorder" in Durkheimian and Marxist Sociology

5764:

Histoire et sociologie en France. De l'histoire-science à la sociologie durkheimienne

5752: 5744: 5726: 5718: 5703: 5695: 5680: 5665: 5657: 5639: 5624: 5609: 5591: 5583: 5565: 5506: 5493: 5463: 5441: 5422: 5386: 5351: 5303: 5284: 5265: 5246: 5233: 5198: 5175: 5152: 5098: 5064: 5040: 5033: 5028: 5007: 4963: 4932: 4895: 4882: 4813: 4794: 4765: 4760:

Durkheim, Émile (1994). "Social facts". In Martin, Michael; McIntyre, Lee C. (eds.).

4746: 4729: 4719: 4700: 4677: 4658: 4615: 4591: 4583: 4554: 4548: 4516: 4421: 4356: 4329: 4317: 4085: 3986: 3821: 3803: 3748: 3709: 3598: 3590: 3437: 3377: 3269: 3157: 3078: 2757: 2715: 2642: 2158: 2077: 1872: 1830: 1488: 1406: 1365: 1229: 977: 957: 949: 933: 857: 188: 7589: 6633: 5396: 5019: 4167: 3866: 2055:, and for this reason, the individual submits voluntarily to the moral commandment. 1685:, and is often mentioned as a classic sociological study. The book pioneered modern 937: 8436: 8381: 8055: 8015: 8005: 7955: 7940: 7930: 7890: 7850: 7840: 7717: 7687: 7647: 7533: 7369: 7347: 7137: 7127: 6879: 6523: 6420: 6005: 5601: 5575: 5557: 5529: 5489: 5374: 5326: 5221: 5138: 5130: 5090: 4991: 4951: 4920: 4870: 4838: 4599: 4579: 4470: 4446: 4413: 4309: 4239: 3811: 3793: 3425: 2248: 2189: 2132: 2097: 1892: 1278: 1019:

A second influence on Durkheim's view of society beyond Comte's positivism was the

678: 610:. By 1886, as part of his doctoral dissertation, he had completed the draft of his 448: 220: 8050: 4412:, Theory and Decision Library, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 191–202, 1808:

division between the sacred and the profane. However, Durkheim also believed that

8331: 8326: 8090: 8035: 8020: 8000: 7980: 7935: 7910: 7820: 7772: 7757: 7657: 7617: 7508: 7503: 7330: 7218: 7132: 7107: 6971: 6827: 6767: 6757: 6658: 6623: 6618: 6478: 6463: 6390: 6273: 6085: 6073: 6032: 5649: 5477: 4629: 4410:

Intentional Acts and Institutional Facts: Essays on John Searle's Social Ontology

4175: 3780:

Mueller, Anna S.; Abrutyn, Seth; Pescosolido, Bernice; Diefendorf, Sarah (2021).

3261: 3153: 3034: 3019: 2686: 2205: 2201: 2162: 2136: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2093: 2012: 1804: 1776: 1731: 1686: 1681:

Despite its limitations, Durkheim's work on suicide has influenced proponents of

1674:

perspective, emphasizing that "he intended his theory to explain variation among

1484: 1180: 981: 880: 549: 345: 260: 254: 5992: 5978: 5094: 4417: 1086:. The importance of social integration is expressed throughout Durkheim's work: 31: 8460: 8386: 8276: 8206: 8105: 8080: 7950: 7920: 7880: 7845: 7702: 7627: 7612: 7607: 7498: 7488: 7198: 7149: 6909: 6874: 6733: 6643: 6593: 6588: 6563: 6498: 6468: 6443: 5736: 5455: 4743:

The Rules of Sociological Method and Selected Texts on Sociology and its Method

2634:

The Rules of Sociological Method and Selected Texts on Sociology and its Method

2174: 2170: 1867:

represented clearly in all its complex unity by such rudimentary intelligences.

1639: 1550: 1286: 1175: 1066: 993: 985: 945: 929: 707: 557: 488:, to Mélanie (Isidor) and Moïse Durkheim, coming into a long lineage of devout 269: 6613: 6079:

Annotated bibliography on Durkheim and Religion (University of North Carolina)

4405: 4313: 3798: 3429: 2678: 2146: 1949:

argued) since the content of the categories differed from society to society.

521: 378:, comparing the social and cultural lives of aboriginal and modern societies. 8470: 8448: 8391: 8100: 8085: 8075: 8060: 8010: 7965: 7925: 7860: 7855: 7825: 7692: 7632: 7574: 7298: 7112: 6884: 6728: 6673: 6573: 6553: 6543: 6513: 6503: 6410: 6351: 6027: 5378: 5260:

Pickering, W. S. F. (2001). "The enigma of Durkheim's Jewishness".

5225: 5134: 4894:. Cambridge Studies in Management. Vol. 20. Cambridge University Press. 4874: 4603: 4360: 4321: 3807: 2984: 2193: 2185: 2085: 2040: 1635: 1546: 1430: 1125: 973: 755: 702: 698: 635: 545: 525: 390: 6078: 2544: 2177:. Goffman himself was also influenced by Durkheim in his development of the 582: 283:

Much of Durkheim's work was concerned with how societies can maintain their

8070: 8065: 8040: 7970: 7905: 7865: 7835: 7830: 7742: 7732: 7622: 7357: 7352: 7340: 7261: 7247: 7171: 6982: 6938: 6703: 6648: 6518: 6438: 6372: 5078: 5054: 3825: 3332: 3184:, translated by S. A. Solovay and J. H. Mueller, edited by G. E. G. Catlin. 2638: 2595: 2493: 2342: 2325: 2237: 2197: 2128: 2073: 2052: 1743: 1712: 1663: 1429:

phenomenon. According to Durkheim, fashion serves to differentiate between

1426: 1384:

One of the main features of the modern, organic society is the importance,

1035: 1020: 686: 627: 607: 537: 501: 421: 394: 184: 5330: 5011: 4892:

Sociology and Organization Theory: Positivism, Paradigms and Postmodernity

2261:—the title of which may represent an homage to Durkheim, alluding to his " 1887:

While Durkheim's work deals with a number of subjects, including suicide,

1678:

in the incidence of suicide, not the suicides of particular individuals."

381:

Durkheim was preoccupied with the acceptance of sociology as a legitimate

8351: 8146: 8120: 8115: 7915: 7900: 7767: 7747: 7727: 7579: 7554: 7513: 7374: 7283: 7273: 7235: 7193: 7156: 7122: 6904: 6899: 6678: 6608: 6583: 6578: 6508: 6483: 6400: 6253: 6061: 4345:"Ziya Gökalp and Emile Durkheim: sociology as an apology for chauvinism?" 2217: 2101: 1932: 1923: 1896: 1834: 1735: 1562: 1463:; lesser ones include the lack of coordination and suicide. To Durkheim, 1434: 1414: 1170: 1148: 1132: 1114: 1007: 941: 928:

During his university studies at the ENS, Durkheim was influenced by two

916: 865: 794: 541: 413: 296: 135: 4645: 4368: 4344: 2192:, and his ideas can be identified, inexplicitly, in the work of certain 8356: 8316: 7885: 7875: 7752: 7682: 7569: 7538: 7518: 7462: 7457: 7412: 7307: 7011: 6708: 6668: 6663: 6299: 5541: 5338: 5003: 4858: 4850: 4251: 2276:"Montesquieu's contributions to the formation of social science" (1892) 2233: 1927: 1690: 1389: 1385: 1377: 1372:, second on increasing "morality density" (development of more complex 1196: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1041:

This view opposes other predominant philosophical perspectives such as

888: 869: 809: 740: 694: 603: 569: 565: 561: 386: 349: 300: 172: 4550:

Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory: Seeing the Social World

3369:

Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory: Seeing the Social World

2631:

Durkheim, Émile. 1982 . "Preface to the Second Edition". Pp. 34–47 in

2184:

Outside of sociology, Durkheim has influenced philosophers, including

887:(i.e. by how they make society "work"). He also agreed with Spencer's 50: 8396: 8346: 8110: 7985: 7712: 7483: 7407: 7314: 7288: 7208: 6738: 6603: 6448: 5975:

BEROSE - International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology

5143: 3265: 1812:

was becoming less important, as it was being gradually superseded by

1446: 1410: 1201: 907: 884: 744: 720: 614:, and was working towards establishing the new science of sociology. 577: 504:, a notable social anthropologist of the prewar era, was his nephew. 292: 288: 277: 273: 265: 180: 176: 7047: 6010: 5533: 5283:(1st paperback ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 11–28. 4995: 4842: 4243: 3602: 1082:. Lastly, Durkheim was concerned with the practical implications of 824:

in Paris two years later, on 15 November 1917. He was buried at the

477: 78: 8321: 7797: 7523: 7493: 7452: 7447: 7213: 7188: 6683: 6014: 5812: 4484: 3779: 1999: 1957:

Another key elements to Durkheim's theory of knowledge outlined in

1842: 1809: 1595: 1583: 1557:

while Protestant society has low levels. Overall, Durkheim treated

1453:

and disintegration of the society: the two most important ones are

1212: 649: 533: 481: 436: 8455: 6101: 5060:

Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work, a Historical and Critical Study

7559: 7422: 7203: 7161: 7144: 6949: 6538: 6196: 6114: 4786:

Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings

3149:

Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings

1813: 1651: 1558: 1422: 1332: 1315: 1307: 1270: 1235: 1192: 497: 492:. As his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather had all been 382: 341: 6320: 6056: 5317:

Pope, Whitney; Danigelis, Nick (1981). "Sociology's "one law"".

4733: 1421:

In another example of evolution of culture, Durkheim pointed to

747:

might look like. Durkheim was one of the pioneers of the use of

8341: 7432: 7402: 7254: 7166: 7097: 6931: 6283: 6052:

L'Ecoles des Hautes Etudes Internationales et Poltiques HEI-HEP

6046: 5820: 4980:

Johnson, Barclay D. (1965). "Durkheim's one cause of suicide".

1763: 1759: 1752: 1671: 1589: 1577: 1455: 1409:

as key factors in the evolution of the societies and advent of

1311: 1282: 896: 821: 573: 485: 425: 393:(1798-1857), he promoted what could be considered as a form of 344:

rates in Catholic and Protestant populations, pioneered modern

151: 3152:, edited by S. Appelrouth and L. D. Edles. Thousand Oaks, CA: 404:

in social science. For Durkheim, sociology was the science of

7442: 7437: 7417: 7225: 5241:

Pals, Daniel L. (2006). "Society as Sacred, Emile Durkheim".

