Fentanyl - Knowledge

1409: 1539: 1969:, the increased numbers of deaths are not related to an increased number of users but to the lethal effects of fentanyl itself. Fentanyl would require a special status as it is considerably more toxic than other widely abused opioids and opiates. With regard to overdose deaths in pediatric cases, numbers are also concerning. Based on a report by JAMA network, 37.5% of all fatal pediatric cases between 1999 and 2021 were related to fentanyl; most of the deaths were among adolescents (89.6%) and children aged 0 to 4 years (6.6%). According to the UNODC, "the opioid crisis in North America is unabated, fueled by an unprecedented number of overdose deaths." 1816: 1555: 1901: 1912:, MDMA, and other drugs is common. A kilogram of heroin laced with fentanyl may sell for more than US$ 100,000, but the fentanyl itself may be produced far more cheaply, for about US$ 6,000 per kilogram. While Mexico and China are the primary source countries for fentanyl and fentanyl-related substances trafficked directly into the United States, India is emerging as a source for finished fentanyl powder and fentanyl precursor chemicals. The United Kingdom illicit drug market is no longer reliant on China, as domestic fentanyl production is replacing imports. 853: 830: 1878: 51: 2131: 2405: 2363: 2433: 12806: 2704:, or other opiate antagonists. Naloxone is increasingly available to the public. Long acting or sustained release opioids may require repeat dosage. Illicitly synthesized fentanyl powder has also appeared on the United States market. Because of the extremely high strength of pure fentanyl powder, it is very difficult to dilute appropriately, and often the resulting mixture may be far too strong and, therefore, very dangerous. 42: 1316: 2468: 18952: 1193:. Mixing with other drugs or disguising as a pharmaceutical makes it difficult to determine the correct treatment in the case of an overdose, resulting in more deaths. In an attempt to reduce the number of overdoses from taking other drugs mixed with fentanyl, drug testing kits, strips and labs are available. Fentanyl's ease of manufacture and high potency makes it easier to produce and 2940:. U.S. law enforcement had been slow in their response to the fentanyl crisis, according to the Washington Post. The response by the federal government to the fentanyl crisis had also faltered, according to the press release. Overdose deaths by fentanyl and other illegally imported opioids were surging since 2019 and are presently a major cause of death in all U.S. states. 1866:(MHRA) of the UK issued a warning about the potential for life-threatening harm from accidental exposure to transdermal fentanyl patches, particularly in children, and advised that they should be folded, with the adhesive side in, before being discarded. The patches should be kept away from children, who are most at risk from fentanyl overdose. In the US, fentanyl and 2040:

immediate action or attention by health officials, laboratorians, clinicians, and members of the public; and conveys the highest level of importance") was issued during October 2015. A subsequent HAN Alert was issued in July 2018, warning of rising numbers of deaths due to fentanyl abuse and mixing with non-opioids. A December 2020 HAN Advisory warned of:

2252:, which contain seven transmembrane portions, intracellular loops, extracellular loops, intracellular C-terminus, and extracellular N-terminus. The extracellular N-terminus is important in differentiating different types of binding substrates. When fentanyl binds, downstream signaling leads to the inhibitory effects, such as decreased 2546:(FDA) approved Onsolis (fentanyl buccal soluble film), a fentanyl drug in a new dosage form for cancer pain management in opioid-tolerant subjects. It uses a medication delivery technology called BEMA (BioErodible MucoAdhesive), a small dissolvable polymer film containing various fentanyl doses applied to the inner lining of the 2960:

and even Alaska, according to U.S. intelligence sources, and transported onto Mexican territory through a chain of American brokers and couriers often financed by those drug cartels that also engage in money laundering. Therefore, the lack of arms controls in the U.S. has directly contributed to the U.S. opioid overdose crisis.

1610:(FDA) began investigating several respiratory deaths, but doctors in the United Kingdom were not warned of the risks with fentanyl until September 2008. The FDA reported in April 2012 that twelve young children had died and twelve more had become seriously ill from separate accidental exposures to fentanyl skin patches. 12279: 2075:(DEA) called "One Pill Can Kill". This social media campaign's goal is to spread awareness of the prevalence of counterfeit pills that are being sold in America that are leading to the large overdose epidemic in America. This campaign also shows the difference between counterfeit pills and real pills. 2951:

and acute toxicity in laboratory environments, 'clandestine' labs in Mexico relate to making an illicit dosage form from available fentanyl rather than the synthesis itself. Based on further research by investigators, fentanyl and analogues are likely synthesized in labs that have the appearance of a

2161:

are types of fentanyl with various chemical modifications on any number of positions of the molecule, but still maintain, or even exceed, its pharmacological effects. Many fentanyl analogs are termed "designer drugs" because they are synthesized solely to be used in an illicit manner. Carfentanil, a

2011:

A 2021 paper expressed concern that these physical fears over fentanyl may inhibit effective emergency response to overdoses by causing responding officers to spend additional time on unnecessary precautions, and that the media coverage could also perpetuate a wider social stigma that people who use

2959:

by federal agencies made a clear connection between illegal arms trafficking from the U.S. to Mexico and the smuggling of fentanyl into the U.S. Mexico had repeatedly made official complaints due to the fact that illegal guns are easily purchased for example in Arizona and as far north as Wisconsin

2695:

Another form of fentanyl that has appeared on the streets is the Actiq lollipop formulation. The pharmacy retail price ranges from US$ 15 to US$ 50 per unit based on the strength of the lozenge, with the black market cost ranging from US$ 5 to US$ 25, depending on the dose. The attorneys general of

1999:

issued a joint report in 2017 asserting the risk of fentanyl overdose via incidental transdermal exposure is very low, and it would take 200 minutes of breathing fentanyl at the highest airborne concentrations to yield a therapeutic dose, but not a potentially fatal one. The effects being reported

1851:

ng/mL or greater have been associated with fatalities. Over 85% of overdoses involved at least one other drug, and there was no clear correlation showing at which level the mixtures were fatal. The dosages of fatal mixtures varied by over three magnitudes in some cases. This extremely unpredictable

1253:

For pain relief after surgery, use can decrease the amount of inhalational anesthetic needed for emergence from anesthesia. Balancing this medication and titrating the drug based on expected stimuli and the person's responses can result in stable blood pressure and heart rate throughout a procedure

2044:

substantial increases in drug overdose deaths across the United States, primarily driven by rapid increases in overdose deaths involving ... illicitly manufactured fentanyl; a concerning acceleration of the increase in drug overdose deaths, with the largest increase recorded from March 2020 to May

2039:

Public health advisories to prevent fentanyl misuse and fatal overdose have been issued by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). An initial HAN Advisory, also known as a Health Alert Network Advisory ("provides vital, time-sensitive information for a specific incident or situation; warrants

1985:

exposure to fentanyl is extremely unlikely to cause intoxication or overdose (except in cases of prolonged exposure with very large quantities of fentanyl), and first responders such as paramedics and police officers are at minimal risk of fentanyl poisoning through accidental contact with intact

1892:

Some increases in fentanyl deaths do not involve prescription fentanyl but are related to illicitly made fentanyl that is being mixed with or sold as heroin. Death from fentanyl overdose continues to be a public health issue of national concern in Canada since September 2015. In 2016, deaths from

1509:

such as nasal sprays and inhalers generally result in a faster onset of high blood levels, which can provide more immediate analgesia but also more severe side effects, especially in overdose. The much higher cost of some of these appliances may not be justified by marginal benefit compared with

1377:

hours. Rate of absorption is dependent on a number of factors. Body temperature, skin type, amount of body fat, and placement of the patch can have major effects. The different delivery systems used by different makers will also affect individual rates of absorption, and route of administration.

1746:

It also vasodilates arterial and venous blood vessels through a central mechanism, by primarily slowing down vasomotor centers in the brainstem. To a lesser extent, it does this by directly affecting blood vessels. This is much more profound in patients who have an already increased sympathetic

1294:

anesthesia because of its short time to action peak (about 5 minutes), the rapid termination of its effect after a single dose, and the occurrence of relative cardiovascular stability. In obstetrics, the dose must be closely regulated in order to prevent large amounts of transfer from mother to

2371:

approximately 10 mg of the drug, about the size of hair on Abraham Lincoln's head on a penny, should be diluted into 1 teaspoon, or 5 mL, of water. Research in Dr. Lieberman's lab at the University of Notre Dame has reported false positive results on BTNX fentanyl testing strips with

2370:

Fentanyl and fentanyl analogues can be qualitatively detected in drug samples using commercially available fentanyl testing strips or spot reagents. Following the principles of harm reduction, this test is to be used directly on drug samples opposed to urine. To prepare a sample for testing,

1558:

Overall, drug overdose deaths in the United States rose from 2019 to 2021 with more than 106,000 drug overdose deaths reported in 2021. Deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone (primarily fentanyl) continued to rise with 70,601 overdose deaths reported in 2021. Those involving

1399:

mucosa to provide rapid analgesia. Fentanyl is a highly lipophilic compound, which is well absorbed sublingually and generally well tolerated. Such forms are particularly useful for breakthrough cancer pain episodes, which are often rapid in onset, short in duration, and severe in intensity.

2827:

Beginning in 2015, Canada has seen a number of fentanyl overdoses. Authorities suspected that the drug was being imported from Asia to the western coast by organized crime groups in powder form and being pressed into pseudo-OxyContin tablets. Traces of the drug have also been found in other

3004:

The fentanyl patch is one of a few medications that may be especially harmful, and in some cases fatal, with just one dose, if misused by a child. Experts have advised that any unused fentanyl patches be kept in a secure location out of children's sight and reach, such as a locked cabinet.

3379:

USA recalled 13 lots of their Fentanyl Buccal Tablets CII due to missing safety information sheets on how to properly administer their product. The corporation issued a consumer recall report and stressed the importance of safety in the use and administration of opioid therapeutics.

1513:

A fentanyl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS) is under development, which aims to allow patients to control administration of fentanyl through the skin to treat postoperative pain. The technology consists of a "preprogrammed, self-contained drug-delivery system" that uses

12517:

Gutierrez-Blanco E, Victoria-Mora JM, Ibancovichi-Camarillo JA, Sauri-Arceo CH, Bolio-González ME, Acevedo-Arcique CM, et al. (May 2015). "Postoperative analgesic effects of either a constant rate infusion of fentanyl, lidocaine, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, or the combination

2804:. The 254 pounds (115 kg) of fentanyl, which was estimated to be worth US$ 3.5M, was concealed in a compartment under a false floor of a truck transporting cucumbers. The "China White" form of fentanyl refers to any of a number of clandestinely produced analogues, especially 2350:, the solution will turn purple when introduced to opium drugs. Blood or plasma fentanyl concentrations are expected to be in a range of 0.3–3.0 μg/L in persons using the medication therapeutically, 1–10 μg/L in intoxicated people, and 3–300 μg/L in victims of acute overdosage. 2947:, direct fentanyl shipments from China have stopped since 2022. The majority of illicit fentanyl and analogues now entering the U.S. from Mexico are final products in form of "tablets" and adulterated heroin from previously synthesized fentanyl. From the sophistication of full 2527:

In the mid-1990s, Janssen Pharmaceutica developed and introduced into clinical trials the Duragesic patch, which is a formulation of an inert alcohol gel infused with select fentanyl doses, which are worn to provide constant administration of the opioid over a period of 48 to

9875:

Van Bever WF, Niemegeers CJ, Janssen PA (October 1974). "Synthetic analgesics. Synthesis and pharmacology of the diastereoisomers of N-(3-methyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl)-N-phenylpropanamide and N-(3-methyl-1-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl)-N-phenylpropanamide".

12287: 3341:

in 2002. The siege was ended, but many hostages died from the gas after their health was severely taxed during the days long siege. The Russian Health Minister later stated that the gas was based on fentanyl, but the exact chemical agent has not been clearly identified.

2149:

Like other opioids, fentanyl is a weak base that is highly lipid-soluble, protein-bound, and protonated at physiological pH. All of these factors allow it to rapidly cross cellular membranes, contributing to its quick effect in the body and the central nervous system.

2324:

and excessive coughing by decreasing the cough reflex, becoming useful when intubating people who are awake and have compromised airways. After receiving a bolus dose of fentanyl, people can also experience paradoxical coughing, which is a phenomenon that is not well

2824:, a synthetic opioid analog of fentanyl that has never been licensed for medical use. In a separate study conducted by the CDC, 82% of fentanyl overdose deaths involved illegally manufactured fentanyl, while only 4% were suspected to originate from a prescription. 1618:

The most dangerous adverse effect of fentanyl is respiratory depression, that is, decreased sensitivity to carbon dioxide leading to reduced rate of breathing, which can cause anoxic brain injury or death. This risk is decreased when the airway is secured with an

1171:

to 70,601. Since 2018, fentanyl and its analogues have been responsible for most drug overdose deaths in the United States, causing over 71,238 deaths in 2021. Fentanyl constitutes the majority of all drug overdose deaths in the United States since it overtook

3412:

fentanyl's potency and short duration of action make it popular as an intra-operative and post-operative analgesic in cats and dogs. This is usually done with off-label fentanyl patches manufactured for humans with chronic pain. In 2012, a highly concentrated

2487:

found the Gupta method was the predominant synthesis route in their samples of seized fentanyl. In 2022, Braga and coworkers described a synthesis of fentanyl involving continuous flow that uses reagents similar to the ones described for the Gupta procedure.

1327:

The bioavailability of intranasal fentanyl is about 70–90%, but with some imprecision due to clotted nostrils, pharyngeal swallow, and incorrect administration. For both emergency and palliative use, intranasal fentanyl is available in doses of 50, 100, 200,

2162:

fentanyl analog, has an additional carboxylic acid group attached to the 4 position. Carfentanil is 20–30 more times as potent as fentanyl, and is common in the illicit drug chain. The drug is commonly used to tranquilize elephants and other large animals.

2882:

India has also emerged as a source of fentanyl and fentanyl precursors, where Mexican cartels have already developed networks for the import of synthetic drugs. It is possible that fentanyl and precursor production may disperse to other countries, such as

2699:

Non-medical use of fentanyl by individuals without opioid tolerance can be very dangerous and has resulted in numerous deaths. Even those with opiate tolerances are at high risk for overdoses. Like all opioids, the effects of fentanyl can be reversed with

3354:

2004, a leading fentanyl supplier, Janssen Pharmaceutica Products recalled one lot, and later, additional lots of fentanyl (brand name: Duragesic) patches because of seal breaches that might have allowed the medication to leak from the patch. A series of

1446:

When using the transdermal patch, patients must be careful to minimize or avoid external heat sources (direct sunlight, heating pads, etc.), which can trigger the release and absorption of too much medication and cause potentially deadly complications.

9797: 2256:

production, decreased calcium ion influx, and increased potassium efflux. This inhibits the ascending pathways in the central nervous system to increase pain threshold by changing the perception of pain; this is mediated by decreasing propagation of

1756:

If high boluses of fentanyl are administered quickly, muscle rigidity of the vocal cords can make bag-mask ventilation very difficult. The exact mechanism of this effect is unknown, but it can be prevented and treated using neuromuscular blockers.

12424: 2049:

81,230 drug overdose deaths occurred during the 12 months from May 2019 to May 2020, the largest number of drug overdoses for a 12-month interval ever recorded for the U.S. The CDC recommended the following four actions to counter this rise:

2669:

produced, have been identified in the U.S. drug traffic. In February 2018, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration indicated that illicit fentanyl analogs have no medically valid use, and thus applied a "Schedule I" classification to them.

5020: 3396:

in small animal patients. In addition, its efficacy is higher than many other pure-opiate and synthetic pure-opioid agonists regarding vomiting, depth of sedation, and cardiovascular effects when given as a continuous infusion as well as a

3077:

died and medical examiners concluded he had accidentally overdosed on fentanyl. Fentanyl was among many substances identified in counterfeit pills recovered from his home, including some that were mislabeled as Watson 385, a combination of

2264:

As a μ-receptor agonist, fentanyl binds 50 to 100 times more potently than morphine. It can also bind to the delta and kappa opioid receptors but with a lower affinity. It has high lipid solubility, allowing it to more easily penetrate the

1990:

stated that "the consensus of the scientific community remains that illness from unintentional exposures is extremely unlikely, because opioids are not efficiently absorbed through the skin and are unlikely to be carried in the air." The

8582: 2812:

in the United States. Part of the motivation for AMF is that, despite the extra difficulty from a synthetic standpoint, the resultant drug is more resistant to metabolic degradation. This results in a drug with an increased duration.

1339:

In children, intranasal fentanyl is useful for the treatment of moderate and severe pain and is well tolerated. Furthermore, a 2017 study suggested the efficacy of fentanyl lozenges in children as young as five, weighing as little as

6665: 3114:

died from an accidental drug overdose as a result of mixing medications that included fentanyl, acetyl fentanyl, and despropionyl fentanyl (among others). He was reportedly treating "many serious ailments" that included a broken

2928:

of Myanmar has been identified as a major source for fentanyl derivatives. In 2021, the agency reported a further drop in opium poppy cultivation in Burma, as the region's synthetic drug market continues to expand and diversify.

1472:

of the person. When enough fentanyl has been absorbed, the (sedated) person generally lets the lollipop fall from the mouth, indicating sufficient analgesia and somewhat reducing the likelihood of overdose and associated risks.

2832:, and heroin. The drug has been implicated in deaths of people from all walks of life—from homeless individuals to professionals—including teens and young parents. Because of the rising deaths across the country, especially in 1788:

Wooden chest syndrome is unique to the most powerful opioids—which today comprise fentanyl and its analogs—while other less-powerful opioids like heroin produce mild rigidity of the respiratory muscles to a much lesser degree.

1184:

increased from 4,697 reports in 2014 to 117,045 reports in 2020. Fentanyl is often mixed, cut, or ingested alongside other drugs, including cocaine and heroin. Fentanyl has been reported in pill form, including pills mimicking

2677:, which can lead to overdose. Many fentanyl overdoses are initially classified as heroin overdoses. Recreational use is not particularly widespread in the EU except for Tallinn, Estonia, where it has largely replaced heroin. 7990: 5655: 2645:

The fentanyl epidemic has erupted in a highly acrimonious dispute between the U.S. and Mexican governments. While U.S. officials blame the flood of fentanyl crossing the border primarily on Mexican crime groups, President

1372:

hours, allowing for long-lasting pain management. Dosage is based on the size of the patch, since, in general, the transdermal absorption rate is constant at a constant skin temperature. Each patch should be changed every

12702: 6808: 2459:(4-ANPP). Fentanyl is produced following the reaction of 4-ANPP with an acyl chloride. The Siegfried method has been used in the early 2000s to manufacture fentanyl in both domestic and foreign clandestine laboratories. 9136: 2791:

pills in the appearance of oxycodone and more than 25,000 in the appearance of Xanax. The DEA reported that millions of pills could have been distributed from this location over the course of time. The accused owned a

1765:

A prominent idiosyncratic adverse effect of fentanyl also includes a sudden onset of rigidity of the abdominal muscles and the diaphragm, which induces respiratory failure; this is seen with high doses and is known as

4704:

Moisés EC, de Barros Duarte L, de Carvalho Cavalli R, Lanchote VL, Duarte G, da Cunha SP (August 2005). "Pharmacokinetics and transplacental distribution of fentanyl in epidural anesthesia for normal pregnant women".

6341:

Burns G, DeRienz RT, Baker DD, Casavant M, Spiller HA (June 2016). Seifert SA, Buckley N, Seger D, Thomas S, Caravati EM (eds.). "Could chest wall rigidity be a factor in rapid death from illicit fentanyl abuse?".

11117: 6955: 2866:

In May 2019, China regulated the entire class of fentanyl-type drugs and two fentanyl precursors. Nevertheless, it remains the principal origin of fentanyl in the United States: Mexican cartels source fentanyl

2395:

Fentanyl is a 4-anilopiperidine class synthetic opioid. The synthesis of Fentanyl is accomplished by one of four main methods as reported in scientific literature: the Janssen, Siegfried, Gupta, or Suh method.

2696:

Connecticut and Pennsylvania have launched investigations into its diversion from the legitimate pharmaceutical market, including Cephalon's "sales and promotional practices for Provigil, Actiq and Gabitril."

11637: 9783: 1382:

hours; thus, fentanyl patches are often prescribed with a fast-acting opioid (such as morphine or oxycodone) to handle breakthrough pain. It is unclear if fentanyl gives long-term pain relief to people with

10596: 1332:μg. In emergency medicine, safe administration of intranasal fentanyl with a low rate of side effects and a promising pain-reducing effect was demonstrated in a prospective observational study in about 900 5858:

van Leeuwen L, Deen L, Helmers JH (August 1981). "A comparison of alfentanil and fentanyl in short operations with special reference to their duration of action and postoperative respiratory depression".

10855: 10027: 17513: 12416: 10885: 10217: 7090: 10290: 8234:

Vandergrift GW, Hessels AJ, Palaty J, Krogh ET, Gill CG (April 2018). "Paper spray mass spectrometry for the direct, semi-quantitative measurement of fentanyl and norfentanyl in complex matrices".

8199:

Vandergrift GW, Hessels AJ, Palaty J, Krogh ET, Gill CG (April 2018). "Paper spray mass spectrometry for the direct, semi-quantitative measurement of fentanyl and norfentanyl in complex matrices".

7126: 5012: 2764: 2665:

of pharmaceutical fentanyl and its analogues first appeared in the mid-1970s in the medical community and continues in the present. More than 12 different analogues of fentanyl, all unapproved and

2269:. It attenuates "second pain" with primary effects on slow-conducting, unmyelintated C-fibers and is less effective on neuropathic pain and "first pain" signals through small, myelinated A-fibers. 10326: 2808:(AMF). One US Department of Justice publication lists "China White" as a synonym for a number of fentanyl analogues, including 3-methylfentanyl and α-methylfentanyl, which today are classified as 10059: 9988: 11426: 10514: 7663: 2539:

of fentanyl citrate mixed with inert fillers was introduced in 1998 under the brand name of Actiq, becoming the first quick-acting formation of fentanyl for use with chronic breakthrough pain.

1571:(weakness). Less frequently, in 3–10% of people, fentanyl can cause abdominal pain, headache, fatigue, anorexia and weight loss, dizziness, nervousness, anxiety, depression, flu-like symptoms, 1290:. Because of fentanyl's high lipid solubility, its effects are more localized than morphine, and some clinicians prefer to use morphine to get a wider spread of analgesia. It is widely used in 12673: 8574: 2976:

In the United States, the 800 mcg tablet was 6.75 times more expensive as of 2020 than the lozenge. As of 2023, the average cost for an injectable fentanyl solution (50 mcg/mL) is around

16661: 16656: 16651: 15979: 14897: 14892: 14887: 12054: 1152:

in 1959 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1968. In 2015, 1,600 kilograms (3,500 pounds) were used in healthcare globally. As of 2017, fentanyl was the most widely used

11028: 10744: 10251: 6776: 2707:

Some heroin dealers mix fentanyl powder with heroin to increase potency or compensate for low-quality heroin. In 2006, illegally manufactured, non-pharmaceutical fentanyl often mixed with

15377: 4022: 9966: 6661: 3375:μg/h Duragesic patches due to a concern that small cuts in the gel reservoir could result in accidental exposure of patients or health care providers to the fentanyl gel. In April 2023, 17234: 12796: 3585:

Bista SR, Haywood A, Hardy J, Lobb M, Tapuni A, Norris R (March 2015). "Protein binding of fentanyl and its metabolite nor-fentanyl in human plasma, albumin and α-1 acid glycoprotein".

1797:

There are many reports of fentanyl users adopting a "folded" posture. Daniel Ciccarone of UCSF has described this as an extreme form of the "nod" posture associated with other opiates.

1705:

Early carbon dioxide retention causing cutaneous vasodilation (releasing more fentanyl), together with acidosis, which reduces protein binding of fentanyl, releasing yet more fentanyl.

1559:

stimulants, including cocaine or psychostimulants with abuse potential (primarily methamphetamine), also continued to increase with 32,537 overdose deaths in 2021 (Source: CDC WONDER).

16360: 12637: 11774: 9022: 12120: 11663: 11564: 7433: 7028: 3032:

is recommended for fentanyl patches, because it is the fastest and surest way to remove them from the home to prevent ingestion by children, pets or others not intended to use them.

2863:

Fentanyl has been discovered for sale in illicit markets in Australia in 2017 and in New Zealand in 2018. In response, New Zealand experts called for wider availability of naloxone.

301: 16094: 7986: 7411: 12088: 10392: 5647: 17941: 11696: 10945: 6184:

Bülow HH, Linnemann M, Berg H, Lang-Jensen T, LaCour S, Jonsson T (August 1995). "Respiratory changes during treatment of postoperative pain with high dose transdermal fentanyl".

10123: 6798: 3739: 18886: 17505: 6436: 4461:

Godwin SA, Burton JH, Gerardo CJ, Hatten BW, Mace SE, Silvers SM, et al. (February 2014). "Clinical policy: procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department".

12794: 11905: 10414: 10184: 1977:

In the late 2010s, some media outlets began to report stories of police officers being hospitalized after touching powdered fentanyl, or after brushing it from their clothing.

10566: 9193: 9140: 7162: 4366: 11061: 5356: 4213: 2516:(meperidine) for opioid activity. The widespread use of fentanyl triggered the production of fentanyl citrate (the salt formed by combining fentanyl and citric acid in a 1:1 2134:

The chemical structure of fentanyl has been used as a basis in modern chemistry for the discovery and nomenclature of many new fentanyl analogues, sometimes called fentalogs.

15372: 9761: 9163: 1510:

buccal or oral options. Intranasal fentanyl appears to be equally effective as IV morphine and superior to intramuscular morphine for the management of acute hospital pain.

11875: 11813: 9339: 17685: 15788: 11728: 11326: 7864:"Increase in Fatal Drug Overdoses Across the United States Driven by Synthetic Opioids Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic – HAN 00438 – Health Alert Network Advisory" 7455:

Thors L, Öberg L, Forsberg E, Wigenstam E, Larsson A, Bucht A (September 2020). "Skin penetration and decontamination efficacy following human skin exposure to fentanyl".

2754: 8055:

Raynor K, Kong H, Chen Y, Yasuda K, Yu L, Bell GI, et al. (February 1994). "Pharmacological characterization of the cloned kappa-, delta-, and mu-opioid receptors".

3425:

to provide four days of analgesia after a single application before surgery. It is not approved for multiple doses or other species. The drug is also approved in Europe.

2996:

furanfentanyl (Fu-F), the most common analog on said market, the average price per gram was US$ 243.10 for retail listings and US$ 26.50 per gram for wholesale listings.

2334:

Fentanyl may be measured in blood or urine to monitor for abuse, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Commercially available

17718: 16986: 16234: 15277: 12190: 5416:"Opioids in patients with COPD and refractory dyspnea: literature review and design of a multicenter double blind study of low dosed morphine and fentanyl (MoreFoRCOPD)" 2045:

2020, coinciding with the implementation of widespread mitigation measures for the COVID-19 pandemic; significant increases in overdose deaths involving methamphetamine.

11109: 9137:"RelayHealth's pharmacy connectivity network and reach, aligned with McKesson Specialty Care Solutions' REMS expertise, expands cancer patients' access to pain therapy" 4817:

Karlsen AP, Pedersen DM, Trautner S, Dahl JB, Hansen MS (June 2014). "Safety of intranasal fentanyl in the out-of-hospital setting: a prospective observational study".

12698: 11844: 11491: 11197: 6962: 4795: 11532: 6841: 1897:

averaged two persons per day. In 2017 the death rate increased by more than 100% with 368 overdose-related deaths in British Columbia between January and April 2017.

1266:

opioid because its lipophilic profile allows a quick onset of action (5–10 min) and intermediate duration of action (60–120 min). Spinal administration of hyperbaric

18162: 18152: 17500: 16405: 16114: 12157: 1747:

drive, like patients who have high blood pressure or congestive heart failure. It does not affect the contractility of the heart when regular doses are administered.

11936: 11629: 8765:

López-Muñoz F, Alamo C (April 2009). "The consolidation of neuroleptic therapy: Janssen, the discovery of haloperidol and its introduction into clinical practice".

8277: 3337:

security forces are suspected to have used a fentanyl analogue, or derivative (suspected to be carfentanil and remifentanil), to rapidly incapacitate people in the

2673:

Fentanyl analogues may be hundreds of times more potent than heroin. Fentanyl is used orally, smoked, snorted, or injected. Fentanyl is sometimes sold as heroin or

1908:

Fentanyl has started to make its way into heroin as well as illicitly manufactured opioids and benzodiazepines. Fentanyl contamination in cocaine, methamphetamine,

10604: 3664: 1424:

people already stabilized on other opioids who have persistent swallowing problems and cannot tolerate other parenteral routes such as subcutaneous administration.

10444: 3693: 2146:. Meperidine is a fully synthetic opioid, and other members of the phenylpiperidine family like alfentanil and sufentanil are complex versions of this structure. 17977: 10484: 8500: 6006: 4527: 18167: 12335: 10851: 7059: 337: 19037: 17611: 17399: 14807: 13560: 12795: 11448: 11294: 9731: 9306: 8654: 7776: 10013: 16485: 12843: 11607: 1526:

hours after major surgery, 25% of patients withdrew due to inadequate analgesia. However, the PCTS method proved superior to the placebo, showing lower mean

1408: 361: 246: 10877: 10207: 7082: 6871: 5100: 1538: 17934: 14758: 10536: 10359: 10092: 5972: 388: 18147: 12395: 10276: 7112: 17606: 16480: 10316: 10153: 7195: 4179: 1863: 1810: 10049: 9998: 9690: 8994: 5561:"The safety and efficacy of a fentanyl patient-controlled transdermal system for acute postoperative analgesia: a multicenter, placebo-controlled trial" 17723: 4600:"Anesthesiology: Longnecker DE, Brown DL, Newman MF, Zapol WM, Editors, McGraw Hill, New York (2007) ISBN: 978-0-07-145984-6, 2278 pp, hardcover, $ 249 2758: 2483:

and skips the direct use of 4-ANPP/NPP; rather the compounds are formed only as impurities or temporary intermediates. For the first half of 2021, the

1270:

with fentanyl may be the optimal combination. The almost immediate onset of fentanyl reduces visceral discomfort and even nausea during the procedure.

