Durance - Knowledge

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in the river's natural bed is a minimal flow of 2 to 5 cubic metres per second (71 to 177 cu ft/s), which is only 1/40 of its natural flow. The silt in the river bed has become stabilised by vegetation and this also reduces the flow. Thanks to the reservoirs at Serre-Ponçon and Sainte-Croix, which together can hold more than 2 billion tonnes of water, irrigation remains possible in summer even during the driest years. The predictable water levels have also allowed development of the local economy through summer tourism.

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Pertuis, obviously unusable in periods of floods. The changes in the flow also limited river navigation (in spite of size of the river in periods with a high flow. It sometimes needed several ferries to cross the various arms or channels. The unstable and sometimes steep banks prevented easy access to ferries. In more recent times even suspension bridges often had to be re-built after floods.

56: 1069:. The latter's tributaries bring rain water mainly in spring, autumn and winter but little during the summer. At Serre-Ponçon, its basin of 3,600 square kilometres (1,400 sq mi) can create a flow as low as 18 cubic metres per second (640 cu ft/s) and a maximum flood of 1,700 cubic metres per second (60,000 cu ft/s) (value recorded in 1957). 2055:. Nevertheless, the ferry services were scarcer than on the Rhône with a ferry every 9 to 11 kilometres (5.6 to 6.8 mi) on average, versus every 5.2 kilometres (3.2 mi) on the Rhône. Starting from the 12th century, wood bridges were also built. They lasted varying times until they were destroyed in various ways: 1763:

until the 19th century, the Durance was famous for the difficulty of crossing it, its massive floods and an inconstant flow. The width of its bed, the force and depth of its current, and the changes of course after the floods hindered crossing by ford. The only durable fords are those of Mirabeau and

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The Durance used to have an average natural flow of 188 cubic metres per second (6,600 cu ft/s) and behaved like a Mediterranean river, but dams and canals have changed it considerably. When the flow is low, most of the water in the river now flows in "industrial channels" which by-pass the

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although routine floods are prevented, the project cannot have any effect on major floods, as shown by the flood of 1994, which reached 3,000 cubic metres per second (110,000 cu ft/s) in Cadarache. Indeed, the lake at Serre-Ponçon only controls the upper reaches of the Durance, and does not

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At the confluence with the Rhône, the average natural flow of the Durance is approximately 190 cubic metres per second (6,700 cu ft/s), with a high annual variability. It can vary between 40 cubic metres per second (1,400 cu ft/s) (the most severe low water levels) and 6,000 cubic

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In the 20th century, the floods were less frequent and violent thanks to the dams and the re-afforestation in the Durance basin, but there were still serious floods in 1957 and 1994 with maxima measured at Mirabeau and at Sisteron of 2,800 cubic metres per second (99,000 cu ft/s); and this

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Hydroelectric installations and chains of locks on the Durance, and its tributaries the Verdon, Buëch and Bléone had the most significant economic impacts and are the most visible change in the landscape. The major part of the flow was diverted into canals downstream from Serre-Ponçon, and the flow

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The 320 millimetres (13 in) depth variation results in significant temperature variations, from 0 to 28 °C (32 to 82 °F) seasonally; daily temperatures have 7.5 °C (45.5 °F) of amplitude in the summer and 10 °C (50 °F) in the winter. These are a significant factor

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is at 330 metres (1,080 ft) altitude and the Durance at 700 metres (2,300 ft), which contributes partially to its fast-flowing nature, including in the lower part of the river. It drops 1,847 metres (6,060 ft) from its source to Mirabeau and approximately 2,090 metres (6,860 ft)

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with drinking water. It is 80 kilometres (50 mi) long with 17 kilometres (11 mi) underground. The canal is made out of concrete, and the aqueducts out of stone or stone and brick. The volume of water flowing through the canal is 10 cubic metres per second (350 cu ft/s) with the

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it is 123 cubic metres per second (4,300 cu ft/s) and after the confluence with the Verdon, flow reaches 174 cubic metres per second (6,100 cu ft/s) (250 to 330 m³/s in spring, 100 m³/s in the summer). The contribution of water from the downstream tributaries is very low. The

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These increased in number and force from the second half of the 16th century, though lessened in the 20th century. The period of increased flooding was not only due to the cooling starting from the 14th and until the 19th century (with increased rain and snowfall), but also because the major

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was extracted from the river bed for road surfacing and wear-resistant concrete. The majority of the quarries have closed or are closing. The few factories that used the river's energy have closed (an aluminium factory at L'Argentière-la-Bessée) or are being closed (Arkema at Saint-Auban).