3365: 1850: 1803:. Durkheim saw religion as a force that emerged in the early 1477: 1351:

approach, Durkheim described the evolution of societies from

493: 97: 2127:

More recently, Durkheim has influenced sociologists such as

1545:(1897), Durkheim explores the differing suicide rates among 229: 30:"Durkheim" redirects here. For the spa town in Germany, see 7427: 6688: 3073:, translated by E. K. Wilson and H. Schnurer. Mineola, NY: 1946: 1838: 238: 5562:

Emile Durkheim: On Morality and Society, Selected Writings

5193:

Marx, Durkheim, Weber: Formations of Modern Social Thought

2169:, a synthesis of Durkheim's work on religion with that of 1445:

As the society, Durkheim noted there are several possible

1131:

A fundamental aim of sociology is to discover structural "

4741:

Durkheim, Émile (1982). "Preface to the second edition".

2708:

For Durkheim: Essays in Historical and Cultural Sociology

1716: 1341: 1228:

or experimental approach (Durkheim extensively relied on

5974: 5582:

Edinburgh University Press / Stanford University Press (

2641:, translated by W. D. Halls. New York: The Free Press. 4456: 3741:

Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World

3256:

Durkheim, Émile. 1994 . "Social facts." Pp. 433–40 in

3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 1779:: a group of people sharing a common moral philosophy. 968:

A fundamental influence on Durkheim's thought was the

940:. The principles Durkheim absorbed from them included 693:. This in turn resulted in a backlash against the new 536:

with a social-scientific outlook, and wrote his Latin

295:

ties are much less universal, and in which new social

8420: 8197:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

2161:—he could be considered to pervert Durkheim's ideas. 1289:) forms the moral basis of the society, resulting in 876:

rather than the study of singular independent facts.

856:(1895), Durkheim expressed his desire to establish a 232: 5741:

Durkheim's Ghosts: Cultural Logics and Social Things

4783:. In Appelrouth, Scott; Edles, Laura Desfor (eds.). 4210: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3252: 3250: 3248: 797:

was to have a tragic effect on Durkheim's life. His

645:

Chargé d'un Cours de Science Sociale et de Pédagogie

226: 5039:. Sociological Review Monographs. Wiley-Blackwell. 4404:Lukes, Steven (2007), Tsohatzidis, Savas L. (ed.), 4172:

Emile Durkheim: An Introduction to Four Major Works

3366:Kenneth Allan; Kenneth D. Allan (2 November 2005). 3122: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2683:

Emile Durkheim: An Introduction to Four Major Works

1310:part of the collective consciousness overrides our 1261:, Durkheim attempts to answer the latter question. 681:was spurred on by politics. France's defeat in the 420:, a foundational perspective in both sociology and 241: 235: 223: 5638:(11th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon ( 5395: 5190: 5032: 4692: 4607: 4275: 3585:, with introduction by J. G. Peristiany. Toronto: 3359: 2981:Montesquieu and Rousseau: Forerunners of Sociology 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 1742:In this definition, Durkheim avoids references to 5692:Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach 4695:Conflict Sociology: Toward an Explanatory Science 4168:The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1912) 3291: 3245: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 976:, who effectively sought to extend and apply the 264:; 15 April 1858 – 15 November 1917) was a French 8468: 5766:, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1998. 5634:Eitzen, Stanley D. and Maxine Baca Zinn (1997). 5417:Stark, Rodney; Bainbridge, William Sims (1996). 5408:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 4789:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. pp. 4628: 3552: 3550: 3548: 2522: 743:that provided an example of what a sociological 5885:Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies 5606:Emile Durkheim: Justice, Morality and Politics. 5416: 5401:: further thoughts on a methodological classic" 5172:Émile Durkheim and the Reformation of Sociology 4598: 3838: 2999: 2997: 2878: 2821: 2803: 2767: 2490:De quelques formes primitives de classification 1523:Durkheim's thoughts on deviance contributed to 710:of 1894 only strengthened his activist stance. 476:David Émile Durkheim was born 15 April 1858 in 424:. In his view, social science should be purely 6067:Bibliography on Durkheim (McMaster University) 3418:Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India 2556: 2124:, social reformer Patrick Hunout, and others. 1795:Durkheim saw religion as the most fundamental 1689:and served to distinguish social science from 1388:even, given to the concept—social fact—of the 1236:Society, collective consciousness, and culture 7063: 6336: 6130: 5519: 5316: 4502: 3894: 3853: 3545: 3349: 3347: 3174: 3172: 3170: 2679:Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work (1858-1917) 1952: 1440: 771:. In 1912, he published his last major work, 701:rule, as many people considered a vigorously 416:. As such, Durkheim was a major proponent of 412:," with its aim being to discover structural 348:, serving to distinguish social science from 310:Durkheim's first major sociological work was 7305: 7259: 7245: 5564:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press ( 5440:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 5262:Critical Assessments of Leading Sociologists 5245:. Oxford University Press. pp. 85–117. 4762:Readings in the Philosophy of Social Science 4201:Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4001: 3999: 3681: 3679: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3625: 3623: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3395: 3393: 3258:Readings in the Philosophy of Social Science 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 2994: 2915: 2913: 2550:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2262: 1993: 1982: 1973: 1962: 1269:Durkheim assumes that humans are inherently 643: 513: 365:Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse 363: 323: 311: 109: 6091:Review material for studying Émile Durkheim 5027:Jones, Robert Alun; Spiro, Rand J. (1995). 4826: 4764:. Boston, MA: MIT Press. pp. 433–440. 4349:Durkheimian Studies / Études Durkheimiennes 4218:The elementary forms of the religious life. 3940: 3698: 3696: 3694: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 1772:, investing symbols with sacred importance; 1264: 1110:itself a distinct and autonomous science." 512:A precocious student, Durkheim entered the 7070: 7056: 6343: 6329: 6185:The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life 6137: 6123: 6057:The Durkheim pages (University of Chicago) 5026: 4975:. New York: Basic Books. pp. 249–276. 4652: 4077:The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life 3978:The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life 3957: 3344: 3167: 3113: 2869: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 1899:, a large part of his work deals with the 1708:The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life 1662:underlying Durkheim's work. Some, such as 895:. Durkheim also insisted that society was 774:The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life 664:. They had two children, Marie and André. 564:uninteresting, turning his attention from 496:, young Durkheim began his education in a 471: 371:The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life 49: 5476: 5278: 5259: 5166: 5142: 5089:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 191–202. 4781:"The rules of sociological method (1895)" 4291: 4289: 4155: 4126: 4103: 4035: 3996: 3815: 3797: 3676: 3635: 3620: 3521: 3504: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3444: 3390: 3218: 3187: 3039: 3030: 2931: 2925: 2910: 2439: 2304:The Prohibition of Incest and its Origins 2211: 1882: 1104: 751:, which he used in his study of suicide. 291:, an era in which traditional social and 6860:Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law 6036:) is being considered for deletion. See 5855:Durkheim: Essays on Morals and Education 5694:. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon ( 5500: 5454: 5435: 5188: 5174:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 5111: 5087:Intentional Acts and Institutional Facts 4939: 4908: 4807: 4778: 4759: 4740: 4713: 4508: 4144: 3691: 3481: 3139: 3015: 3003: 2968: 2957: 2946: 2601: 2596:http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/ 2165:has developed a theory of what he calls 2072:. Scholars inspired by Durkheim include 1425:, although in this case he noted a more 1239: 835: 784: 621: 5819:. Translated by H. Campbell Creighton. 5806: 4979: 4970: 4889: 4690: 4671: 3929: 3918: 3316: 2901: 2854: 2788: 2729: 2575: 2455: 2418: 2243: 2062: 1841:is defined by being measured through a 1124:of 1903, the "anthropological view" of 560:curriculum at the time. Durkheim found 14: 8469: 5887:(7th ed.) Wadsworth/Thomson Learning ( 5656:. London: Cambridge University Press ( 5580:Emile Durkheim: Law in a Moral Domain. 5393: 5364: 5345: 4653:Brinton, Mary C.; Nee, Victor (2001). 4465:The Elementary Forms of Religious Life 4392: 4295: 4286: 3883: 3468: 3098: 2664:, translated by G. Simpson. New York: 2332:The Elementary Forms of Religious Life 1913:The Elementary Forms of Religious Life 1072: 459:. Some terms that he coined, such as " 356:. In 1898, he established the journal 8662:20th-century French social scientists 8562:19th-century French social scientists 7077: 7051: 6324: 6118: 5973:Resources related to research : 5419:Religion, Deviance and Social Control 5297: 5211: 5077: 5053: 4857: 4655:The New Institutionalism in Sociology 4546: 4403: 4381: 4342: 4281: 4229: 4132: 4120: 4097: 4080:, translated by J. W. Swain. London: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4053: 4041: 4029: 4005: 3981:, translated by J. W. Swain. London: 3963: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3708:(2 ed.). OpenStax. p. 138. 3685: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3629: 3614: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3556: 3539: 3527: 3515: 3498: 3462: 3450: 3399: 3353: 3285: 3239: 3212: 3200: 3057: 3045: 2919: 2815: 2616: 1980:feather etc. As Durkheim elaborates, 1549:and Catholics, arguing that stronger 1128:was ridiculed and hastily dismissed. 944:, scientific study of morality, anti- 325:Les Règles de la méthode sociologique 259: 253: 5240: 5162:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4567: 4296:Kieser, Hans-Lukas (29 April 2021). 4017: 3951: 3906: 3411: 2627: 2625: 952:. His methodology was influenced by 8502:20th-century French anthropologists 8492:19th-century French anthropologists 7022: 6788:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 6269:Quantitative methods in criminology 6107:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5302:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4489:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3338:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2592:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2316:Sociology and its Scientific Domain 1251:Regarding the society itself, like 749:quantitative methods in criminology 463:", are now also used by laypeople. 24: 6195: 6144: 5868:Pickering, W. S. F. (ed.) (1975). 5853:Pickering, W. S. F. (ed.) (1979). 5827:. pp. 206–254. Archived from 5677:Durkheim on Politics and the State 5550: 4956:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1960.tb01034.x 4925:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1960.tb02608.x 4610:A History of Sociological Analysis 4059: 3770: 3562: 3414:"An Open Letter to Emile Durkheim" 2590:Kim, Sung Ho (2007). "Max Weber". 2222:The Construction of Social Reality 1646:and thus may have always been the 1449:that could lead to a breakdown of 1224:which can be discovered through a 617: 25: 8673: 6350: 6249:Mechanical and organic solidarity 6161:The Division of Labour in Society 6040:to help reach a consensus. › 5919: 5654:Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings 4482: 3870:. Berkeley: Dept. of Statistics, 3745:University of Minnesota Libraries 2661:The Division of Labour in Society 2622: 2281:The Division of Labour in Society 2270: 1848:In his work, Durkheim focused on 1766:: creating an emotional state of 1314:: as we are emotionally bound to 1258:The Division of Labour in Society 1246:The Division of Labour in Society 801:was always patriotic rather than 689:, which was then replaced by the 685:led to the fall of the regime of 670:The Division of Labour in Society 612:The Division of Labour in Society 319:The Division of Labour in Society 8612:French philosophers of education 8517:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery 8507:20th-century French philosophers 8497:19th-century French philosophers 8454: 8442: 8430: 8267:The Closing of the American Mind 8187:Civilization and Its Discontents 8167:A Vindication of Natural Society 7021: 7006: 6997: 6996: 6169:The Rules of Sociological Method 6018: 6002:Works by or about Émile Durkheim 5817:A History of Classical Sociology 5494:10.1111/j.1469-8676.2012.00204.x 4584:10.1111/j.0735-2751.2006.00264.x 4476: 4440: 4397: 4386: 4375: 4336: 4270:Presses Universitaires de France 4205:Presses Universitaires de France 3181:The Rules of Sociological Method 3144:The Rules of Sociological Method 2516: 2289:The Rules of Sociological Method 2254:The Rules of Sociological Method 2196:theorists of the 1960s, such as 1787:They are only collective forces 1738:, all those who adhere to them." 1161:The Rules of Sociological Method 853:The Rules of Sociological Method 843:The Rules of Sociological Method 716:The Rules of Sociological Method 331:The Rules of Sociological Method 313:De la division du travail social 219: 8552:French male non-fiction writers 8522:École Normale Supérieure alumni 6096:Institut Marcel Mauss à l'EHESS 5675:Giddens, Anthony (ed.) (1986). 