14817: 11416: 10506: 7655: 1156:

in medicine; in 2019, it was the 278th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than a million prescriptions. It is on the

314: 18816: 15362: 14827: 12662: 8493:"News: April 2022 – UNODC: Three precursors of the most common synthesis routes used in illicit fentanyl manufacture now under international control" 3107: 12044: 11171: 4247: 2820:(CDC) issued a health advisory to emergency departments alerting to 14 overdose deaths among intravenous drug users in Rhode Island associated with 16375: 15848: 11020: 6901: 3323: 2558: 2142:, oxycodone, and hydromorphone are synthesized by simple modifications of morphine, fentanyl and its relatives are synthesized by modifications of 10733: 7829:"Rising Numbers of Deaths Involving Fentanyl and Fentanyl Analogs, Including Carfentanil, and Increased Usage and Mixing with Non-opioids – 00413" 7736:

Persaud E, Jennings CR (August 2020). "Pilot Study on Risk Perceptions and Knowledge of Fentanyl Exposure Among New York State First Responders".

3942: 17927: 17892: 17533: 17525: 16586: 16044: 15929: 15738: 15585: 10769: 10243: 9822: 9371: 6766: 6413: 8809: 8012:

Zawilska JB, Kuczyńska K, Kosmal W, Markiewicz K, Adamowicz P (March 2021). "Carfentanil – from an animal anesthetic to a deadly illicit drug".

4005: 18017: 17802: 17566: 15843: 13859: 9958: 8530: 6995: 2750: 5299:"Opioid switch from low dose of oral oxycodone to transdermal fentanyl matrix patch for patients with stable thoracic malignancy-related pain" 2988:$ 75 and AU$ 450 on illicit markets. Furthermore, in another 2020 study, the average price per gram of non-pharmaceutical fentanyl on various 1522:μg of fentanyl hydrochloride over ten minutes. In a 2004 experiment including 189 patients with moderate to severe postoperative pain up to 24 18187: 17992: 17581: 16906: 16791: 16184: 15539: 15202: 14862: 12872: 12454: 8575:"Designation of Benzylfentanyl and 4-Anilinopiperidine, Precursor Chemicals Used in the Illicit Manufacture of Fentanyl, as List I Chemicals" 4904:

Coombes L, Burke K, Anderson AK (October 2017). "The use of rapid onset fentanyl in children and young people for breakthrough cancer pain".

84: 12630: 11782: 11359: 11254: 9030: 8625: 8552: 5392: 4576: 3318:

to stop the heart. The use of fentanyl in execution caused concern among death penalty experts because it was part of a previously untested

2019:

Many experts in toxicology are skeptical of police truly overdosing through mere touch. "This has never happened," said Dr. Ryan Marino, an

1145:(also known as Narcan) can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose, but because fentanyl is so potent, multiple doses might be necessary. 18836: 17728: 17698: 17649: 17369: 17359: 16460: 16455: 15964: 12110: 11659: 11554: 10415:"A California police union director is being charged with importing opioids, including fentanyl, disguised as chocolate and wedding favors" 9520: 7441: 7018: 953: 12478:"The history and pharmacology of fentanyl: relevance to a novel, long-acting transdermal fentanyl solution newly approved for use in dogs" 9403: 7401: 6510:"Chest wall rigidity in fentanyl abuse: illicit fentanyl could be a major factor in sudden onset of this potentially lethal adverse event" 4750:"Induction opioids for caesarean section under general anaesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials" 18328: 18207: 18087: 17837: 17309: 17163: 16826: 16641: 16284: 15693: 13807: 12594:

Becker WM, Mama KR, Rao S, Palmer RH, Egger EL (April 2013). "Prevalence of dysphoria after fentanyl in dogs undergoing stifle surgery".

12079: 10381: 9275: 9059: 3459: 1698:

Saturation of the body fat compartment in people with rapid and profound body fat loss (people with cancer, cardiac or infection-induced

11686: 10938: 9225: 9114: 6744: 1708:

Reduced sedation, losing a useful early warning sign of opioid toxicity and resulting in levels closer to respiratory-depressant levels.

18811: 18508: 18448: 17748: 17738: 16931: 15944: 10115: 9943: 9916: 8961: 7897: 7867: 7378: 6897: 4241: 3767: 3729: 3306:

series of four drugs that included fentanyl citrate, to inhibit breathing and render the subject unconscious. The other drugs included

2968:

Brand names include Sublimaze, Actiq, Durogesic, Duragesic, Fentora, Matrifen, Haldid, Onsolis, Instanyl, Abstral, Lazanda and others.

2817: 919: 1485:) when patients cannot tolerate morphine, or whose breathlessness is refractory to morphine. Fentanyl is useful for such treatment in 1167:. From 2011 to 2021, prescription opioid deaths per year remained stable, while synthetic opioid deaths per year increased from 2,600 18596: 18202: 18117: 17784: 17753: 17654: 17541: 17394: 17374: 17264: 17244: 16971: 16294: 15292: 14922: 12373: 11897: 10422: 10176: 9913:"Recommendations for Laboratory Testing for Acetyl Fentanyl and Patient Evaluation and Treatment for Overdose with Synthetic Opioids" 8522: 10574: 9200: 9080: 7152: 4358: 2338:

are often used as initial screening tests, but chromatographic techniques are generally used for confirmation and quantitation. The

326: 18258: 16976: 16540: 16329: 15429: 14751: 11053: 9753: 5348: 4205: 4055: 2921: 1962: 9249: 9171: 6923: 3912: 2601: 2496:

The Suh (or 'total synthesis') method skips the direct use of piperidine precursors in favor of creating the ring system in-situ.

17464: 17389: 17384: 17319: 11867: 11805: 11390: 10507:"DHS Investigation Leads to Indictments Against China-Based Companies and Employees for Fentanyl Trafficking | Homeland Security" 9329: 6612:"Causes, Nature and Toxicology of Fentanyl-Associated Deaths: A Systematic Review of Deaths Reported in Peer-Reviewed Literature" 6359: 3288: 1996: 11718: 11316: 8883: 8857: 8679:

Braga FC, Ramos TO, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT (November 2022). "Synthesis of Fentanyl under Continuous Photoflow Conditions".

6582: 6227:

Regnard C, Pelham A (December 2003). "Severe respiratory depression and sedation with transdermal fentanyl: four case studies".

3803: 15688: 12022: 11989: 11966: 10829: 10626: 2992:

was US$ 1,470.40 for offerings of less than five grams; the average for offers over five grams was US$ 139.50. In addition, on

1992: 1600: 12182: 9484: 7901: 3773: 1563:

Fentanyl's most common side effects, which affect more than 10% of people, include nausea, vomiting, constipation, dry mouth,

14702: 13254: 11154: 10677: 8162: 7962: 7937: 7871: 6301: 6125: 4996: 4570: 4437: 4397: 4085: 4016: 3453: 3263:

in The Bronx, New York City, due to fentanyl contamination, which is also believed to have caused sickness in other children.

1157: 11836: 11481: 11207: 11087: 6315: 5414:

van Dijk M, Mooren KJ, van den Berg JK, van Beurden-Moeskops WJ, Heller-Baan R, de Hosson SM, et al. (September 2021).

4749: 1042:. Depending on the method of delivery, fentanyl can be very fast acting and ingesting a relatively small quantity can cause 19017: 19007: 13310: 12309: 12257: 11514: 6831: 5537: 4115: 3879: 3849: 3266:

On 22 March 2024, Mark D'Wit was sentenced to a minimum of 37 years imprisonment for murdering Stephen and Carol Baxter in

2876: 1164: 12555:"Comparison of medetomidine and fentanyl-droperidol in dogs: sedation, analgesia, arterial blood gases and lactate levels" 12146: 9672: 5719: 1344:

kg. Lozenges are more inclined to be used as the child is in control of sufficient dosage, in contrast to buccal tablets.

15342: 14744: 14318: 13879: 13847: 11928: 8270: 7557:"ACMT and AACT position statement: preventing occupational fentanyl and fentanyl analog exposure to emergency responders" 2981: 2796:

and ordered fentanyl in powder form from China. A seizure of a record amount of fentanyl occurred on 2 February 2019, by

2616: 1716:, which quickly induces complete respiratory failure by paralyzing the thoracic muscles, explained in more detail in the 1606:

The duration of action of fentanyl has sometimes been underestimated, leading to harm in a medical context. In 2006, the

10915: 9647: 7836: 7806: 3660: 12731:"Fentanyl-Induced Block of hERG Channels Is Exacerbated by Hypoxia, Hypokalemia, Alkalosis, and the Presence of hERG1b" 10454: 9912: 5998: 3686: 2797: 1961:

In June 2023, overdose deaths in the U.S. and Canada again reached record numbers. According to a 2023 report from the

1458: 10476: 8492: 4497: 2775:

Several large quantities of illicitly produced fentanyl have been seized by U.S. law enforcement agencies. In November

981:

InChI=1S/C22H28N2O/c1-2-22(25)24(20-11-7-4-8-12-20)21-14-17-23(18-15-21)16-13-19-9-5-3-6-10-19/h3-12,21H,2,13-18H2,1H3

12865: 12331: 10972:"Listed for sale: Analyzing data on fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and other novel synthetic opioids on one cryptomarket" 7051: 5886:

Brown DL (November 1985). "Postoperative analgesia following thoracotomy. Danger of delayed respiratory depression".

4284: 2387:

of fentanyl test strips vary depending on the concentration of fentanyl tested, particularly from 10–250 ng/mL.

973: 12447:"Teva Initiates Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Specific Lots of FENTANYL Buccal Tablets CII Due to a Labeling Error" 12417:"Teva Initiates Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Specific Lots of FENTANYL Buccal Tablets CII Due to a Labeling Error" 11284: 9721: 9550: 9298: 8647: 7772: 6412:

Torralva R, Janowsky A (November 2019). Trew KD, Dodenhoff R, Vore M, Siuciak JA, Perry J, Wood C, Blumer J (eds.).

5162:

Ward J, Laird B, Fallon M (2011). "The UK breakthrough cancer pain registry: Origin, methods and preliminary data".

2532:

hours. After a set of successful clinical trials, Duragesic fentanyl patches were introduced into medical practice.

998: 135: 17961: 17106: 14719: 13271: 8128: 7273: 6867: 4630: 3315: 2647: 18736: 11588: 2561:(ACSCN) of 9801. Its annual aggregate manufacturing quota has significantly reduced in recent years from 2,300,000 1599:

is associated with fentanyl use. Existing studies advise medical practitioners to exercise caution when combining

17101: 11229: 10285: 9694: 9516: 8396:"Fentanyl-related compounds and derivatives: current status and future prospects for pharmaceutical applications" 7687:"Can touch this: training to correct police officer beliefs about overdose from incidental contact with fentanyl" 7606:"Can touch this: training to correct police officer beliefs about overdose from incidental contact with fentanyl" 7121: 6863: 6588: 5684:"Fentanyl HCl patient-controlled iontophoretic transdermal system for the management of acute postoperative pain" 5617: 5096: 4280: 2944: 2932:

In 2023, a California police union director was charged with importing synthetic opioids, including fentanyl and

2554: 2484: 2452: 2072: 2028: 1238:. To maintain anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics and additional fentanyl may be used. These are often given in 15–30 572: 286: 116: 11458: 10544: 10349: 10082: 5984: 2692:, diverted from legitimate medical supplies. The gel from inside the patches is sometimes ingested or injected. 18418: 17026: 12396:"Teva Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Specific Lots of FENTANYL Buccal Tablets CII to the Consumer Level" 3243: 2253: 1737: 12214:"Analysis of clothing and urine from Moscow theatre siege casualties reveals carfentanil and remifentanil use" 10145: 9698: 8983: 8840: 8445:"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Synthetic Opioids Belonging to the Fentanyl Class: A Review" 7184: 6564: 5741:

Kirschner R, Donovan JW (May 2010). "Serotonin syndrome precipitated by fentanyl during procedural sedation".

4171: 650: 5973:"Fentanyl patches: serious and fatal overdose from dosing errors, accidental exposure, and inappropriate use" 3338: 3284: 3252: 3067: 2654:. He believes that the crisis of a lack of family values in the United States drives people to use the drug. 1987: 9194:"Procedures, programs and drugs that require precertification: Participating provider precertification list" 8304:"High concentrations of illicit stimulants and cutting agents cause false positives on fentanyl test strips" 6414:"Noradrenergic Mechanisms in Fentanyl-Mediated Rapid Death Explain Failure of Naloxone in the Opioid Crisis" 4428:

Gropper MA, Miller RD, Eriksson LI, Fleisher LA, Wiener-Kronish JP, Cohen LH, et al. (7 October 2019).

19032: 18997: 18928: 16224: 14174: 13817: 12858: 12669: 12369: 11113: 11057: 9395:"China has promised to crack down on Fentanyl. Here's what that could mean for overdose deaths in the U.S." 9026: 8990: 7191: 6002: 5651: 4947:

Plante GE, VanItallie TB (October 2010). "Opioids for cancer pain: the challenge of optimizing treatment".

3422: 2543: 2306:

Pain relief: Primarily, fentanyl provides the relief of pain by acting on the brain and spinal μ-receptors.

1607: 1368:

are used. The patches work by slowly releasing fentanyl through the skin into the bloodstream over 48 to 72

848: 701: 349: 1835:

is unpredictable. In its pharmaceutical form, most overdose deaths attributed solely to fentanyl occur at

18987: 18463: 18157: 17950: 17794: 8355:"Selectivity and sensitivity of urine fentanyl test strips to detect fentanyl analogues in illicit drugs" 6893: 5622: 4235: 3531:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)" 3295: 2625:

is known to have been home to the world's longest documented fentanyl epidemic, especially following the

2384: 1465: 809: 7989:(Press release). Commission on Narcotic Drugs, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 16 March 2017. 5929:

Nilsson C, Rosberg B (June 1982). "Recurrence of respiratory depression following neurolept analgesia".

2860:

between Canada and China hindered cooperation to seize imports, with Beijing being accused of inaction.

19027: 18942: 17204: 17199: 16591: 15934: 15022: 13837: 12839: 12186: 11230:"Ex-Wilco guitarist died of a drug overdose, says coroner: Jay Bennett had been taking pain medication" 9826: 7222:"Synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel 1-substituted fentanyl analogs in Swiss albino mice" 6285: 3934: 3028:. In the United States where patches cannot always be returned through a medication take-back program, 2857: 2732: 2521: 2249: 2158: 2115: 1867: 1815: 1778: 1263: 18238: 18233: 10773: 10678:"Mexican drug cartels pay Americans to smuggle weapons across the border, intelligence documents show" 9361: 6482: 3421:

solution, brand name Recuvyra, has become commercially available for dogs only. It is approved by the

2119: 770: 533: 17224: 16214: 15939: 15257: 12830: 10799: 10740: 10711: 4142: 3530: 3260: 1694:. The precise reason for sudden respiratory depression is unclear, but there are several hypotheses: 17: 18721: 18268: 18107: 10653:"Treasury Sanctions Individuals Linked to CJNG's Arms Trafficking, Fuel Theft, and Money Laundering" 10597:"Briefing on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Countering Illicit Fentanyl Trafficking Hearing" 6987: 18846: 18761: 17194: 17136: 16596: 16355: 15600: 14552: 14513: 13303: 12987: 10321: 7508:"Media Reports of Unintentional Opioid Exposure of Public Safety First Responders in North America" 7295: 6610:

Cheema E, McGuinness K, Hadi MA, Paudyal V, Elnaem MH, Alhifany AA, et al. (7 December 2020).

5382: 2784: 2688:

Fentanyl is sometimes sold on the black market in the form of transdermal fentanyl patches such as

2597: 2583: 2441: 1489:

settings where pain and shortness of breath are severe and need to be treated with strong opioids.

825: 12446: 11258: 5508:"Postoperative pain management with a patient-controlled transdermal delivery system for fentanyl" 3089:

died from an accidental overdose; medical examiners determined fentanyl was a contributing factor.

2309:

Sedation: Fentanyl produces sleep and drowsiness, as the dosage is increased, and can produce the

1858:(sold under the brand name Narcan) can completely or partially reverse an opioid overdose. In July 17774: 17189: 15813: 15595: 14707: 14423: 13827: 13483: 13259: 12894: 11350:"Patton Oswalt reveals wife died due to prescription medications and undiagnosed heart condition" 11349: 9509: 8605: 6509: 3235:(Artis Leon Ivey, Jr.) died from an accidental overdose of fentanyl, heroin, and methamphetamine. 3079: 1831:

Fentanyl poses an exceptionally high overdose risk in humans, since the amount required to cause

1782: 1624: 1554: 1506: 211: 196: 74: 12177: 12175: 19022: 18408: 18037: 16601: 15615: 15590: 15489: 14471: 13427: 9394: 9267: 6803: 6771: 6149:

McLoughlin R, McQuillan R (September 1997). "Transdermal fentanyl and respiratory depression".

3327: 3311: 3042: 2351: 2266: 2004:

and chills, were not symptoms of a fentanyl overdose, and were more commonly associated with a

1691: 1591:. Despite being a more potent analgesic, fentanyl tends to induce less nausea, as well as less 1023: 791: 750: 437: 11140: 9052: 8085:

Suzuki J, El-Haddad S (February 2017). "A review: Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls".

6271: 3631: 3443: 3256:, died from an accidental overdose of methamphetamine, cocaine, fentanyl, and benzodiazepines. 1690:

Sustained release fentanyl preparations, such as patches, may also produce unexpected delayed

19002: 16756: 15052: 14230: 13924: 13842: 13832: 13544: 13487: 12516: 12172: 12083: 9726: 9555: 9232: 9102: 8544: 7799:"Increases in Fentanyl Drug Confiscations and Fentanyl-related Overdose Fatalities HAN 00384" 6736: 6529:, United States of America: Intellisphere, LLC./ MJH Life Sciences (Multimedia Medical LLC). 5297:

Minami S, Kijima T, Nakatani T, Yamamoto S, Ogata Y, Hirata H, et al. (8 October 2014).

4855:

Murphy A, O'Sullivan R, Wakai A, Grant TS, Barrett MJ, Cronin J, et al. (October 2014).

3559: 3393: 3185: 2917: 2868: 2666: 2509: 2031:. "There has never been an overdose through skin contact or accidentally inhaling fentanyl." 1767: 1713: 1527: 1469: 1412:

A fentanyl transdermal patch with a release rate of 12 micrograms per hour, on a person's arm

641: 18253: 18243: 8953: 7987:"Commission on Narcotic Drugs takes decisive step to help prevent deadly fentanyl overdoses" 4991:(in German) (62nd ed.). Vienna, AU: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. pp. 2621ff. 2054:

local need to expand the distribution and use of naloxone and overdose prevention education,

1770:. The syndrome is believed to be the main cause of death as a result of fentanyl overdoses. 1038:

for cancer patients and those recovering from painful surgeries. Fentanyl is also used as a

19012: 18992: 18591: 18563: 18553: 18172: 14832: 14812: 14441: 14402: 14235: 14225: 14220: 14047: 13852: 13768: 13410: 12826: 7464: 7370: 6522: 5042:

Derry S, Stannard C, Cole P, Wiffen PJ, Knaggs R, Aldington D, et al. (October 2016).

4498:"An update of evaluation of intravenous sedation on diagnostic spinal injection procedures" 3376: 3145: 2314: 1773:

Wooden chest syndrome is reversed by naloxone and is believed to be caused by a release of

1283: 710: 477: 172: 18248: 16569: 15912: 14778: 12357: 10382:

UNODC report: Opium production drops again in Myanmar as the synthetic drug market expands

3177:, died as a result of the toxic effects of fentanyl in a manner that was ruled accidental. 2755:

United States sanctions against China § Sanctions on producers of fentanyl precursors

2520:). Fentanyl citrate entered medical use as a general anaesthetic in 1968, manufactured by 2272:

Fentanyl can produce the following clinical effects strongly, through μ-receptor agonism:

2218: 2208: 2198: 1900: 1847:μg/mL. In contexts of poly-substance use, blood fentanyl concentrations of approximately 7 1047: 690: 8: 18977: 18393: 18293: 18217: 17919: 17897: 17483: 17329: 17289: 16616: 16435: 16415: 15713: 15675: 15630: 14190: 13822: 13651: 13552: 13491: 13378: 13367: 13296: 13164: 12881: 11630:"Tyler Skaggs' autopsy: Fentanyl, oxycodone and alcohol led to death by choking on vomit" 11146: 10449: 9840:

Kram TC, Cooper DA, Allen AC (October 1981). "Behind the identification of China White".

9792: 9366: 9076: 7555:

Moss MJ, Warrick BJ, Nelson LS, McKay CA, Dubé PA, Gosselin S, et al. (April 2018).

7406: 6928: 6428: 6363: 4047: 3319: 3207: 3196: 3163: 2956: 2448: 1464:

in Afghanistan used fentanyl lozenges in the form of lollipops on combat casualties from

605: 596: 219: 18587: 10537:"U.S. indicts major Chinese traffickers and three Americans for selling fentanyl online" 7506:

Herman PA, Brenner DS, Dandorf S, Kemp S, Kroll B, Trebach J, et al. (April 2020).

7468: 7371:"Are people really falling ill from touching fentanyl? In most cases, scientists say no" 7346: 7321: 6894:"Reported law enforcement encounters testing positive for Fentanyl increase across U.S." 2980:$ 17 for a supply of 20 milliliters, depending on the pharmacy. In a 2020 report by the 2805: 852: 829: 94: 18866: 18621: 18422: 17953: 17429: 16736: 16425: 16159: 16049: 15703: 15383: 15167: 15007: 14967: 14770: 14628: 14195: 14093: 13764: 13622: 13556: 12760: 12571: 12554: 12152: 11594: 11519: 11453: 11289: 10996: 10971: 10652: 10354: 9600: 9575: 9456: 9253: 8934: 8790: 8778: 8747: 8704: 8474: 8420: 8395: 8330: 8037: 7713: 7632: 7581: 7556: 7532: 7507: 7488: 7246: 7221: 7083:"What it means for the U.S. that China will label Fentanyl as 'a controlled substance'" 6836: 6713: 6688: 6638: 6469: 6391: 6252: 6209: 6197: 6054: 6029: 5954: 5942: 5911: 5835: 5818: 5711: 5590: 5577: 5560: 5442: 5325: 5274: 5223: 5198: 5179: 5139: 5122: 5068: 5043: 4929: 4881: 4856: 4787: 4730: 4678: 4653: 4236:"U.S. Overdose Deaths In 2021 Increased Half as Much as in 2020 – But Are Still Up 15%" 3904: 3610: 3507: 3482: 3280: 3225: 2948: 2741:

was detected as an adulterant in illicitly sold fentanyl in the United States in 2024.

2180: 2024: 2020: 1916: 1596: 1287: 1279: 1082: 146: 17214: 16370: 15610: 11929:"Angus Cloud's Cause of Death Revealed: Actor Overdosed on Fentanyl, Cocaine and More" 11382: 9443: 9426: 8247: 8212: 7773:"Cops say they're being poisoned by fentanyl. Experts say the risk is 'extremely low'" 6933: 5483: 5466: 5246:

Aurilio C, Pace MC, Pota V, Sansone P, Barbarisi M, Grella E, et al. (May 2009).

5199:"Pain management in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease" 4830: 4474: 1065:

Pharmaceutical fentanyl's adverse effects are identical to those of other opioids and

18982: 18972: 18571: 18278: 17219: 16611: 16606: 16380: 15625: 15187: 14822: 14412: 14267: 14255: 14142: 13548: 13062: 13057: 12967: 12811: 12764: 12752: 12611: 12607: 12576: 12535: 12499: 12494: 12477: 12235: 11599: 11524: 11486: 11421: 11354: 11150: 11001: 10987: 9893: 9857: 9639: 9605: 9448: 8926: 8832: 8782: 8739: 8708: 8696: 8478: 8466: 8425: 8376: 8335: 8251: 8216: 8168: 8158: 8102: 8098: 8064: 8041: 8029: 7968: 7958: 7933: 7753: 7718: 7637: 7586: 7537: 7492: 7480: 7351: 7337: 7251: 6718: 6643: 6593: 6538: 6530: 6474: 6456: 6448: 6383: 6375: 6307: 6297: 6244: 6201: 6166: 6131: 6121: 6059: 5946: 5903: 5868: 5840: 5799: 5794: 5777: 5758: 5703: 5582: 5529: 5488: 5447: 5330: 5279: 5228: 5175: 5144: 5073: 4992: 4964: 4921: 4886: 4834: 4791: 4779: 4722: 4683: 4622: 4566: 4519: 4478: 4443: 4433: 4403: 4393: 4012: 3987: 3982: 3965: 3841: 3795: 3602: 3512: 3449: 3398: 3174: 3159:

died from accidental toxicity resulting from the combination of alcohol and fentanyl.

3096:

died of a fentanyl overdose; he had been battling heroin addiction for over a decade.

3086: 3074: 2728: 2724: 2321: 1877: 1620: 1365: 1223: 781: 227: 108: 12012: 11958: 11868:"Michael K. Williams' Died From Accidental Overdose, New York Medical Examiner Says" 10821: 9625:"Nonpharmaceutical fentanyl-related deaths—multiple states, April 2005 – March 2007" 9460: 8984:"ACTIQ® (fentanyl citrate) oral transmucosal lozenge (1968 version revised in 2011)" 8751: 8025: 6956:

Fentanyl-detected in illicit drug overdose deaths, January 1, 2012 to April 30, 2016

6395: 6256: 6213: 5715: 5594: 5183: 4734: 3614: 3016:, where there are environmental concerns about toilet flushing or garbage disposal, 2604:(REMS) program. In order to curb misuse, many health insurers have begun to require 2057:

expand awareness, access, and availability of treatment for substance use disorders,

18856: 18576: 18458: 18388: 18273: 18263: 18177: 18027: 17619: 17556: 17379: 17095: 17021: 16746: 16475: 16229: 16069: 15783: 15042: 14489: 13963: 12742: 12603: 12566: 12527: 12489: 12225: 11386: 10991: 10983: 9993: 9885: 9849: 9595: 9587: 9474: 9438: 8938: 8918: 8824: 8794: 8774: 8731: 8688: 8617: 8456: 8415: 8407: 8366: 8325: 8315: 8243: 8208: 8094: 8021: 7893: 7745: 7708: 7698: 7627: 7617: 7576: 7568: 7527: 7519: 7472: 7341: 7333: 7241: 7233: 6708: 6700: 6633: 6623: 6464: 6440: 6367: 6355: 6351: 6289: 6236: 6193: 6158: 6049: 6041: 5958: 5938: 5915: 5895: 5830: 5789: 5754: 5750: 5695: 5572: 5519: 5478: 5437: 5427: 5387: 5320: 5310: 5269: 5259: 5218: 5210: 5171: 5134: 5063: 5059: 5055: 4956: 4933: 4913: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4826: 4769: 4761: 4714: 4673: 4665: 4614: 4558: 4514: 4509: 4470: 4146: 3977: 3761: 3594: 3502: 3494: 3368: 3299: 3009: 2907: 2833: 2801: 2682: 2366:

Image of testing strip instructions from the harm reduction organization Dance Safe

2176: 2095: 2013: 2001: 1972: 1894: 1468:

blasts and other trauma. The stick is taped to a finger and the lozenge put in the

1384: 1153: 865: 407: 269: 259: 66: 8461: 8444: 7863: 7572: 6704: 6371: 4960: 4550: 4077: 2879:, China halted cooperation with the United States on combatting drug trafficking. 2763: 18956: 18533: 18428: 18308: 17269: 16796: 16751: 16099: 16074: 15117: 15047: 14902: 14793: 14767: 14673: 14592: 14574: 14387: 14152: 14137: 14078: 13461: 13362: 11321: 11202: 11083: 9479: 9398: 8371: 8354: 6293: 6275: 5214: 4917: 4703: 4562: 3598: 3498: 3134: 3063: 3045: 2872: 2809: 2662: 2412:

The original synthesis as patented in 1964 by Paul Janssen involves synthesis of

2380: 2372: 2339: 2138:

The structures of opioids share many similarities. Whereas opioids like codeine,

1806: 1580: 1486: 1417: 1353: 1118: 1078: 1035: 630: 463: 447: 415: 17209: 16365: 15605: 13327: 13323: 12885: 12301: 12253: 11482:"Lil Peep, hero to the emo and hip-hop scenes, dies of suspected overdose at 21" 10970:

Lamy FR, Daniulaityte R, Barratt MJ, Lokala U, Sheth A, Carlson RG (June 2020).

8692: 6118:

Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and clinical application

4107: 3871: 2875:, which are finished in Mexico and smuggled to the United States. Following the 1623:(as during anesthesia). This risk is higher in specific groups, like those with 1378:

Under normal circumstances, the patch will reach its full effect within 12 to 24

18881: 18801: 18671: 18528: 18383: 18348: 18007: 17571: 16896: 16194: 16174: 16169: 15974: 15232: 15192: 15182: 15142: 15037: 15002: 14907: 14882: 14837: 14713: 14668: 14431: 14311: 14286: 14162: 14147: 13617: 13497: 13448: 13415: 13265: 13072: 12952: 12947: 10244:"China and synthetic drugs control: Fentanyl, methamphetamines, and precursors" 9942:

Characteristics of Fentanyl overdose — Massachusetts, 2014–2016 (Report). U.S.

8320: 8303: 7703: 7686: 7622: 7605: 7523: 7220:

Yadav SK, Maurya CK, Gupta PK, Jain AK, Ganesan K, Bhattacharya R (June 2014).

6162: 6045: 5683: 5507: 5432: 5415: 4765: 4618: 3833: 3303: 3130: 2821: 2424:. It is norfentanyl that forms fentanyl upon reaction with phenethyl chloride. 2413: 2320:

Suppression of the cough reflex: Fentanyl can decrease the struggle against an

1915:

The intravenous dose causing 50% of opioid-naive experimental subjects to die (

1852:

volatility with other drugs makes it especially difficult to avoid fatalities.

1177: 1130: 11990:"Fentanyl poisoner jailed for at least 37 years for murder of couple in Essex" 11515:"Tom Petty Died From Accidental Drug Overdose Involving Opioids, Coroner Says" 10208:"'We Are Shipping To The U.S.': Inside China's Online Synthetic Drug Networks" 8172: 7972: 7476: 6311: 6240: 6135: 5524: 5413: 4718: 4669: 4447: 2404: 2063:

improve detection of overdose outbreaks to facilitate more effective response.

18966: 18821: 18696: 18581: 18543: 18438: 18403: 18338: 18137: 18097: 17997: 17887: 17546: 17324: 17279: 17229: 17152: 17140: 16846: 16761: 16741: 16726: 16721: 16666: 16440: 16430: 16134: 16054: 15778: 15718: 15708: 15645: 15620: 15414: 15357: 15147: 15092: 15082: 15077: 15057: 14992: 14942: 14927: 14842: 14736: 14602: 14597: 14587: 14517: 14479: 13937: 13712: 13642: 13502: 13471: 13420: 13182: 13143: 13047: 12972: 12957: 12917: 12850: 11723: 11691: 11603: 11559: 11528: 10907: 9989:"Fentanyl doesn't discriminate, killing the homeless and young professionals" 9920: 9624: 7828: 7798: 7685:

Del Pozo B, Sightes E, Kang S, Goulka J, Ray B, Beletsky LA (November 2021).