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Along the river there are many habitats of both regional and European importance that are naturally governed by the varying flow of the river. These habitats include both mountain and Mediterranean types. The river with its valley is an important biological corridor, within the national

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with the Rhône. However, a longer route is traced by the Clarée-Durance system with a length of 325 kilometres (202 mi). Its descent is unusually rapid at 81 m/km (165 ft/mi) in its first 12 km (7.5 mi), then 15 m/km (30 ft/mi) to its confluence with the

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Water quality is considered good in the higher valley, in spite of the number of dams, which deprive the Durance of the power needed to carry sediment away. This quality was obtained thanks to actions of clean-up projects on the river itself and on the tributaries of the

463:, even though the latter two are longer than the Durance when they each merge. The Durance is better known than the other two rivers because the Durance valley is an old and important trade route, whereas the valleys of the Clarée and Guisane are effectively dead ends. 1036:

of Provence) and its low water levels. The upper Durance is an alpine river with a flow ranging from 18 to 197 cubic metres per second (640 to 6,960 cu ft/s). Its total drainage area is 14,225 square kilometres (5,492 sq mi). At the confluence with

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natural course of the river to run through hydro-electric power stations. These channels can take up to 250 cubic metres per second (8,800 cu ft/s), so that it is only at the time of high flows that the water not diverted uses the river's natural channel.

1584:, which rest, feed and sometime reproduce. One-hundred-ten species of animal hibernate there. Avian diversity increased after the dams were built, but there was probably once a greater diversity. For some families of birds the number of individuals also increased. 1857:(1st century) reported that a ferry was established in Cavaillon, The great Roman way from Spain to Italy only crossed the Durance at Cavaillon and Sisteron. The existence of a bridge at Sisteron was recorded. At other places there were ferries, in particular at 637:, where the first small streams combine into a river. This runs near to Montgenèvre and then flows into the larger Clarée river, and then passes through Briançon before the Guisane joins it. It then continues south combining with the Gyronde — the Écrins 1330:

Dams have been built since the Middle Ages to prevent flooding. At first they were often boxes of wood filled up of stones, but these do not resist the floods for long. Dams have also long been used for irrigation. The first known irrigation canal is the

719:, and carves a channel, sometimes a few metres deep, sometimes tens of metres deep. In its middle and lower reaches the Durance is affected by the Mediterranean climate: flooding after autumnal rains, with low water levels in summer. Just before the 1073:

metres per second (210,000 cu ft/s) in catastrophic historic floods, levels reached in 1843, 1882 and 1886. At the outlet into the Lac de Serre-Ponçon, the medium flow is 81 cubic metres per second (2,900 cu ft/s); at

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and Cadarache. There are small canals whose primary purpose is to draw water from the river into the EDF Canal which in turn feeds the hydroelectric power stations. Some of the water diverted by the dams is used for irrigation.

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The bridge of Sisteron, erected in the Middle Ages remained until the middle of the 19th century, the only crossing between two firm banks along the Durance. After the year 1000, the number of ferries increased, including some

2323: 2096:, in order to study the hydrology of the river, using the kilometre-long divisions from 1868 between the confluence with the Verdon with that with the Rhône. This division allows surveying and mapping of the land at risk. 1078:

annual maximum flow generally occurs in May or June, but the most violent flash floods occur in autumn. The lowest water levels occur in winter in the upper valley, and in summer in the middle and lower part of the river.

1441:. From there to Marseille the canal follows an 80-kilometre (50 mi) path, of which 17 kilometres (11 mi) is underground. The Durance provides today two-thirds of the water for the city of Marseilles. 1118:

Between 1832 and 1890, the Durance had 188 floods of more than 3 metres (10 ft) (measured at the Mirabeau Bridge). The flood of 1843 carried away several newly built suspension bridges: the 1829 bridge at

1969:(in Gontard), recorded in 1037. This ferry at Cadenet and one at Mirabeau were used to transport flocks of sheep for seasonal migrations. Thereafter, there is evidence of ferries at many other places notably 3076:

Guy Barruol, Denis Furestier, Catherine Lonchambon, Cecile Miramont, the Durance length into broad: ferries, boats and rafts in the history of a capricious river, the Alps of light No 149, Forcalquier 2005,