5621:The Social Meanings of Suicide. 5438:Durkheim and the Jews of France 4539: 4258: 4223: 4193: 4160: 4149: 4138: 4091: 4047: 4023: 4011: 3969: 3945: 3934: 3923: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3877: 3858: 3847: 3832: 3758: 3729: 3664: 3652: 3608: 3533: 3456: 3412:Guha, Abhijit (December 2021). 3405: 3325: 3279: 3206: 3107: 3092: 3063: 3051: 3024: 3009: 2973: 2962: 2951: 2940: 2863: 2809: 2797: 2499: 2482: 2465: 2449: 2433: 2424: 2412: 1244:Cover of the French edition of 1142: 923: 840:Cover of the French edition of 660:Also in 1887, Durkheim married 8607:French philosophers of culture 6818:Natural Law and Natural Rights 5872:, Routledge & Kegan Paul ( 5857:, Routledge & Kegan Paul ( 5743:. Cambridge University Press ( 5197:(2nd ed.). London: SAGE. 5122:Journal of Classical Sociology 5085:. In Savas Tsohatzidis (ed.). 2700: 2671: 2652: 2584: 2538: 2523:Bourdieu & Passeron (1967) 2403: 2341:(1914), in collaboration with 2324:(1903), in collaboration with 1816:and the cult of an individual. 954:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges 914:), but rather on the study of 897:more than the sum of its parts 831: 530:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges 27:French sociologist (1858–1916) 13: 1: 8157:Oration on the Dignity of Man 6025: 5979:"Durkheim, Émile (1858-1917)" 5713:Jones, Susan Stedman (2001). 5404:. In Robert A. Nisbet (ed.). 5063:. Stanford University Press. 5031:. In Susan Leigh Star (ed.). 4861:(2006). "Comment on Searle". 4674:Classical Sociological Theory 4657:. Stanford University Press. 4032:, pp. 116, 118, 120, 137 3839:Stark & Bainbridge (1996) 3341:. Retrieved 17 February 2010. 2804:Bottomore & Nisbet (1978) 2391: 2068:influenced structuralism, or 2031:Division of Labour in Society 1992:Arguably the most important " 1525:Robert Merton's Strain Theory 118:Friedrich Wilhelms University 8227:The Society of the Spectacle 5964:Resources in other libraries 5945:Resources in other libraries 5840:Durkheim and Representations 5838:Pickering, W. S. F. (2000). 5809:"Emile Durkheim's Sociology" 5623:Princeton University Press ( 5522:American Sociological Review 4983:American Sociological Review 4830:American Sociological Review 4699:. New York: Academic Press. 4512:Readings from Emile Durkheim 4485:"Émile Durkheim (1858—1917)" 4343:Smith, David Norman (1995). 4238:(Special Issue): 1009–1024. 3372:. Pine Forge Press. p. 2989:University of Michigan Press 2532: 2027:— Émile Durkheim, 1837:; for example the notion of 912:methodological individualism 544:. At the same time, he read 507: 466: 400:, as well as the use of the 7: 8592:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni 8512:Anthropologists of religion 6895:Libertarian theories of law 6274:Statistical social research 6017:(public domain audiobooks) 5776:. Oxford: Clarendon Press ( 5679:. Cambridge: Polity Press ( 5505:(2nd ed.). Routledge. 5095:10.1007/978-1-4020-6104-2_9 4418:10.1007/978-1-4020-6104-2_9 4166:Jones, Robert Alun. 1986. " 4020:, pp. 95–100, 112, 113 3895:van Poppel & Day (1996) 3854:Pope & Danigelis (1981) 2677:Jones, Robert Alun. 1986. " 2018: 1995:représentations collectives 1984:représentations collectives 1975:Représentations collectives 1964:représentations collectives 1700: 1500: 402:hypothetico-deductive model 10: 8678: 6406:International legal theory 5690:Henslin, James M. (1996). 5501:Thompson, Kenneth (2002). 5298:Poggi, Gianfranco (2000). 5243:Eight Theories of Religion 4672:Calhoun, Craig J. (2002). 4515:. Routledge. p. 148. 4509:Thompson, Kenneth (2012). 4220:London: Allen & Unwin. 3260:, edited by M. Martin and 2594:(21 September 2022 entry) 1969:collective representations 1953:Collective representations 1879:field of specialization." 1534: 1530: 1441:Social pathology and crime 1325: 1146: 1067:secularized Jewish thought 1060: 1014: 902:Unlike his contemporaries 29: 8642:Sociologists of education 8587:Leipzig University alumni 8405: 8309: 8297:Intellectuals and Society 8247:The Culture of Narcissism 8138: 7806: 7598: 7547: 7476: 7390: 7383: 7323: 7085: 6992: 6923: 6840: 6747: 6429: 6371: 6358: 6292: 6229: 6206: 6193: 6152: 5959:Resources in your library 5940:Resources in your library 5619:Douglas, Jack D. (1973). 5394:Selvin, Hanan C. (1965). 5035:The Cultures of Computing 4808:Durkheim, Émile (2009) . 4714:Durkheim, Émile (1974) . 4691:Collins, Randall (1975). 4314:10.1163/15700607-61020008 4266:Sociologie et Philosophie 4216:Durkheim, Emile. (1964). 3941:Gibbs & Martin (1958) 3864:Freedman, David A. 2002. 3799:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621569 3705:Introduction to Sociology 3430:10.1177/09767479211057745 2748:Poggi, Gianfranco. 2000. 2167:interaction ritual chains 1470:Forced division of labour 1461:forced division of labour 677:. Durkheim's interest in 208: 194: 168: 161: 131: 110: 105: 86: 60: 48: 41: 8652:Structural functionalism 8647:Sociologists of religion 8637:Sociologists of deviance 8622:Philosophers of religion 8547:19th-century French Jews 8287:The Malaise of Modernity 8237:The History of Sexuality 7336:Catholic social teaching 6977:Rational-legal authority 6865:German historical school 6850:Analytical jurisprudence 6279:Collective effervescence 6264:Sacred–profane dichotomy 6244:Collective consciousness 6038:templates for discussion 5883:Siegel, Larry J (2007). 5379:10.1177/1463499606061735 5226:10.1177/0268580913479811 5135:10.1177/1468795x13494130 5083:"Searle versus Durkheim" 4875:10.1177/1463499606061734 4810:Sociology and philosophy 4779:Durkheim, Émile (2007). 4716:Sociology and Philosophy 4462:Durkheim, Emile. 1964 . 4406:"Searle versus Durkheim" 4199:Durkheim, Emile. 2003 . 4082:George Allen & Unwin 4074:Durkheim, Emile. 1964 . 3983:George Allen & Unwin 3975:Durkheim, Emile. 1964 . 3872:University of California 3578:Sociology and Philosophy 3575:Durkheim, Émile. 1974 . 3178:Durkheim, Émile. 1938 . 3114:Brinton & Nee (2001) 3069:Durkheim, Emile. 2011 . 2870:Jones & Spiro (1995) 2658:Durkheim, Emile. 1993 . 2505:See Durkheim (1912) p. 2396: 2385:Pragmatism and Sociology 2367:Sociology and Philosophy 2322:Primitive Classification 2142:collective consciousness 2070:structural functionalism 1801:collective consciousness 1769:collective effervescence 1295:Collective consciousness 1275:collective consciousness 1265:Collective consciousness 1137:structural functionalism 963: 780: 516:École Normale Supérieure 461:collective consciousness 418:structural functionalism 389:originally set forth by 156:Collective effervescence 144:Collective consciousness 140:Sacred–profane dichotomy 112:École normale supérieure 8557:French social democrats 8367:Philosophy of education 6945:Judicial interpretation 6072:20 October 2017 at the 6011:Works by Émile Durkheim 5993:Works by Emile Durkheim 5807:Osipova, Elena (1989). 5436:Strenski, Ivan (1997). 5346:Popolo, Damian (2011). 5214:International Sociology 4943:The Sociological Review 4912:The Sociological Review 4547:Allan, Kenneth (2005). 4264:Durkheim, Émile. 2004. 4188:s. 7 "Critical Remarks" 3786:Frontiers in Psychology 3737:7.2 Explaining Deviance 3673:, p. 128, 129, 137 2754:Oxford University Press 2488:For example, the essay 2361:Education and Sociology 2155:demographic engineering 1537:Suicide (Durkheim book) 1219:that this society will 1036:individual's perception 970:sociological positivism 472:Early life and heritage 322:), followed in 1895 by 285:integrity and coherence 8632:Social anthropologists 8577:Jewish anthropologists 8537:French anthropologists 8527:French epistemologists 7306: 7260: 7246: 7032:WikiProject Philosophy 6386:Critical legal studies 6259:Sociology of knowledge 6200: 6084:9 October 2012 at the 5367:Anthropological Theory 5350:. Ashgate Publishing. 5189:Morrison, Ken (2006). 4890:Hassard, John (1995). 4863:Anthropological Theory 3867:The Ecological Fallacy 3140:Durkheim, Émile. 2007 2477:they are added to them 2355:Published posthumously 2263: 2230:continental philosophy 2212:Durkheim contra Searle 2090:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown 2049:categorical imperative 2037: 2009: 1994: 1983: 1974: 1963: 1901:sociology of knowledge 1883:Sociology of knowledge 1869: 1856:Aboriginal Australians 1854:, the religion of the 1822: 1793: 1740: 1644:German-speaking Europe 1498: 1399: 1304: 1248: 1165: 1105:Establishing sociology 1102: 847: 790: 727:. In 1898, he founded 725:University of Bordeaux 713:In 1895, he published 648:, thus he taught both 644: 640:University of Bordeaux 631: 554:French academic system 514: 433:sociology of knowledge 364: 324: 312: 203:University of Bordeaux 55:Durkheim prior to 1918 8542:French criminologists 8372:Philosophy of history 8362:Philosophy of culture 8257:A Conflict of Visions 6955:Law without the state 6199: 6062:DD – Digital Durkheim 5715:Durkheim Reconsidered 5112:McKinnon, A. (2014). 4184:University of Chicago 4174:. Beverly Hills, CA: 3331:Kim, Sung Ho. 2007. " 2706:Tiryakian, Edward A. 2695:University of Chicago 2685:. Beverly Hills, CA: 2492:(1902), written with 2139:. His description of 2110:Ferdinand de Saussure 2022: 2004: 1864: 1818: 1785: 1728: 1660:micro–macro relations 1493: 1394: 1353:mechanical solidarity 1300: 1243: 1152: 1122:Tarde-Durkheim debate 1088: 956:, a supporter of the 839: 826:Montparnasse Cemetery 788: 769:Ministry of Education 625: 441:social stratification 126:University of Marburg 122:University of Leipzig 8377:Political philosophy 8177:Democracy in America 6915:Virtue jurisprudence 6855:Deontological ethics 6310:History of sociology 6220:L'Année Sociologique 5870:Durkheim on Religion 4553:. Pine Forge Press. 2309:L'Année Sociologique 2257:. In her 1989 book, 2244:Gilbert pro Durkheim 2063:Influence and legacy 1695:political philosophy 1084:scientific knowledge 1049:. Empiricists, like 758:of education at the 730:L'Année sociologique 655:French school system 359:L'Année sociologique 354:political philosophy 255:[emildyʁkɛm] 215:David Émile Durkheim 65:David Émile Durkheim 8617:Philosophers of law 8582:Jewish sociologists 8567:French sociologists 8217:One-Dimensional Man 5825:Progress Publishers 5482:Social Anthropology 5331:10.1093/sf/60.2.495 4676:. Wiley-Blackwell. 