7604:

Del Pozo B, Sightes E, Kang S, Goulka J, Ray B, Beletsky LA (November 2021).

7023: 6534: 4626: 4407: 3734: 3181: 2845: 2517: 2347: 1836: 1774: 1515: 1435: 1428: 1168: 1098: 1043: 940: 841: 373: 203: 11021:"Accidental Exposures to Fentanyl Patches Continue to Be Deadly to Children" 9622: 7237: 6598:

photo illustration of 2 milligrams of fentanyl, a lethal dose in most people

6542: 6444: 5315: 5298: 5264: 5247: 3279:

In August 2018, Nebraska became the first American state to use fentanyl to

2248:

Fentanyl, like other opioids, acts on opioid receptors. These receptors are

2084: 18906: 18876: 18851: 18806: 18751: 18746: 18731: 18726: 18716: 18711: 18636: 18538: 18518: 18503: 18498: 18493: 18478: 18373: 18363: 18192: 18132: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18032: 18022: 17882: 17817: 17743: 17551: 17126: 17091: 16891: 16696: 16555: 16149: 16144: 16039: 16014: 16009: 15833: 15758: 15504: 15459: 15312: 15307: 15262: 15162: 14997: 14962: 14957: 14607: 14582: 14340: 14245: 14129: 13916: 13904: 13894: 13869: 13737: 13727: 13657: 13532: 13527: 13438: 13215: 13197: 13148: 13042: 13037: 12907: 12814:

was created from a revision of this article dated 1 December 2011

12756: 12747: 12730: 12615: 12539: 12503: 12332:"How Opioids Were Used as Weapons During the Moscow Theater Hostage Crisis" 12239: 11994: 11005: 9643: 9609: 9452: 9334: 9299:"What we can learn from a tiny Baltic country's two-decade Fentanyl crisis" 8836: 8786: 8700: 8621: 8470: 8429: 8380: 8339: 8255: 8220: 8106: 8033: 7757: 7722: 7641: 7590: 7541: 7484: 7355: 7255: 7157: 6722: 6647: 6478: 6460: 6387: 6379: 6327: 6248: 6063: 5899: 5803: 5762: 5707: 5642: 5640: 5586: 5533: 5492: 5467:"Fentanyl for the relief of refractory breathlessness: a systematic review" 5451: 5334: 5283: 5232: 5148: 5077: 4968: 4925: 4890: 4838: 4783: 4726: 4687: 4523: 4482: 3845: 3606: 3516: 3156: 3141: 3029: 2993: 2989: 2888: 2793: 2720: 2634: 2605: 2505: 2480: 2472: 2417: 2343: 2297:

It also produces sedation and spinal analgesia through Κ-receptor agonism.

2107: 2068: 2005: 1461: 1357: 1304: 1149: 1114: 264: 254: 13288: 12580: 11589:"'Mike's candyshop': Behind the overdose death of HQ Trivia's Colin Kroll" 11417:"Completing Vancouver musician's album cathartic for those he left behind" 10317:"White House confirms China has stopped cooperating on anti-drug measures" 9897: 9861: 9560: 8930: 8743: 8068: 6272:"Section 2 – Respiratory physiology: Chapter 25: Anaesthesia and the lung" 6205: 6170: 5950: 5907: 5872: 5778:"Serotonin syndrome caused by interaction between citalopram and fentanyl" 4748:

White LD, Hodsdon A, An GH, Thang C, Melhuish TM, Vlok R (November 2019).

4276: 4006:

Narcotic Drugs Estimated World Requirements for 2017 / Statistics for 2015

3991: 2408:

Portion of the Janssen Method of synthesis, to synthesize a related opioid

1712:

Another related complication of fentanyl overdoses includes the so-called

18891: 18861: 18841: 18791: 18666: 18661: 18646: 18616: 18443: 18398: 18358: 18353: 18303: 18298: 18283: 18122: 18082: 17987: 17812: 17789: 17703: 17629: 17596: 17576: 17454: 17439: 17434: 17424: 17414: 17334: 17304: 17299: 17144: 17116: 17111: 17081: 17066: 17056: 17036: 17031: 16991: 16956: 16946: 16901: 16881: 16866: 16861: 16831: 16776: 16771: 16766: 16711: 16686: 16671: 16646: 16636: 16626: 16621: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16510: 16450: 16445: 16420: 16279: 16269: 16249: 16209: 16204: 16179: 16164: 16129: 16124: 16024: 15999: 15893: 15888: 15878: 15868: 15858: 15793: 15723: 15680: 15524: 15454: 15424: 15409: 15394: 15367: 15332: 15317: 15302: 15287: 15252: 15242: 15212: 15197: 15172: 15137: 15132: 15122: 15112: 15072: 15067: 15027: 15017: 14952: 14937: 14912: 14872: 14857: 14847: 14653: 14633: 14542: 14451: 14382: 14374: 14335: 14260: 14210: 14205: 14104: 14040: 13968: 13812: 13797: 13788: 13722: 13707: 13702: 13692: 13687: 13682: 13632: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13571: 13566: 13522: 13507: 13476: 13455: 13433: 13128: 13123: 13095: 13032: 13024: 13009: 12962: 12230: 12213: 10087: 8922: 5844: 3418: 3409: 3239: 3211: 3126: 3093: 3056: 3021: 3017: 2900: 2853: 2582:

In the UK, fentanyl is classified as a controlled Class A drug under the

2421: 2335: 2310: 2258: 2139: 2111: 1820: 1733: 1267: 1122: 215: 102: 50: 33: 11317:"Official: Mislabeled pills found at Prince's estate contained fentanyl" 9889: 9853: 8722:

Suh YG, Cho KH, Shin DY (February 1998). "Total synthesis of fentanyl".

8120: 7749: 7269: 6628: 6611: 5637: 4774: 4599: 4151: 3899: 3897: 3401:. As with other pure-opioid agonists, fentanyl has been associated with 1420:, transdermal fentanyl patches have a definitive, but limited role for: 670: 18871: 18831: 18776: 18766: 18706: 18691: 18676: 18656: 18631: 18626: 18606: 18601: 18558: 18548: 18513: 18488: 18468: 18433: 18412: 18368: 18343: 18127: 18092: 18077: 18072: 18041: 18002: 17982: 17907: 17877: 17852: 17733: 17644: 17624: 17601: 17444: 17419: 17409: 17364: 17354: 17339: 17254: 17148: 17076: 17071: 17046: 17016: 17006: 16981: 16966: 16941: 16911: 16886: 16876: 16836: 16816: 16806: 16786: 16716: 16701: 16520: 16500: 16495: 16470: 16400: 16339: 16319: 16274: 16264: 16259: 16199: 16189: 16119: 16034: 15883: 15873: 15863: 15853: 15818: 15808: 15773: 15743: 15733: 15728: 15665: 15509: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15464: 15449: 15419: 15337: 15327: 15322: 15272: 15227: 15207: 15177: 15127: 15107: 15062: 14987: 14877: 14867: 14683: 14678: 14623: 14560: 14503: 14484: 14461: 14456: 14446: 14436: 14397: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14301: 14296: 14278: 14215: 14200: 14185: 14119: 14099: 14030: 14020: 13989: 13943: 13930: 13899: 13864: 13747: 13742: 13717: 13667: 13662: 13637: 13592: 13517: 13236: 13210: 13205: 13187: 13172: 13154: 13138: 12942: 12912: 12902: 11239: 8735: 8411: 6988:"Fentanyl contributed to hundreds of deaths in Canada so far this year" 6526: 4332: 3483:"Fentanyl in the US heroin supply: A rapidly changing risk environment" 3388:

Fentanyl is commonly used for analgesia and as a component of balanced

3170: 3166:

died from an accidental overdose caused by cocaine laced with fentanyl.

3119: 2933: 2925: 2780: 2143: 2103: 2099: 2012:

drugs are dangerous to be around. A 2020 survey of first responders in

1982: 1658: 1650: 1564: 1396: 1300: 1295:

fetus. At high doses, the drug may act on the fetus to cause postnatal

1291: 1231: 1215: 1186: 1110: 1094: 1086: 1012: 895: 681: 234: 223: 12531: 12518:

lidocaine-ketamine-dexmedetomidine after ovariohysterectomy in dogs".

10050:"Winnipeg Naloxone-distribution program could prevent fentanyl deaths" 9959:"Lethal fentanyl profiting gangs in Western Canada while deaths climb" 9591: 8828: 8189:, 11th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, pp. 883–886. 7805:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Preventation. 15 October 2015. 6362:/ European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologist / 5699: 2779:

2016, the DEA uncovered an operation making counterfeit oxycodone and

2362: 1530:

pain scores and having no significant respiratory depression effects.

1165:

epidemic of synthetic opioid drug overdose deaths in the United States

18796: 18786: 18781: 18771: 18756: 18741: 18686: 18641: 18611: 18473: 18453: 18378: 18318: 18313: 18182: 18112: 18102: 18047: 17862: 17857: 17807: 17779: 17708: 17669: 17664: 17639: 17634: 17561: 17469: 17459: 17349: 17259: 17173: 17131: 17121: 17061: 17051: 17041: 17011: 17001: 16996: 16951: 16921: 16801: 16781: 16681: 16676: 16631: 16550: 16545: 16505: 16490: 16465: 16395: 16334: 16304: 16254: 16244: 16239: 16104: 15994: 15959: 15954: 15898: 15823: 15803: 15798: 15768: 15698: 15660: 15640: 15635: 15575: 15559: 15549: 15494: 15404: 15352: 15347: 15282: 15237: 15217: 15097: 15087: 14932: 14688: 14648: 14643: 14497: 14345: 14306: 14250: 14180: 14114: 14109: 14086: 14068: 14053: 14025: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13953: 13909: 13697: 13672: 13537: 13466: 13394: 13319: 13231: 13118: 13090: 13080: 13052: 12937: 12932: 12922: 11898:"Coroner says rapper Coolio died at 59 from effects of several drugs" 6832:"The first count of Fentanyl deaths in 2016 – up 540% in three years" 6281: 5559:

Chelly JE, Grass J, Houseman TW, Minkowitz H, Pue A (February 2004).

5197:

Roy PJ, Weltman M, Dember LM, Liebschutz J, Jhamb M (November 2020).

3894: 3402: 3149: 3111: 2937: 2892: 2689: 2685:

overdose deaths in the EU, due to its high rate of recreational use.

2674: 2590: 2513: 2130: 2016:

found that 80% believed “briefly touching fentanyl could be deadly.”

1885: 1638: 1592: 1572: 1543: 1490: 1439: 1307:

may be more suitable in the context of inducing general anaesthesia.

1296: 1247: 1243: 1219: 1194: 1190: 1181: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1019: 616: 550: 184: 88: 11837:"Michael K. Williams' cause of death determined by medical examiner" 11555:"Mac Miller's cause of death: Accidental Fentanyl, cocaine overdose" 9576:"Illicit fentanyls in the opioid street market: desired or imposed?" 9023:"Questions and Answers about Onsolis (fentanyl buccal soluble film)" 5123:"Abstral (Fentanyl Sublingual Tablets for Breakthrough Cancer Pain)" 4654:"Current evidence for spinal opioid selection in postoperative pain" 4307:"DrugsData.org: Lab Analysis / Drug Checking for Recreational Drugs" 3687:"Guideline for administration of fentanyl for pain relief in labour" 3270:, England on 9 April 2023 by giving them drinks laced with fentanyl. 3048:, also known as "Pitbull #2", died from a fentanyl-induced overdose. 2600:. Distributors of Abstral are required to implement an FDA-approved 2596:

In the U.S., fentanyl is a Schedule II controlled substance per the

1630:

Other factors that increase the risk of respiratory depression are:

1587:, and urinary retention. Fentanyl use has also been associated with 18701: 18681: 18651: 18483: 18333: 18323: 18197: 17867: 17659: 17404: 17314: 17294: 17284: 17239: 17168: 16961: 16871: 16856: 16821: 16691: 16515: 16410: 16385: 16324: 16309: 16219: 16139: 16089: 16059: 16004: 15984: 15949: 15838: 15763: 15748: 15670: 15650: 15519: 15514: 15499: 15469: 15439: 15399: 15267: 15157: 15012: 14947: 14917: 14802: 14658: 14537: 14532: 14392: 14291: 14063: 14058: 14035: 13984: 13958: 13948: 13757: 13752: 13732: 13627: 13576: 13389: 13374: 13177: 13113: 13085: 13014: 13004: 12927: 12305: 12115: 12111:"Nebraska will make history in its execution of a death row inmate" 12049: 12017: 11193: 10627:"Felon Arrested for Attempting To Trade Fentanyl for Four Firearms" 10054: 10022: 7835:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Preventation. 11 July 2018. 6432: 5248:"Opioids switching with transdermal systems in chronic cancer pain" 3389: 3334: 3307: 3291: 3220: 3100: 3025: 2849: 2701: 2639: 2536: 1909: 1855: 1832: 1824: 1699: 1675: 1654: 1568: 1361: 1235: 1227: 1198: 1142: 1102: 1039: 1031: 730: 661: 207: 130: 11110:"Drug Disposal: Flush Potentially Dangerous Medicine (Flush list)" 9231:. BlueCross BlueShield of Arizona. 5 November 2007. Archived from 6507:

Petrou I (1 September 2016). Levine L, Tan TQ, Shippoli J (eds.).

6452: 4857:"Intranasal fentanyl for the management of acute pain in children" 3122:

died from an accidental overdose of fentanyl, cocaine and alcohol.

2432: 2060:

intervene early with individuals at highest risk for overdose, and

1395:

Sublingual fentanyl dissolves quickly and is absorbed through the

918: 797: 18911: 18896: 18826: 18288: 18012: 17832: 17713: 17591: 17274: 17158: 16936: 16926: 16154: 16084: 16019: 15969: 15828: 15580: 15554: 15544: 15529: 15434: 15247: 15222: 14972: 14852: 14663: 14638: 14508: 14493: 14240: 14170: 13802: 13774: 13597: 13512: 13357: 12996: 11719:"Riley Gale, Singer for Thrash Metal Band Power Trip, Dead at 34" 10445:"Cause of death: Washington faltered as fentanyl gripped America" 9754:"Cottonwood Heights drug bust one of the largest in Utah history" 9053:"2022 Aggregate Production Quota History for Selected Substances" 8011: 7930:

Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

7894:"Fentanyl | CDC's Response to the Opioid Overdose Epidemic | CDC" 7402:"Analysis | Why you're hearing so much about fentanyl these days" 4390:

Goodman & Gilman's: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics

3445:

Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and administrative procedures

3200: 2910:

and police confiscated 990 gallons of "methyl fentanyl" [

2896: 2884: 2848:

is putting a rush on a review of the prescription-only status of

2708: 2678: 2626: 2622: 1978: 1588: 1576: 1494: 1482: 1315: 1134: 930: 10567:"China's Role in Illicit Fentanyl Running Rampant on US Streets" 4359:"China's Role in Illicit Fentanyl Running Rampant on US Streets" 3636:(2nd ed.). Quick Review of Pharmacology. 2010. p. 172. 3587:

Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems

3203:

died from an accidental overdose of fentanyl, meth, and alcohol.

2952:

legal entity, or are diverted from pharmaceutical laboratories.

1973:

False reports by police of poisonings through secondary exposure

41: 17842: 17827: 17822: 17693: 17586: 17249: 16916: 16731: 16390: 16314: 16299: 16289: 16064: 15655: 15534: 15152: 15032: 13443: 13345: 13336: 13105: 12147:"Fentanyl used to execute Nebraska inmate, in a first for U.S." 10014:"2021 is now B.C.'s deadliest year in the opioid crisis, with 2 6437:

American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

6028:

Topacoglu H, Karcioglu O, Cimrin AH, Arnold J (November 2005).

4206:"Fentanyl overtakes heroin as the No. 1 opioid overdose killer" 3232: 3189: 3013: 2716: 2715:

caused an outbreak of overdose deaths in the United States and

2712: 1966: 1874:

deaths in 2017, a large increase over the previous four years.

1584: 1547: 1173: 1138: 1090: 1027: 1015: 761: 456: 239: 12212:

Riches JR, Read RW, Black RM, Cooper NJ, Timperley CM (2012).

7322:"National Trends in Pediatric Deaths From Fentanyl, 1999-2021" 7052:"Exclusive data reveals just how often Fentanyl is in cocaine" 6027: 5611: 4854: 3326:

advocates at the prison during the execution and later at the

2840:

deaths were reported in 2020 and 1,782 from January to October

1649:

Simultaneous use of CNS depressants like benzodiazepines (i.e

17847: 17449: 17344: 17086: 16841: 16706: 16079: 16029: 15989: 15753: 15444: 15388: 15297: 14982: 14977: 13677: 13384: 13349: 12977: 11687:"Justin Townes Earle death ruled an accidental drug overdose" 10969: 10386: 10083:"China won't stop flood of fentanyl into Canada, sources say" 8678: 8233: 8198: 6183: 5465:

Simon ST, Köskeroglu P, Gaertner J, Voltz R (December 2013).

4549:

Gudin MA, López R, Estrada J, Ortigosa E (28 November 2011).

4427: 4306: 3267: 3052: 2738: 2547: 2467: 1106: 909: 741: 452: 14788: 5558: 5464: 5296: 4388:

Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollmann BC (5 December 2017).

4387: 3831: 3709:

Onset of action after I.V. administration of Fentanyl is 3–5

3162:

On 20 August 2020, American singer, songwriter and musician

2984:, a 100-microgram transdermal patch was valued from between 2512:

in 1959. It was developed by screening chemicals similar to

1904:

Illegal fentanyl flow to the US from various regions in 2019

814: 16851: 12140: 12138: 12080:"Nebraska carries out 1st execution using Fentanyl in U.S." 12045:"Nebraska becomes first state to use fentanyl in execution" 11285:"Prince died from accidental overdose of opioid painkiller" 10477:"DEA zeroes in on China as fentanyl deaths soar – CBS News" 9722:"Thousands of fentanyl pills confiscated in Utah drug raid" 8153:

Butterworth IV JV, Wasnick JD, MacKey DC (21 August 2018).

8152: 7656:"State Departments Issue Guidance Around Fentanyl Exposure" 7454: 6961:(Report). British Columbia Coroners Service. Archived from 6664:. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 6609: 6565:"Here's why fentanyl users on S.F.'s streets are bent over" 4816: 4139:

World Health Organization model list of essential medicines

3155:

On 1 January 2020, American rapper, singer, and songwriter

2829: 2768: 2651: 2376: 2342:

may also be used to detect the presence of fentanyl. Using

1493:

fentanyl citrate is used to relieve end-of-life dyspnea in

1455: 1126: 721: 17949: 11775:"PASSAGES: MARK GOFFENEY, 'BIG TOE' MUSICIAN WITHOUT ARMS" 11751: 11018: 10908:"Fentanyl Prices, Coupons, Copay & Patient Assistance" 10795: 10116:"Could fentanyl be Australia's next deadly drug epidemic?" 9874: 9817: 9815: 9784:"U.S. border officers make largest-ever fentanyl bust: 254 9623:

Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (July 2008).

8301: 6799:"MHRA warns about fentanyl patches after children exposed" 5383:"Airborne EMTs Shave Seconds to Save Lives in Afghanistan" 5196: 2589:

In the Netherlands, fentanyl is a List I substance of the

1254:

and a faster emergence from anesthesia with minimal pain.

1141:) can synergistically exacerbate fentanyl's side effects. 12183:"Nebraska executes inmate using powerful opioid fentanyl" 12074: 12072: 11660:"Accidental overdose killed St. Paul rapper Lexii Alijai" 11374: 11234: 11142:

Hardcore History: The Extremely Unauthorized Story of ECW

10703: 10212: 9475:"Synthetic drug fentanyl causes overdose boom in Estonia" 8353:

Bergh MS, Øiestad ÅM, Baumann MH, Bogen IL (April 2021).

7684: 7603: 7086: 6421:

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

6340: 4548: 4460: 3538: 3441: 3247: 3215: 3137:, died from an overdose of fentanyl, heroin, and cocaine. 2985: 2977: 2912: 17962: 12135: 11959:"US child dies from fentanyl kept under nursery nap mat" 11172:"Is Wilco's Jeff Tweedy Living the Life He Sings About?" 10814: 9910: 9677:

The Center for Forensic Science Research & Education

9107:

Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties

8352: 7505: 7019:"How Fentanyl is contaminating America's cocaine supply" 5776:

Ailawadhi S, Sung KW, Carlson LA, Baer MR (April 2007).

5775: 2955:

Recent investigations and convictions of members of the

2920:

for the illicit synthesis of the drug. According to the

2357: 1180:

estimates fentanyl reports by federal, state, and local

11806:"Digital Underground's Shock G Cause of Death Revealed" 9812: 9155: 5041: 4199: 4197: 2852:

in an effort to combat overdoses of the drug. In 2018,

2650:

insists that the main source of this synthetic drug is

2440:

The Siegfried method involves the initial synthesis of

2420:. The resulting benzylfentanyl is used as feedstock to 1819:

2 mg of fentanyl (white powder to the right) is a

1158:

World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines

1105:, a subset of the latter known as "narcotic delirium", 12069: 10177:"NZ's 'deadly' indifference to drug overdose antidote" 9573: 9362:"As fentanyl crisis grows, U.S.-Mexico divide deepens" 7554: 6270:

Chambers D, Huang CL, Matthews G (1 September 2019) .

5857: 5252:

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

5245: 4392:(13th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. 4011:(Report). New York: United Nations. 2016. p. 40. 2354:(PS-MS) may be useful for initial testing of samples. 1481:

Fentanyl is used to help relieve shortness of breath (

18940: 12844:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

12211: 10936: 10350:"Raids reveal massive fentanyl production in Myanmar" 8157:(6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. 6269: 4557:. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 261–291. 3663:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 3584: 2642:

have voluntarily banned the trafficking of fentanyl.

1278:

Fentanyl is sometimes given intrathecally as part of

12423:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 28 April 2023. 11086:. College of Pharmacists of British Columbia. 2019. 11054:"Disposal of Unused Medicines: What You Should Know" 9693:. Office of Forensic Sciences. Washington, DC: U.S. 9164:"With a few stumbles, REMS begins to hit its atride" 8302:

Lockwood TE, Vervoordt A, Lieberman M (March 2021).

8148: 8146: 8054: 7219: 4903: 4194: 3966:"The history and development of the fentanyl series" 3661:"Fentanyl, Fentanyl Citrate, Fentanyl Hydrochloride" 2436:

Siegfried Method from NPP through 4-ANPP to fentanyl

1792: 12593: 12482:

Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

7153:"Coronavirus triggers UK shortage of illicit drugs" 6148: 4747: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3523: 2767:Fentanyl powder (23% fentanyl) seized by police in 1864:

Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency

1811:

U.S. drug overdose death rates and totals over time

649: 12145: 11587: 11410: 11408: 11255:"Slipknot bassist died of an overdose of morphine" 10237: 10235: 9330:"Dark web dealers voluntarily ban deadly fentanyl" 6508: 3192:with his feet), died from an overdose of fentanyl. 3092:On 11 November 2016, Canadian video game composer 2759:China and the opioid epidemic in the United States 12007: 12005: 11449:"Toxic combo of prescription drugs killed rapper" 10937:Broadhurst R, Ball M, Trivedi H (February 2020). 10080: 9129: 8858:"Sublimaze- fentanyl citrate injection, solution" 8653:. Drug Enforcement Administration. pp. 1–2. 8143: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 5376: 5374: 4495: 3832:Ramos-Matos CF, Bistas KG, Lopez-Ojeda W (2022). 3108:Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner 3085:On 21 April 2016, American author and journalist 2329: 1661:), barbiturates, alcohol, and inhaled anesthetics 1595:-mediated itching, than morphine. In rare cases, 1299:. For this reason, shorter acting agents such as 18964: 17910:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer) 12663:"Original new animal drug application: Recuvyra" 12362:mcg/hr Duragesic (Fentanyl transdermal system) c 10011: 8764: 7738:Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 6411: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 5740: 5099:. UK Electronic Medicines Compendium. May 2016. 4982: 4980: 4978: 4946: 4166: 4164: 4162: 3818: 3474: 3125:On 16 December 2018, American tech entrepreneur 2638:indicated that many major drug suppliers on the 2559:Administrative Controlled Substances Code Number 1732:Fentanyl decreases the heart rate by increasing 1081:(which, if extensive and untreated, may lead to 629: 11405: 11383:"Oswalt says heart condition, meds killed wife" 11282: 10232: 10081:Cooper S, Bell S, Russell A (1 December 2018). 9839: 9226:"Notice regarding precertification requirement" 8187:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man 8084: 7735: 5161: 5013:"Fentanyl patches (Durogesic) for chronic pain" 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 3840:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 3070:died from an overdose of morphine and fentanyl. 2629:ban on opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan. 2508:under the label of his relatively newly formed 1242:minute intervals throughout procedures such as 1197:, resulting in fentanyl replacing other abused 604: 14766: 12880: 12002: 11019:Office of the Commissioner (26 January 2022). 9574:Mars SG, Rosenblum D, Ciccarone D (May 2019). 9268:"Canada's Controlled Drugs and Substances Act" 9111:Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations 8952:Mandal A (11 April 2010). SRobertson S (ed.). 8393: 8155:Morgan & Mikhail's Clinical Anesthesiology 7923: 7921: 7919: 6689:"Fatalities caused by novel opioids: a review" 6360:American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (AACT) 5928: 5819:"Delayed respiratory depression with fentanyl" 5371: 5203:Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 4699: 4697: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 3184:, also known as "Big Toe" (because being born 2751:Anti-fentanyl legislation in the United States 2118:, such as carfentanil, are up to 10,000 times 1518:technology to administer on-demand doses of 40 1178:The United States National Forensic Laboratory 19038:World Health Organization essential medicines 17935: 14752: 13304: 12866: 12552: 12475: 12013:"Nebraska first to use fentanyl in execution" 11278: 11276: 9427:"Fentanyl-laced street drugs "kill hundreds"" 9418: 8606:"A Convenient One-Pot Synthesis of Fenta4nyl" 7440:(Press release). 18 July 2017. Archived from 7313: 6226: 6070: 5782:Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 5677: 5675: 5673: 4975: 4850: 4848: 4754:International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 4551:"Neuraxial Blockade: Subarachnoid Anesthesia" 4159: 3935:"Fentanyl: Uses, Warnings & Side Effects" 3442:Bonewit-West K, Hunt SA, Applegate E (2012). 3059:died from an accidental overdose of fentanyl. 3020:recommend that unused patches be sealed in a 2504:Fentanyl was first synthesized in Belgium by 1319:A fentanyl nasal spray with a strength of 100 11865: 11198:"Coroner: Painkiller killed ex-Wilco member" 11048: 11046: 10271: 10269: 10241: 9868: 9825:. U.S. Department of Justice. Archived from 8810:"A personal perspective on Dr. Paul Janssen" 8758: 8715: 8080: 8078: 8048: 7957:(14th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 7927: 6680: 6562: 6220: 6120:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. 6115: 6030:"Respiratory arrest after low-dose fentanyl" 5681: 5499: 4432:(9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. 4414: 4136: 3129:, founder of social media video-sharing app 2611:In Canada, fentanyl is considered a schedule 2479:The Gupta (or 'one-pot') method starts from 134: 18218: 13318: 11834: 9504: 9502: 9017: 9015: 8672: 7916: 6856: 6737:"Narcan (Naloxone hydrochloride injection)" 6407: 6405: 6177: 6142: 5922: 5879: 5851: 5048:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4861:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4694: 4496:Smith HS, Colson J, Sehgal N (April 2013). 4262: 2943:According to the national archives and the 2000:in these cases, including rapid heartbeat, 1434:troublesome side effects of oral morphine, 1222:. To induce anesthesia, it is given with a 18269:Allopregnanedione (5α-dihydroprogesterone) 17942: 17928: 14759: 14745: 13311: 13297: 12873: 12859: 11512: 11273: 11102: 10939:"Fentanyl availability on darknet markets" 10012:Mangione K, Hasegawa R (9 December 2021). 9944:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 9917:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 9139:. Atlanta. 20 January 2011. Archived from 8721: 8268: 7979: 7898:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 7868:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 7858: 7856: 7854: 6898:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5999:"Fentanyl patch can be deadly to children" 5810: 5670: 5606: 5604: 5512:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 5349:"Fentanyl (Transdermal Route) Precautions" 4845: 4242:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3768:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3294:in the United States, was executed at the 2818:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2181: 1723: 1680:Decreased fentanyl clearance from the body 1608:United States Food and Drug Administration 851: 828: 689: 49: 40: 12746: 12570: 12493: 12229: 11987: 11684: 11380: 11347: 11257:. MSNBC. Associated Press. Archived from 11043: 10995: 10347: 10266: 9911:CDC Health Alert Network (20 June 2013). 9599: 9543: 9541: 9442: 8460: 8419: 8370: 8329: 8319: 8075: 7712: 7702: 7631: 7621: 7580: 7531: 7434:"Position Statement on Fentanyl Exposure" 7345: 7245: 6712: 6637: 6627: 6468: 6053: 5834: 5793: 5576: 5523: 5482: 5441: 5431: 5380: 5324: 5314: 5273: 5263: 5222: 5138: 5067: 5044:"Fentanyl for neuropathic pain in adults" 4880: 4773: 4707:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 4677: 4513: 4150: 4141:(22nd list (2021) ed.). Geneva, CH: 3981: 3506: 3480: 3448:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571. 3287:, at the time one of the longest-serving 3140:On 1 July 2019, American baseball player 2261:signals, resulting in analgesic effects. 2219: 2209: 2199: 1946:mg/kg by intravenous administration, 17.5 1613: 1476: 1050:. Fentanyl is sold under the brand names 709: 17967:Tooltip Constitutive androstane receptor 12822:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 12805: 11926: 11866:Cordero R, Hipes P (24 September 2021). 11803: 11585: 11138: 11076: 10174: 10146:"Fentanyl found at New Zealand festival" 9956: 9499: 9424: 9392: 9327: 9250:"Medications requiring precertification" 9012: 8801: 8449:Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 8359:The International Journal on Drug Policy 7150: 6402: 6116:Hemmings HC, Egan TD (19 October 2018). 5991: 4203: 3957: 3796:"Fentanyl: MedlinePlus Drug Information" 3626: 3624: 3487:The International Journal on Drug Policy 3103:died of an accidental fentanyl overdose. 2922:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2762: 2719:, heavily concentrated in the cities of 2466: 2431: 2403: 2361: 2129: 1963:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 1899: 1876: 1814: 1760: 1553: 1550:tip) is a lethal amount for most people. 1537: 1407: 1314: 12729:Tschirhart JN, Zhang S (October 2020). 12559:Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 12350: 11772: 9161: 7952: 7851: 7393: 7319: 7016: 6823: 6686: 5601: 5091: 5089: 5087: 4130: 3963: 3640: 3148:while under the influence of fentanyl, 2999: 2828:recreational drugs, including cocaine, 2606:precertification and/or quantity limits 2602:risk evaluation and mitigation strategy 1997:American Academy of Clinical Toxicology 1781:and also possibly via an activation of 1214:Intravenous fentanyl is often used for 824: 669: 107: 14: 18965: 18722:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone) 18108:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone) 12280:"115 Hostages in Moscow Killed by Gas" 11969:from the original on 20 September 2023 11939:from the original on 21 September 2023 11878:from the original on 24 September 2021 11547: 11414: 11283:Eligon J, Kovaleski SF (2 June 2016). 10296:from the original on 30 September 2022 10254:from the original on 23 September 2022 10113: 9719: 9538: 9296: 9278:from the original on 28 September 2018 8951: 8911:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 8533:from the original on 28 December 2022. 8442: 7666:from the original on 13 September 2022 7438:American College of Medical Toxicology 7132:from the original on 30 September 2022 6998:from the original on 14 September 2017 6668:from the original on 10 September 2022 6506: 5983:(2): 2. September 2008. Archived from 5471:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 4651: 3998: 3970:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 3322:. The execution was also protested by 2572: 2300: 2165: 2094:Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid in the 1993:American College of Medical Toxicology 1893:fentanyl overdoses in the province of 1736:in the brainstem, which increases the 1601:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor 1257: 961:O=C(CC)N(C1CCN(CC1)CCc2ccccc2)c3ccccc3 842: 394: 382: 355: 17923: 14740: 13292: 12854: 12679:from the original on 4 September 2015 12457:from the original on 15 November 2023 12427:from the original on 15 November 2023 12338:from the original on 15 November 2023 11494:from the original on 18 November 2017 11479: 11252: 11169: 11120:from the original on 4 September 2019 11090:from the original on 2 September 2019 11064:from the original on 2 September 2019 10517:from the original on 15 November 2023 10487:from the original on 15 November 2023 10030:from the original on 25 December 2021 9764:from the original on 23 November 2016 9734:from the original on 24 November 2016 9252:. Oxford Health Plans. Archived from 9083:from the original on 14 November 2012 9065:from the original on 19 January 2023. 9000:from the original on 10 February 2017 8807: 8603: 8503:from the original on 15 November 2023 8394:Vardanyan RS, Hruby VJ (March 2014). 7874:from the original on 20 December 2022 7839:from the original on 21 December 2022 7809:from the original on 21 December 2022 7779:from the original on 27 November 2023 7080: 6874:from the original on 28 November 2015 6844:from the original on 4 September 2017 5885: 5816: 5625:from the original on 15 November 2023 4986: 4607:Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 4597: 4369:from the original on 16 February 2023 4356: 4216:from the original on 12 December 2018 4182:from the original on 23 February 2023 4088:from the original on 12 February 2021 3882:from the original on 20 February 2023 3806:from the original on 27 November 2023 3667:from the original on 14 December 2017 3621: 3274: 3224:, died from an overdose of fentanyl, 3118:On 7 September 2018, American rapper 3099:On 15 November 2017, American rapper 3024:container that is then returned to a 2569:kg in 2021, a nearly 68.2% decrease. 2358:Detection for harm reduction purposes 2125: 1034:; its primary clinical utility is in 790: 769: 749: 367: 125: 93: 12643:from the original on 19 January 2023 12553:Pettifer GR, Dyson DH (April 1993). 12520:Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 12476:Kukanich B, Clark TP (August 2012). 12272: 11749: 11731:from the original on 8 November 2021 11699:from the original on 9 November 2021 11567:from the original on 5 November 2018 11535:from the original on 20 January 2018 11429:from the original on 21 October 2020 10951:from the original on 26 January 2023 10918:from the original on 26 January 2023 10796:"Lazanda (fentanyl nasal spray) CII" 10511:U.S. Department of Homeland Security 10277:"Fentanyl Flow to the United States" 10205: 9653:from the original on 2 December 2022 9548: 9406:from the original on 6 December 2018 9342:from the original on 2 December 2018 9117:from the original on 19 January 2023 8964:from the original on 27 January 2023 8660:from the original on 25 January 2023 8628:from the original on 24 January 2023 8585:from the original on 5 November 2021 7399: 7368: 7201:from the original on 31 October 2020 7113:"Fentanyl Flow to the United States" 7093:from the original on 6 December 2018 7062:from the original on 24 January 2020 7049: 7031:from the original on 6 November 2018 6829: 6747:from the original on 24 October 2019 6563:Toledo A, Greene CM (17 July 2024). 6318:from the original on 8 February 2023 5682:Mayes S, Ferrone M (December 2006). 5359:from the original on 19 January 2023 5164:BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care 5084: 5023:from the original on 7 December 2021 4579:from the original on 8 February 2023 4530:from the original on 19 October 2015 4287:from the original on 4 December 2018 4028:from the original on 22 October 2017 3945:from the original on 5 November 2023 3742:from the original on 5 November 2023 3713:minutes; duration of action is 30–60 3462:from the original on 10 January 2023 3173:, frontman for the Texas metal band 2877:2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan 2485:U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration 1954:mg/kg by oral administration. The LD 1717: 1390: 796: 538: 485: 340:(Special prescription form required) 268: 258: 12193:from the original on 15 August 2018 12160:from the original on 14 August 2018 12123:from the original on 14 August 2018 12091:from the original on 14 August 2018 12057:from the original on 14 August 2018 12025:from the original on 15 August 2018 11951: 11835:Moshtaghian A (24 September 2021). 11816:from the original on 31 August 2022 11640:from the original on 30 August 2019 11610:from the original on 3 October 2019 11329:from the original on 22 August 2016 11192: 11084:"Safe Disposal of Fentanyl Patches" 10329:from the original on 1 October 2022 10220:from the original on 1 October 2022 9029:(FDA). 16 July 2009. Archived from 8648:"Fentanyl Profiling Program Report" 6186:Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 5931:Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 5722:from the original on 1 October 2012 5505: 4250:from the original on 10 August 2022 4058:from the original on 7 January 2017 3180:On 2 March 2021, American musician 2982:Australian Institute of Criminology 2657: 2617:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 2565:kg in 2015 and 2016 to only 731,452 2153: 1981:(or transdermal; via the skin) and 1262:Fentanyl is the most commonly used 729: 620: 344: 24: 12792: 12721: 11908:from the original on 26 April 2023 11847:from the original on 17 March 2022 11393:from the original on 30 April 2018 11362:from the original on 11 April 2018 11297:from the original on 5 August 2017 11031:from the original on 12 April 2022 10802:from the original on 25 April 2012 10314: 9374:from the original on 29 April 2023 8779:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.01.005 8555:from the original on 5 August 2022 8283:from the original on 19 April 2023 7993:from the original on 20 March 2017 7904:from the original on 28 April 2022 7381:from the original on 7 August 2021 6552:– via Gale Academic OneFile. 6277:Basic Physiology for Anaesthetists 6198:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04180.x 5943:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1982.tb01762.x 5658:from the original on 13 March 2013 5578:10.1213/01.ANE.0000093314.13848.7E 5540:from the original on 6 August 2018 5103:from the original on 23 March 2017 4118:from the original on 11 April 2020 3852:from the original on 15 March 2023 3776:from the original on 28 April 2022 3261:an infant died at a daycare center 3242:, best known for his portrayal of 2798:U.S. Customs and Border Protection 1751: 1533: 1450: 1403: 1310: 1148:Fentanyl was first synthesized by 25: 19049: 16727:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) 16055:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) 15008:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene) 14993:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) 14403:Tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol) 12773: 12728: 12705:from the original on 4 March 2016 12312:from the original on 19 June 2018 12286:. 27 October 2002. Archived from 12260:from the original on 31 July 2017 11666:from the original on 26 June 2021 11457:. 8 December 2017. Archived from 10888:from the original on 31 July 2020 10858:from the original on 31 July 2020 10832:from the original on 16 June 2018 10714:from the original on 22 July 2010 10543:. 17 October 2017. Archived from 10395:from the original on 4 March 2021 10187:from the original on 7 April 2018 10156:from the original on 7 April 2018 10095:from the original on 13 June 2021 9969:from the original on 17 July 2022 9526:from the original on 11 June 2016 9487:from the original on 28 July 2018 9309:from the original on 8 March 2021 8884:"Actiq- fentanyl citrate lozenge" 8248:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.02.005 8213:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.02.005 8131:from the original on 11 July 2017 7955:Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 7414:from the original on 15 July 2022 7276:from the original on 11 July 2017 7185:"Fentanyl citrate injection, USP" 6904:from the original on 2 March 2022 6811:from the original on 9 April 2016 6779:from the original on 8 April 2016 6009:from the original on 25 July 2013 5743:The Journal of Emergency Medicine 5484:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.02.019 5381:Shachtman N (10 September 2009). 4831:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.10.025 4633:from the original on 18 July 2021 4555:Essentials of Regional Anesthesia 4475:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.10.015 4330: 3699:from the original on 4 March 2016 3383: 3359:II recalls was initiated in March 3035: 2089: 1839:concentrations at a mean of 0.025 1683:Decreased blood flow to the liver 555:Mostly urinary (metabolites, < 295: 157: 18950: 17107:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether 12804: 12691: 12655: 12622: 12608:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2012.01080.x 12587: 12546: 12510: 12495:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01416.x 12469: 12439: 12409: 12388: 12376:from the original on 13 May 2008 12324: 12294: 12246: 12218:Journal of Analytical Toxicology 12205: 12103: 12037: 11981: 11927:Franklin M (21 September 2023). 11920: 11890: 11859: 11828: 11797: 11766: 11752:"Statement from a family member" 11743: 11711: 11678: 11652: 11622: 11579: 11506: 11473: 11441: 11341: 11309: 11246: 11222: 11186: 11163: 11132: 11012: 10988:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108115 10963: 10930: 10900: 10878:"Fentanyl Citrate Generic Actiq" 10870: 10844: 10788: 10762: 10750:from the original on 20 May 2012 10726: 10696: 10670: 10645: 10619: 10589: 10573:. 8 January 2023. Archived from 10559: 10529: 10499: 10469: 10437: 10407: 10374: 10362:from the original on 8 June 2021 10341: 10308: 10242:Felbab-Brown V (23 March 2022). 10199: 10168: 10138: 10107: 10074: 10062:from the original on 31 May 2018 10042: 10005: 9997:. 22 August 2015. Archived from 9981: 9950: 9935: 9904: 9833: 9800:from the original on 8 June 2020 9776: 9746: 9713: 9683: 9665: 9616: 9567: 9551:"Painkiller is topic of inquiry" 9467: 9386: 9354: 9321: 9290: 9260: 9242: 9218: 9186: 9095: 9069: 9045: 8976: 8945: 8902: 8876: 8850: 8640: 8597: 8567: 8537: 8515: 8485: 8436: 8387: 8346: 8295: 8262: 8227: 8192: 8179: 8113: 8099:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.033 8005: 7946: 7886: 7821: 7791: 7770: 7764: 7729: 7678: 7648: 7597: 7548: 7499: 7448: 7426: 7362: 7338:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.0793 6868:National Institute on Drug Abuse 5795:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2007.00813.x 5395:from the original on 6 July 2010 5176:10.1136/bmjspcare-2011-000020.71 4798:from the original on 22 May 2022 4176:National Institute on Drug Abuse 4108:"Fentanyl Drug Usage Statistics" 3915:from the original on 11 May 2023 3909:National Institute on Drug Abuse 3876:National Institute on Drug Abuse 3633:Clinically Oriented Pharmacology 2816:In June 2013, the United States 2535:Following the patch, a flavored 2524:under the brand name Sublimaze. 2071:campaign from the United States 1702:can lose 80% of their body fat). 882: 876: 518:Sublingual (single dose): 5–13.5 17102:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether 12631:"Perioperative Pain Management" 12628: 12302:"Russia names Moscow siege gas" 11685:Bernstein J (1 December 2020). 11381:McCartney A (3 February 2017). 11348:Mizoguchi K (3 February 2017). 10421:. 31 March 2023. Archived from 10348:Beech H, Nang S (19 May 2020). 10286:Drug Enforcement Administration 10126:from the original on 8 May 2018 10018:months of data left to collect" 9695:Drug Enforcement Administration 9517:Drug Enforcement Administration 8026:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110715 7288: 7262: 7213: 7177: 7165:from the original on 9 May 2020 7144: 7122:Drug Enforcement Administration 7105: 7074: 7043: 7010: 6980: 6948: 6916: 6886: 6791: 6759: 6729: 6654: 6603: 6589:Drug Enforcement Administration 6575: 6556: 6500: 6334: 6263: 6021: 5965: 5769: 5734: 5618:Drug Enforcement Administration 5552: 5458: 5407: 5341: 5290: 5239: 5190: 5155: 5115: 5035: 5005: 4940: 4897: 4810: 4741: 4645: 4591: 4542: 4489: 4454: 4381: 4350: 4324: 4299: 4281:Drug Enforcement Administration 4228: 4204:Reinberg S (12 December 2018). 4100: 4070: 4040: 3927: 3864: 3788: 3754: 3564:European Medicines Agency (EMA) 3199:frontman, rapper, and musician 3041:On 25 September 2003, American 2871:from Chinese suppliers such as 2577: 2555:Drug Enforcement Administration 2313:often seen in natural sleep on 2078: 2073:Drug Enforcement Administration 2029:Case Western Reserve University 1843:μg/mL, with a range 0.005–0.027 1427:people with moderate to severe 1347: 1204: 1201:and becoming more widely used. 1046:. Fentanyl works by activating 1030:and 100 times more potent than 986:Key:PJMPHNIQZUBGLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 332: 18274:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone) 17027:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide 14171:Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) 12254:"Gas 'killed Moscow hostages'" 9878:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 9788:pounds hidden under cucumbers" 9393:Ducharme J (3 December 2018). 9328:Townsend M (1 December 2018). 8917:(5): 704–706. September 1968. 8817:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 8724:Archives of Pharmacal Research 8443:Valdez CA (17 November 2022). 8271:"Fentanyl Test Strip Guidance" 8269:Cunningham C (22 March 2023). 8014:Forensic Science International 7296:"UNODC World Drug Report 2023" 5755:10.1016/j.jemermed.2008.01.003 5060:10.1002/14651858.CD011605.pub2 4873:10.1002/14651858.CD009942.pub2 3722: 3679: 3578: 3552: 3435: 2963: 2744: 2330:Detection in biological fluids 1986:skin. A 2020 article from the 1163:Fentanyl continues to fuel an 888: 870: 321: 308: 13: 1: 18929:Receptor/signaling modulators 18887:Tropanyl 3,5-dimethulbenzoate 18737:Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile 17002:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine) 16195:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin) 15804:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine) 15233:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin) 12701:. European Medicines Agency. 12403:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc 11988:Rawlinson K (22 March 2024). 11662:. MPR News. 28 January 2020. 11586:Paybarah A (3 October 2019). 9444:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69181-2 8462:10.1080/10408347.2021.1927668 7932:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 7573:10.1080/15563650.2017.1373782 7512:Journal of Medical Toxicology 6932:. 20 May 2016. Archived from 6705:10.1080/20961790.2018.1460063 6372:10.3109/15563650.2016.1157722 5688:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 4961:10.1016/j.metabol.2010.07.010 3428: 3339:Moscow theater hostage crisis 3231:On 28 September 2022, rapper 2615:I drug as listed in Canada's 2352:Paper spray-mass spectrometry 2171:Fentanyl at opioid receptors 2034: 1988:Journal of Medical Toxicology 1950:mg/kg intraperitoneally, 27.8 1942:in mice has been given as 6.9 1881:A package of 30 lozenges, 600 1273: 1209: 1011:is a highly potent synthetic 16225:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon 12670:Food and Drug Administration 12421:Office of Regulatory Affairs 12370:Food and Drug Administration 11480:Brown A (16 November 2017). 11139:Williams SE (1 March 2006). 11114:Food and Drug Administration 11058:Food and Drug Administration 10175:Buchanan J (27 March 2018). 10114:Bonini T (13 October 2017). 9957:Burgmann T (6 August 2015). 9027:Food and Drug Administration 8991:Food and Drug Administration 8372:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103065 7226:Interdisciplinary Toxicology 7192:Food and Drug Administration 7151:Grierson J (12 April 2020). 7017:Scaccia A (9 October 2018). 6435:, United States of America: 6294:10.1017/CBO9781139226394.027 6003:Food and Drug Administration 5652:Food and Drug Administration 5215:10.1097/MNH.0000000000000646 5097:"Abstral sublingual tablets" 4918:10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.07.010 4906:Scandinavian Journal of Pain 4819:Annals of Emergency Medicine 4563:10.1007/978-1-4614-1013-3_11 4463:Annals of Emergency Medicine 3983:10.1016/0885-3924(92)90047-L 3599:10.3109/00498254.2014.971093 3499:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.010 3423:Food and Drug Administration 2971: 2544:Food and Drug Administration 2447:(NPP). This intermediate is 2427: 2390: 1603:(SSRI) drugs with fentanyl. 1546:dose of fentanyl powder (on 1022:. It is 20 to 40 times more 945:87.5 °C (189.5 °F) 7: 19018:Products introduced in 1960 19008:Mu-opioid receptor agonists 18464:Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 18223:Tooltip Pregnane X receptor 17951:Xenobiotic-sensing receptor 17878:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin) 17506:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH 16887:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29) 15373:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone 13813:Paracetamol (acetaminophen) 11804:Atkinson K (10 June 2021). 11773:Raferty M (14 March 2021). 10976:Drug and Alcohol Dependence 10206:Feng E (17 November 2020). 9697:. June 2006. Archived from 9549:Mims B (11 November 2004). 9297:Naylor A (6 January 2020). 9272:Canada Justice Laws Website 9199:. Aetna Inc. Archived from 9162:Shelley S (22 April 2011). 8693:10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03338 8604:Gupta P (9 November 2005). 8087:Drug and Alcohol Dependence 7928:Yaksh T, Wallace M (2011). 7081:Chang A (3 December 2018). 6830:Katz J (2 September 2017). 4172:"Drug Overdose Death Rates" 3481:Ciccarone D (August 2017). 3296:Nebraska State Penitentiary 3206:On 6 September 2021, actor 3080:hydrocodone and paracetamol 3073:On 21 April 2016, musician 2648:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 2385:sensitivity and specificity 2250:G-protein-coupled receptors 1800: 10: 19054: 17898:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) 17518:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH 16622:Adrenorphin (metorphamide) 15789:Methylsamidorphan chloride 15023:Dimethylaminopivalophenone 14848:Adrenorphin (metorphamide) 12187:Public Broadcasting System 10315:Lo K (29 September 2022). 9823:"List of Schedule I Drugs" 9425:Boddiger D (August 2006). 9077:"Misuse of Drugs Act 1971" 8400:Future Medicinal Chemistry 8321:10.1186/s12954-021-00478-4 7833:Health Alert Network (HAN) 7704:10.1186/s40352-021-00163-5 7623:10.1186/s40352-021-00163-5 7524:10.1007/s13181-020-00762-y 6767:"Fentanyl patches warning" 6693:Forensic Sciences Research 6286:Cambridge University Press 6163:10.1177/026921639701100515 6046:10.5144/0256-4947.2005.508 5433:10.1186/s12890-021-01647-8 5133:(2): 2–28. February 2011. 4766:10.1016/j.ijoa.2019.04.007 4658:The Korean Journal of Pain 4619:10.1016/j.rapm.2008.03.003 4515:10.36076/ppj.2013/16/SE217 4357:Falco G (8 January 2023). 4155:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02. 3345: 3314:as a muscle relaxant, and 2856:reported allegations that 2748: 2733:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2499: 2399: 2189:Tooltip Inhibitor constant 2085:Opioid § Pharmacology 2082: 1804: 1336:out-of-hospital patients. 860:Chemical and physical data 18920: 18216: 17960: 17818:Racecadotril (acetorphan) 17766: 17678: 17493: 17482: 17225:Buprenorphine/samidorphan 17182: 17137:Tricyclic antidepressants 16579: 16568: 16348: 16215:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl 15922: 15911: 15568: 15258:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl 14777: 14697: 14616: 14573: 14551: 14514:Tricyclic antidepressants 14470: 14422: 14411: 14373: 14328: 14277: 14161: 14128: 14077: 14013: 13977: 13887: 13878: 13787: 13585: 13403: 13344: 13335: 13249: 13224: 13196: 13163: 13104: 13071: 13023: 12995: 12986: 12893: 12372:(FDA). 12 February 2008. 11415:Kurucz J (18 June 2019). 11253:Crumb MJ (21 June 2010). 11116:(FDA). 19 December 2018. 10741:European Medicines Agency 9632:MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 7870:(CDC). 