499:, and then still nearly 8 m/km (16 ft/mi) to the confluence with the Ubaye. This descent stays relatively steep after this confluence, then shallows to approximately 0.33% in its middle course (to the 1134:

flooding of 1910 was estimated at approximately 2,400 cubic metres per second (85,000 cu ft/s). Even lesser floods were devastating. The flood of 31 May and 1 June 1877 swept away the bridge of

1776:, the source of the Durance was at Sisteron, where the icecap finished. As the ice-cap receded, the Durance course changed towards the west, between Luberon and Alpilles, and flowed into the Rhône. 1146:

The height of the water at the gorge at Cadarache is at 472 millimetres (18.6 in), after an average of 750 millimetres (30 in) of rain because 63% of the rain flows into the Durance.

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control the lower tributaries, whose role is important in the creation of the major floods. All the other dams are only to abstract water. Only the flow of the Verdon is controlled by a dam,

971: 2224:, who makes use of it in his imaginary geography of Provence, transforming it into river that flows to the sea and he refers to it as masculine, and describing its flow through the 2092:

The irrigation syndicates and the local services that maintained the roads and bridges requested exceptional help from the State. A service to monitor the river was created, the

1015:(L) left bank tributary; (R) right bank tributary; (MR) main river, the name given to part of the water course taken into account in the calculation of its total length. 1149:

At Mirabeau, the lowest flow was 27 cubic metres per second (950 cu ft/s) (during the drought of 1921) i.e. a ratio of 1:133 between minimum and maximum.

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operated on the small rivers and in the marshes using rafts floating on inflated goatskins. There were two groups of utriculari, one in Sisteron and one in Riez.

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slope of 0.36 metres per kilometre (1.9 ft/mi). The width across the surface of the canal is 9.4 metres (31 ft), and 3 metres (9.8 ft) at its base.

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Bernard Amouretti, “However, the valley of the Durance was always an axis of passage”, Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture,

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Guy Valencia, "Hydraulics and morphology of the bed in zone of Piedmont and plain", Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture,

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For several years a club has revived the tradition of rafting, each year building rafts from tree trunks then navigating a section of the Durance with them.

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Bernard Amouretti, “the Man was a long time under the dependence of the Durance”, Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture,

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This is a list of rivers longer than 20 kilometres (12 mi) that flow into the Durance. They are listed in order of the confluence, starting upstream.

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In 1843, 1856, 1882 and 1886 there were catastrophic floods. The 1852 floods affected the entire basin of the Durance, from Sisteron to its confluence in

1395:, and the hundreds of other smaller ones, totalling 540 kilometres (340 mi) dug between the end of the 16th century and the end of the 19th century. 3385: 1421:, at an elevation of 185 metres (607 ft), 50 kilometres (31 mi) from Marseilles. From there the canal diverges to the west from the Durance to 1392: 1381: 697: 2606:

Philippe Autran, "The highway network from the 19th to the 20th centuries: revolution with mechanization", in Autran, Guy Barruol and Jacqueline Ursch,

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in the biodiversity of the river. The dams in the valley have reduced the incidence of floods and so have allowed the colonisation of alluvial space by

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The catastrophic floods of 1843, 1856, 1886 attained 5,000 to 6,000 cubic metres per second (180,000 to 210,000 cu ft/s) For comparison, the

1123:, the 1835 bridge at Mirabeau, the unfinished bridge at Manosque and the 1838 bridge at Les Mées. The flood of 1872 also swept away the 1847 bridge at 627: 2141:

4/67 Durance Helicopter Squadron created in 1976, is charged with protecting the air force base at Apt-Saint-Christol and the nuclear missile site at

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The middle part of the Durance runs through a landscape that changes as the valley increasingly widens. The river itself becomes steeply banked by

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were found up as far as Sisteron, before the development of the river. Later it becomes a Mediterranean river with the characteristic morphology.

992: 821:. Its direction changes from southerly to westerly then northwesterly, aligning with the small Provençal mountain ranges between which it flows ( 728: 2765:

Henri Pignoly, “the problems of believed and the culture of the risk” Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture,

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Catherine Lonchambon, “From one bank to another: the “trail ferry””, Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture,

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The Durance is 305 kilometres (190 mi) long from its source at the foot of Sommet des Anges, at 2,390 metres (7,840 ft) high, above

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This trade fed the activity of an important port, near to the crossroads at Sisteron, at the place called 'Le Bourguet'. In the vicinity of