4571:Sociological Theory 4302:Die Welt des Islams 3661:, pp. 128, 130 3617:, pp. 125, 134 3465:, pp. 111, 127 2106:Claude Lévi-Strauss 1897:social institutions 1676:social environments 1648:spurious reflection 1374:social interactions 1306:In particular, the 1253:social institutions 1073:Durkheim and theory 764:French universities 683:Franco-Prussian War 340:(1897), a study of 199:University of Paris 8602:People from Épinal 8337:Cultural pessimism 8332:Cultural criticism 7231:National character 6808:The Concept of Law 6798:Pure Theory of Law 6239:Social integration 6214:Academic sociology 6201: 5912:Online publication 5908:Theory and Science 5168:Meštrović, Stjepan 4973:Sociological Today 4180:The Durkheim Pages 3075:Dover Publications 2712:Ashgate Publishing 2691:The Durkheim Pages 2151:wars of aggression 1961:is the concept of 1797:social institution 1656:ecological fallacy 1627:Fatalistic suicide 1611:Altruistic suicide 1451:social integration 1403:population density 1370:population density 1361:division of labour 1357:organic solidarity 1349:socio-evolutionary 1338:cultural diversity 1320:social interaction 1291:social integration 1249: 1080:social integration 848: 791: 767:an advisor to the 632: 580:. He obtained his 562:humanistic studies 376:theory of religion 272:, along with both 148:Social integration 8418: 8417: 8134: 8133: 7279:Spontaneous order 7269:Social alienation 7118:Cultural heritage 7079:Social philosophy 7045: 7044: 7017:Philosophy portal 6778:The Spirit of Law 6416:Philosophy of law 6396:Economic analysis 6381:Constitutionalism 6318: 6317: 5997:Project Gutenberg 5953:By Émile Durkheim 5926:Library resources 5901:978-0-495-00572-8 5790:978-0-19-827717-0 5757:978-0-521-84266-2 5731:978-0-7456-1616-2 5708:978-0-205-17480-5 5670:978-0-521-09712-3 5629:978-0-691-02812-5 5614:978-0-7546-2711-1 5602:Cotterrell, Roger 5596:978-0-8047-3808-8 5576:Cotterrell, Roger 5570:978-0-226-17336-8 5558:Bellah, Robert N. 5512:978-0-415-28530-8 5469:978-83-240-0218-4 5447:978-0-226-77735-1 5357:978-1-4094-1226-7 5309:978-0-19-878087-8 5271:978-0-4152-0561-0 5204:978-0-7619-7055-2 5181:978-0-8476-7867-9 5104:978-1-4020-6103-5 5070:978-0-8047-1283-5 5046:978-0-631-19282-4 4901:978-0-521-48458-9 4819:978-0-415-55770-2 4800:978-0-7619-2793-8 4771:978-0-262-13296-1 4752:978-0-02-907940-9 4725:978-0-02-908580-6 4683:978-0-631-21348-2 4664:978-0-8047-4276-4 4621:978-0-465-03023-1 4560:978-1-4129-0572-5 4471:Allen & Unwin 4447:Gilbert, Margaret 4427:978-1-4020-6104-2 4176:SAGE Publications 4170:." Pp. 115–55 in 4100:, pp. 112–13 4086:Project Gutenberg 3987:Project Gutenberg 3966:, pp. 112–15 3753:978-1-946135-24-7 3715:978-1-947172-11-1 3595:978-0-02-908580-6 3559:, pp. 132–33 3542:, pp. 123–24 3383:978-1-4129-0572-5 3274:978-0-262-13296-1 3215:, pp. 105–06 3162:978-0-7619-2793-8 3146:." Pp. 95–102 in 2762:978-0-19-878087-8 2687:SAGE Publications 2647:978-0-02-907940-9 2348:Germany Above All 2179:interaction order 2159:Armenian genocide 2078:Maurice Halbwachs 1893:social structures 1873:Arnold van Gennep 1722:Durkheim defined 1505:Durkheim thought 1489:trial of Socrates 1401:Durkheim saw the 1366:population growth 978:scientific method 958:scientific method 950:secular education 934:Charles Renouvier 904:Ferdinand Tönnies 576:and, eventually, 498:rabbinical school 261:[dyʁkajm] 212: 211: 189:religious studies 163:Scientific career 16:(Redirected from 8669: 8572:Jewish agnostics 8532:French agnostics 8459: 8458: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8426: 8382:Social criticism 8302: 8292: 8282: 8272: 8262: 8252: 8242: 8232: 8222: 8212: 8202: 8192: 8182: 8172: 8162: 8152: 7388: 7387: 7370:Frankfurt School 7348:Communitarianism 7311: 7265: 7251: 7072: 7065: 7058: 7049: 7048: 7025: 7024: 7010: 7000: 6999: 6880:Legal positivism 6833: 6823: 6813: 6803: 6793: 6783: 6773: 6763: 6421:Sociology of law 6345: 6338: 6331: 6322: 6321: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6102:"Émile Durkheim" 6022: 6021: 6006:Internet Archive 5981:, Paris, 2015. ( 5835: 5833: 5762:Leroux, Robert, 5650:Giddens, Anthony 5545: 5516: 5497: 5478:Thomassen, Bjørn 5473: 5451: 5432: 5413: 5403: 5390: 5361: 5342: 5313: 5294: 5275: 5256: 5237: 5208: 5196: 5185: 5163: 5161: 5146: 5118: 5108: 5074: 5050: 5038: 5023: 4976: 4967: 4936: 4905: 4886: 4854: 4823: 4804: 4775: 4756: 4737: 4710: 4698: 4687: 4668: 4649: 4630:Bourdieu, Pierre 4625: 4613: 4595: 4564: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4480: 4474: 4460: 4454: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4401: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4293: 4284: 4279: 4273: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4208: 4197: 4191: 4164: 4158: 4156:Thomassen (2012) 4153: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4072: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3994: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3927: 3921: 3916: 3910: 3909:, pp. 78–79 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3862: 3856: 3851: 3845: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3819: 3801: 3777: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3700: 3689: 3683: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3633: 3627: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3581:, translated by 3573: 3560: 3554: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3502: 3496: 3485: 3479: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3342: 3329: 3323: 3314: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3254: 3243: 3237: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3185: 3176: 3165: 3154:Pine Forge Press 3137: 3120: 3111: 3105: 3096: 3090: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031:Pickering (2001) 3028: 3022: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2992: 2983:, translated by 2977: 2971: 2966: 2960: 2955: 2949: 2944: 2938: 2932:Pickering (2012) 2929: 2923: 2917: 2908: 2899: 2876: 2867: 2861: 2852: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2786: 2765: 2746: 2727: 2704: 2698: 2681:." Pp. 12–23 in 2675: 2669: 2656: 2650: 2629: 2620: 2614: 2599: 2588: 2582: 2573: 2554: 2542: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2503: 2497: 2486: 2480: 2469: 2463: 2453: 2447: 2440:Meštrović (1993) 2437: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2266: 2249:Margaret Gilbert 2190:Emmanuel Levinas 2145:also influenced 2133:Robert N. Bellah 2098:Robert K. Merton 2035: 1997: 1986: 1977: 1966: 1959:Elementary Forms 1860:Native Americans 1605:Egoistic suicide 1574:normative theory 1181:natural sciences 1163: 1100: 982:natural sciences 803:internationalist 793:The outbreak of 679:social phenomena 647: 608:Cartesian method 519: 367: 327: 315: 263: 257: 252: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 225: 115: 114: 93: 90:15 November 1917 74: 72: 53: 39: 38: 21: 8677: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8668: 8667: 8666: 8467: 8466: 8465: 8453: 8443: 8441: 8431: 8429: 8421: 8419: 8414: 8401: 8327:Critical theory 8305: 8300: 8290: 8280: 8270: 8260: 8250: 8240: 8230: 8220: 8210: 8200: 8190: 8180: 8170: 8160: 8150: 8130: 7808: 7802: 7600: 7594: 7543: 7472: 7379: 7331:Budapest School 7319: 7108:Cosmopolitanism 7081: 7076: 7046: 7041: 7027:WikiProject Law 6988: 6972:Question of law 6919: 6836: 6831: 6821: 6811: 6801: 6791: 6781: 6771: 6768:Treatise on Law 6761: 6743: 6425: 6391:Comparative law 6367: 6354: 6349: 6319: 6314: 6288: 6231: 6225: 6202: 6191: 6148: 6143: 6100: 6086:Wayback Machine 6074:Wayback Machine 6041: 6019: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5950: 5949: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5917: 5834:on 14 May 2011. 5831: 5770:Lockwood, David 5737:Lemert, Charles 5636:Social Problems 5553: 5551:Further reading 5548: 5534:10.2307/2096361 5513: 5470: 5456:Sztompka, Piotr 5448: 5429: 5358: 5310: 5291: 5272: 5253: 5205: 5182: 5159: 5116: 5105: 5071: 5047: 4996:10.2307/2090966 4902: 4843:10.2307/2088997 4820: 4801: 4772: 4753: 4726: 4707: 4684: 4665: 4634:Social Research 4622: 4614:. Basic Books. 4561: 4542: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4481: 4477: 4461: 4457: 4453:. chap. 4, s.2. 4451:On Social Facts 4445: 4441: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4376: 4341: 4337: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4276: 4263: 4259: 4244:10.2307/2577978 4228: 4224: 4215: 4211: 4198: 4194: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4150: 4145:McKinnon (2014) 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4073: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4004: 3997: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3878: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3848: 3837: 3833: 3778: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3702: 3701: 3692: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3636: 3628: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3574: 3563: 3555: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3505: 3497: 3488: 3482:Sztompka (2002) 3480: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3345: 3330: 3326: 3315: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3255: 3246: 3238: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3188: 3177: 3168: 3138: 3123: 3112: 3108: 3097: 3093: 3071:Moral Education 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3029: 3025: 3016:Strenski (1997) 3014: 3010: 3004:Morrison (2006) 3002: 2995: 2978: 2974: 2969:Thompson (2002) 2967: 2963: 2958:Hayward (1960b) 2956: 2952: 2947:Hayward (1960a) 2945: 2941: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2911: 2900: 2879: 2868: 2864: 2853: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2787: 2768: 2747: 2730: 2705: 2701: 2676: 2672: 2657: 2653: 2630: 2623: 2615: 2602: 2589: 2585: 2574: 2557: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2504: 2500: 2487: 2483: 2471:Durkheim 1915, 2470: 2466: 2454: 2450: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2373:Moral Education 2339:Who Wanted War? 2273: 2259:On Social Facts 2246: 2214: 2206:Michel Foucault 2202:Louis Althusser 2175:micro-sociology 2163:Randall Collins 2157:—including the 2137:Pierre Bourdieu 2118:Clifford Geertz 2114:Michel Foucault 2094:Talcott Parsons 2082:Célestin Bouglé 2065: 2036: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2013:Michel Foucault 1955: 1885: 1805:hunter-gatherer 1777:moral community 1732:moral community 1703: 1687:social research 1539: 1533: 1503: 1443: 1368:and increasing 1328: 1267: 1238: 1164: 1159: 1155:manifestations. 1151: 1145: 1107: 1101: 1097:Moral Education 1095: 1075: 1063: 1055:inherent nature 1023:outlook called 1021:epistemological 1017: 994:scientific laws 986:social sciences 966: 926: 889:organic analogy 881:Herbert Spencer 834: 783: 675:its development 620: 618:Academic career 556:, which had no 550:Herbert Spencer 510: 474: 469: 395:epistemological 385:. Refining the 346:social research 250: 222: 218: 201: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 124: 120: 116: 106:Alma mater 101: 95: 91: 82: 76: 70: 68: 67: 66: 56: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8675: 8665: 8664: 8659: 8657:Suicidologists 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8597:Metaphysicians 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8477:Émile Durkheim 8464: 8463: 8451: 8439: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8387:Social science 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8293: 8283: 8277:Gender Trouble 8273: 8263: 8253: 8243: 8233: 8223: 8213: 8207:The Second Sex 8203: 8193: 8183: 8173: 8163: 8153: 8142: 8140: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7604: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7551: 7549: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7394: 7392: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7257: 7252: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7199:Invisible hand 7196: 7191: 7186: 7185: 7184: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7075: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7052: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7019: 7014: 7004: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6935: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6910:Utilitarianism 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6875:Legal moralism 6872: 6870:Interpretivism 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6846: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6824: 6814: 6804: 6794: 6784: 6774: 6764: 6753: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6435: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6377: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6348: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6325: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6235: 6233: 6230:Conceptualized 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6216: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6181: 6173: 6165: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6146:Émile Durkheim 6142: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6076: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6043:Émile Durkheim 6023: 6008: 5999: 5990: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5931:Émile Durkheim 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920:External links 5918: 5916: 5915: 5904: 5881: 5866: 5851: 5836: 5804: 5793: 5767: 5760: 5734: 5711: 5688: 5673: 5652:(ed.) (1972). 5647: 5632: 5617: 5604:(ed.) (2010). 5599: 5573: 5560:(ed.) (1973). 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5528:(3): 500–507. 5517: 5511: 5503:Émile Durkheim 5498: 5488:(3): 231–249. 5474: 5468: 5452: 5446: 5433: 5427: 5414: 5406:Émile Durkheim 5391: 5362: 5356: 5343: 5325:(2): 496–514. 5314: 5308: 5295: 5290:978-0857456458 5289: 5276: 5270: 5257: 5251: 5238: 5220:(3): 335–350. 5209: 5203: 5186: 5180: 5164: 5129:(2): 203–221. 5109: 5103: 5075: 5069: 5051: 5045: 5024: 4990:(6): 875–886. 4977: 4968: 4950:(2): 185–202. 4937: 4906: 4900: 4887: 4855: 4837:(2): 140–147. 4824: 4818: 4805: 4799: 4776: 4770: 4757: 4751: 4738: 4724: 4711: 4705: 4688: 4682: 4669: 4663: 4650: 4640:(1): 162–212. 4626: 4620: 4604:Nisbet, Robert 4600:Bottomore, Tom 4596: 4565: 4559: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4521: 4501: 4475: 4455: 4439: 4426: 4396: 4385: 4374: 4335: 4308:(4): 411–447. 4285: 4274: 4257: 4222: 4209: 4207:. p. 628. 4192: 4159: 4148: 4137: 4125: 4102: 4090: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4022: 4010: 3995: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3933: 3930:Johnson (1965) 3922: 3919:Inkeles (1959) 3911: 3899: 3887: 3876: 3857: 3846: 3831: 3769: 3757: 3728: 3714: 3690: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3634: 3619: 3607: 3561: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3503: 3486: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3424:(2): 256–263. 3404: 3389: 3382: 3358: 3343: 3324: 3317:Calhoun (2002) 3290: 3278: 3262:L. C. McIntyre 3244: 3217: 3205: 3186: 3166: 3121: 3106: 3091: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3023: 3008: 2993: 2972: 2961: 2950: 2939: 2924: 2909: 2902:Calhoun (2002) 2877: 2862: 2855:Calhoun (2002) 2820: 2808: 2796: 2789:Calhoun (2002) 2766: 2728: 2699: 2670: 2666:The Free Press 2651: 2621: 2600: 2583: 2576:Calhoun (2002) 2555: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2515: 2498: 2481: 2464: 2456:Hassard (1995) 2448: 2432: 2423: 2419:Collins (1975) 2411: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2352: 2351: 2345: 2336: 2328: 2319: 2313: 2301: 2293: 2285: 2277: 2272: 2271:Selected works 2269: 2245: 2242: 2220:, whose book, 2213: 2210: 2171:Erving Goffman 2064: 2061: 2023: 2020: 2017: 1954: 1951: 1884: 1881: 1781: 1780: 1773: 1756: 1702: 1699: 1683:control theory 1668:sociologically 1640:Henry Morselli 1632: 1631: 1624: 1617:Anomic suicide 1614: 1608: 1551:social control 1535:Main article: 1532: 1529: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1502: 1499: 1442: 1439: 1327: 1324: 1266: 1263: 1237: 1234: 1176:coercive power 1157: 1147:Main article: 1144: 1141: 1106: 1103: 1093: 1074: 1071: 1062: 1059: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1004: 1001: 965: 962: 946:utilitarianism 938:Émile Boutroux 925: 922: 833: 830: 782: 779: 708:Dreyfus affair 691:Third Republic 662:Louise Dreyfus 619: 616: 558:social science 509: 506: 473: 470: 468: 465: 374:) presented a 270:social science 210: 209: 206: 205: 196: 192: 191: 170: 166: 165: 159: 158: 133: 132:Known for 129: 128: 107: 103: 102: 96: 94:(aged 59) 88: 84: 83: 77: 64: 62: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 43:Émile Durkheim 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8674: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8450: 8440: 8438: 8428: 8427: 8424: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8404: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8392:Social theory 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8299: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8288: 8284: 8279: 8278: 8274: 8269: 8268: 8264: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8228: 8224: 8219: 8218: 8214: 8209: 8208: 8204: 8199: 8198: 8194: 8189: 8188: 8184: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8159: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8148: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8137: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8046:Radhakrishnan 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7807:20th and 21st 7805: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7599:18th and 19th 7597: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7546: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7073: 7068: 7066: 7061: 7059: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7003: 6995: 6994: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6885:Legal realism 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6411:Legal history 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6352:Jurisprudence 6346: 6341: 6339: 6334: 6332: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6133: 6128: 6126: 6121: 6120: 6117: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5893:0-495-00572-X 5890: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5878:0-7100-8108-1 5875: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5863:0-7100-0321-8 5860: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5848:0-415-19090-8 5845: 5842:, Routledge ( 5841: 5837: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5802: 5801:0-13-820358-X 5798: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5782:0-19-827717-2 5779: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5749:0-521-84266-2 5746: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5723:0-7456-1616-X 5720: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5700:0-205-17480-9 5697: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5685:0-7456-0131-6 5682: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5662:0-521-09712-6 5659: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5644:0-205-54796-6 5641: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5588:0-8047-3808-4 5585: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5428:9780415915298 5424: 5421:. Routledge. 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5349: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5319:Social Forces 5315: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5252:0-19-516570-5 5248: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5195: 5194: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5079:Lukes, Steven 5076: 5072: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5055:Lukes, Steven 5052: 5048: 5042: 5037: 5036: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4706:9780121813505 4702: 4697: 4696: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4612: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4524: 4522:9781134951260 4518: 4514: 4513: 4505: 4490: 4486: 4483:Carls, Paul. 4479: 4472: 4468: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4394: 4393:Searle (2006) 4389: 4383: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4290: 4283: 4278: 4272:. p. 50. 