17 December 2020. 7477:10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104914 7085:. All Things Considered. 6870:(NIDA). 29 January 2021. 6583:"Fentanyl. Image 4 of 17" 6241:10.1191/0269216303pm838cr 4719:10.1007/s00228-005-0967-9 4670:10.3344/kjp.2014.27.3.200 4143:World Health Organization 3964:Stanley TH (April 1992). 2787:. They found about 70,000 2608:for Actiq prescriptions. 2283:Respiratory depression (μ 2224:Tooltip κ-opioid receptor 2214:Tooltip δ-opioid receptor 2204:Tooltip μ-opioid receptor 2175: 1938:mg/kg in monkeys." The LD 994: 969: 949: 939: 929: 907: 894: 864: 859: 840: 808: 780: 760: 740: 720: 700: 680: 660: 640: 615: 595: 568: 563: 549: 532: 476: 462: 446: 436: 414: 406: 285: 280: 245: 233: 195: 183: 171: 145: 115: 101: 83: 73: 62: 57: 48: 39: 18847:Testosterone isocaproate 18762:Reverse triiodothyronine 17803:Dexecadotril (retorphan) 17775:Enkephalinase inhibitors 17704:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094) 17686:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH 17602:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ) 13848:+propyphenazone/caffeine 11060:(FDA). 1 February 2019. 10322:South China Morning Post 9691:"DEA Microgram Bulletin" 8909:"Fentanyl (sublimaze)". 7369:Ross C (9 August 2017). 7320:Gaither JR (July 2023). 6616:Journal of Pain Research 6034:Annals of Saudi Medicine 5565:Anesthesia and Analgesia 4613:(4). BMJ Journals: 380. 4508:(2 Suppl): SE217–SE228. 4137:Organization WH (2021). 4048:"Fentanyl and analogues" 3106:On 19 January 2018, the 2785:Cottonwood Heights, Utah 2681:has the highest rate of 2598:Controlled Substance Act 2584:Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 2462: 2276:Supraspinal analgesia (μ 2067:Another initiative is a 1827:is 19 mm (0.75 in) wide. 1507:routes of administration 1500: 1250:and in emergency rooms. 389:Narcotic Schedule I 18239:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone 18234:17α-Hydroxypregnenolone 17501:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin 16772:Dynorphin B (rimorphin) 15814:Nalorphine dinicotinate 11170:Lisle A (14 May 2009). 9168:Pharmaceutical Commerce 8767:Brain Research Bulletin 8545:"Synthesis of Fentanyl" 7900:(CDC). 2 October 2021. 7400:Bump P (15 July 2022). 7238:10.2478/intox-2014-0013 7050:Daly M (30 July 2019). 6662:"Fentanyl drug profile" 6569:San Francisco Chronicle 6515:Contemporary Pedriatics 6445:10.1124/jpet.119.258566 5525:10.1093/ajhp/62.11.1171 5316:10.1186/1472-684X-13-46 5265:10.1186/1756-9966-28-61 4652:Bujedo BM (July 2014). 4598:Buggy D (1 July 2008). 4363:Congressman David Trone 4212:. CBS Interactive Inc. 2445:-phenethyl-4-piperidone 2098:family, which includes 1934:mg/kg in dogs, and 0.03 1793:"Fentanyl fold" posture 1724:Heart and blood vessels 1718:Muscle rigidity section 1625:obstructive sleep apnea 1352:It is also used in the 1133:and other drugs (e.g., 1093:, visual disturbances, 17117:Spiradoline (U-62,066) 17062:Pethidine (meperidine) 16255:Pethidine (meperidine) 15945:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881) 15591:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide 15490:Tetrahydropapaveroline 15405:Pethidine (meperidine) 13698:Pethidine (meperidine) 12800: 12780:Listen to this article 12748:10.1124/mol.119.119271 12735:Molecular Pharmacology 8993:(FDA). December 2011. 8808:Black J (March 2005). 8622:10.1002/chin.200549130 8308:Harm Reduction Journal 8057:Molecular Pharmacology 6900:(CDC). 9 August 2021. 6896:(Press release). U.S. 6804:Pharmaceutical Journal 6772:Pharmaceutical Journal 6005:(FDA). 19 April 2012. 5900:10.1378/chest.88.5.779 5420:BMC Pulmonary Medicine 3328:Nebraska State Capitol 3312:cisatracurium besylate 3259:On 15 September 2023, 3228:, heroin, and cocaine. 2772: 2491: 2476: 2437: 2409: 2367: 2267:central nervous system 2135: 2120:stronger than morphine 2047: 1958:in humans is unknown. 1905: 1889: 1828: 1779:α-adrenergic receptors 1692:respiratory depression 1614:Respiratory depression 1560: 1551: 1477:Breathing difficulties 1413: 1324: 1079:respiratory depression 17978:6,7-Dimethylesculetin 17808:Ecadotril (sinorphan) 17295:CERC-501 (LY-2456302) 17195:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 16757:Dinalbuphine sebacate 16632:Alazocine (SKF-10047) 16356:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 16315:Thiobromadol (C-8813) 15955:Alazocine (SKF-10047) 15601:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 15581:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol 15053:Dinalbuphine sebacate 14319:+paracetamol/caffeine 14297:Metamizole (dipyrone) 14231:Morpholine salicylate 14175:+paracetamol/caffeine 12846:(NIOSH). 8 July 2021. 12799: 12084:National Public Radio 11965:. 19 September 2023. 11513:Coscarelli J (2018). 10704:"Introducing Onsolis" 9946:(CDC). 14 April 2017. 9919:(CDC). Archived from 9727:The Salt Lake Tribune 9556:The Salt Lake Tribune 9105:[Opium Act]. 8276:. State of New York. 8236:Clinical Biochemistry 8201:Clinical Biochemistry 4987:Jasek W, ed. (2007). 4078:"The Top 300 of 2019" 3363:2004, and in February 3302:, administered as an 3043:professional wrestler 2766: 2749:Further information: 2510:Janssen Pharmaceutica 2470: 2435: 2407: 2365: 2133: 2042: 1903: 1880: 1818: 1805:Further information: 1783:cholinergic receptors 1768:wooden chest syndrome 1761:Wooden chest syndrome 1714:wooden chest syndrome 1557: 1541: 1411: 1318: 1182:forensic laboratories 1119:loss of consciousness 1018:primarily used as an 18565:Hypericum perforatum 18554:Hetacillin potassium 17665:Sunobinop (S-117957) 17400:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic 16732:Diamorphine (heroin) 16065:Diamorphine (heroin) 15033:Diamorphine (heroin) 14833:Acetyldihydrocodeine 14813:7-Hydroxymitragynine 14808:7-Acetoxymitragynine 14442:Gabapentin enacarbil 14236:Potassium salicylate 14226:Magnesium salicylate 14221:Imidazole salicylate 14048:Indometacin farnesil 13444:Diamorphine (heroin) 13411:Acetyldihydrocodeine 13198:Neuroactive steroids 13165:Arylcyclohexylamines 12831:More spoken articles 11779:East County Magazine 10120:ABC News (Australia) 10001:on 20 December 2016. 9842:Analytical Chemistry 9760:. 22 November 2016. 9563:on 24 December 2007. 8923:10.1002/cpt196895704 8523:"Fentanyl Synthesis" 7803:Health Alert Network 7691:Health & Justice 7610:Health & Justice 6864:Overdose Death Rates 6364:Taylor & Francis 6288:. pp. 107–110. 5506:Koo PJ (June 2005). 4955:(Suppl 1): S47–S52. 3905:"Fentanyl DrugFacts" 3878:. 21 December 2021. 3738:. 14 November 2018. 3377:Teva Pharmaceuticals 3146:pulmonary aspiration 3000:Storage and disposal 2518:stoichiometric ratio 2457:-phenethylpiperidine 2449:reductively aminated 2315:electroencephalogram 1637:Simultaneous use of 1284:epidural anaesthesia 428:100% (intramuscular) 69:or /ˈfɛntənəl/ 19033:Transdermal patches 18998:General anesthetics 18394:Cyproterone acetate 18294:Amlodipine besylate 17868:Ubenimex (bestatin) 17612:Nociceptin (1-13)NH 17220:β-Chlornaltrexamine 17190:4′-Hydroxyflavanone 16612:β-Chlornaltrexamine 16486:N-Benzylnaltrindole 16381:β-Chlornaltrexamine 16300:TAN-67 (SB-205,607) 15965:AR-M100390 (ARM390) 15626:β-Chlornaltrexamine 15596:4′-Hydroxyflavanone 14823:α-Chlornaltrexamine 14191:Carbasalate calcium 12882:General anesthetics 12358:"Pricara recalls 25 12308:. 31 October 2002. 12284:The Washington Post 12256:. 27 October 2002. 11785:on 18 February 2023 11563:. 5 November 2018. 11461:on 10 December 2017 10684:. 18 September 2023 10577:on 16 February 2023 10450:The Washington Post 9890:10.1021/jm00256a003 9854:10.1021/ac00235a003 9848:(12): 1379A–1386A. 9796:. 31 January 2019. 9793:The Washington Post 9367:The Washington Post 9256:on 15 October 2006. 8846:on 10 October 2007. 8258:. 10.25316/IR-4343. 7953:Katzung BG (2017). 7750:10.1017/dmp.2019.95 7561:Clinical Toxicology 7469:2020ToxVi..6704914T 7457:Toxicology in Vitro 7407:The Washington Post 6929:The Huffington Post 6924:"Fentanyl Overdose" 6687:Drummer OH (2019). 6629:10.2147/JPR.S280462 6596:on 8 October 2018. 6344:Clinical Toxicology 6229:Palliative Medicine 6151:Palliative Medicine 5823:Anesthesia Progress 5612:"One Pill Can Kill" 5303:BMC Palliative Care 4430:Miller's Anesthesia 4178:. 9 February 2023. 4054:. 16 October 2017. 3310:as a tranquilizer, 3298:. Moore received a 3210:, who performed as 3208:Michael K. Williams 3197:Digital Underground 3169:On 24 August 2020, 3164:Justin Townes Earle 2957:Sinaloa drug cartel 2858:diplomatic tensions 2573:Society and culture 2522:McNeil Laboratories 2301:Therapeutic effects 2290:Physical dependence 2172: 2166:Mechanism of action 1686:Renal insufficiency 1671:levels in the serum 1634:High fentanyl doses 1577:shortness of breath 1366:transdermal patches 1258:Regional anesthesia 559:10% unchanged drug) 36: 18988:Belgian inventions 18867:Thonzonium bromide 18622:Methylprednisolone 18423:prasterone sulfate 17430:Norbinaltorphimine 16737:Diacetylnalorphine 16426:Diacetylnalorphine 16050:Desmethylclozapine 15704:Diacetylnalorphine 15384:Papaver somniferum 14968:Chloroxymorphamine 14724:Never to phase III 14629:Analgesic adjuvant 14530:1.7/1.8-selective: 14196:Choline salicylate 13623:Dextropropoxyphene 13276:Never to phase III 12801: 12596:Veterinary Surgery 12334:. 5 October 2023. 12231:10.1093/jat/bks078 12189:. 14 August 2018. 12156:. 14 August 2018. 12153:The New York Times 12119:. 14 August 2018. 12053:. 14 August 2018. 12021:. 14 August 2018. 11872:Deadline Hollywood 11636:. 30 August 2019. 11595:The New York Times 11520:The New York Times 11454:The New York Times 11325:. 22 August 2016. 11290:The New York Times 10633:. 6 September 2023 10355:The New York Times 9829:on 9 January 2010. 9238:on 28 August 2008. 9174:on 29 January 2016 9143:on 29 January 2016 9113:] (in Dutch). 8954:"Fentanyl History" 8890:. 18 December 2023 8736:10.1007/BF03216756 8412:10.4155/fmc.13.215 8185:Baselt, R. (2017) 7660:State of Tennessee 7444:on 31 August 2018. 6837:The New York Times 5987:on 1 January 2015. 5977:Drug Safety Update 3976:(3 Suppl): S3–S7. 3772:. 7 October 2022. 3324:anti-death penalty 3316:potassium chloride 3275:Governmental usage 3226:parafluorofentanyl 3195:On 22 April 2021, 2949:fentanyl synthesis 2916:], as well as 2773: 2553:Fentanyl has a US 2477: 2471:Gupta Method from 2438: 2410: 2368: 2340:Marquis Color test 2170: 2136: 2126:Structure-activity 2116:fentanyl analogues 2025:addiction medicine 1906: 1890: 1870:caused over 29,000 1829: 1823:in most people. A 1777:, which activates 1597:serotonin syndrome 1561: 1552: 1414: 1325: 1282:or epidurally for 1083:respiratory arrest 1048:μ-opioid receptors 534:Duration of action 512:Transdermal: 20–27 432:100% (intravenous) 32: 19028:Synthetic opioids 18938: 18937: 18572:Indinavir sulfate 18279:Alpha-Lipoic acid 18254:Δ-Androstenedione 18244:Δ-Androstenedione 17917: 17916: 17762: 17761: 17607:Nociceptin (1-11) 17478: 17477: 16607:14-Methoxymetopon 16564: 16563: 16481:Methylnaltrindole 15907: 15906: 15576:(3S,4S)-Picenadol 15188:Levacetylmethadol 14734: 14733: 14569: 14568: 14553:Potassium openers 14490:Local anesthetics 14432:Alcohol (ethanol) 14369: 14368: 14268:methyl salicylate 14256:Sodium salicylate 14143:Meclofenamic acid 13818:+aspirin/caffeine 13783: 13782: 13286: 13285: 13245: 13244: 13063:Thiotetrabarbital 12968:Trichloroethylene 12797: 12532:10.1111/vaa.12215 12488:(Suppl 2): 3–19. 12290:on 13 March 2007. 11634:Los Angeles Times 11487:Los Angeles Times 11422:Vancouver Courier 11156:978-1-59670-021-5 11147:Sports Publishing 10852:"Fentanyl Buccal" 10657:home.treasury.gov 10152:. 20 March 2018. 9884:(10): 1047–1051. 9720:Tanner C (2016). 9592:10.1111/add.14474 9483:. 30 March 2012. 9437:(9535): 569–570. 8829:10.1021/jm040195b 8687:(45): 8331–8336. 8581:. 15 April 2020. 8164:978-1-259-83442-4 7964:978-1-259-64115-2 7939:978-0-07-162442-8 6303:978-1-108-46399-7 6127:978-0-323-56886-9 5700:10.1345/aph.1H135 5694:(12): 2178–2186. 5518:(11): 1171–1176. 4998:978-3-85200-181-4 4572:978-1-4614-1012-6 4469:(2): 247–58.e18. 4439:978-0-323-61264-7 4399:978-1-259-58473-2 4018:978-92-1-048163-2 3455:978-1-4557-0150-6 3399:transdermal patch 3371:recalled their 25 3238:On 31 July 2023, 3087:Michelle McNamara 2729:Detroit, Michigan 2725:Chicago, Illinois 2632:A 2018 report by 2322:endotracheal tube 2246: 2245: 1965:(UNODC) based in 1930:mg/kg in cats, 14 1888:of fentanyl, each 1621:endotracheal tube 1567:, confusion, and 1391:Breakthrough pain 1280:spinal anesthesia 1224:sedative-hypnotic 1006: 1005: 920:Interactive image 810:CompTox Dashboard 506:Intranasal: 15–25 420:92% (transdermal) 398: 386: 371: 359: 347: 335: 324: 312: 304:(Controlled drug) 299: 161: 128: 79:Sublimaze, others 27:Opioid medication 16:(Redirected from 19045: 18955: 18954: 18953: 18946: 18857:Thiamylal sodium 18592:γ-linolenic acid 18588:α-Linolenic acid 18586:Linolenic acid: 18577:Lasalocid sodium 18567:(St John's wort) 18459:Docusate calcium 18389:Cyclophosphamide 18264:Allopregnanediol 18249:Δ-Androstenediol 18224: 18220: 18178:Ethinylestradiol 18028:Cyclophosphamide 17968: 17964: 17944: 17937: 17930: 17921: 17920: 17797: 17724:Nociceptin (1-7) 17620:Norbuprenorphine 17557:Dihydroetorphine 17491: 17490: 17380:Methylnaltrexone 17290:Catechin gallate 17022:Norbuprenorphine 16747:Dihydroetorphine 16617:β-Funaltrexamine 16577: 16576: 16476:Methylnaltrexone 16416:Catechin gallate 16230:Norbuprenorphine 16070:Dihydroetorphine 15920: 15919: 15784:Methylnaltrexone 15676:Catechin gallate 15631:β-Funaltrexamine 15043:Dihydroetorphine 14786: 14785: 14761: 14754: 14747: 14738: 14737: 14424:Calcium blockers 14420: 14419: 14316: 14265: 14091: 14079:COX-2 inhibitors 14045: 13964:Tiaprofenic acid 13935: 13922: 13914: 13885: 13884: 13762: 13542: 13481: 13453: 13425: 13342: 13341: 13313: 13306: 13299: 13290: 13289: 12993: 12992: 12875: 12868: 12861: 12852: 12851: 12847: 12821: 12819: 12808: 12807: 12798: 12788: 12786: 12781: 12768: 12750: 12715: 12714: 12712: 12710: 12695: 12689: 12688: 12686: 12684: 12678: 12667: 12659: 12653: 12652: 12650: 12648: 12642: 12635: 12626: 12620: 12619: 12591: 12585: 12584: 12574: 12550: 12544: 12543: 12514: 12508: 12507: 12497: 12473: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12462: 12443: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12432: 12413: 12407: 12406: 12405:. 27 April 2023. 12400: 12392: 12386: 12385: 12383: 12381: 12366:II pain patches" 12365: 12361: 12354: 12348: 12347: 12345: 12343: 12328: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12298: 12292: 12291: 12276: 12270: 12269: 12267: 12265: 12250: 12244: 12243: 12233: 12209: 12203: 12202: 12200: 12198: 12185:. PBS NewsHour. 12179: 12170: 12169: 12167: 12165: 12149: 12142: 12133: 12132: 12130: 12128: 12107: 12101: 12100: 12098: 12096: 12076: 12067: 12066: 12064: 12062: 12041: 12035: 12034: 12032: 12030: 12009: 12000: 11999: 11985: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11955: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11924: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11913: 11904:. 6 April 2023. 11902:ABC7 Los Angeles 11894: 11888: 11887: 11885: 11883: 11863: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11852: 11832: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11821: 11801: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11790: 11781:. Archived from 11770: 11764: 11763: 11761: 11759: 11747: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11736: 11715: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11704: 11682: 11676: 11675: 11673: 11671: 11656: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11645: 11626: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11591: 11583: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11572: 11551: 11545: 11544: 11542: 11540: 11510: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11499: 11477: 11471: 11470: 11468: 11466: 11445: 11439: 11438: 11436: 11434: 11412: 11403: 11402: 11400: 11398: 11387:Associated Press 11378: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11367: 11345: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11334: 11313: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11280: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11266: 11250: 11244: 11243: 11242:on 3 March 2016. 11238:. Archived from 11226: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11206:. Archived from 11196:(23 June 2009). 11190: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11179: 11167: 11161: 11160: 11136: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11106: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11095: 11080: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11050: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11036: 11016: 11010: 11009: 10999: 10967: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10956: 10950: 10943: 10934: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10923: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10874: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10848: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10837: 10818: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10772:. Archived from 10766: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10755: 10749: 10738: 10730: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10700: 10694: 10693: 10691: 10689: 10674: 10668: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10649: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10623: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10612: 10603:. Archived from 10593: 10587: 10586: 10584: 10582: 10563: 10557: 10556: 10554: 10552: 10533: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10503: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10473: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10457:on 25 March 2023 10453:. Archived from 10441: 10435: 10434: 10432: 10430: 10411: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10400: 10378: 10372: 10371: 10369: 10367: 10345: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10334: 10312: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10301: 10295: 10289:. January 2020. 10281: 10273: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10259: 10239: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10225: 10203: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10192: 10181:HealthCentral NZ 10172: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10142: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10131: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10100: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10046: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10017: 10009: 10003: 10002: 9994:Edmonton Journal 9985: 9979: 9978: 9976: 9974: 9954: 9948: 9947: 9939: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9908: 9902: 9901: 9872: 9866: 9865: 9837: 9831: 9830: 9819: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9787: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9706: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9669: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9652: 9629: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9603: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9559:. Archived from 9545: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9525: 9514: 9506: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9471: 9465: 9464: 9446: 9422: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9358: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9325: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9294: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9283: 9264: 9258: 9257: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9230: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9205: 9198: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9170:. Archived from 9159: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9099: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9088: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9057: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9019: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9005: 8999: 8988: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8958:News-Medical.net 8949: 8943: 8942: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8839:. Archived from 8823:(6): 1687–1688. 8814: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8762: 8756: 8755: 8719: 8713: 8712: 8676: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8659: 8652: 8644: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8633: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8579:Federal Register 8571: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8529:. 18 June 2020. 8519: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8489: 8483: 8482: 8464: 8455:(8): 1938–1968. 8440: 8434: 8433: 8423: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8374: 8350: 8344: 8343: 8333: 8323: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8282: 8275: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8196: 8190: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8150: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8082: 8073: 8072: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8009: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7925: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7860: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7716: 7706: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7635: 7625: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7584: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7535: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7397: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7349: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7249: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7200: 7189: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7131: 7125:. January 2020. 7117: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7014: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6994:. 31 July 2017. 6984: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6967: 6960: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6716: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6641: 6631: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6592:. Archived from 6579: 6573: 6572: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6512: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6487: 6481:. Archived from 6472: 6418: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6325: 6323: 6280:(2nd ed.). 6267: 6261: 6260: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6113: 6068: 6067: 6057: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5861:Der Anaesthesist 5855: 5849: 5848: 5838: 5817:Smydo J (1979). 5814: 5808: 5807: 5797: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5679: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5644: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5608: 5599: 5598: 5580: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5527: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5486: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5445: 5435: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5328: 5318: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5277: 5267: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5226: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5142: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5093: 5082: 5081: 5071: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5017:NPS Medicinewise 5009: 5003: 5002: 4984: 4973: 4972: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4884: 4867:(10): CD009942. 4852: 4843: 4842: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4777: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4701: 4692: 4691: 4681: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4603: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4517: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4425: 4412: 4411: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4273: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4201: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4168: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4027: 4010: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3985: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3939:Cleveland Clinic 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3901: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3829: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3657: 3638: 3637: 3628: 3619: 3618: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3535:nctr-crs.fda.gov 3527: 3521: 3520: 3510: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3439: 3416: 3374: 3369:ALZA Corporation 3366: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3300:lethal injection 3285:Carey Dean Moore 3062:On 24 May 2010, 3051:On 24 May 2009, 3010:British Columbia 2908:Myanmar military 2843: 2839: 2834:British Columbia 2810:Schedule I drugs 2806:α-methylfentanyl 2802:Nogales, Arizona 2790: 2778: 2683:3-methylfentanyl 2658:Recreational use 2614: 2568: 2564: 2542:In 2009, the US 2531: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2201: 2190: 2186: 2173: 2169: 2159:Fentanyl analogs 2154:Fentanyl analogs 2096:phenylpiperidine 2002:hyperventilation 1953: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1926:mg/kg in rats, 1 1925: 1895:British Columbia 1884: 1873: 1868:fentanyl analogs 1861: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1734:vagal nerve tone 1664:Hyperventilation 1525: 1521: 1516:electrotransport 1385:neuropathic pain 1381: 1376: 1371: 1343: 1335: 1331: 1322: 1241: 1154:synthetic opioid 1062:, among others. 1002: 1001: 922: 902: 890: 884: 878: 872: 855: 844: 833: 832: 818: 816: 800: 794: 773: 753: 733: 713: 693: 673: 653: 633: 623: 622: 608: 558: 544: 540: 527: 521: 515: 509: 503: 497: 491: 487: 481: 471: 422:90% (intranasal) 396: 393: 384: 381: 376: 369: 366: 357: 354: 346: 343: 334: 331: 323: 320: 317:(Narcotic drugs) 310: 307: 297: 294: 272: 262: 159: 156: 138: 127: 124: 111: 97: 53: 44: 37: 35: 31: 21: 19053: 19052: 19048: 19047: 19046: 19044: 19043: 19042: 18963: 18962: 18961: 18951: 18949: 18941: 18939: 18934: 18916: 18817:Suberoylanilide 18534:Fluorometholone 18429:Dibunate sodium 18309:Aurothioglucose 18222: 18212: 18148:3,17β-Estradiol 17966: 17956: 17948: 17918: 17913: 17795: 17758: 17689: 17674: 17615: 17537: 17529: 17521: 17517: 17509: 17486: 17474: 17270:Binaltorphimine 17215:6β-Naltrexol-d4 17178: 16797:Ethylketazocine 16752:Dihydromorphine 16572: 16560: 16371:6β-Naltrexol-d4 16344: 16100:Ethylketazocine 16075:Dihydromorphine 15915: 15903: 15611:6β-Naltrexol-d4 15564: 15363:Oxymorphonazine 15118:Furanylfentanyl 15048:Dihydromorphine 14903:Benzhydrocodone 14792: 14790: 14781: 14773: 14768:Opioid receptor 14765: 14735: 14730: 14729: 14714:Clinical trials 14693: 14674:Phenazopyridine 14612: 14593:Cyclobenzaprine 14565: 14547: 14529: 14472:Sodium blockers 14466: 14414: 14407: 14365: 14324: 14314: 14273: 14263: 14157: 14153:Tolfenamic acid 14138:Flufenamic acid 14124: 14089: 14073: 14043: 14009: 13973: 13933: 13920: 13912: 13874: 13838:+metoclopramide 13779: 13760: 13581: 13540: 13479: 13462:Dihydromorphine 13451: 13423: 13399: 13331: 13317: 13287: 13282: 13281: 13266:Clinical trials 13241: 13220: 13192: 13159: 13100: 13073:Benzodiazepines 13067: 13019: 12982: 12889: 12879: 12838: 12835: 12834: 12823: 12817: 12815: 12812:This audio file 12809: 12802: 12793: 12790: 12784: 12783: 12779: 12776: 12771: 12724: 12722:Further reading 12719: 12718: 12708: 12706: 12697: 12696: 12692: 12682: 12680: 12676: 12665: 12661: 12660: 12656: 12646: 12644: 12640: 12633: 12627: 12623: 12592: 12588: 12551: 12547: 12515: 12511: 12474: 12470: 12460: 12458: 12445: 12444: 12440: 12430: 12428: 12415: 12414: 12410: 12398: 12394: 12393: 12389: 12379: 12377: 12363: 12359: 12356: 12355: 12351: 12341: 12339: 12330: 12329: 12325: 12315: 12313: 12300: 12299: 12295: 12278: 12277: 12273: 12263: 12261: 12252: 12251: 12247: 12210: 12206: 12196: 12194: 12181: 12180: 12173: 12163: 12161: 12144: 12143: 12136: 12126: 12124: 12109: 12108: 12104: 12094: 12092: 12078: 12077: 12070: 12060: 12058: 12043: 12042: 12038: 12028: 12026: 12011: 12010: 12003: 11986: 11982: 11972: 11970: 11957: 11956: 11952: 11942: 11940: 11925: 11921: 11911: 11909: 11896: 11895: 11891: 11881: 11879: 11864: 11860: 11850: 11848: 11833: 11829: 11819: 11817: 11802: 11798: 11788: 11786: 11771: 11767: 11757: 11755: 11754:. Big Toe Rocks 11748: 11744: 11734: 11732: 11727:. 25 May 2021. 11717: 11716: 11712: 11702: 11700: 11683: 11679: 11669: 11667: 11658: 11657: 11653: 11643: 11641: 11628: 11627: 11623: 11613: 11611: 11584: 11580: 11570: 11568: 11553: 11552: 11548: 11538: 11536: 11511: 11507: 11497: 11495: 11478: 11474: 11464: 11462: 11447: 11446: 11442: 11432: 11430: 11413: 11406: 11396: 11394: 11379: 11375: 11365: 11363: 11346: 11342: 11332: 11330: 11322:Chicago Tribune 11315: 11314: 11310: 11300: 11298: 11281: 11274: 11264: 11262: 11261:on 24 June 2010 11251: 11247: 11228: 11227: 11223: 11213: 11211: 11210:on 25 June 2009 11203:Chicago Tribune 11191: 11187: 11177: 11175: 11174:. Memphis Flyer 11168: 11164: 11157: 11149:. p. 211. 11137: 11133: 11123: 11121: 11108: 11107: 11103: 11093: 11091: 11082: 11081: 11077: 11067: 11065: 11052: 11051: 11044: 11034: 11032: 11017: 11013: 10968: 10964: 10954: 10952: 10948: 10941: 10935: 10931: 10921: 10919: 10906: 10905: 10901: 10891: 10889: 10876: 10875: 10871: 10861: 10859: 10850: 10849: 10845: 10835: 10833: 10820: 10819: 10815: 10805: 10803: 10798:. Lazanda.com. 10794: 10793: 10789: 10779: 10777: 10776:on 14 July 2011 10768: 10767: 10763: 10753: 10751: 10747: 10736: 10732: 10731: 10727: 10717: 10715: 10702: 10701: 10697: 10687: 10685: 10676: 10675: 10671: 10661: 10659: 10651: 10650: 10646: 10636: 10634: 10625: 10624: 10620: 10610: 10608: 10607:on 5 April 2023 10595: 10594: 10590: 10580: 10578: 10571:trone.house.gov 10565: 10564: 10560: 10550: 10548: 10547:on 5 April 2023 10535: 10534: 10530: 10520: 10518: 10505: 10504: 10500: 10490: 10488: 10483:. 10 May 2022. 