377:. The Durance is the second longest (after the Saône) of the tributaries of the Rhône and the third largest in terms of its flow (after the 2631:, Serge Gachelin gives 5000 m³ (p.8) like Henri Pignoly (p.99); in the same work, Bernard Amouretti gives 6000 m³ (p.25). Cecile Miramont ( 3334: 2467:

Barruol, Guy (2005), "The Durance in Antiquity and the Middle Ages", in Furestier, Denis; Lonchambon, Catherine; Miramont, Cecile (eds.),

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depict the river being used for the transport of various liquid food products such as wine and olive oil. Gallo-Romans used the towpaths (

1759:, and largely contributed to the economic growth and population of the Marseilles area, after having been an obstacle for centuries. From 2099:

The construction of the Marseille canal in the middle of the 19th century allowed the metropolitan area of Marseille to develop quickly.

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The sources of the water are a combination of melting snow and the drainage of rain from the surrounding hills and plateaux which have a

3228: 1935:, who were given the privilege in 1191 to use the river.) The timber was used in the towns of the southern plains and in the shipyards. 1105:

The river is famous historically for its unstable course and violent floods. In the 12th century the Durance had swept away the town of

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Christophe Garrone, “the artificial wetlands basic Durance”, Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture,

1861:, whose name is based on it ferry. Although it was difficult to cross, except in Sisteron, the Durance was nevertheless navigable. The 2368:(2005). "Ptolemy and the linguistic history of the Narbonensis". In de Hoz, Javier; Luján, Eugenio R.; Sims-Williams, Patrick (eds.). 489: 3134: 2985: 2795:

Jean Giudicelli, “original Characteristics of the river”, Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture,

2037: 1699:, the primrose willow, is an invasive plant having gradually spread since 1986 in the stagnant water in dead gravel pits and ponds. 2813:

Jean Giudicelli and Karine Viciana, "The Durance today", Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture,

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The Durance: course and regard '), 5500 m³/s on December 26, 1882 gives; Clébert & Rouyer give 6000 m³/s in November 1886, in

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to see haut' more; ') give it also an estimate of 6000 m³/s. Jacques Sapiega, in his géorama “the Durance & The Verdon” (DVD

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and made many paintings where it appears, either as background, or as subject (86 of the 421 paintings by Guigou). The Romanian

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at Mirabeau, at a depth of 200 metres (660 ft), then widens again into an even broader plain until the confluence with the

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Jean-Paul Clébert and Jean-Pierre Rouyer, the Durance, Pri , Toulouse, 1991, in the Rivières collection and valleys of France,

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sand and silt banks, which can be highly fertile for plants like willow. These are only ever swept away by exceptional floods;

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volume was increased at the confluence with the Verdon by a further 500 cubic metres per second (18,000 cu ft/s).

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bridge), then 0.24% in its lower course. For comparison, at approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) from its source, the

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the reservoirs provide drinking water to the whole area, and irrigate all of Provence (a third of all French irrigation);

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There are several dams along the middle part of the Durance. In addition to main dam at Serre-Ponçon, there are dams at

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a port existed before the Roman conquest, but was developed during the 1st century BC, and was prosperous until the

2243: 2230: 1930: 1875:) and the wind to move upstream. Several specialized businesses maintained this system transport. Workers known as 773:). Here the river was diverted for the development of modern agriculture and the construction of the A51 motorway. 1471:

Over 40 years, this project required the construction of 23 dams and water extraction points starting upstream of

769:. The valley widens still further into an alluvial plain several kilometres wide (5 kilometres (3.1 mi) near 3365: 2300:

is a series of multi-product replenishment oilers, originally designed and built for service in the French Navy.

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the Durance-Verdon project produces 6 to 7 billion kWh per annum (10% of the French hydroelectric production);

1784: 2779: 1580:. The banks, although less wet, still accommodate 110 species of birds during the year, plus 82 species of 1561: 555: 524: — built where the banks are very steep — the other towns are built on slopes close to the river: 3102:

develops, of which some deviating a small portion of the flow towards Arles (channel of Craponne) and Crau.

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deforestation of the slopes of the mountains of the basin of the Durance, starting from the 16th century.