4271: 4267: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4232:Social Forces 4226: 4219: 4213: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4152: 4146: 4141: 4135:, p. 112 4134: 4129: 4123:, p. 114 4122: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4099: 4094: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4055: 4050: 4044:, p. 116 4043: 4038: 4031: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4008:, p. 115 4007: 4002: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3942: 3937: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3903: 3897:, p. 500 3896: 3891: 3885: 3884:Selvin (1965) 3880: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3861: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3774: 3767:, p. 131 3766: 3761: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3688:, p. 129 3687: 3682: 3680: 3672: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3649:, p. 113 3648: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3632:, p. 134 3631: 3626: 3624: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3541: 3536: 3530:, p. 123 3529: 3524: 3518:, p. 137 3517: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3501:, p. 125 3500: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3484:, p. 500 3483: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3464: 3459: 3453:, p. 110 3452: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3402:, p. 109 3401: 3396: 3394: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3362: 3356:, p. 108 3355: 3350: 3348: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3288:, p. 107 3287: 3282: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3242:, p. 106 3241: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3214: 3209: 3203:, p. 103 3202: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3183: 3182: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3099:Popolo (2011) 3095: 3088: 3084: 3083:9780486424989 3080: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3060:, p. 136 3059: 3054: 3048:, p. 102 3047: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3006:, p. 152 3005: 3000: 2998: 2990: 2987:. Ann Arbor: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2965: 2959: 2954: 2948: 2943: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2922:, p. 105 2921: 2916: 2914: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2817: 2812: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2720:9780754671558 2717: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2628: 2626: 2619:, p. 104 2618: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2524: 2519: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2427: 2420: 2415: 2406: 2402: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2264:faits sociaux 2260: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2241: 2239: 2238:Stephen Lukes 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2194:structuralist 2191: 2187: 2186:Henri Bergson 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2086:Gustave Belot 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2060: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2044: 2042: 2041:Immanuel Kant 2034: 2033: 2032: 2016: 2014: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1978: 1976: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652:logical error 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636:Adolph Wagner 1628: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1572:He created a 1570: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1528: 1526: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1435:upper classes 1432: 1431:lower classes 1428: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1262: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1247: 1242: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1221:still contain 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1197:psychological 1194: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1126:Gabriel Tarde 1123: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1098: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1070: 1068: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1022: 1010:abstractions. 1009: 1005: 1002: 999: 998: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 980:found in the 979: 975: 974:Auguste Comte 971: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 921: 919: 918: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 893:functionalism 890: 886: 882: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 854: 845: 844: 838: 829: 827: 823: 818: 816: 811: 808: 804: 800: 796: 787: 778: 776: 775: 770: 765: 761: 757: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 737: 732: 731: 726: 722: 718: 717: 711: 709: 704: 703:nationalistic 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671: 665: 663: 658: 656: 651: 646: 641: 637: 636:Wilhelm Wundt 629: 624: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 587: 585: 584: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 546:Auguste Comte 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 526:Henri Bergson 523: 518: 517: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 396: 392: 391:Auguste Comte 388: 384: 379: 377: 373: 372: 366: 361: 360: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 338: 333: 332: 326: 321: 320: 314: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 256: 246: 216: 207: 204: 200: 197: 193: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 171: 167: 164: 160: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 134: 130: 127: 123: 119: 113: 108: 104: 99: 89: 85: 80: 75:15 April 1858 63: 59: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8295: 8285: 8275: 8265: 8255: 8245: 8235: 8225: 8215: 8205: 8195: 8185: 8175: 8165: 8155: 8145: 7895: 7565:Guicciardini 7548:Early modern 7384:Philosophers 7358:Conservatism 7353:Confucianism 7341:Distributism 7274:Social norms 7262:Sittlichkeit 7248:Ressentiment 7194:Institutions 7172:Human nature 6983:Usul al-Fiqh 6981: 6964: 6960:Legal system 6937: 6930: 6828:Law's Empire 6826: 6816: 6806: 6796: 6786: 6776: 6766: 6756: 6493: 6431:Philosophers 6373:Legal theory 6218: 6183: 6175: 6167: 6159: 6145: 6105: 6031: 5952: 5930: 5907: 5884: 5869: 5854: 5839: 5829:the original 5816: 5773: 5763: 5740: 5714: 5691: 5676: 5653: 5635: 5620: 5605: 5579: 5561: 5525: 5521: 5502: 5485: 5481: 5459: 5437: 5418: 5405: 5398: 5397:"Durkheim's 5373:(1): 57–69. 5370: 5366: 5347: 5322: 5318: 5299: 5280: 5261: 5242: 5217: 5213: 5192: 5171: 5126: 5120: 5086: 5058: 5034: 4987: 4981: 4972: 4947: 4941: 4919:(1): 17–36. 4916: 4910: 4891: 4869:(1): 45–56. 4866: 4862: 4834: 4828: 4809: 4785: 4761: 4742: 4715: 4694: 4673: 4654: 4637: 4633: 4609: 4578:(1): 58–80. 4575: 4569: 4549: 4540:Bibliography 4526:. Retrieved 4511: 4504: 4492:. Retrieved 4488: 4478: 4463: 4458: 4450: 4442: 4431:, retrieved 4409: 4399: 4388: 4382:Gross (2006) 4377: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4305: 4301: 4282:Nefes (2013) 4277: 4265: 4260: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4217: 4212: 4200: 4195: 4179: 4171: 4162: 4151: 4140: 4133:Allan (2005) 4128: 4121:Allan (2005) 4098:Allan (2005) 4093: 4075: 4056:, p. 25 4054:Lukes (1985) 4049: 4042:Allan (2005) 4037: 4030:Allan (2005) 4025: 4013: 4006:Allan (2005) 3976: 3971: 3964:Allan (2005) 3959: 3954:, p. 60 3947: 3936: 3925: 3914: 3902: 3890: 3879: 3865: 3860: 3849: 3834: 3789: 3785: 3765:Allan (2005) 3760: 3740: 3731: 3719:. Retrieved 3704: 3686:Allan (2005) 3671:Allan (2005) 3666: 3659:Allan (2005) 3654: 3647:Allan (2005) 3630:Allan (2005) 3615:Allan (2005) 3610: 3583:D. F. Pocock 3576: 3557:Allan (2005) 3540:Allan (2005) 3535: 3528:Allan (2005) 3523: 3516:Allan (2005) 3499:Allan (2005) 3463:Allan (2005) 3458: 3451:Allan (2005) 3446: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3400:Allan (2005) 3368: 3361: 3354:Allan (2005) 3336: 3327: 3286:Allan (2005) 3281: 3276:. p. 433–34. 3257: 3240:Allan (2005) 3213:Allan (2005) 3208: 3201:Allan (2005) 3179: 3147: 3109: 3094: 3070: 3065: 3058:Allan (2005) 3053: 3046:Allan (2005) 3041: 3026: 3011: 2980: 2975: 2964: 2953: 2942: 2927: 2920:Allan (2005) 2865: 2818:, p. 64 2816:Lukes (1985) 2811: 2799: 2749: 2707: 2702: 2690: 2682: 2673: 2659: 2654: 2637:, edited by 2632: 2617:Allan (2005) 2586: 2548: 2540: 2518: 2501: 2494:Marcel Mauss 2489: 2484: 2476: 2467: 2451: 2435: 2426: 2414: 2405: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2347: 2343:Ernest Denis 2338: 2330: 2326:Marcel Mauss 2321: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2287: 2279: 2258: 2252: 2247: 2221: 2215: 2198:Alain Badiou 2183: 2178: 2166: 2153:and massive 2140: 2129:Steven Lukes 2126: 2122:Peter Berger 2074:Marcel Mauss 2066: 2057: 2045: 2038: 2030: 2028: 2010: 2005: 1991: 1981: 1972: 1958: 1956: 1941: 1938: 1931: 1918: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1886: 1877: 1870: 1865: 1849: 1847: 1835:social facts 1827: 1823: 1819: 1794: 1789:hypostasized 1786: 1782: 1767: 1744:supernatural 1741: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1713:spirituality 1706: 1704: 1680: 1667: 1633: 1626: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1604: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1571: 1567: 1542: 1540: 1522: 1504: 1494: 1482: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1454: 1444: 1420: 1400: 1395: 1383: 1346: 1331: 1329: 1305: 1301: 1294: 1268: 1256: 1250: 1245: 1226:quantitative 1220: 1216: 1208: 1206: 1190: 1184: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1153: 1143:Social facts 1133:social facts 1130: 1119: 1112: 1108: 1096: 1089: 1076: 1064: 1057:of society. 1054: 1040: 1031: 1024: 1018: 1008:metaphysical 967: 927: 924:Inspirations 917:social facts 915: 901: 878: 851: 849: 841: 819: 815:French Right 792: 772: 753: 734: 728: 714: 712: 687:Napoleon III 668: 666: 659: 633: 628:Marcel Mauss 611: 588: 581: 538:dissertation 511: 502:Marcel Mauss 475: 430: 422:anthropology 414:social facts 410:collectivity 406:institutions 405: 380: 369: 357: 335: 329: 317: 309: 297:institutions 282: 214: 213: 195:Institutions 185:anthropology 162: 92:(1917-11-15) 36: 32:Bad Dürkheim 8627:Positivists 8487:1917 deaths 8482:1858 births 8352:Historicism 8181:(1835–1840) 8147:De Officiis 7871:de Beauvoir 7841:Baudrillard 7793:Vivekananda 7783:Tocqueville 7698:Kierkegaard 7514:Ibn Khaldun 7484:Alpharabius 7375:Personalism 7284:Stewardship 7241:Reification 7236:Natural law 7157:Familialism 7123:Culturalism 6905:Paternalism 6900:Natural law 6762:(c. 355 BC) 6609:Montesquieu 6401:Legal norms 6254:Social fact 6232:and defined 6026:‹ The 5832:(DOC, DjVu) 4859:Gross, Neil 4528:15 November 4494:15 November 4203:(5th ed.). 4018:Pals (2006) 3952:Berk (2006) 3907:Berk (2006) 2806:, p. 8 2306:(1897), in 2218:John Searle 2147:Ziya Gökalp 2102:Jean Piaget 1933:tabula rasa 1924:rationalism 1908:magnum opus 1654:termed the 1563:social fact 1555:integration 1547:Protestants 1485:social life 1447:pathologies 1415:competition 1171:sui generis 1149:Social fact 1115:methodology 942:rationalism 930:neo-Kantian 866:observation 862:objectivity 832:Methodology 807:nationalist 795:World War I 542:Montesquieu 522:Jean Jaurès 490:French Jews 266:sociologist 136:Social fact 18:Durkheimian 8471:Categories 8357:Humanities 8317:Agnotology 7976:Kołakowski 7539:Ibn Tufayl 7519:Maimonides 7463:Thucydides 7458:Tertullian 7413:Lactantius 7308:Volksgeist 7289:Traditions 7103:Convention 7012:Law portal 6639:Petrażycki 6629:Pashukanis 6624:Olivecrona 6559:Hägerström 6474:Blackstone 6300:Positivism 5910:, III, 1, 5717:. Polity ( 5460:Socjologia 4433:5 December 3792:: 621569. 3587:Free Press 3264:. Boston: 2985:R. Manheim 2752:. Oxford: 2710:. London: 2545:"Durkheim" 2392:References 2234:Neil Gross 1928:empiricism 1889:the family 1831:categories 1691:psychology 1630:prisoners. 1597:fatalistic 1585:altruistic 1390:individual 1386:sacredness 1230:statistics 1193:biological 1051:David Hume 1047:positivism 1043:empiricism 932:scholars: 874:comparison 828:in Paris. 810:propaganda 741:case study 699:republican 604:empiricism 583:agrégation 570:philosophy 566:psychology 534:classicist 387:positivism 350:psychology 337:Le Suicide 301:statistics 173:Philosophy 71:1858-04-15 8437:Biography 8397:Sociology 8347:Historism 8056:Santayana 8026:Oakeshott 7996:MacIntyre 7981:Kropotkin 7956:Heidegger 7809:centuries 7723:Nietzsche 7688:Jefferson 7673:Helvétius 7638:Condorcet 7601:centuries 7585:Montaigne 7408:Confucius 7398:Augustine 7315:Worldview 7209:Modernity 7182:Formation 6772:(c. 1270) 6654:Pufendorf 6589:Llewellyn 6449:Aristotle 5987:2648-2770 5608:Ashgate ( 5387:144144906 5234:143694790 5170:(1993) . 5153:144074274 5144:2164/3284 4964:144318188 4933:151998089 4883:144798682 4592:144703762 4361:1362-024X 4355:: 45–50. 4330:241148959 4322:1570-0607 4268:. Paris: 3808:1664-1078 3603:74--19680 3438:245132986 3333:Max Weber 3266:MIT Press 2533:Citations 2379:Socialism 1764:practices 1734:called a 1670:within a 1411:modernity 1308:emotional 1273:, while " 1209:objective 1202:facticity 1038:of them. 908:Max Weber 885:quotidian 745:monograph 721:manifesto 630:, in 1928 578:sociology 508:Education 467:Biography 453:education 293:religious 289:modernity 278:Max Weber 274:Karl Marx 181:education 177:sociology 8410:Category 8322:Axiology 8310:See also 8101:Voegelin 8091:Spengler 8066:Shariati 8021:Nussbaum 8006:Maritain 7966:Irigaray 7946:Habermas 7911:Foucault 7896:Durkheim 7798:Voltaire 7763:de Staël 7738:Rousseau 7663:Franklin 7524:Muhammad 7509:Gelasius 7494:Avempace 7477:Medieval 7453:Polybius 7448:Plutarch 7214:Morality 7189:Ideology 7177:Identity 7086:Concepts 7002:Category 6924:Concepts 6890:Legalism 6842:Theories 6729:Voegelin 6699:Scaevola 6659:Radbruch 6634:Perelman 6619:Nussbaum 6564:Jellinek 6529:Habermas 6524:Gurvitch 6494:Durkheim 6464:Beccaria 6305:Totemism 6082:Archived 6070:Archived 6028:template 6015:LibriVox 5813:Igor Kon 5772:(1992). 5739:(2006). 5578:(1999). 5462:. Znak. 5458:(2002). 5300:Durkheim 5157:Archived 5081:(2007). 5057:(1985). 5020:43242167 4734:74-19680 4646:40969868 4606:(1978). 4469:London: 4449:. 1989. 4369:44708513 4178:. – via 4084:. – via 3989:(2012). 3985:. – via 3826:33868089 3747:(2016). 2750:Durkheim 2689:. – via 2668:. p. ix. 2649:. p. 45. 2639:S. Lukes 2226:analytic 2019:Morality 2000:language 1919:a priori 1851:totemism 1843:calendar 1810:religion 1724:religion 1701:Religion 1672:holistic 1579:egoistic 1507:deviance 1501:Deviance 1427:cyclical 1378:punitive 1277:" (i.e. 1271:egoistic 1213:behavior 1158:— 1094:— 992:general 870:relation 760:Sorbonne 650:pedagogy 482:Lorraine 457:deviance 445:religion 437:morality 426:holistic 100:, France 81:, France 8461:Society 8423:Portals 8151:(44 BC) 8081:Sombart 8076:Skinner 8061:Scruton 8041:Polanyi 8016:Niebuhr 8001:Marcuse 7936:Gramsci 7931:Gentile 7891:Du Bois 7881:Deleuze 7851:Benoist 7821:Agamben 7778:Thoreau 7768:Stirner 7758:Spencer 7708:Le Play 7658:Fourier 7643:Emerson 7628:Carlyle 7613:Bentham 7590:Müntzer 7560:Erasmus 7534:Plethon 7529:Photios 7489:Aquinas 7423:Mencius 7391:Ancient 7324:Schools 7204:Loyalty 7162:History 7150:Counter 7145:Culture 7113:Customs 7037:changes 6950:Justice 6704:Schmitt 6694:Savigny 6674:Reinach 6599:Maistre 6594:Luhmann 6569:Jhering 6519:Grotius 6504:Ehrlich 6499:Dworkin 6489:Cardozo 6469:Bentham 6459:Bastiat 6444:Aquinas 6293:Related 6207:Founded 6177:Suicide 6030:below ( 6004:at the 5815:(ed.). 5542:2096361 5410:113–136 5399:Suicide 5339:2578447 5012:5846308 5004:2090966 4851:2088997 4252:2577978 4088:(2012). 3817:8044307 3721:7 April 3118:pp. 11– 3103:pp. 97– 3020:pp. 1–2 2991:. p. 9. 2297:Suicide 1942:prioris 1814:science 1760:beliefs 1664:Inkeles 1559:suicide 1543:Suicide 1531:Suicide 1423:fashion 1333:culture 1326:Culture 1316:culture 1283:beliefs 1120:In the 1061:Judaism 1032:realism 1027:realism 1025:social 1015:Realism 984:to the 799:leftism 736:Suicide 695:secular 600:Leipzig 592:Marburg 398:realism 383:science 368:(1912; 342:suicide 316:(1893; 305:surveys 251:French: 8449:France 8342:Ethics 8301:(2010) 8291:(1991) 8281:(1990) 8271:(1987) 8261:(1987) 8251:(1979) 8241:(1976) 8231:(1967) 8221:(1964) 8211:(1949) 8201:(1935) 8191:(1930) 8171:(1756) 8161:(1486) 8106:Walzer 8096:Taylor 8086:Sowell 8071:Simmel 8036:Pareto 8031:Ortega 7941:Guénon 7926:Gehlen 7921:Gandhi 7876:Debord 7861:Butler 7856:Berlin 7846:Bauman 7836:Badiou 7826:Arendt 7816:Adorno 7748:Ruskin 7703:Le Bon 7678:Herder 7653:Fichte 7648:Engels 7618:Bonald 7608:Arnold 7580:Milton 7575:Luther 7555:Calvin 7433:Origen 7403:Cicero 7363:Social 7299:Family 7294:Values 7255:Rights 7219:Public 7167:Honour 7098:Anomie 7093:Agency 6932:Dharma 6832:(1986) 6822:(1980) 6812:(1961) 6802:(1934) 6792:(1820) 6782:(1748) 6734:Walzer 6714:Suárez 6679:Renner 6644:Posner 6614:Müller 6579:Kelsen 6554:Hobbes 6534:Haller 6514:Fuller 6509:Finnis 6479:Bobbio 6454:Austin 6284:Anomie 6188:(1912) 6180:(1897) 6172:(1895) 6164:(1893) 6047:Curlie 6033:Curlie 5985: 5928:about 5899: 5891: 5876: 5861: 5846: 5821:Moscow 5799: 5788: 5780: 5755: 5747: 5729: 5721: 5706: 5698: 5683: 5668: 5660: 5642: 5627: 5612: 5594: 5586: 5568: 5540: 5509: 5466: 5444: 5425: 5385: 5354: 5337: 5306: 5287: 5268: 5249: 5232: 5201: 5178: 5151: 5101: 5067: 5043: 5018: 5010: 5002: 4962: 4931: 4898: 4881: 4849: 4816: 4797: 4791:95–102 4768: 4749: 4732: 4722: 4703: 4680: 4661: 4644: 4618: 4590: 4557: 4519: 4424: 4367: 4359: 4328: 4320: 4250: 3824: 3814: 3806: 3751: 3712: 3601: 3593: 3436: 3380: 3321:p. 106 3272: 3160: 3087:p. 102 3081: 2906:p. 105 2874:p. 149 2859:p. 104 2793:p. 103 2760: 2718: 2645: 2580:p. 107 2473:p. 322 2387:(1955) 2381:(1928) 2375:(1925) 2369:(1924) 2363:(1922) 2350:(1915) 2335:(1912) 2312:1:1–70 2300:(1897) 2292:(1895) 2284:(1893) 2204:, and 2135:, and 1895:, and 1762:& 1753:sacred 1736:Church 1621:anomie 1594:, and 1591:anomic 1474:profit 1465:anomie 1456:anomie 1407:growth 1312:egoism 1287:values 1285:, and 1185:social 1099:(1925) 990:induce 948:, and 858:method 846:(1919) 822:stroke 596:Berlin 574:ethics 494:rabbis 486:France 478:Épinal 455:, and 169:Fields 152:Anomie 79:Épinal 8139:Works 8126:Žižek 8111:Weber 8051:Röpke 8011:Negri 7991:Lasch 7961:Hoppe 7916:Fromm 7906:Evola 7886:Dewey 7866:Camus 7773:Taine 7753:Smith 7743:Royce 7733:Renan 7668:Hegel 7633:Comte 7623:Burke 7570:Locke 7504:Dante 7499:Bruni 7468:Xunzi 7443:Plato 7438:Philo 7418:Laozi 7226:Mores 7138:Multi 7128:Inter 6749:Works 6739:Weber 6724:Unger 6719:Stahl 6709:Shang 6664:Rawls 6649:Pound 6584:Leoni 6549:Hegel 6439:Alexy 6363:Index 6153:Books 5811:. In 5538:JSTOR 5383:S2CID 5335:JSTOR 5230:S2CID 5160:(PDF) 5149:S2CID 5117:(PDF) 5016:S2CID 5000:JSTOR 4960:S2CID 4929:S2CID 4879:S2CID 4847:JSTOR 4642:JSTOR 4588:S2CID 4365:JSTOR 4326:S2CID 4248:JSTOR 3991:p. 47 3843:p. 32 3434:S2CID 3035:p. 79 2936:p. 11 2724:p. 21 2511:19–22 2507:14–17 2460:p. 15 2444:p. 37 2397:Notes 1998:" is 1561:as a 1478:greed 1347:In a 1279:norms 964:Comte 781:Death 756:chair 98:Paris 8121:Zinn 8116:Weil 7986:Land 7971:Kirk 7831:Aron 7788:Vico 7728:Owen 7718:Mill 7713:Marx 7693:Kant 7683:Hume 7428:Mozi 7133:Mono 6758:Laws 6689:Rumi 6684:Ross 6604:Marx 6574:Kant 6544:Hart 6484:Bork 5983:ISSN 5897:ISBN 5889:ISBN 5874:ISBN 5859:ISBN 5844:ISBN 5797:ISBN 5786:ISBN 5778:ISBN 5753:ISBN 5745:ISBN 5727:ISBN 5719:ISBN 5704:ISBN 5696:ISBN 5681:ISBN 5666:ISBN 5658:ISBN 5640:ISBN 5625:ISBN 5610:ISBN 5592:ISBN 5584:ISBN 5566:ISBN 5507:ISBN 5464:ISBN 5442:ISBN 5423:ISBN 5352:ISBN 5304:ISBN 5285:ISBN 5266:ISBN 5247:ISBN 5199:ISBN 5176:ISBN 5099:ISBN 5065:ISBN 5041:ISBN 5008:PMID 4896:ISBN 4814:ISBN 4795:ISBN 4766:ISBN 4747:ISBN 4730:LCCN 4720:ISBN 4701:ISBN 4678:ISBN 4659:ISBN 4616:ISBN 4555:ISBN 4530:2017 4517:ISBN 4496:2017 4435:2020 4422:ISBN 4357:ISSN 4318:ISSN 3822:PMID 3804:ISSN 3749:ISBN 3723:2018 3710:ISBN 3599:LCCN 3591:ISBN 3378:ISBN 3270:ISBN 3158:ISBN 3079:ISBN 2758:ISBN 2716:ISBN 2643:ISBN 2228:and 2188:and 2053:Good 1971:"). 1947:Kant 1945:(as 1926:and 1858:and 1839:time 1775:The 1758:The 1751:The 1726:as: 1715:and 1693:and 1638:and 1459:and 1433:and 1405:and 1217:fact 1183:, a 1045:and 936:and 906:and 739:, a 719:, a 697:and 598:and 568:and 548:and 532:, a 524:and 352:and 276:and 87:Died 61:Born 7951:Han 7901:Eco 6669:Raz 6539:Han 6045:at 6013:at 5995:at 5530:doi 5490:doi 5375:doi 5327:doi 5222:doi 5139:hdl 5131:doi 5091:doi 4992:doi 4952:doi 4921:doi 4871:doi 4839:doi 4580:doi 4414:doi 4310:doi 4240:doi 4186:. 3812:PMC 3794:doi 3739:." 3426:doi 3374:108 3335:." 3142:. " 2173:'s 1717:God 1705:In 1541:In 1397:is. 1355:to 1342:law 1232:). 1195:or 972:of 850:In 572:to 540:on 449:law 287:in 258:or 249:; 230:ɜːr 8473:: 6966:Li 6939:Fa 6104:. 5977:. 5903:). 5895:, 5880:). 5865:). 5850:). 5823:: 5792:). 5784:, 5759:). 5751:, 5733:). 5725:, 5710:). 5702:, 5687:). 5672:). 5664:, 5646:). 5631:). 5616:). 5598:). 5590:, 5572:). 5536:. 5526:61 5524:. 5486:20 5484:. 5381:. 5369:. 5333:. 5323:60 5321:. 5228:. 5218:28 5216:. 5155:. 5147:. 5137:. 5127:14 5125:. 5119:. 5097:. 5014:. 5006:. 4998:. 4988:30 4986:. 4958:. 4946:. 4927:. 4915:. 4877:. 4865:. 4845:. 4835:23 4833:. 4793:. 4728:. 4638:34 4636:. 4602:; 4586:. 4576:24 4574:. 4487:. 4420:, 4408:, 4363:. 4351:. 4347:. 4324:. 4316:. 4306:61 4304:. 4300:. 4288:^ 4246:. 4236:59 4234:. 4182:, 4105:^ 4061:^ 3998:^ 3841:, 3820:. 3810:. 3802:. 3790:12 3788:. 3784:. 3772:^ 3743:. 3693:^ 3678:^ 3637:^ 3622:^ 3597:. 3589:. 3564:^ 3547:^ 3506:^ 3489:^ 3470:^ 3432:. 3422:70 3420:. 3416:. 3392:^ 3376:. 3346:^ 3319:, 3293:^ 3268:. 3247:^ 3220:^ 3189:^ 3169:^ 3156:. 3124:^ 3116:, 3101:, 3085:. 3077:. 3033:, 3018:, 2996:^ 2934:, 2912:^ 2904:, 2880:^ 2872:, 2857:, 2823:^ 2791:, 2769:^ 2756:. 2731:^ 2722:. 2714:. 2693:, 2624:^ 2603:^ 2578:, 2558:^ 2547:. 2509:, 2458:, 2442:, 2232:. 2208:. 2200:, 2181:. 2131:, 2120:, 2116:, 2112:, 2108:, 2104:, 2100:, 2096:, 2092:, 2088:, 2084:, 2080:, 2076:, 2015:. 1967:(" 1910:, 1903:. 1891:, 1719:. 1697:. 1588:, 1582:, 1527:. 1344:. 1293:. 1281:, 1139:. 960:. 920:. 899:. 777:. 594:, 484:, 480:, 451:, 447:, 443:, 439:, 435:, 362:. 303:, 280:. 239:aɪ 187:, 183:, 179:, 175:, 8425:: 7071:e 7064:t 7057:v 6344:e 6337:t 6330:v 6138:e 6131:t 6124:v 6110:. 5989:) 5914:. 5803:. 5544:. 5532:: 5515:. 5496:. 5492:: 5472:. 5450:. 5431:. 5412:. 5389:. 5377:: 5371:6 5360:. 5341:. 5329:: 5312:. 5293:. 5274:. 5255:. 5236:. 5224:: 5207:. 5184:. 5141:: 5133:: 5107:. 5093:: 5073:. 5049:. 5022:. 4994:: 4966:. 4954:: 4948:8 4935:. 4923:: 4917:8 4904:. 4885:. 4873:: 4867:6 4853:. 4841:: 4822:. 4803:. 4774:. 4755:. 4736:. 4709:. 4686:. 4667:. 4648:. 4624:. 4594:. 4582:: 4563:. 4532:. 4498:. 4473:. 4467:. 4416:: 4371:. 4353:1 4332:. 4312:: 4254:. 4242:: 4190:. 3993:. 3874:. 3828:. 3796:: 3755:. 3735:" 3725:. 3605:. 3440:. 3428:: 3386:. 3164:. 3089:. 2764:. 2726:. 2697:. 2553:. 2513:. 2496:. 1939:a 1476:( 1200:" 328:( 245:/ 242:m 236:h 233:k 227:d 224:ˈ 221:/ 217:( 73:) 69:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.