10475: 10474: 10470: 10460: 10458: 10443: 10442: 10438: 10428: 10426: 10425:on 2 April 2023 10413: 10412: 10408: 10398: 10396: 10380: 10379: 10375: 10365: 10363: 10346: 10342: 10332: 10330: 10313: 10309: 10299: 10297: 10293: 10279: 10275: 10274: 10267: 10257: 10255: 10240: 10233: 10223: 10221: 10204: 10200: 10190: 10188: 10173: 10169: 10159: 10157: 10150:KnowYourStuffNZ 10144: 10143: 10139: 10129: 10127: 10112: 10108: 10098: 10096: 10079: 10075: 10065: 10063: 10048: 10047: 10043: 10033: 10031: 10015: 10010: 10006: 9987: 9986: 9982: 9972: 9970: 9955: 9951: 9941: 9940: 9936: 9926: 9924: 9923:on 24 June 2013 9909: 9905: 9873: 9869: 9838: 9834: 9821: 9820: 9813: 9803: 9801: 9785: 9782: 9781: 9777: 9767: 9765: 9752: 9751: 9747: 9737: 9735: 9718: 9714: 9704: 9702: 9701:on 21 July 2009 9689: 9688: 9684: 9671: 9670: 9666: 9656: 9654: 9650: 9627: 9621: 9617: 9572: 9568: 9546: 9539: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9512: 9508: 9507: 9500: 9490: 9488: 9480:BBC News Online 9473: 9472: 9468: 9423: 9419: 9409: 9407: 9391: 9387: 9377: 9375: 9360: 9359: 9355: 9345: 9343: 9326: 9322: 9312: 9310: 9295: 9291: 9281: 9279: 9266: 9265: 9261: 9248: 9247: 9243: 9235: 9228: 9224: 9223: 9219: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9196: 9192: 9191: 9187: 9177: 9175: 9160: 9156: 9146: 9144: 9135: 9134: 9130: 9120: 9118: 9101: 9100: 9096: 9086: 9084: 9075: 9074: 9070: 9062: 9055: 9051: 9050: 9046: 9036: 9034: 9033:on 22 July 2017 9021: 9020: 9013: 9003: 9001: 8997: 8986: 8982: 8981: 8977: 8967: 8965: 8950: 8946: 8908: 8907: 8903: 8893: 8891: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8867: 8865: 8864:. 21 April 2008 8856: 8855: 8851: 8843: 8812: 8806: 8802: 8763: 8759: 8720: 8716: 8681:Organic Letters 8677: 8673: 8663: 8661: 8657: 8650: 8646: 8645: 8641: 8631: 8629: 8602: 8598: 8588: 8586: 8573: 8572: 8568: 8558: 8556: 8543: 8542: 8538: 8521: 8520: 8516: 8506: 8504: 8491: 8490: 8486: 8441: 8437: 8392: 8388: 8351: 8347: 8300: 8296: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8273: 8267: 8263: 8232: 8228: 8197: 8193: 8184: 8180: 8165: 8151: 8144: 8134: 8132: 8125:www.drugbank.ca 8119: 8118: 8114: 8083: 8076: 8053: 8049: 8010: 8006: 7996: 7994: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7965: 7951: 7947: 7940: 7926: 7917: 7907: 7905: 7892: 7891: 7887: 7877: 7875: 7862: 7861: 7852: 7842: 7840: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7812: 7810: 7797: 7796: 7792: 7782: 7780: 7769: 7765: 7734: 7730: 7683: 7679: 7669: 7667: 7654: 7653: 7649: 7602: 7598: 7553: 7549: 7504: 7500: 7453: 7449: 7432: 7431: 7427: 7417: 7415: 7398: 7394: 7384: 7382: 7367: 7363: 7326:JAMA Pediatrics 7318: 7314: 7304: 7302: 7294: 7293: 7289: 7279: 7277: 7268: 7267: 7263: 7218: 7214: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7168: 7166: 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7096: 7094: 7079: 7075: 7065: 7063: 7048: 7044: 7034: 7032: 7015: 7011: 7001: 6999: 6986: 6985: 6981: 6971: 6969: 6968:on 25 June 2016 6965: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6939: 6937: 6922: 6921: 6917: 6907: 6905: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6828: 6824: 6814: 6812: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6782: 6780: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6750: 6748: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6685: 6681: 6671: 6669: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6608: 6604: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6505: 6501: 6491: 6489: 6488:on 9 March 2020 6485: 6416: 6410: 6403: 6339: 6335: 6321: 6319: 6304: 6268: 6264: 6225: 6221: 6182: 6178: 6147: 6143: 6128: 6114: 6071: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6010: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5927: 5923: 5884: 5880: 5856: 5852: 5815: 5811: 5774: 5770: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5680: 5671: 5661: 5659: 5646: 5645: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5610: 5609: 5602: 5557: 5553: 5543: 5541: 5504: 5500: 5463: 5459: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5385:. Danger Room. 5379: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5295: 5291: 5244: 5240: 5195: 5191: 5160: 5156: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5085: 5054:(5): CD011605. 5040: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5019:. August 2006. 5011: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4985: 4976: 4945: 4941: 4902: 4898: 4853: 4846: 4815: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4746: 4742: 4702: 4695: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4609:(book review). 4601: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4573: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4494: 4490: 4459: 4455: 4440: 4426: 4415: 4400: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4333:"Drug Checking" 4329: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4275: 4274: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4246:. 11 May 2022. 4234: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4202: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4170: 4169: 4160: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4008: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3911:. 1 June 2021. 3903: 3902: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3830: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3659: 3658: 3641: 3630: 3629: 3622: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3560:"Instanyl EPAR" 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3456: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3414: 3386: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3277: 3046:Anthony Durante 3038: 3002: 2974: 2966: 2873:Yuancheng Group 2841: 2837: 2788: 2783:from a home in 2776: 2771:, United States 2761: 2747: 2660: 2612: 2580: 2575: 2566: 2562: 2529: 2502: 2494: 2465: 2430: 2402: 2393: 2381:diphenhydramine 2373:methamphetamine 2360: 2332: 2303: 2293:Muscle rigidity 2286: 2279: 2242:1:>2564:654 2223: 2213: 2203: 2188: 2185: 2168: 2156: 2128: 2092: 2087: 2081: 2037: 1975: 1957: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1941: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1882: 1871: 1859: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1813: 1807:Opioid overdose 1803: 1795: 1763: 1754: 1752:Muscle rigidity 1738:parasympathetic 1726: 1670: 1616: 1581:hypoventilation 1575:(indigestion), 1536: 1534:Adverse effects 1523: 1519: 1503: 1487:palliative care 1479: 1453: 1451:Combat medicine 1418:palliative care 1406: 1404:Palliative care 1393: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1350: 1341: 1333: 1329: 1320: 1313: 1311:Pain management 1276: 1260: 1239: 1212: 1207: 1111:muscle rigidity 1036:pain management 997: 995: 990: 987: 982: 977: 976: 965: 962: 957: 956: 925: 900: 887: 881: 875: 836: 812: 804: 776: 756: 736: 716: 696: 676: 656: 636: 619: 611: 591: 588: 576: 575: 556: 542: 525: 524:Buccal: 3.2–6.4 523: 519: 517: 513: 511: 507: 505: 501: 499: 495: 493: 489: 479: 469: 464:Onset of action 455:, primarily by 438:Protein binding 431: 429: 427: 426:33% (ingestion) 425: 423: 421: 416:Bioavailability 408:Pharmacokinetic 402: 374: 276: 198: 186: 174: 167: 148: 141: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19051: 19041: 19040: 19035: 19030: 19025: 19020: 19015: 19010: 19005: 19000: 18995: 18990: 18985: 18980: 18975: 18960: 18959: 18936: 18935: 18933: 18932: 18925: 18921: 18918: 18917: 18915: 18914: 18909: 18900: 18899: 18894: 18889: 18884: 18882:Troleandomycin 18879: 18874: 18869: 18864: 18859: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18839: 18834: 18829: 18824: 18819: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18802:Spironolactone 18799: 18794: 18789: 18784: 18779: 18774: 18769: 18764: 18759: 18754: 18749: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18679: 18674: 18672:Norelgestromin 18669: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18644: 18639: 18634: 18629: 18624: 18619: 18614: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18584: 18579: 18574: 18569: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18529:Flucloxacillin 18526: 18521: 18516: 18511: 18506: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18416: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18384:Corticosterone 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18349:Chlorpromazine 18346: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18316: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18276: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18256: 18251: 18246: 18241: 18236: 18227: 18225: 18214: 18213: 18211: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18168:17-Androstanol 18165: 18163:3β-Androstanol 18160: 18158:3α-Androstenol 18155: 18153:3α-Androstanol 18150: 18141: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18125: 18120: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18065: 18060: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18035: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18008:Chlorpromazine 18005: 18000: 17995: 17990: 17985: 17980: 17971: 17969: 17958: 17957: 17947: 17946: 17939: 17932: 17924: 17915: 17914: 17912: 17911: 17901: 17900: 17895: 17890: 17885: 17880: 17871: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17810: 17805: 17800: 17798:-Phenylalanine 17792: 17787: 17782: 17770: 17768: 17764: 17763: 17760: 17759: 17757: 17756: 17751: 17746: 17741: 17736: 17731: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17711: 17706: 17701: 17696: 17691: 17687: 17682: 17680: 17676: 17675: 17673: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17652: 17647: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17627: 17625:Racemethorphan 17622: 17617: 17613: 17609: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17572:Levomethorphan 17569: 17564: 17559: 17554: 17549: 17544: 17539: 17535: 17531: 17527: 17523: 17519: 17515: 17511: 17507: 17503: 17497: 17495: 17488: 17480: 17479: 17476: 17475: 17473: 17472: 17467: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17427: 17422: 17417: 17412: 17407: 17402: 17397: 17392: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17186: 17184: 17180: 17179: 17177: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17134: 17129: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17099: 17089: 17084: 17079: 17077:Racemethorphan 17074: 17069: 17064: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17014: 17009: 17004: 16999: 16994: 16989: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16969: 16964: 16959: 16954: 16949: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16919: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16897:Levomethorphan 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16724: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16589: 16583: 16581: 16574: 16566: 16565: 16562: 16561: 16559: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16508: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16398: 16393: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16352: 16350: 16346: 16345: 16343: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16265:Racemethorphan 16262: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16222: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16202: 16197: 16192: 16187: 16182: 16177: 16175:Levomethorphan 16172: 16170:Leu-enkephalin 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16117: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16072: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15926: 15924: 15917: 15909: 15908: 15905: 15904: 15902: 15901: 15896: 15891: 15886: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15849:Naltrexonazine 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15796: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15572: 15570: 15566: 15565: 15563: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15450:Racemethorphan 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15193:Levomethorphan 15190: 15185: 15183:Leu-enkephalin 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15143:Hydromorphinol 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15038:Dihydrocodeine 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15003:Dextromoramide 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14908:Benzylmorphine 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14838:Acetylfentanyl 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14799: 14797: 14783: 14775: 14774: 14764: 14763: 14756: 14749: 14741: 14732: 14731: 14728: 14727: 14726: 14725: 14722: 14711: 14705: 14699: 14698: 14695: 14694: 14692: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14669:Methoxyflurane 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14620: 14618: 14614: 14613: 14611: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14579: 14577: 14571: 14570: 14567: 14566: 14564: 14563: 14557: 14555: 14549: 14548: 14546: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14527: 14522: 14521: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14487: 14482: 14476: 14474: 14468: 14467: 14465: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14428: 14426: 14417: 14409: 14408: 14406: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14379: 14377: 14371: 14370: 14367: 14366: 14364: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14332: 14330: 14326: 14325: 14323: 14322: 14312:Propyphenazone 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14287:Aminophenazone 14283: 14281: 14275: 14274: 14272: 14271: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14167: 14165: 14159: 14158: 14156: 14155: 14150: 14148:Mefenamic acid 14145: 14140: 14134: 14132: 14126: 14125: 14123: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14083: 14081: 14075: 14074: 14072: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14017: 14015: 14011: 14010: 14008: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13981: 13979: 13975: 13974: 13972: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13928: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13891: 13889: 13882: 13876: 13875: 13873: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13856: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13794: 13792: 13785: 13784: 13781: 13780: 13778: 13777: 13772: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13618:Dextromoramide 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13589: 13587: 13583: 13582: 13580: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13498:Hydromorphinol 13495: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13449:Dihydrocodeine 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13418: 13416:Benzylmorphine 13413: 13407: 13405: 13401: 13400: 13398: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13372: 13371: 13370: 13365: 13354: 13352: 13339: 13333: 13332: 13316: 13315: 13308: 13301: 13293: 13284: 13283: 13280: 13279: 13278: 13277: 13274: 13263: 13257: 13251: 13250: 13247: 13246: 13243: 13242: 13240: 13239: 13234: 13228: 13226: 13222: 13221: 13219: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13202: 13200: 13194: 13193: 13191: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13169: 13167: 13161: 13160: 13158: 13157: 13152: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13110: 13108: 13102: 13101: 13099: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13077: 13075: 13069: 13068: 13066: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13029: 13027: 13021: 13020: 13018: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13001: 12999: 12990: 12984: 12983: 12981: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12953:Methoxypropane 12950: 12948:Methoxyflurane 12945: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12899: 12897: 12891: 12890: 12878: 12877: 12870: 12863: 12855: 12849: 12848: 12824: 12810: 12803: 12791: 12778: 12777: 12775: 12774:External links 12772: 12770: 12769: 12741:(4): 508–517. 12725: 12723: 12720: 12717: 12716: 12690: 12654: 12636:. p. 11. 12621: 12602:(3): 302–307. 12586: 12545: 12526:(3): 309–318. 12509: 12468: 12438: 12408: 12387: 12349: 12323: 12293: 12271: 12245: 12224:(9): 647–656. 12204: 12171: 12134: 12102: 12068: 12036: 12001: 11980: 11950: 11919: 11889: 11858: 11827: 11796: 11765: 11742: 11710: 11677: 11651: 11621: 11578: 11546: 11505: 11472: 11440: 11404: 11373: 11340: 11308: 11272: 11245: 11221: 11185: 11162: 11155: 11131: 11101: 11075: 11042: 11011: 10962: 10929: 10899: 10869: 10843: 10813: 10787: 10761: 10725: 10695: 10669: 10644: 10618: 10588: 10558: 10528: 10498: 10468: 10436: 10406: 10373: 10340: 10307: 10265: 10231: 10198: 10167: 10137: 10106: 10073: 10041: 10004: 9980: 9949: 9934: 9903: 9867: 9832: 9811: 9775: 9745: 9712: 9682: 9664: 9615: 9586:(5): 774–780. 9566: 9537: 9519:. March 2015. 9498: 9466: 9417: 9385: 9353: 9320: 9289: 9259: 9241: 9217: 9206:on 9 July 2021 9185: 9154: 9128: 9094: 9068: 9044: 9011: 8975: 8960:. AZoNetwork. 8944: 8901: 8875: 8849: 8800: 8773:(2): 130–141. 8757: 8714: 8671: 8639: 8596: 8566: 8536: 8514: 8484: 8435: 8406:(4): 385–412. 8386: 8345: 8294: 8261: 8226: 8191: 8178: 8163: 8142: 8112: 8074: 8063:(2): 330–334. 8047: 8004: 7978: 7963: 7945: 7938: 7915: 7885: 7850: 7820: 7790: 7763: 7744:(4): 437–441. 7728: 7677: 7647: 7596: 7567:(4): 297–300. 7547: 7518:(2): 112–115. 7498: 7447: 7425: 7392: 7361: 7332:(7): 733–735. 7312: 7287: 7261: 7212: 7176: 7143: 7104: 7073: 7042: 7009: 6979: 6947: 6936:on 5 June 2016 6915: 6885: 6855: 6822: 6790: 6758: 6728: 6679: 6653: 6602: 6574: 6555: 6499: 6401: 6333: 6302: 6262: 6235:(8): 714–716. 6219: 6192:(6): 835–839. 6176: 6141: 6126: 6069: 6040:(6): 508–510. 6020: 5990: 5964: 5937:(3): 240–241. 5921: 5894:(5): 779–780. 5878: 5867:(8): 397–399. 5850: 5809: 5788:(2): 199–202. 5768: 5749:(4): 477–480. 5733: 5669: 5636: 5600: 5571:(2): 427–433. 5551: 5498: 5477:(6): 874–886. 5457: 5406: 5370: 5340: 5289: 5238: 5209:(6): 671–680. 5189: 5154: 5114: 5083: 5034: 5004: 4997: 4974: 4939: 4912:(1): 256–259. 4896: 4844: 4825:(6): 699–703. 4809: 4740: 4713:(7): 517–522. 4693: 4664:(3): 200–209. 4644: 4590: 4571: 4541: 4502:Pain Physician 4488: 4453: 4438: 4413: 4398: 4380: 4349: 4323: 4298: 4261: 4227: 4193: 4158: 4129: 4099: 4069: 4039: 4017: 3997: 3956: 3926: 3893: 3863: 3817: 3787: 3753: 3721: 3678: 3639: 3620: 3593:(3): 207–212. 3577: 3566:. 20 July 2009 3551: 3522: 3473: 3454: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3385: 3384:Veterinary use 3382: 3347: 3344: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3264: 3257: 3236: 3229: 3204: 3193: 3178: 3167: 3160: 3153: 3152:, and alcohol. 3138: 3123: 3116: 3110:said musician 3104: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3071: 3060: 3049: 3037: 3036:Notable deaths 3034: 3001: 2998: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2962: 2822:acetylfentanyl 2746: 2743: 2659: 2656: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2464: 2461: 2429: 2426: 2416:from N-Benzyl- 2414:benzylfentanyl 2401: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2359: 2356: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2318: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2216: 2206: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2183: 2167: 2164: 2155: 2152: 2127: 2124: 2091: 2090:Classification 2088: 2080: 2077: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2036: 2033: 1974: 1971: 1955: 1939: 1918: 1802: 1799: 1794: 1791: 1762: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1741: 1725: 1722: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1635: 1615: 1612: 1535: 1532: 1502: 1499: 1478: 1475: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1432: 1429:kidney failure 1425: 1405: 1402: 1392: 1389: 1349: 1346: 1312: 1309: 1275: 1272: 1259: 1256: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1189:drugs such as 1187:pharmaceutical 1107:narcotic ileus 1099:hallucinations 1004: 1003: 992: 991: 989: 988: 985: 983: 980: 972: 971: 970: 967: 966: 964: 963: 960: 952: 951: 950: 947: 946: 943: 937: 936: 933: 927: 926: 924: 923: 915: 913: 905: 904: 898: 892: 891: 885: 879: 873: 868: 862: 861: 857: 856: 846: 838: 837: 835: 834: 821: 819: 806: 805: 803: 802: 786: 784: 778: 777: 775: 774: 766: 764: 758: 757: 755: 754: 746: 744: 738: 737: 735: 734: 726: 724: 718: 717: 715: 714: 706: 704: 698: 697: 695: 694: 686: 684: 678: 677: 675: 674: 666: 664: 658: 657: 655: 654: 646: 644: 638: 637: 635: 634: 626: 624: 613: 612: 610: 609: 601: 599: 593: 592: 590: 589: 579: 571: 570: 569: 566: 565: 561: 560: 553: 547: 546: 536: 530: 529: 504:hours (T1/2 ɣ) 498:hours (T1/2 β) 483: 474: 473: 466: 460: 459: 450: 444: 443: 440: 434: 433: 418: 412: 411: 404: 403: 401: 400: 391: 379: 364: 352: 341: 329: 318: 305: 291: 289: 283: 282: 278: 277: 275: 274: 251: 249: 243: 242: 237: 231: 230: 201: 199:administration 193: 192: 189: 181: 180: 177: 169: 168: 166: 165: 163: 153: 151: 143: 142: 140: 139: 121: 119: 113: 112: 105: 99: 98: 91: 81: 80: 77: 71: 70: 64: 60: 59: 55: 54: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19050: 19039: 19036: 19034: 19031: 19029: 19026: 19024: 19023:Propionamides 19021: 19019: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19009: 19006: 19004: 19001: 18999: 18996: 18994: 18991: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18970: 18968: 18958: 18948: 18947: 18944: 18931: 18930: 18926: 18923: 18922: 18919: 18913: 18910: 18908: 18905: 18902: 18901: 18898: 18895: 18893: 18890: 18888: 18885: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18870: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18822:Sulfisoxazole 18820: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18778: 18775: 18773: 18770: 18768: 18765: 18763: 18760: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18750: 18748: 18745: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18697:Phenobarbital 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18589: 18585: 18583: 18582:Levothyroxine 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18568: 18566: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18544:Guggulsterone 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18507: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18439:Dicloxacillin 18437: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18424: 18420: 18417: 18414: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18404:Dexamethasone 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18339:Cephaloridine 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18229: 18228: 18226: 18221: 18215: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18143: 18142: 18139: 18138:Valproic acid 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18098:Phenobarbital 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18043: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17998:Carbamazepine 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17973: 17972: 17970: 17965: 17959: 17955: 17952: 17945: 17940: 17938: 17933: 17931: 17926: 17925: 17922: 17909: 17906: 17903: 17902: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17893:Pronociceptin 17891: 17889: 17888:Proenkephalin 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17873: 17872: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17772: 17771: 17769: 17765: 17755: 17752: 17750: 17747: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17684: 17683: 17681: 17677: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17547:Buprenorphine 17545: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17532: 17530: 17524: 17522: 17512: 17510: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17498: 17496: 17492: 17489: 17485: 17481: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17280:Buprenorphine 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17230:Amentoflavone 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17187: 17185: 17181: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17154: 17153:nortriptyline 17150: 17146: 17142: 17141:amitriptyline 17138: 17135: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17097: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16847:Hydromorphone 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16762:Diprenorphine 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16742:Difelikefalin 16740: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16722:Cyprenorphine 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16667:Big dynorphin 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16587:3CS-nalmefene 16585: 16584: 16582: 16578: 16575: 16571: 16567: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16431:Diprenorphine 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16353: 16351: 16347: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16181: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16135:Hydromorphone 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16045:Deltorphin II 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15930:3CS-nalmefene 15928: 15927: 15925: 15921: 15918: 15914: 15910: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15779:Methocinnamox 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15739:Ginsenoside R 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15709:Diprenorphine 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15586:3CS-nalmefene 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15573: 15571: 15567: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15415:Phencyclidine 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15390: 15386: 15385: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15358:Oxymorphazone 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15148:Hydromorphone 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15093:Ethylmorphine 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15083:Endomorphin-2 15081: 15079: 15078:Endomorphin-1 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15058:Diphenoxylate 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14943:Butyrfentanyl 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14928:Buprenorphine 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14843:Acrylfentanyl 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14818:ψ-Akuammigine 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14787: 14784: 14780: 14776: 14772: 14769: 14762: 14757: 14755: 14750: 14748: 14743: 14742: 14739: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14700: 14696: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14621: 14619: 14615: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14603:Methocarbamol 14601: 14599: 14598:Mephenoxalone 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14588:Chlorzoxazone 14586: 14584: 14581: 14580: 14578: 14576: 14572: 14562: 14559: 14558: 14556: 14554: 14550: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14524: 14523: 14519: 14518:amitriptyline 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14499: 14495: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14480:Carbamazepine 14478: 14477: 14475: 14473: 14469: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14429: 14427: 14425: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14410: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14380: 14378: 14376: 14372: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14333: 14331: 14327: 14320: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14284: 14282: 14280: 14276: 14269: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14176: 14172: 14169: 14168: 14166: 14164: 14160: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14135: 14133: 14131: 14127: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14095: 14088: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14080: 14076: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14049: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14018: 14016: 14012: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13982: 13980: 13976: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13939: 13938:Dexketoprofen 13932: 13929: 13926: 13918: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13892: 13890: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13877: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13815: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13786: 13776: 13773: 13770: 13766: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13713:Phenoperidine 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13653: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13643:Ethoheptazine 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13590: 13588: 13584: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13562: 13558: 13554: 13550: 13546: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13503:Hydromorphone 13501: 13499: 13496: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13472:Ethylmorphine 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13457: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13429: 13422: 13421:Buprenorphine 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13404:Semisynthetic 13402: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13380: 13376: 13373: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13360: 13359: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13351: 13347: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13334: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13314: 13309: 13307: 13302: 13300: 13295: 13294: 13291: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13252: 13248: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13229: 13227: 13223: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13199: 13195: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13183:Phencyclidine 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13170: 13168: 13166: 13162: 13156: 13153: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13144:Phenoperidine 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13111: 13109: 13107: 13103: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13078: 13076: 13074: 13070: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13048:Narcobarbital 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13030: 13028: 13026: 13022: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12998: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12985: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12958:Nitrous oxide 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12918:Diethyl ether 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12900: 12898: 12896: 12892: 12887: 12883: 12876: 12871: 12869: 12864: 12862: 12857: 12856: 12853: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12836: 12832: 12828: 12813: 12766: 12762: 12758: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12740: 12736: 12732: 12727: 12726: 12704: 12700: 12694: 12675: 12671: 12664: 12658: 12639: 12632: 12625: 12617: 12613: 12609: 12605: 12601: 12597: 12590: 12582: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12565:(2): 99–105. 12564: 12560: 12556: 12549: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12529: 12525: 12521: 12513: 12505: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12487: 12483: 12479: 12472: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12442: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12412: 12404: 12397: 12391: 12375: 12371: 12367: 12353: 12337: 12333: 12327: 12311: 12307: 12303: 12297: 12289: 12285: 12281: 12275: 12259: 12255: 12249: 12241: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12223: 12219: 12215: 12208: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12178: 12176: 12159: 12155: 12154: 12148: 12141: 12139: 12122: 12118: 12117: 12112: 12106: 12090: 12086: 12085: 12081: 12075: 12073: 12056: 12052: 12051: 12046: 12040: 12024: 12020: 12019: 12014: 12008: 12006: 11997: 11996: 11991: 11984: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11954: 11938: 11934: 11930: 11923: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11893: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11862: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11831: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11800: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11769: 11753: 11746: 11730: 11726: 11725: 11724:Rolling Stone 11720: 11714: 11698: 11694: 11693: 11692:Rolling Stone 11688: 11681: 11665: 11661: 11655: 11639: 11635: 11631: 11625: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11596: 11590: 11582: 11566: 11562: 11561: 11560:Rolling Stone 11556: 11550: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11521: 11516: 11509: 11493: 11489: 11488: 11483: 11476: 11460: 11456: 11455: 11450: 11444: 11428: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11411: 11409: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11377: 11361: 11357: 11356: 11351: 11344: 11328: 11324: 11323: 11318: 11312: 11296: 11292: 11291: 11286: 11279: 11277: 11260: 11256: 11249: 11241: 11237: 11236: 11231: 11225: 11209: 11205: 11204: 11199: 11195: 11189: 11173: 11166: 11158: 11152: 11148: 11144: 11143: 11135: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11105: 11089: 11085: 11079: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11049: 11047: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11015: 11007: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10966: 10947: 10944:. p. 1. 10940: 10933: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10903: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10873: 10857: 10853: 10847: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10817: 10801: 10797: 10791: 10775: 10771: 10765: 10746: 10742: 10735: 10729: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10699: 10683: 10679: 10673: 10658: 10654: 10648: 10632: 10628: 10622: 10606: 10602: 10601:Wilson Center 10598: 10592: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10562: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10532: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10502: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10472: 10456: 10452: 10451: 10446: 10440: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10410: 10394: 10390: 10388: 10383: 10377: 10361: 10357: 10356: 10351: 10344: 10328: 10324: 10323: 10318: 10311: 10292: 10288: 10287: 10278: 10272: 10270: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10238: 10236: 10219: 10215: 10214: 10209: 10202: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10171: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10141: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10110: 10094: 10090: 10089: 10084: 10077: 10061: 10057: 10056: 10051: 10045: 10029: 10025: 10024: 10019: 10008: 10000: 9996: 9995: 9990: 9984: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9953: 9945: 9938: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9907: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9871: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9836: 9828: 9824: 9818: 9816: 9799: 9795: 9794: 9789: 9779: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9749: 9733: 9729: 9728: 9723: 9716: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9686: 9678: 9674: 9668: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9638:(29): 793–6. 9637: 9633: 9626: 9619: 9611: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9570: 9562: 9558: 9557: 9552: 9544: 9542: 9522: 9518: 9511: 9505: 9503: 9486: 9482: 9481: 9476: 9470: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9421: 9405: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9389: 9373: 9369: 9368: 9363: 9357: 9341: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9324: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9293: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9263: 9255: 9251: 9245: 9234: 9227: 9221: 9202: 9195: 9189: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9158: 9142: 9138: 9132: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9098: 9082: 9078: 9072: 9061: 9054: 9048: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9018: 9016: 8996: 8992: 8985: 8979: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8948: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8905: 8889: 8885: 8879: 8863: 8859: 8853: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8811: 8804: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8718: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8675: 8656: 8649: 8643: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8600: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8570: 8554: 8551:. Siegfried. 8550: 8546: 8540: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8518: 8502: 8498: 8497:www.unodc.org 8494: 8488: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8439: 8431: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8390: 8382: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8349: 8341: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8298: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8230: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8195: 8188: 8182: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8160: 8156: 8149: 8147: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8116: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8081: 8079: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8008: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7956: 7949: 7941: 7935: 7931: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7824: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7778: 7774: 7767: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7732: 7724: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7681: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7651: 7643: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7592: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7396: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7257: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7232:(2): 93–102. 7231: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7197: 7193: 7186: 7180: 7164: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7147: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7114: 7108: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7046: 7030: 7026: 7025: 7024:Rolling Stone 7020: 7013: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6983: 6964: 6957: 6951: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6919: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6826: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6794: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6762: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6699:(2): 95–110. 6698: 6694: 6690: 6683: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6622:: 3281–3294. 6621: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6503: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6406: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6337: 6329: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5605: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5377: 5375: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5000: 4994: 4990: 4989:Austria-Codex 4983: 4981: 4979: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4849: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4700: 4698: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4594: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4286: 4282: 4279:(factsheet). 4278: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4249: 4245: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4198: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4007: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3775: 3771: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3735:Health Canada 3731: 3725: 3718: 3695: 3688: 3682: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3625: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3411: 3408:Furthermore, 3406: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3381: 3378: 3370: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320:drug cocktail 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3250:drama series 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3218:drama series 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3182:Mark Goffeney 3179: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3133:and quiz app 3132: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2990:cryptomarkets 2987: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2961: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2936:disguised as 2935: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2906:In 2020, the 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2846:Health Canada 2835: 2831: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2782: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2697: 2693: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2668: 2667:clandestinely 2664: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2618: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2570: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2469: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2450: 2446: 2444: 2434: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2348:sulfuric acid 2345: 2341: 2337: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2282: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2238: 2236:>1,000 nM 2235: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2178: 2174: 2163: 2160: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2132: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2032: 2030: 2027:physician at 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1921: 1913: 1911: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1798: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775:noradrenaline 1771: 1769: 1758: 1745: 1744:Vasodilation: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1611: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1556: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1531: 1529: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462:combat medics 1460: 1457: 1448: 1441: 1437: 1436:hydromorphone 1433: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1398: 1388: 1386: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1345: 1337: 1317: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1129:, and death. 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1000: 993: 984: 979: 978: 975: 968: 959: 958: 955: 948: 944: 942: 941:Melting point 938: 935:1.1 g/cm 934: 932: 928: 921: 917: 916: 914: 911: 906: 899: 897: 893: 869: 867: 863: 858: 854: 850: 847: 845: 843:ECHA InfoCard 839: 831: 827: 826:DTXSID9023049 823: 822: 820: 811: 807: 799: 798:RCSB PDB 793: 788: 787: 785: 783: 779: 772: 768: 767: 765: 763: 759: 752: 748: 747: 745: 743: 739: 732: 728: 727: 725: 723: 719: 712: 708: 707: 705: 703: 699: 692: 688: 687: 685: 683: 679: 672: 668: 667: 665: 663: 659: 652: 648: 647: 645: 643: 639: 632: 628: 627: 625: 618: 614: 607: 603: 602: 600: 598: 594: 586: 582: 578: 577: 574: 567: 562: 554: 552: 548: 537: 535: 531: 492:mins (T1/2 α) 484: 482: 475: 467: 465: 461: 458: 454: 451: 449: 445: 441: 439: 435: 430:80% (inhaled) 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 399: Rx-only 392: 390: 380: 377: 365: 363: 353: 351: 342: 339: 330: 328: 319: 316: 306: 303: 293: 292: 290: 288: 284: 279: 271: 266: 261: 256: 253: 252: 250: 248: 244: 241: 238: 236: 232: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 212:intramuscular 209: 205: 202: 200: 194: 190: 188: 182: 178: 176: 170: 164: 155: 154: 152: 150: 144: 137: 132: 123: 122: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 76: 72: 68: 65: 63:Pronunciation 61: 58:Clinical data 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 30: 19: 19003:HERG blocker 18927: 18907:Ketoconazole 18904:Antagonists: 18903: 18877:Troglitazone 18852:Tetracycline 18807:Spiroxatrine 18752:Quingestrone 18747:Progesterone 18732:Pregnenolone 18727:Pregnanolone 18717:Pregnanediol 18712:Prednisolone 18637:Mifepristone 18564: 18539:Griseofulvin 18523: 18519:Fenbendazole 18504:Famprofazone 18499:Erythromycin 18494:Epothilone B 18479:Eburnamonine 18374:Clotrimazole 18364:Clofenvinfos 18299:Antimycotics 18230: 18193:Okadaic acid 18145:Antagonists: 18144: 18133:Troglitazone 18068:Mifepristone 18063:Methoxychlor 18058:Griseofulvin 18053:Ellagic acid 18033:Cypermethrin 18023:Clotrimazole 17974: 17904: 17883:Prodynorphin 17875:Propeptides: 17874: 17773: 17744:Thienorphine 17567:JNJ-19385899 17552:Cebranopadol 17534:Ac-RYYRIK-NH 17526:Ac-RYYRWK-NH 17210:6β-Naltrexol 17127:Thienorphine 17092:Salvinorin A 16892:Levallorphan 16811: 16697:Cebranopadol 16556:Thienorphine 16366:6β-Naltrexol 16150:JNJ-20788560 16145:Isomethadone 16109: 16040:Deltorphin I 16035:Deltorphin A 16015:Cebranopadol 16010:Casokefamide 15844:Naltrexazone 15834:Naloxonazine 15759:Levallorphan 15606:6β-Naltrexol 15505:Thienorphine 15460:Remifentanil 15382: 15313:Nicomorphine 15308:Nicodicodine 15263:Morphiceptin 15163:Ketobemidone 15102: 14998:Desomorphine 14983:DAMGO (DAGO) 14963:Cebranopadol 14958:Casokefamide 14608:Orphenadrine 14583:Carisoprodol 14575:Myorelaxants 14525: 14375:Cannabinoids 14341:Floctafenine 14246:Salicylamide 13925:+paracetamol 13917:Dexibuprofen 13905:Flurbiprofen 13895:Benoxaprofen 13870:Propacetamol 13860:Parapropamol 13828:+hydrocodone 13769:+paracetamol 13738:Remifentanil 13728:Proheptazine 13658:Ketobemidone 13647: 13598:Alphaprodine 13545:+paracetamol 13533:Nicomorphine 13528:Nicodicodine 13484:+paracetamol 13456:+paracetamol 13439:Desomorphine 13368:+paracetamol 13216:Hydroxydione 13149:Remifentanil 13133: 13043:Methohexital 13038:Hexobarbital 13025:Barbiturates 12908:Cyclopropane 12895:Inhalational 12738: 12734: 12707:. Retrieved 12693: 12683:22 September 12681:. Retrieved 12657: 12645:. Retrieved 12624: 12599: 12595: 12589: 12562: 12558: 12548: 12523: 12519: 12512: 12485: 12481: 12471: 12459:. Retrieved 12450: 12441: 12429:. Retrieved 12420: 12411: 12402: 12390: 12378:. Retrieved 12352: 12340:. Retrieved 12326: 12314:. Retrieved 12296: 12288:the original 12283: 12274: 12262:. Retrieved 12248: 12221: 12217: 12207: 12195:. Retrieved 12162:. Retrieved 12151: 12125:. Retrieved 12114: 12105: 12093:. Retrieved 12082: 12059:. Retrieved 12048: 12039: 12027:. Retrieved 12016: 11995:The Guardian 11993: 11983: 11973:20 September 11971:. Retrieved 11962: 11953: 11943:25 September 11941:. Retrieved 11932: 11922: 11910:. Retrieved 11901: 11892: 11882:24 September 11880:. Retrieved 11871: 11861: 11849:. Retrieved 11840: 11830: 11818:. Retrieved 11809: 11799: 11787:. Retrieved 11783:the original 11778: 11768: 11756:. Retrieved 11750:Goffeney A. 11745: 11733:. Retrieved 11722: 11713: 11701:. Retrieved 11690: 11680: 11668:. Retrieved 11654: 11642:. Retrieved 11633: 11624: 11612:. Retrieved 11593: 11581: 11569:. Retrieved 11558: 11549: 11537:. Retrieved 11518: 11508: 11496:. Retrieved 11485: 11475: 11463:. Retrieved 11459:the original 11452: 11443: 11431:. Retrieved 11420: 11395:. Retrieved 11376: 11364:. Retrieved 11353: 11343: 11331:. Retrieved 11320: 11311: 11299:. Retrieved 11288: 11263:. Retrieved 11259:the original 11248: 11240:the original 11233: 11224: 11212:. Retrieved 11208:the original 11201: 11188: 11176:. Retrieved 11165: 11141: 11134: 11122:. Retrieved 11104: 11092:. Retrieved 11078: 11066:. Retrieved 11033:. Retrieved 11024: 11014: 10979: 10975: 10965: 10953:. Retrieved 10932: 10920:. Retrieved 10911: 10902: 10890:. Retrieved 10881: 10872: 10860:. Retrieved 10846: 10834:. Retrieved 10825: 10816: 10804:. Retrieved 10790: 10778:. Retrieved 10774:the original 10764: 10752:. Retrieved 10728: 10716:. Retrieved 10707: 10698: 10686:. Retrieved 10681: 10672: 10660:. Retrieved 10656: 10647: 10635:. Retrieved 10630: 10621: 10609:. Retrieved 10605:the original 10600: 10591: 10579:. Retrieved 10575:the original 10570: 10561: 10549:. Retrieved 10545:the original 10540: 10531: 10519:. Retrieved 10510: 10501: 10489:. Retrieved 10480: 10471: 10459:. Retrieved 10455:the original 10448: 10439: 10427:. Retrieved 10423:the original 10418: 10409: 10397:. Retrieved 10385: 10376: 10364:. Retrieved 10353: 10343: 10331:. Retrieved 10320: 10310: 10298:. Retrieved 10283: 10258:23 September 10256:. Retrieved 10247: 10222:. Retrieved 10211: 10201: 10189:. Retrieved 10180: 10170: 10158:. Retrieved 10149: 10140: 10128:. Retrieved 10119: 10109: 10097:. Retrieved 10086: 10085:. National. 10076: 10064:. Retrieved 10053: 10044: 10032:. Retrieved 10021: 10007: 9999:the original 9992: 9983: 9971:. Retrieved 9962: 9952: 9937: 9925:. Retrieved 9921:the original 9906: 9881: 9877: 9870: 9845: 9841: 9835: 9827:the original 9802:. Retrieved 9791: 9778: 9766:. Retrieved 9757: 9748: 9736:. Retrieved 9725: 9715: 9703:. Retrieved 9699:the original 9685: 9676: 9667: 9655:. Retrieved 9635: 9631: 9618: 9583: 9579: 9569: 9561:the original 9554: 9528:. Retrieved 9489:. Retrieved 9478: 9469: 9434: 9430: 9420: 9408:. Retrieved 9397: 9388: 9376:. Retrieved 9365: 9356: 9344:. Retrieved 9335:The Guardian 9333: 9323: 9311:. Retrieved 9302: 9292: 9280:. Retrieved 9271: 9262: 9254:the original 9244: 9233:the original 9220: 9208:. Retrieved 9201:the original 9188: 9176:. Retrieved 9172:the original 9167: 9157: 9145:. Retrieved 9141:the original 9131: 9119:. Retrieved 9110: 9106: 9097: 9085:. Retrieved 9071: 9047: 9035:. Retrieved 9031:the original 9002:. Retrieved 8978: 8966:. Retrieved 8957: 8947: 8914: 8910: 8904: 8892:. Retrieved 8887: 8878: 8866:. Retrieved 8861: 8852: 8841:the original 8820: 8816: 8803: 8770: 8766: 8760: 8727: 8723: 8717: 8684: 8680: 8674: 8662:. Retrieved 8642: 8630:. Retrieved 8613: 8609: 8599: 8587:. Retrieved 8578: 8569: 8557:. Retrieved 8548: 8539: 8526: 8517: 8505:. Retrieved 8496: 8487: 8452: 8448: 8438: 8403: 8399: 8389: 8362: 8358: 8348: 8311: 8307: 8297: 8285:. Retrieved 8264: 8239: 8235: 8229: 8204: 8200: 8194: 8186: 8181: 8154: 8133:. Retrieved 8124: 8115: 8090: 8086: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8017: 8013: 8007: 7995:. Retrieved 7981: 7954: 7948: 7929: 7906:. Retrieved 7888: 7876:. Retrieved 7841:. Retrieved 7832: 7823: 7811:. Retrieved 7802: 7793: 7781:. Retrieved 7766: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7694: 7690: 7680: 7670:16 September 7668:. Retrieved 7659: 7650: 7613: 7609: 7599: 7564: 7560: 7550: 7515: 7511: 7501: 7460: 7456: 7450: 7442:the original 7437: 7428: 7418:16 September 7416:. Retrieved 7405: 7395: 7383:. Retrieved 7374: 7364: 7329: 7325: 7315: 7303:. Retrieved 7299: 7290: 7278:. Retrieved 7272:. Drugbank. 7264: 7229: 7225: 7215: 7203:. Retrieved 7179: 7167:. Retrieved 7158:The Guardian 7156: 7146: 7134:. Retrieved 7119: 7107: 7095:. Retrieved 7076: 7064:. Retrieved 7055: 7045: 7033:. Retrieved 7022: 7012: 7002:14 September 7000:. Retrieved 6991: 6982: 6970:. Retrieved 6963:the original 6950: 6938:. Retrieved 6934:the original 6927: 6918: 6906:. Retrieved 6888: 6876:. Retrieved 6858: 6846:. Retrieved 6835: 6825: 6813:. Retrieved 6802: 6793: 6781:. Retrieved 6770: 6761: 6749:. Retrieved 6740: 6731: 6696: 6692: 6682: 6672:10 September 6670:. Retrieved 6656: 6619: 6615: 6605: 6597: 6594:the original 6586: 6577: 6568: 6558: 6546:. Retrieved 6518: 6514: 6502: 6490:. Retrieved 6483:the original 6424: 6420: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6328:Google Books 6326:– via 6320:. Retrieved 6276: 6265: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6117: 6037: 6033: 6023: 6011:. Retrieved 5993: 5985:the original 5980: 5976: 5967: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5829:(2): 47–48. 5826: 5822: 5812: 5785: 5781: 5771: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5724:. Retrieved 5691: 5687: 5660:. Retrieved 5627:. Retrieved 5615: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5542:. Retrieved 5515: 5511: 5501: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5397:. Retrieved 5386: 5361:. Retrieved 5352: 5343: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5130: 5126: 5117: 5105:. Retrieved 5051: 5047: 5037: 5025:. Retrieved 5016: 5007: 4988: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4864: 4860: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4800:. Retrieved 4775:10072/416502 4757: 4753: 4743: 4710: 4706: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4635:. Retrieved 4610: 4606: 4593: 4581:. Retrieved 4554: 4544: 4532:. Retrieved 4505: 4501: 4491: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4429: 4389: 4383: 4371:. Retrieved 4362: 4352: 4340:. Retrieved 4336: 4326: 4314:. Retrieved 4310: 4301: 4289:. Retrieved 4252:. Retrieved 4239: 4230: 4218:. Retrieved 4209: 4184:. Retrieved 4175: 4152:10665/345533 4138: 4132: 4120:. Retrieved 4111: 4102: 4090:. Retrieved 4081: 4072: 4060:. Retrieved 4051: 4042: 4030:. Retrieved 4000: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3947:. Retrieved 3938: 3929: 3917:. Retrieved 3908: 3884:. Retrieved 3875: 3866: 3854:. Retrieved 3837: 3808:. Retrieved 3799: 3790: 3778:. Retrieved 3765: 3756: 3744:. Retrieved 3733: 3724: 3708: 3701:. Retrieved 3681: 3669:. Retrieved 3632: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3570:11 September 3568:. Retrieved 3563: 3554: 3542:. Retrieved 3534: 3525: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3464:. Retrieved 3444: 3437: 3407: 3392:and general 3387: 3349: 3332: 3283:a prisoner. 3278: 3251: 3219: 3188:, he played 3186:without arms 3157:Lexii Alijai 3142:Tyler Skaggs 3007: 3003: 2975: 2967: 2954: 2942: 2931: 2911: 2905: 2889:South Africa 2881: 2865: 2862: 2826: 2815: 2794:tablet press 2774: 2737: 2721:Dayton, Ohio 2706: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2672: 2661: 2644: 2635:The Guardian 2633: 2631: 2621: 2610: 2595: 2588: 2581: 2578:Legal status 2552: 2541: 2534: 2526: 2506:Paul Janssen 2503: 2495: 2481:4-Piperidone 2478: 2473:4-Piperidone 2454: 2442: 2439: 2418:4-Piperidone 2411: 2394: 2369: 2344:formaldehyde 2336:immunoassays 2333: 2296: 2271: 2263: 2247: 2228:MOR:DOR:KOR 2157: 2148: 2137: 2108:remifentanil 2093: 2079:Pharmacology 2069:social media 2066: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2018: 2010: 2006:panic attack 1976: 1960: 1914: 1907: 1891: 1854: 1830: 1796: 1787: 1772: 1764: 1755: 1743: 1730:Bradycardia: 1729: 1711: 1689: 1674:Respiratory 1667:Decreased CO 1629: 1617: 1605: 1562: 1512: 1504: 1480: 1454: 1445: 1415: 1394: 1358:chronic pain 1351: 1348:Chronic pain 1338: 1328:400(PecFent) 1326: 1305:remifentanil 1277: 1261: 1252: 1213: 1205:Medical uses 1162: 1150:Paul Janssen 1147: 1115:constipation 1069:, including 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1008: 1007: 996: 751:CHEBI:119915 587:-propanamide 584: 580: 478:Elimination 424:50% (buccal) 287:Legal status 281:Legal status 117:License data 29: 19013:Piperidines 18993:Euphoriants 18892:Zafirlukast 18862:Thiothixene 18842:Terconazole 18792:Simvastatin 18667:Nisoldipine 18662:Nilvadipine 18647:Nicardipine 18617:Metacycline 18444:Dimercaprol 18399:Demecolcine 18359:Clindamycin 18354:Ciglitazone 18304:Artemisinin 18284:Ambrisentan 18188:Nigramide J 18123:Telmisartan 18083:Nicardipine 17993:Benfuracarb 17988:Artemisinin 17813:Kelatorphan 17790:Candoxatril 17679:Antagonists 17630:Racemorphan 17597:NNC 63-0532 17582:Lexanopadol 17577:Levorphanol 17455:Quadazocine 17440:Pawhuskin A 17435:Noribogaine 17425:Navacaprant 17415:Naltrindole 17335:Epicatechin 17300:Clocinnamox 17183:Antagonists 17145:desipramine 17112:Samidorphan 17082:Racemorphan 17067:Phenazocine 17057:Pentazocine 17037:Norketamine 17032:Noribogaine 16992:Nalfurafine 16957:Mirtazapine 16947:Metkefamide 16907:Lexanopadol 16902:Levorphanol 16882:Laudanosine 16867:ICI-204,448 16862:ICI-199,441 16832:Hemorphin-4 16792:Erinacine E 16777:Eluxadoline 16767:Dynorphin A 16712:Cyclazocine 16687:Butorphanol 16672:Bremazocine 16647:Asimadoline 16637:Allomatrine 16627:Akuammicine 16536:Quadazocine 16531:Pawhuskin A 16526:Noribogaine 16511:Naltrindole 16451:Epicatechin 16446:Eluxadoline 16421:Clocinnamox 16349:Antagonists 16280:Samidorphan 16270:Racemorphan 16250:Oxymorphone 16210:Mitragynine 16205:Metkefamide 16185:Lexanopadol 16180:Levorphanol 16165:Laudanosine 16130:Hydrocodone 16125:Hemorphin-4 16025:Cyclazocine 16000:Butorphanol 15975:β-Endorphin 15894:Samidorphan 15889:Quadazocine 15879:Pawhuskin A 15869:Noribogaine 15859:Naltrindole 15794:Naldemedine 15724:Epicatechin 15681:Clocinnamox 15569:Antagonists 15540:Tubotaiwine 15525:Trimebutine 15455:Racemorphan 15425:Piritramide 15410:Phenazocine 15395:Pentazocine 15368:Oxymorphone 15333:Oliceridine 15318:Norketamine 15303:Nicocodeine 15288:Naltalimide 15253:Mitragynine 15243:Metkefamide 15213:Loxicodegol 15203:Lexanopadol 15198:Levorphanol 15173:Laudanosine 15138:Hydrocodone 15133:Hodgkinsine 15123:Hemorphin-4 15113:Frakefamide 15073:Embutramide 15068:Dynorphin A 15028:Eluxadoline 15018:Dimenoxadol 14953:Carfentanil 14938:Butorphanol 14913:Bezitramide 14883:β-Endorphin 14873:Anileridine 14863:Akuammidine 14858:Akuammicine 14828:α-Narcotine 14710:from market 14654:Frunevetmab 14634:Bedinvetmab 14543:PF-05089771 14452:Mirogabalin 14413:Ion channel 14383:Cannabidiol 14336:Benzydamine 14279:Pyrazolones 14261:Wintergreen 14211:Ethenzamide 14206:Dipyrocetyl 14163:Salicylates 14105:Lumiracoxib 14041:Indometacin 13969:Zaltoprofen 13888:Propionates 13798:Acetanilide 13789:Paracetamol 13723:Piritramide 13708:Phenazocine 13703:Phenadoxone 13693:Pentazocine 13688:Oliceridine 13683:Norpipanone 13652:+fluanisone 13633:Dimenoxadol 13613:Carfentanil 13608:Bezitramide 13603:Anileridine 13572:Papaveretum 13567:Oxymorphone 13561:+naltrexone 13523:Nicocodeine 13508:Levorphanol 13477:Hydrocodone 13434:Butorphanol 13379:+naltrexone 13262:from market 13129:Embutramide 13124:Anileridine 13096:Remimazolam 13033:Amobarbital 13010:Fospropofol 12973:Vinyl ether 12963:Sevoflurane 12461:15 November 12431:15 November 12342:15 November 11789:18 February 11703:29 December 11498:16 November 11124:2 September 11094:2 September 11068:2 September 10708:Onsolis.com 10688:16 December 10662:16 December 10637:16 December 10521:15 November 10491:15 November 10088:Global News 10034:25 December 9768:23 November 9738:23 November 9282:8 September 9037:26 December 9004:26 December 8730:(1): 70–2. 8507:15 November 8242:: 106–111. 8207:: 106–111. 8093:: 107–116. 7878:21 December 7843:21 December 7813:21 December 7783:27 November 7155:. Society. 6992:Global News 6878:22 November 6848:4 September 6439:: 453–475. 6366:: 420–423. 5726:17 December 5662:4 September 5629:15 November 5353:Mayo Clinic 4373:20 February 4342:12 December 4316:12 December 4220:20 February 4186:20 February 4062:14 December 4032:14 December 3919:20 February 3886:20 February 3856:20 February 3800:MedlinePlus 3780:20 February 3493:: 107–111. 3419:transdermal 3410:transdermal 3350:In February 3304:intravenous 3240:Angus Cloud 3212:Omar Little 3127:Colin Kroll 3094:Saki Kaskas 3057:Jay Bennett 3022:child-proof 3018:pharmacists 2994:DreamMarket 2964:Brand names 2901:Netherlands 2854:Global News 2836:where 1,716 2745:Enforcement 2663:Illicit use 2475:to fentanyl 2422:norfentanyl 2325:understood. 2259:nociceptive 2140:hydrocodone 2112:carfentanil 1821:lethal dose 1542:A two 1292:obstetrical 1268:bupivacaine 1264:intrathecal 1123:hypotension 903: g·mol 849:100.006.468 564:Identifiers 378:Schedule II 228:transdermal 220:intravenous 216:intrathecal 103:MedlinePlus 75:Trade names 67:/ˈfɛntənɪl/ 18978:Analgesics 18967:Categories 18872:Tianeptine 18837:Tenylidone 18832:Tacrolimus 18777:Rimexolone 18767:Rifampicin 18707:Plicamycin 18692:Paclitaxel 18677:Omeprazole 18657:Nifedipine 18632:Mevastatin 18627:Metyrapone 18607:Lovastatin 18602:Loratadine 18559:Hyperforin 18549:Haloprogin 18514:Felodipine 18489:Enzacamene 18469:Dronabinol 18434:Diclazuril 18413:prasterone 18369:Chloroxine 18344:Cephradine 18314:Bile acids 18128:Tolnaftate 18093:Permethrin 18078:Nevirapine 18073:Nefazodone 18042:prasterone 18003:Carvedilol 17983:Amiodarone 17954:modulators 17908:Kyotorphin 17853:Spinorphin 17734:SB-612,111 17729:Nocistatin 17699:BAN-ORL-24 17650:SCH-486757 17645:SCH-221510 17484:Nociceptin 17445:PF-4455242 17420:Naringenin 17410:Naltrexone 17370:LY-2795050 17365:LY-2459989 17360:LY-2444296 17355:LY-2196044 17340:Hyperoside 17255:Aticaprant 17149:imipramine 17072:Proxorphan 17047:Oxilorphan 17017:Niravoline 17007:Nalorphine 16982:Nalbuphine 16967:Moxazocine 16942:Metazocine 16912:Lofentanil 16877:Ketazocine 16837:Herkinorin 16817:Gemazocine 16807:Fedotozine 16787:Eptazocine 16717:Cyclorphan 16702:Ciprefadol 16521:Naringenin 16501:Naltrexone 16496:Nalorphine 16471:LY-2196044 16461:ICI-174864 16456:ICI-154129 16401:Bevenopran 16376:α-Santolol 16340:Zenazocine 16320:Tonazocine 16275:RWJ-394674 16260:Proglumide 16200:Metazocine 16190:Lofentanil 16120:Fluorophen 15884:Rimonabant 15874:Oxilorphan 15864:Naringenin 15854:Naltrexone 15819:Naloxazone 15809:Nalorphine 15774:LY-2196044 15744:Hyperoside 15734:Gemazocine 15729:Eptazocine 15666:Bevenopran 15510:Tianeptine 15485:Tapentadol 15480:Sufentanil 15475:Sinomenine 15465:Salsolinol 15420:Piminodine 15338:Oxycodegol 15328:Octreotide 15323:Nufenoxole 15273:Nalbuphine 15228:Meptazinol 15208:Loperamide 15178:Lefetamine 15128:Herkinorin 15108:Fluorophen 15063:Dipipanone 14988:Dermorphin 14878:Apparicine 14868:Alfentanil 14791:(abridged; 14771:modulators 14684:Rimazolium 14679:Proglumide 14624:Analgecine 14561:Flupirtine 14504:Mexiletine 14485:Lacosamide 14462:Ziconotide 14457:Pregabalin 14447:Leconotide 14437:Gabapentin 14415:modulators 14398:Nabiximols 14361:Proquazone 14356:Nimesulide 14351:Nabumetone 14302:Nifenazone 14216:Guacetisal 14201:Diflunisal 14186:Benorylate 14120:Valdecoxib 14100:Etoricoxib 14031:Diclofenac 14021:Acemetacin 13990:Lornoxicam 13944:Loxoprofen 13931:Ketoprofen 13900:Fenoprofen 13865:Phenacetin 13843:+oxycodone 13833:+ibuprofen 13765:+celecoxib 13748:Tapentadol 13743:Sufentanil 13718:Piminodine 13668:Meptazinol 13663:Lofentanil 13638:Dipipanone 13593:Alfentanil 13553:+ibuprofen 13518:Nalbuphine 13488:+ibuprofen 13320:Analgesics 13237:Propanidid 13211:Alfaxalone 13206:Alfadolone 13188:Tiletamine 13173:Esketamine 13155:Sufentanil 13139:Alfentanil 13058:Thiopental 12943:Isoflurane 12913:Desflurane 12903:Chloroform 12842:(Report). 12827:Audio help 12818:2011-12-01 12699:"Recuvyra" 12647:19 January 11571:5 November 11539:20 January 11465:9 December 11433:21 January 11366:5 November 10982:: 108115. 10955:26 January 10922:26 January 10836:23 January 10822:"Fentanyl" 10739:(Report). 10391:(Report). 10091:. Canada. 10066:16 January 9657:2 December 9510:"Fentanyl" 9410:6 December 9346:3 December 9313:31 January 9178:5 November 9147:5 November 9121:19 January 9103:"Opiumwet" 8968:27 January 8664:25 January 8632:24 January 8610:ChemInform 8589:28 January 8559:24 January 8527:GPTA India 8365:: 103065. 8173:1039081701 8135:18 January 8121:"Fentanyl" 8020:: 110715. 7973:1015240036 7463:: 104914. 7280:18 January 7270:"Fentanyl" 7097:6 December 7035:5 November 6866:(Report). 6527:New Jersey 6453:sf80000806 6312:1088737571 6157:(5): 419. 6136:1063667873 5648:"Fentanyl" 5426:(1): 289. 5363:19 January 5027:7 December 4949:Metabolism 4448:1124935549 4291:4 December 4277:"Fentanyl" 3949:5 November 3872:"Fentanyl" 3838:StatPearls 3834:"Fentanyl" 3810:5 November 3762:"Fentanyl" 3746:5 November 3730:"Fentanyl" 3671:8 December 3544:22 October 3429:References 3394:anesthesia 3367:2008, the 3175:Power Trip 3171:Riley Gale 3144:died from 3120:Mac Miller 3055:guitarist 2934:tapentadol 2926:Shan State 2918:precursors 2899:, and the 2869:precursors 2453:4-anilino- 2177:Affinities 2144:meperidine 2104:alfentanil 2100:sufentanil 2083:See also: 2035:Prevention 1983:inhalative 1862:2014, the 1659:clonazepam 1651:alprazolam 1565:somnolence 1497:settings. 1459:Pararescue 1397:sublingual 1360:including 1354:management 1323:μg per use 1301:alfentanyl 1274:Obstetrics 1232:thiopental 1218:and as an 1216:anesthesia 1210:Anesthesia 1095:dyskinesia 1087:drowsiness 1013:piperidine 908:3D model ( 896:Molar mass 782:PDB ligand 711:UF599785JZ 682:ChemSpider 642:IUPHAR/BPS 597:CAS Number 573:IUPAC name 448:Metabolism 338:Anlage III 327:Schedule I 235:Drug class 224:sublingual 173:Dependence 18797:Sirolimus 18787:Ritonavir 18782:Riodipine 18772:Rifaximin 18757:Reserpine 18742:Proadifen 18687:Oxatomide 18642:Nafcillin 18612:Meclizine 18474:Droxidopa 18454:Docetaxel 18379:Colforsin 18329:Bumecaine 18319:Bithionol 18231:Agonists: 18208:T-0901317 18183:Meclizine 18113:Reserpine 18103:Phenytoin 18088:Octicizer 18048:Efavirenz 17975:Agonists: 17863:Tynorphin 17858:Thiorphan 17838:Opiorphan 17780:Amastatin 17709:J-113,397 17670:TH-030418 17640:Ro65-6570 17635:Ro64-6198 17562:Etorphine 17470:Zyklophin 17460:Taxifolin 17350:LY-255582 17310:Cyclofoxy 17260:Axelopran 17174:Xorphanol 17164:U-54,494A 17132:Tifluadom 17122:TH-030418 17052:Oxycodone 17042:Oripavine 17012:Naltriben 16997:Nalmefene 16952:Mianserin 16922:Lufuradom 16827:GR-103545 16802:Etorphine 16782:Enadoline 16682:Butorphan 16677:BRL-52537 16642:Apadoline 16551:Taxifolin 16546:SoRI-9409 16506:Naltriben 16491:Nalmefene 16466:LY-255582 16396:Axelopran 16335:Xorphanol 16305:TH-030418 16285:SB-235863 16245:Oxycodone 16240:Oripavine 16105:Etorphine 15995:Butorphan 15960:Amoxapine 15899:Taxifolin 15824:Naloxegol 15799:Nalmefene 15769:LY-255582 15699:Cyprodime 15694:Cyclofoxy 15661:Axelopran 15641:Alvimopan 15636:Akuammine 15621:α-Gliadin 15560:Xorphanol 15550:Valorphin 15495:TH-030418 15353:Oxycodone 15348:Oripavine 15283:Nalmexone 15238:Methadone 15218:LS-115509 15098:Etorphine 15088:Eseroline 14933:Butorphan 14794:full list 14720:Phase III 14708:Withdrawn 14689:Tanezumab 14649:Clonidine 14644:Capsaicin 14498:lidocaine 14346:Glafenine 14307:Phenazone 14251:Salsalate 14181:Aloxiprin 14130:Fenamates 14115:Rofecoxib 14110:Parecoxib 14094:+tramadol 14087:Celecoxib 14069:Zomepirac 14054:Ketorolac 14026:Bromfenac 14005:Tenoxicam 14000:Piroxicam 13995:Meloxicam 13954:Oxaprozin 13910:Ibuprofen 13853:+tramadol 13808:Butacetin 13673:Methadone 13586:Synthetic 13557:+naloxone 13538:Oxycodone 13467:Etorphine 13428:+naloxone 13395:Paregoric 13272:Phase III 13260:Withdrawn 13232:Etomidate 13119:Oxycodone 13091:Lorazepam 13081:Midazolam 13053:Thiamylal 12988:Injection 12938:Halothane 12933:Fluroxene 12923:Enflurane 12765:216084895 12451:USA Today 12197:15 August 12164:15 August 12127:15 August 12095:15 August 12061:15 August 12029:15 August 11810:Billboard 11758:18 August 11644:30 August 11604:0362-4331 11529:0362-4331 11333:22 August 10912:Drugs.com 10826:Drugs.com 10780:7 January 10770:"Abstral" 10389:(Myanmar) 10333:1 October 10300:4 October 10248:Brookings 10224:1 October 9580:Addiction 8709:253396263 8479:235255612 8314:(1): 30. 8287:3 October 8042:231918983 7697:(1): 34. 7616:(1): 34. 7493:219704174 7375:Stat News 7300:ReliefWeb 7066:9 January 6535:8750-0507 6429:Rockville 6282:Cambridge 5309:(1): 46. 5258:(1): 61. 5127:P & T 4792:181816438 4627:1098-7339 4408:993810322 4337:DanceSafe 4331:Nasir A. 4311:DrugsData 4122:7 October 4092:7 October 3703:7 October 3466:20 August 3405:in dogs. 3403:dysphoria 3289:death row 3150:oxycodone 3135:HQ Trivia 3112:Tom Petty 3068:Paul Gray 2972:Economics 2938:chocolate 2893:Indonesia 2690:Duragesic 2675:oxycodone 2591:Opium Law 2514:pethidine 2428:Siegfried 2391:Synthesis 2021:emergency 1646:Older age 1639:methadone 1593:histamine 1573:dyspepsia 1544:milligram 1491:Nebulized 1440:oxycodone 1364:. Often, 1297:Stimulant 1288:analgesia 1248:surgeries 1244:endoscopy 1220:analgesic 1199:narcotics 1191:oxycodone 1176:in 2018. 1169:overdoses 1075:confusion 1071:addiction 1067:narcotics 1060:Sublimaze 1056:Duragesic 1020:analgesic 771:ChEMBL596 551:Excretion 480:half-life 197:Routes of 191:Very High 187:liability 185:Addiction 175:liability 147:Pregnancy 95:Monograph 89:Drugs.com 18:Duragesic 18983:Anilides 18973:Fentanyl 18957:Medicine 18924:See also 18812:SR-12813 18702:Piperine 18682:Orlistat 18652:Nicotine 18524:Fentanyl 18509:Febantel 18484:Ecopipam 18449:Dinaline 18334:Cafestol 18324:Bosentan 18198:PK-11195 17749:Trap-101 17739:SR-16430 17660:SR-16435 17514:(PheΨ(CH 17494:Agonists 17405:Naloxone 17315:Dezocine 17285:Catechin 17240:Apigenin 17169:U-69,593 16962:Morphine 16932:MB-1C-OH 16872:Ketamine 16857:Ibogaine 16822:GR-89696 16812:Fentanyl 16692:BW373U86 16580:Agonists 16570:κ-opioid 16516:Naloxone 16411:Catechin 16386:Apigenin 16325:Tramadol 16310:Thebaine 16220:Morphine 16140:Ibogaine 16110:Fentanyl 16090:DPI-3290 16060:Dezocine 16005:BW373U86 15985:Biphalin 15950:ADL-5859 15923:Agonists 15913:δ-opioid 15839:Naloxone 15764:Lobeline 15749:Ibogaine 15671:Catechin 15651:Apigenin 15520:Tramadol 15515:Tilidine 15500:Thebaine 15470:SC-17599 15440:Propiram 15400:Pericine 15343:OM-3-MNZ 15268:Morphine 15158:Ketamine 15103:Fentanyl 15013:Dezocine 14948:BW373U86 14918:Biphalin 14803:3-HO-PCP 14789:Agonists 14779:μ-opioid 14659:Ketamine 14538:Funapide 14533:DSP-2230 14393:Nabilone 14388:Cannabis 14292:Ampyrone 14064:Tolmetin 14059:Sulindac 14036:Etodolac 14014:Acetates 13985:Isoxicam 13959:Suprofen 13949:Naproxen 13823:+codeine 13758:Tramadol 13753:Tilidine 13733:Propiram 13648:Fentanyl 13628:Dezocine 13577:Thebacon 13549:+aspirin 13492:+aspirin 13390:Laudanum 13375:Morphine 13363:+aspirin 13178:Ketamine 13134:Fentanyl 13114:Morphine 13086:Diazepam 13015:Propofol 13005:Ciprofol 12928:Ethylene 12840:Fentanyl 12829: · 12757:32321735 12709:28 March 12703:Archived 12674:Archived 12638:Archived 12616:23231071 12540:25039918 12504:22731771 12455:Archived 12425:Archived 12374:Archived 12336:Archived 12310:Archived 12306:BBC News 12258:Archived 12240:23002178 12191:Archived 12158:Archived 12121:Archived 12116:Newsweek 12089:Archived 12055:Archived 12050:NBC News 12023:Archived 12018:BBC News 11967:Archived 11963:BBC News 11937:Archived 11906:Archived 11876:Archived 11845:Archived 11814:Archived 11729:Archived 11697:Archived 11664:Archived 11638:Archived 11614:29 April 11608:Archived 11565:Archived 11533:Archived 11492:Archived 11427:Archived 11397:30 April 11391:Archived 11360:Archived 11327:Archived 11295:Archived 11118:Archived 11088:Archived 11062:Archived 11035:12 April 11029:Archived 11006:32585419 10946:Archived 10916:Archived 10886:Archived 10856:Archived 10830:Archived 10800:Archived 10745:Archived 10734:Instanyl 10712:Archived 10682:CBS News 10515:Archived 10485:Archived 10481:CBS News 10393:Archived 10360:Archived 10327:Archived 10291:Archived 10252:Archived 10218:Archived 10185:Archived 10154:Archived 10124:Archived 10093:Archived 10060:Archived 10055:CBC News 10028:Archived 10023:CTV News 9967:Archived 9963:CTV News 9798:Archived 9762:Archived 9732:Archived 9648:Archived 9644:18650786 9610:30512204 9521:Archived 9485:Archived 9461:39788629 9453:16909503 9404:Archived 9372:Archived 9340:Archived 9307:Archived 9276:Archived 9115:Archived 9087:22 March 9081:Archived 9060:Archived 8995:Archived 8962:Archived 8888:DailyMed 8862:DailyMed 8837:15771410 8787:19186209 8752:31408546 8701:36346151 8655:Archived 8626:Archived 8583:Archived 8553:Archived 8531:Archived 8501:Archived 8471:34053394 8430:24635521 8381:33333419 8340:33750405 8278:Archived 8256:29432758 8221:29432758 8129:Archived 8107:28068563 8034:33581655 7997:19 March 7991:Archived 7908:27 April 7902:Archived 7872:Archived 7837:Archived 7807:Archived 7777:Archived 7771:Mann B. 7758:31571559 7723:34817717 7664:Archived 7642:34817717 7591:28872357 7542:32096007 7485:32540164 7412:Archived 7385:7 August 7379:Archived 7356:37155161 7347:10167597 7274:Archived 7256:26109885 7196:Archived 7169:23 April 7163:Archived 7127:Archived 7091:Archived 7060:Archived 7029:Archived 6996:Archived 6902:Archived 6872:Archived 6842:Archived 6815:28 March 6809:Archived 6783:28 March 6777:Archived 6745:Archived 6723:31304441 6666:Archived 6648:33324089 6548:9 August 6543:10956598 6523:Cranbury 6492:9 August 6479:31492824 6433:Maryland 6396:23149685 6388:26999038 6322:9 August 6316:Archived 6257:32985050 6249:14694924 6214:22781991 6064:16438465 6007:Archived 5804:17381671 5763:18757161 5720:Archived 5716:24454875 5708:17164395 5656:Archived 5623:Archived 5595:24551941 5587:14742382 5544:28 March 5538:Archived 5534:15914877 5493:23742735 5452:34507574 5393:Archived 5357:Archived 5335:25313295 5284:19422676 5233:32941189 5184:73185220 5149:21560267 5101:Archived 5078:27727431 5021:Archived 4969:20837194 4926:29229211 4891:25300594 4839:24268523 4796:Archived 4784:31230994 4760:: 4–13. 4735:26065578 4727:16021436 4688:25031805 4631:Archived 4577:Archived 4528:Archived 4524:23615892 4483:24438649 4367:Archived 4285:Archived 4248:Archived 4214:Archived 4210:CBS News 4180:Archived 4116:Archived 4112:ClinCalc 4086:Archived 4082:ClinCalc 4056:Archived 4023:Archived 3943:Archived 3913:Archived 3880:Archived 3850:Archived 3846:29083586 3804:Archived 3774:Archived 3740:Archived 3717:minutes. 3694:Archived 3665:Archived 3615:21109003 3607:25314012 3517:28735776 3460:Archived 3390:sedation 3335:Spetsnaz 3333:Russian 3308:diazepam 3253:Euphoria 3221:The Wire 3101:Lil Peep 3066:bassist 3064:Slipknot 3030:flushing 3026:pharmacy 2850:naloxone 2702:naloxone 2640:dark web 2537:lollipop 2233:0.39 nM 2014:New York 1995:and the 1910:ketamine 1856:Naloxone 1833:toxicity 1825:US penny 1801:Overdose 1700:cachexia 1676:acidosis 1655:diazepam 1569:asthenia 1362:Euphoria 1236:euphoria 1234:, and a 1228:propofol 1143:Naloxone 1103:delirium 1044:overdose 1040:sedative 1032:morphine 1009:Fentanyl 999:(verify) 662:DrugBank 606:437-38-7 583:-phenyl- 315:Class A1 247:ATC code 208:epidural 149:category 136:Fentanyl 131:DailyMed 34:Fentanyl 18912:Sesamin 18897:Zeranol 18827:Suramin 18597:LOE-908 18289:AMI-193 18203:S-07662 18118:TCPOBOP 18013:Chrysin 17905:Others: 17833:RB-3007 17785:BL-2401 17754:UFP-101 17719:NalBzOH 17714:JTC-801 17655:SR-8993 17592:MT-7716 17542:BU08070 17395:MR-2266 17375:MeJDTic 17305:CVL-354 17275:BU09059 17265:AZ-MTAB 17245:Arodyne 17205:6'-GNTI 17200:5'-GNTI 17159:U-50488 17139:(e.g., 16987:NalBzOH 16972:MR-2034 16937:Menthol 16927:Matrine 16662:BAM-22P 16657:BAM-18P 16652:BAM-12P 16592:6'-GNTI 16361:5'-NTII 16295:SNC-162 16235:NalBzOH 16155:KNT-127 16085:DPI-221 16020:Codeine 15980:BAM-18P 15970:AZD2327 15935:6'-GNTI 15829:Naloxol 15555:Viminol 15545:U-47700 15530:TRIMU 5 15435:Prodine 15378:OxyPNPH 15293:Neopine 15278:NalBzOH 15248:Metopon 15223:Matrine 14973:Codeine 14923:BU08070 14898:BAM-22P 14893:BAM-18P 14888:BAM-12P 14853:AH-7921 14664:Menthol 14639:Camphor 14516:(e.g., 14509:Nefopam 14494:cocaine 14492:(e.g., 14241:Salicin 13978:Oxicams 13803:Bucetin 13775:Viminol 13513:Metopon 13358:Codeine 13346:Opiates 13337:Opioids 13106:Opioids 12997:Phenols 12816: ( 12787:minutes 12672:(FDA). 12668:. U.S. 12629:Lee L. 12581:8490814 12572:1263601 12368:. U.S. 12264:7 April 11933:Variety 11912:15 June 11851:8 March 11820:16 July 11670:26 June 11301:1 March 11265:21 June 11214:23 June 11112:. U.S. 11056:. U.S. 10997:7736148 10754:28 July 10718:28 July 10631:ATF.gov 10611:4 April 10581:4 April 10551:4 April 10541:Reuters 10461:2 April 10429:2 April 10191:6 April 10160:6 April 10130:6 April 10099:21 July 9973:16 July 9927:20 June 9915:. U.S. 9898:4420811 9862:7294353 9705:22 June 9673:"BTMPS" 9601:6548693 9515:. U.S. 9491:21 June 9025:. U.S. 8989:. U.S. 8939:9743189 8931:5676808 8894:10 July 8868:10 July 8795:7720401 8744:9875518 8549:Rhodium 8421:4137794 8331:7941948 8069:8114680 7896:. U.S. 7866:. U.S. 7714:8612110 7633:8612110 7582:5711758 7533:7099103 7465:Bibcode 7305:26 June 7247:4427721 7205:3 March 7194:(FDA). 7190:. U.S. 7136:24 July 6908:3 March 6751:3 March 6714:6609322 6639:7732170 6470:6863461 6461:1606914 6380:8175535 6206:7484044 6171:9472602 6055:6089740 6013:30 July 6001:. U.S. 5959:9232457 5951:7113633 5916:1836168 5908:4053723 5873:6116461 5836:2515983 5654:(FDA). 5650:. U.S. 5443:8431258 5326:4195703 5275:2684533 5224:7753951 5170:: A24. 5140:3086091 5069:6457928 4934:8577873 4882:6544782 4679:4099232 4637:18 July 4052:LverTox 3992:1517629 3692:. RCP. 3508:5742018 3417:mg/mL) 3346:Recalls 3292:inmates 3281:execute 3246:on the 3214:on the 3201:Shock G 2897:Myanmar 2885:Nigeria 2709:cocaine 2679:Estonia 2627:Taliban 2623:Estonia 2500:History 2400:Janssen 2311:δ-waves 2239:255 nM 2114:. Some 1979:Topical 1922:) is "3 1720:below. 1589:aphasia 1495:hospice 1483:dyspnea 1226:, like 1195:smuggle 1135:cocaine 1131:Alcohol 931:Density 901:336.479 866:Formula 671:DB00813 617:PubChem 545:minutes 541:: 30–60 472:minutes 375:WARNING 362:Class A 350:Class B 348:: 336:: 325:: 267: ( 265:N02AB03 263:) 257: ( 255:N01AH01 162: C 133:: 109:a605043 18943:Portal 18419:DHEA-S 18259:AA-861 17843:Selank 17828:RB-120 17823:RB-101 17767:Others 17694:AT-076 17587:MCOPPB 17250:AT-076 17096:salvia 16977:N-MPPP 16917:LPK-26 16541:SDM25N 16391:AT-076 16330:TRV250 16290:SNC-80 16160:Kratom 15940:7-SIOM 15656:AT-076 15646:AM-251 15535:TRV734 15430:PL-017 15168:Kratom 15153:IBNtxA 14703:WHO-EM 14617:Others 14329:Others 14315: 14264: 14090: 14044: 13934: 13921: 13913: 13880:NSAIDs 13761: 13541: 13480: 13452: 13424: 13255:WHO-EM 13225:Others 12763: 12755: 12614: 12579: 12569: 12538: 12502: 12380:10 May 12364: 12360: 12316:18 May 12238: 11735:19 May 11602: 11527: 11355:People 11178:24 May 11153: 11004: 10994: 10892:27 May 10882:GoodRx 10862:27 May 10806:14 May 10016: 9896: 9860: 9804:8 June 9786: 9758:Fox 13 9642: 9608: 9598: 9530:2 June 9459: 9451: 9431:Lancet 9210:4 July 8937: 8929: 8835: 8793: 8785: 8750: 8742: 8707: 8699: 8616:(49). 8477: 8469: 8428: 8418: 8379: 8338: 8328: 8254: 8219: 8171: 8161: 8105: 8067: 8040: 8032: 7971: 7961: 7936: 7756: 7721: 7711: 7640: 7630: 7589: 7579: 7540: 7530: 7491: 7483: 7354: 7344: 7254: 7244: 6972:9 June 6940:4 June 6741:RxList 6721: 6711: 6646: 6636: 6541: 6533: 6477: 6467: 6459: 6451: 6394: 6386: 6378: 6352:McLean 6310: 6300: 6284:, UK: 6255: 6247: 6212: 6204: 6169: 6134: 6124: 6062: 6052: 5957: 5949: 5914: 5906: 5871: 5845:295585 5843: 5833: 5802: 5761: 5714: 5706: 5593: 5585: 5532: 5491: 5450: 5440: 5399:1 July 5333: 5323: 5282: 5272: 5231: 5221: 5182: 5147: 5137: 5076: 5066: 4995: 4967: 4932: 4924: 4889: 4879: 4837: 4802:23 May 4790: 4782: 4733: 4725: 4686: 4676: 4625: 4602: 4583:4 July 4569: 4522: 4481: 4446: 4436: 4406: 4396: 4015: 3990: 3844: 3715: 3711: 3613: 3605: 3515: 3505: 3452: 3415: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3233:Coolio 3190:guitar 3075:Prince 3014:Canada 2924:, the 2844:2021, 2842: 2838: 2789: 2777: 2757:, and 2731:; and 2717:Canada 2713:heroin 2613: 2567: 2563: 2557:(DEA) 2530: 2383:. The 2379:, and 2193:Ratio 2110:, and 1967:Vienna 1952: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1883: 1872: 1860: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1740:drive. 1585:apnoea 1548:pencil 1524: 1520: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1342: 1334: 1330: 1321: 1240: 1174:heroin 1139:heroin 1091:nausea 1028:heroin 1024:potent 1016:opioid 954:SMILES 762:ChEMBL 731:D00320 557: 543: 526: 520: 514: 508: 502: 496: 490: 470: 457:CYP3A4 442:80–85% 387: 372: 360: 313: 300: 240:Opioid 204:Buccal 129: 18018:CITCO 17848:Semax 17487:(NOP) 17465:UPHIT 17450:RB-64 17390:ML350 17385:ML190 17345:JDTic 17320:DIPPA 17087:RB-64 16842:HS665 16707:CR665 16602:18-MC 16597:8-CAC 16573:(KOR) 16095:DSLET 16080:DPDPE 16030:DADLE 15990:BU-48 15916:(DOR) 15754:JDTic 15616:18-MC 15445:PZM21 15389:opium 15298:NFEPP 14978:DADLE 14782:(MOR) 13791:-type 13678:NFEPP 13385:Opium 13350:opium 12978:Xenon 12761:S2CID 12677:(PDF) 12666:(PDF) 12641:(PDF) 12634:(PDF) 12399:(PDF) 11194:Kot G 10949:(PDF) 10942:(PDF) 10748:(PDF) 10737:(PDF) 10399:2 May 10387:UNODC 10366:2 May 10294:(PDF) 10284:U.S. 10280:(PDF) 9651:(PDF) 9628:(PDF) 9524:(PDF) 9513:(PDF) 9457:S2CID 9378:1 May 9236:(PDF) 9229:(PDF) 9204:(PDF) 9197:(PDF) 9109:[ 9063:(PDF) 9056:(PDF) 8998:(PDF) 8987:(PDF) 8935:S2CID 8844:(PDF) 8813:(PDF) 8791:S2CID 8748:S2CID 8705:S2CID 8658:(PDF) 8651:(PDF) 8475:S2CID 8281:(PDF) 8274:(PDF) 8038:S2CID 7489:S2CID 7199:(PDF) 7188:(PDF) 7130:(PDF) 7120:U.S. 7116:(PDF) 6966:(PDF) 6959:(PDF) 6587:U.S. 6521:(9). 6486:(PDF) 6427:(2). 6417:(PDF) 6392:S2CID 6350:(5). 6253:S2CID 6210:S2CID 5955:S2CID 5912:S2CID 5888:Chest 5712:S2CID 5616:U.S. 5591:S2CID 5388:Wired 5180:S2CID 5107:1 May 4930:S2CID 4788:S2CID 4731:S2CID 4534:1 May 4254:5 May 4244:(CDC) 4240:U.S. 4026:(PDF) 4009:(PDF) 3770:(CDC) 3766:U.S. 3697:(PDF) 3690:(PDF) 3611:S2CID 3355:class 3268:Essex 3244:Fezco 3053:Wilco 2781:Xanax 2739:BTMPS 2548:cheek 2463:Gupta 1837:serum 1643:Sleep 1505:Some 1501:Other 1470:cheek 1438:, or 1052:Actiq 1026:than 974:InChI 910:JSmol 789:7V7 ( 742:ChEBI 528:hours 522:hours 516:hours 510:hours 453:Liver 18590:and 18409:DHEA 18173:AITC 18038:DHEA 17235:ANTI 16852:HZ-2 16406:BNTX 15689:CTOP 15685:CTAP 13328:N02B 13324:N02A 12886:N01A 12753:PMID 12711:2016 12685:2014 12649:2023 12612:PMID 12577:PMID 12536:PMID 12500:PMID 12463:2023 12433:2023 12382:2008 12344:2023 12318:2018 12266:2023 12236:PMID 12199:2018 12166:2018 12129:2018 12097:2018 12063:2018 12031:2018 11975:2023 11945:2023 11914:2023 11884:2021 11853:2022 11822:2022 11791:2023 11760:2021 11737:2022 11705:2020 11672:2021 11646:2019 11616:2021 11600:ISSN 11573:2018 11541:2018 11525:ISSN 11500:2017 11467:2017 11435:2020 11399:2018 11368:2017 11335:2016 11303:2017 11267:2010 11216:2009 11180:2009 11151:ISBN 11126:2019 11096:2019 11070:2019 11037:2022 11002:PMID 10957:2023 10924:2023 10894:2020 10864:2020 10838:2018 10808:2012 10782:2011 10756:2010 10720:2010 10690:2023 10664:2023 10639:2023 10613:2023 10583:2023 10553:2023 10523:2023 10493:2023 10463:2023 10431:2023 10401:2021 10368:2021 10335:2022 10302:2022 10260:2022 10226:2022 10193:2018 10162:2018 10132:2018 10101:2021 10068:2018 10036:2021 9975:2022 9929:2013 9894:PMID 9858:PMID 9806:2020 9770:2016 9740:2016 9707:2009 9659:2022 9640:PMID 9606:PMID 9532:2016 9493:2018 9449:PMID 9412:2018 9399:Time 9380:2023 9348:2018 9315:2021 9303:Vice 9284:2018 9212:2021 9180:2015 9149:2015 9123:2023 9089:2017 9039:2017 9006:2017 8970:2023 8927:PMID 8896:2024 8870:2024 8833:PMID 8783:PMID 8740:PMID 8697:PMID 8666:2023 8634:2023 8591:2023 8561:2023 8509:2023 8467:PMID 8426:PMID 8377:PMID 8336:PMID 8289:2023 8252:PMID 8217:PMID 8169:OCLC 8159:ISBN 8137:2019 8103:PMID 8065:PMID 8030:PMID 7999:2017 7969:OCLC 7959:ISBN 7934:ISBN 7910:2022 7880:2022 7845:2022 7815:2022 7785:2023 7754:PMID 7719:PMID 7672:2022 7638:PMID 7587:PMID 7538:PMID 7481:PMID 7420:2022 7387:2021 7352:PMID 7307:2023 7282:2019 7252:PMID 7207:2019 7171:2020 7138:2019 7099:2018 7068:2020 7056:Vice 7037:2018 7004:2017 6974:2016 6942:2016 6910:2022 6880:2017 6850:2017 6817:2016 6785:2016 6753:2020 6719:PMID 6674:2022 6644:PMID 6550:2021 6539:OCLC 6531:ISSN 6494:2021 6475:PMID 6457:OCLC 6449:LCCN 6384:PMID 6376:OCLC 6324:2021 6308:OCLC 6298:ISBN 6245:PMID 6202:PMID 6167:PMID 6132:OCLC 6122:ISBN 6060:PMID 6015:2013 5947:PMID 5904:PMID 5869:PMID 5841:PMID 5800:PMID 5759:PMID 5728:2010 5704:PMID 5664:2013 5631:2023 5583:PMID 5546:2016 5530:PMID 5489:PMID 5448:PMID 5401:2010 5365:2023 5331:PMID 5280:PMID 5229:PMID 5145:PMID 5109:2017 5074:PMID 5029:2021 4993:ISBN 4965:PMID 4922:PMID 4887:PMID 4835:PMID 4804:2022 4780:PMID 4723:PMID 4684:PMID 4639:2021 4623:ISSN 4604:..." 4585:2021 4567:ISBN 4536:2017 4520:PMID 4479:PMID 4444:OCLC 4434:ISBN 4404:OCLC 4394:ISBN 4375:2023 4344:2023 4318:2023 4293:2018 4256:2023 4222:2023 4188:2023 4124:2022 4094:2022 4064:2017 4034:2017 4013:ISBN 3988:PMID 3951:2023 3921:2023 3888:2023 3858:2023 3842:PMID 3812:2023 3782:2023 3748:2023 3705:2015 3673:2017 3603:PMID 3572:2024 3546:2023 3513:PMID 3468:2019 3450:ISBN 3131:Vine 3115:hip. 2830:MDMA 2769:Ohio 2652:Asia 2377:MDMA 2346:and 2254:cAMP 2023:and 1809:and 1456:USAF 1286:and 1246:and 1137:and 1127:coma 1058:and 792:PDBe 722:KEGG 702:UNII 691:3228 651:1626 631:3345 410:data 179:High 85:AHFS 18219:PXR 17963:CAR 17330:ECG 17325:EGC 16441:EGC 16436:ECG 16115:FIT 15719:EGC 15714:ECG 12743:doi 12604:doi 12567:PMC 12528:doi 12490:doi 12226:doi 11841:CNN 11235:NME 11025:FDA 10992:PMC 10984:doi 10980:213 10419:CNN 10213:NPR 9886:doi 9850:doi 9596:PMC 9588:doi 9584:114 9439:doi 9435:368 8919:doi 8825:doi 8775:doi 8732:doi 8689:doi 8618:doi 8457:doi 8416:PMC 8408:doi 8367:doi 8326:PMC 8316:doi 8244:doi 8209:doi 8095:doi 8091:171 8022:doi 8018:320 7746:doi 7709:PMC 7699:doi 7628:PMC 7618:doi 7577:PMC 7569:doi 7528:PMC 7520:doi 7473:doi 7342:PMC 7334:doi 7330:177 7242:PMC 7234:doi 7087:NPR 6709:PMC 6701:doi 6634:PMC 6624:doi 6465:PMC 6441:doi 6425:371 6368:doi 6290:doi 6237:doi 6194:doi 6159:doi 6050:PMC 6042:doi 5939:doi 5896:doi 5831:PMC 5790:doi 5751:doi 5696:doi 5573:doi 5520:doi 5479:doi 5438:PMC 5428:doi 5321:PMC 5311:doi 5270:PMC 5260:doi 5219:PMC 5211:doi 5172:doi 5135:PMC 5064:PMC 5056:doi 4957:doi 4914:doi 4877:PMC 4869:doi 4827:doi 4770:hdl 4762:doi 4715:doi 4674:PMC 4666:doi 4615:doi 4559:doi 4510:doi 4471:doi 4147:hdl 3978:doi 3595:doi 3539:FDA 3503:PMC 3495:doi 3413:(50 3248:HBO 3216:HBO 3008:In 2945:DEA 2913:sic 2800:in 2711:or 2492:Suh 2451:to 2220:KOR 2210:DOR 2200:MOR 1886:mcg 1528:VAS 1466:IED 1416:In 1356:of 1303:or 1230:or 1085:), 815:EPA 621:CID 488:: 6 270:WHO 260:WHO 18969:: 17796:D 17151:, 17147:, 17143:, 14716:: 14526:Na 14496:, 13767:, 13559:, 13555:, 13551:, 13547:, 13490:, 13486:, 13326:, 13268:: 12785:24 12759:. 12751:. 12739:98 12737:. 12733:. 12610:. 12600:42 12598:. 12575:. 12563:57 12561:. 12557:. 12534:. 12524:42 12522:. 12498:. 12486:35 12484:. 12480:. 12453:. 12449:. 12419:. 12401:. 12304:. 12282:. 12234:. 12222:36 12220:. 12216:. 12174:^ 12150:. 12137:^ 12113:. 12087:. 12071:^ 12047:. 12015:. 12004:^ 11992:. 11961:. 11935:. 11931:. 11900:. 11874:. 11870:. 11843:. 11839:. 11812:. 11808:. 11777:. 11721:. 11695:. 11689:. 11632:. 11606:. 11598:. 11592:. 11557:. 11531:. 11523:. 11517:. 11490:. 11484:. 11451:. 11425:. 11419:. 11407:^ 11389:. 11385:. 11358:. 11352:. 11319:. 11293:. 11287:. 11275:^ 11232:. 11200:. 11145:. 11045:^ 11027:. 11023:. 11000:. 10990:. 10978:. 10974:. 10914:. 10910:. 10884:. 10880:. 10854:. 10828:. 10824:. 10743:. 10710:. 10706:. 10680:. 10655:. 10629:. 10599:. 10569:. 10539:. 10513:. 10509:. 10479:. 10447:. 10417:. 10384:. 10358:. 10352:. 10325:. 10319:. 10282:. 10268:^ 10250:. 10246:. 10234:^ 10216:. 10210:. 10183:. 10179:. 10148:. 10122:. 10118:. 10058:. 10052:. 10026:. 10020:. 9991:. 9965:. 9961:. 9892:. 9882:17 9880:. 9856:. 9846:53 9844:. 9814:^ 9790:. 9756:. 9730:. 9724:. 9675:. 9646:. 9636:57 9634:. 9630:. 9604:. 9594:. 9582:. 9578:. 9553:. 9540:^ 9501:^ 9477:. 9455:. 9447:. 9433:. 9429:. 9402:. 9370:. 9364:. 9338:. 9332:. 9305:. 9301:. 9274:. 9270:. 9166:. 9079:. 9058:. 9014:^ 8956:. 8933:. 8925:. 8913:. 8886:. 8860:. 8831:. 8821:48 8819:. 8815:. 8789:. 8781:. 8771:79 8769:. 8746:. 8738:. 8728:21 8726:. 8703:. 8695:. 8685:24 8683:. 8624:. 8614:36 8612:. 8608:. 8577:. 8547:. 8525:. 8499:. 8495:. 8473:. 8465:. 8453:52 8451:. 8447:. 8424:. 8414:. 8402:. 8398:. 8375:. 8363:90 8361:. 8357:. 8334:. 8324:. 8312:18 8310:. 8306:. 8250:. 8240:54 8238:. 8215:. 8205:54 8203:. 8167:. 8145:^ 8127:. 8123:. 8101:. 8089:. 8077:^ 8061:45 8059:. 8036:. 8028:. 8016:. 7967:. 7918:^ 7853:^ 7831:. 7801:. 7775:. 7752:. 7742:14 7740:. 7717:. 7707:. 7693:. 7689:. 7662:. 7658:. 7636:. 7626:. 7612:. 7608:. 7585:. 7575:. 7565:56 7563:. 7559:. 7536:. 7526:. 7516:16 7514:. 7510:. 7487:. 7479:. 7471:. 7461:67 7459:. 7436:. 7410:. 7404:. 7377:. 7373:. 7350:. 7340:. 7328:. 7324:. 7298:. 7250:. 7240:. 7228:. 7224:. 7161:. 7118:. 7089:. 7058:. 7054:. 7027:. 7021:. 6990:. 6926:. 6840:. 6834:. 6807:. 6801:. 6775:. 6769:. 6743:. 6739:. 6717:. 6707:. 6695:. 6691:. 6642:. 6632:. 6620:13 6618:. 6614:. 6585:. 6567:. 6537:. 6525:, 6519:33 6517:. 6513:. 6473:. 6463:. 6455:. 6447:. 6431:, 6423:. 6419:. 6404:^ 6390:. 6382:. 6374:. 6358:: 6356:VA 6354:, 6348:54 6346:. 6314:. 6306:. 6296:. 6274:. 6251:. 6243:. 6233:17 6231:. 6208:. 6200:. 6190:39 6188:. 6165:. 6155:11 6153:. 6130:. 6072:^ 6058:. 6048:. 6038:25 6036:. 6032:. 5979:. 5975:. 5953:. 5945:. 5935:26 5933:. 5910:. 5902:. 5892:88 5890:. 5865:30 5863:. 5839:. 5827:26 5825:. 5821:. 5798:. 5786:32 5784:. 5780:. 5757:. 5747:38 5745:. 5718:. 5710:. 5702:. 5692:40 5690:. 5686:. 5672:^ 5639:^ 5621:. 5614:. 5603:^ 5589:. 5581:. 5569:98 5567:. 5563:. 5536:. 5528:. 5516:62 5514:. 5510:. 5487:. 5475:46 5473:. 5469:. 5446:. 5436:. 5424:21 5422:. 5418:. 5391:. 5373:^ 5355:. 5351:. 5329:. 5319:. 5307:13 5305:. 5301:. 5278:. 5268:. 5256:28 5254:. 5250:. 5227:. 5217:. 5207:29 5205:. 5201:. 5178:. 5166:. 5143:. 5131:36 5129:. 5125:. 5086:^ 5072:. 5062:. 5052:10 5050:. 5046:. 5015:. 4977:^ 4963:. 4953:59 4951:. 4928:. 4920:. 4910:17 4908:. 4885:. 4875:. 4865:10 4863:. 4859:. 4847:^ 4833:. 4823:63 4821:. 4794:. 4786:. 4778:. 4768:. 4758:40 4756:. 4752:. 4729:. 4721:. 4711:61 4709:. 4696:^ 4682:. 4672:. 4662:27 4660:. 4656:. 4629:. 4621:. 4611:33 4575:. 4565:. 4553:. 4526:. 4518:. 4506:16 4504:. 4500:. 4477:. 4467:63 4465:. 4442:. 4416:^ 4402:. 4365:. 4361:. 4335:. 4309:. 4283:. 4264:^ 4238:. 4208:. 4196:^ 4174:. 4161:^ 4145:. 4114:. 4110:. 4084:. 4080:. 4050:. 4021:. 3986:. 3972:. 3968:. 3941:. 3937:. 3907:. 3896:^ 3874:. 3848:. 3836:. 3820:^ 3802:. 3798:. 3764:. 3732:. 3707:. 3642:^ 3623:^ 3609:. 3601:. 3591:45 3589:. 3562:. 3537:. 3533:. 3511:. 3501:. 3491:46 3489:. 3485:. 3458:. 3330:. 3012:, 2986:AU 2978:US 2903:. 2895:, 2891:, 2887:, 2753:, 2735:. 2727:; 2723:; 2619:. 2593:. 2586:. 2550:. 2528:72 2375:, 2179:, 2122:. 2106:, 2102:, 2008:. 1956:50 1940:50 1919:50 1917:LD 1785:. 1657:, 1653:, 1627:. 1583:, 1579:, 1387:. 1373:72 1340:13 1160:. 1125:, 1121:, 1117:, 1113:, 1109:, 1101:, 1097:, 1089:, 1077:, 1073:, 1054:, 880:28 874:22 795:, 539:IV 500:16 486:IV 395:EU 383:UN 368:US 356:UK 345:NZ 333:DE 322:CA 309:BR 302:S8 296:AU 226:, 222:, 218:, 214:, 210:, 206:, 158:AU 126:US 18945:: 18425:) 18421:( 18415:) 18411:( 18044:) 18040:( 17943:e 17936:t 17929:v 17777:: 17688:2 17614:2 17536:2 17528:2 17520:2 17516:2 17508:2 17155:) 17098:) 17094:( 15391:) 15387:( 14796:) 14760:e 14753:t 14746:v 14528:v 14520:) 14500:) 14321:) 14317:( 14270:) 14266:( 14177:) 14173:( 14096:) 14092:( 14050:) 14046:( 13940:) 13936:( 13927:) 13923:( 13919:) 13915:( 13771:) 13763:( 13654:) 13650:( 13563:) 13543:( 13494:) 13482:( 13458:) 13454:( 13430:) 13426:( 13381:) 13377:( 13348:/ 13330:) 13322:( 13312:e 13305:t 13298:v 13151:÷ 12888:) 12884:( 12874:e 12867:t 12860:v 12833:) 12825:( 12820:) 12789:) 12782:( 12767:. 12745:: 12713:. 12687:. 12651:. 12618:. 12606:: 12583:. 12542:. 12530:: 12506:. 12492:: 12465:. 12435:. 12384:. 12346:. 12320:. 12268:. 12242:. 12228:: 12201:. 12168:. 12131:. 12099:. 12065:. 12033:. 11998:. 11977:. 11947:. 11916:. 11886:. 11855:. 11824:. 11793:. 11762:. 11739:. 11707:. 11674:. 11648:. 11618:. 11575:. 11543:. 11502:. 11469:. 11437:. 11401:. 11370:. 11337:. 11305:. 11269:. 11218:. 11182:. 11159:. 11128:. 11098:. 11072:. 11039:. 11008:. 10986:: 10959:. 10926:. 10896:. 10866:. 10840:. 10810:. 10784:. 10758:. 10722:. 10692:. 10666:. 10641:. 10615:. 10585:. 10555:. 10525:. 10495:. 10465:. 10433:. 10403:. 10370:. 10337:. 10304:. 10262:. 10228:. 10195:. 10164:. 10134:. 10103:. 10070:. 10038:. 9977:. 9931:. 9900:. 9888:: 9864:. 9852:: 9808:. 9772:. 9742:. 9709:. 9679:. 9661:. 9612:. 9590:: 9547:" 9534:. 9495:. 9463:. 9441:: 9414:. 9382:. 9350:. 9317:. 9286:. 9214:. 9182:. 9151:. 9125:. 9091:. 9041:. 9008:. 8972:. 8941:. 8921:: 8915:9 8898:. 8872:. 8827:: 8797:. 8777:: 8754:. 8734:: 8711:. 8691:: 8668:. 8636:. 8620:: 8593:. 8563:. 8511:. 8481:. 8459:: 8432:. 8410:: 8404:6 8383:. 8369:: 8342:. 8318:: 8291:. 8246:: 8223:. 8211:: 8175:. 8139:. 8109:. 8097:: 8071:. 8044:. 8024:: 8001:. 7975:. 7942:. 7912:. 7882:. 7847:. 7817:. 7787:. 7760:. 7748:: 7725:. 7701:: 7695:9 7674:. 7644:. 7620:: 7614:9 7593:. 7571:: 7544:. 7522:: 7495:. 7475:: 7467:: 7422:. 7389:. 7358:. 7336:: 7309:. 7284:. 7258:. 7236:: 7230:7 7209:. 7173:. 7140:. 7101:. 7070:. 7039:. 7006:. 6976:. 6944:. 6912:. 6882:. 6852:. 6819:. 6787:. 6755:. 6725:. 6703:: 6697:4 6676:. 6650:. 6626:: 6571:. 6496:. 6443:: 6398:. 6370:: 6330:. 6292:: 6259:. 6239:: 6216:. 6196:: 6173:. 6161:: 6138:. 6066:. 6044:: 6017:. 5981:2 5961:. 5941:: 5918:. 5898:: 5875:. 5847:. 5806:. 5792:: 5765:. 5753:: 5730:. 5698:: 5666:. 5633:. 5597:. 5575:: 5548:. 5522:: 5495:. 5481:: 5454:. 5430:: 5403:. 5367:. 5337:. 5313:: 5286:. 5262:: 5235:. 5213:: 5186:. 5174:: 5168:1 5151:. 5111:. 5080:. 5058:: 5031:. 5001:. 4971:. 4959:: 4936:. 4916:: 4893:. 4871:: 4841:. 4829:: 4806:. 4772:: 4764:: 4737:. 4717:: 4690:. 4668:: 4641:. 4617:: 4587:. 4561:: 4538:. 4512:: 4485:. 4473:: 4450:. 4410:. 4377:. 4346:. 4320:. 4295:. 4258:. 4224:. 4190:. 4149:: 4126:. 4096:. 4066:. 4036:. 3994:. 3980:: 3974:7 3953:. 3923:. 3890:. 3860:. 3814:. 3784:. 3750:. 3675:. 3617:. 3597:: 3574:. 3548:. 3519:. 3497:: 3470:. 3082:. 2455:N 2443:N 2317:. 2287:) 2285:2 2280:) 2278:1 2184:i 2182:K 1669:2 1442:. 1431:. 912:) 889:O 886:2 883:N 877:H 871:C 817:) 813:( 801:) 585:N 581:N 494:1 468:5 397:: 385:: 370:: 358:: 311:: 298:: 273:) 160:: 87:/ 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index