3390: 3375: 2340: 3240:, Forcalquier: the Alps of light, 2005, Collection: The Alps of light, ISSN 0182-4643, num. 149,120 p, 2530:

Cecile Miramont, "History of river landscapes", in Guy Barruol, Denis Furestier, Catherine Lonchambon,

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and Calavon (also called le Coulon)). There remain some black spots in the valley (downstream from the

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the lakes are a tourist attraction (Serre-Ponçon attracts 10% of the tourists visiting Hautes-Alpes);

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Sisteron from the air showing dam to the south of the town, and confluence with Buech from the right

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Jean-Paul Clébert and Jean-Pierre Rouyer, "La Durance", Privat, Toulouse, 1991, in the collection

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Jean-Paul Clébert and Jean-Pierre Rouyer, "La Durance", Privat, Toulouse, 1991, in the collection

1866: 1796: 905: 2036:. Other ferries were established to supply the windmills built at the end of the 18th century in 2031: 1619: 1592: 1090:

Plume of water rising at the dam of Serre-Ponçon seen from the bridge at Espinasse - May 30, 2008

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in south-eastern France. All these rivers have their sources in mountains, and are fast-running.

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is also the name of an academic bulletin by history and geography professors at Aix-Marseille.

2119: 1729: 1375: 891: 607:. The Durance is the longest river in Metropolitan France without a department named after it. 1438: 1426: 1409:

From 1839 to 1854, the engineer Franz Mayor de Montricher built a canal to supply the city of

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The Durance length into broad: ferries, boats and rafts in the history of a river capricieuse

1998: 1942:, those these were subject to ten tolls along the 300 kilometres (190 mi) of the river. 1909: 1337: 1292: 1066: 997: 711:

Canal is the thin white line in the distance between the tree line and the base of the hills.

441: 305: 45: 3309: 829:). The Durance receives only one significant tributary on this last part of its course: the 3238:

The Durance length into broad: ferries, boats and rafts in the history a carpricious river

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The Durance along and across: ferries, boats and rafts in the history of a capricious river

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at Sisteron without mentioning the town, then describing an imaginary Rebeillard highland.

1917: 1685:(77 species) are more varied than before the dams compared with populations on the similar 1596: 1530: 1517: 1497: 1386: 702: 662: 538: 320: 2981: 2276: 1961:

plied between the two banks of the main channel. The oldest known one was the one between

8: 2214: 2067:), at the end of the 12th century until its destruction by the Count of Toulouse in 1241; 2064: 1772:

Twelve million years ago, the Durance flowed directly into the Mediterranean. During the

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There are approximately 75 species of mammals in the Durance catchment area, including:

584: 354: 3222: 2174: 2002: 1851: 1721: 1637: 1545: 1534: 1404: 1366: 500: 1740: 3278: 3260: 3241: 3217: 3206: 3116: 3078: 2884: 2662: 2611: 2535: 2472: 2413: 2373: 2089:. It washed away many cultivated alluvial terraces, broke dams and destroyed canals. 1643: 1430: 1161:

gravel banks, brought by the floods, and generally without or with little vegetation;

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Mastras, Nicolas (2004), "Durance, source et frontière", in Sapiega, Jacques (ed.),

2014: 1434: 1425:. Following the construction of the large EDF canal, which follows the Durance from 801: 2162: 1913: 1695: 1648: 1343: 1299:

Three viaducts for LGV Méditerranée at Cavaillon (length - 940, 900 et 1500 metres)

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at Mirabeau, the beginning of the 13th century, close to Sainte-Madeleine-du-Pont;

1900:, before recovering its economic activity until the beginning of the 5th century. 1724:

of fish. But the silting and the lack of oxygen has greatly reduced the number of

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at Savines, the most used bridge on the Upper Durance (built in the 15th century)

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Catherine Lonchambon, “From one bank to another of the Durance: strange boats”,

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and the supply of 33 hydroelectric power stations and several control stations.

1025: 2973: 2255: 2108: 2060: 1921: 1847: 1804: 1749: 1625: 1437:, the water for the canal of Marseilles is now taken from the EDF canal, below 1180: 985: 762: 716: 638: 471: 366: 286: 2107:

The Durance was ceased to carry freight because of competition from road and

1548:, but with few plant species (due to the greatly changing flow of the river). 1457:

In 1955, the law defined the EDF Durance-Verdon project had three objectives:

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Beyond Sisteron further rivers and streams join the Durance: Jabron, Vançon,

480: 297: 3344: 3191: 2365: 2272: 2210: 2198: 1826: 1682: 1607: 1258: 1210: 165: 152: 2752:, Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture, 2735:, Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture, 2608:

From one bank to another: bridges of High-Provence from Antiquity to Our Day

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Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture,

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Catherine Lonchambon, “From one bank to another: the “trail ferry””, p.33.

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Pour the §, Jean Giudicelli and Karine Viciana, “the Durance today”, p.60.

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The origin of the hydroelectric project of installation the Durance-Verdon

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Dumas, Alexandre; Maquet, Auguste; Fiorentino, Pier Angelo (2007-10-10).

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Photos that are copyright free for teaching use (3 pages on the Durance)

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Serre-Ponçon: photographic voyage to the confluence of Ubaye and Durance

1666: 1513: 1500:, and only if there is enough storage capacity at the time of the flood. 1346:

canal, 50 kilometres (31 mi) long, dug in nine months in 1554 from

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Guy Barruol, “the Durance in Antiquity and with the Middle Ages”, p.25.

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Nicolas Masras, "The Durance, source and border", in Jacques Sapiega,

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Cecile Miramont, Denis Furestier, Guy Barruol, Catherine Lonchambon,

3012: 2225: 2166: 2127: 2111:. There were only 10 raftmen remaining in 1896 and only one in 1908. 1812: 1702:

There are only fourteen fish species, including some native species:

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The Durance is represented in the form of an ornate monument at the

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The valley of the Durance is a route through the Alps, used by the

1756: 1671: 1310: 1246: 1204: 1120: 1098: 822: 770: 733: 562: 550: 521: 340: 334: 330: 1690: 1220:(Route nationale RN 85). This replaced the Trébaste Bridge, 1962-3 941: 814: 724: 600: 509: 378: 370: 282: 232: 136: 3190:

Claude Gouron, photographer, Helene Vesian, author of the texts,

2177:. It is also depicted beneath a sculpture of a pregnant woman in 2086: 2022: 2010: 1994: 1966: 1858: 1854: 1808: 1732:

has been seen in recent times but it may have disappeared since.

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Rail viaduct for the old Paris - Marseille line south of Avignon.

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In pre-Roman times, the Durance was the border between various

1557: 1342:, dug in 1171 by the Marquis de Forbin. It was followed by the 1042: 595:

The Durance catchment area extends to three other departments:

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Clébert, Jean-Paul; Rouyer, Jean-Pierre (1991), "La Durance",

2173:, to celebrate the arrival of water from the Durance, via the 1057: 3016: 2048: 1982: 1978: 1843: 1745: 1725: 1678: 1660: 1652: 1569: 1358: 1224: 1157:

Three types of islands are formed in the bed of the Durance:

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of Serre-Ponçon dam seen from Espinasse bridge - May 30, 2008

1046: 1038: 914: 666: 657:. The Durance then flows south-south-west and flows into the 274: 1920:. From the 12th to the 19th century, the river was used for 3115:, the Trigger guard: Editions Barthelemy and Hangar, 2004. 2545: 2370:

New approaches to Celtic place-names in Ptolemy's Geography

2135: 1939: 1792: 1755:

The Durance played a very important part in the history of

1663:

have recently become extinct in the entire catchment area.

1553: 1544:

Currently there are between 150 and 200 species of benthic

928: 873: 646: 432:

Similar names are found in the names of many rivers in the

293: 3196:

The Durance: photographic voyage from the Alps in Provence

2471:, The Alps Of Light (in French), Forcalquier, p. 24, 55: 2678:

Jacques Sapiega, géorama, "The Durance & The Verdon".

2343:, Observatoire Régional Eau et Milieux Aquatiques en PACA 2076:

the ancient bridge of Sisteron which was rebuilt in 1365.

1883:

of transport on large rivers and used boats, whereas the

626:

The source of La Durance is on the northern slope of the

422: 3329: 2780:"Ministry of theEcology and of sustainable development" 2279:

is during the construction of the dam at Serre-Ponçon.

2262:

and made several paintings on materials that he found.

3111:

Claude Gouron (photographer), Helene Vésian (author),

2191:

refers to the Durance as one of the three scourges of

520:

The river only runs through the towns of Briançon and

16:

For the commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department, see

3132: 2750:

The network durancian: a renouvelable' energy source;

2220:

the best known writer to be inspired by the Durance,

1938:

Other goods were transported by the river, including

1846:

was erected at Montgenèvre, the only passage between

1253:

Between the Vaucluse and the Bouches-du-Rhône :

833:, which flows around the Lubéron range to the north. 515: 3330:

Mixed syndicate working on the valley of the Durance

1681:

and water plants (100 species on average) and water

1081: 455:

The Durance retains its name rather than either the

421:

probably means 'the flowing one', stemming from the

3185: