922:, comments that Hart could "not offer any evidence of the IRA's motivations" for the killings of suspected informers in Cork other than their occupation. Meehan notes Borgonovo's detailed analysis of the IRA in Cork, and that Borgonovo disagreed profoundly with Hart's discounting the IRA's intelligence-gathering capability. Borgonovo described it as "irresponsible" of Hart to discount IRA claims of the Dunmanway victims' guilt in the killing of suspected or known informers without offering an analysis of IRA intelligence-gathering operations. Commenting on Hart's work on the IRA in Cork, he wrote that "While Dr. Hart's conclusions can be suspected, I do not believe they can be sufficiently documented."
778:, ten miles south. Nagle had been shot in place of his father Thomas, caretaker of the Masonic Hall in Clonakilty whose name was on an IRA list of enemy agents and who had gone into hiding, along with Alexander McKinley's uncle. John Bradfield was shot in place of his brother Henry. Henry Bradfield had been "wanted" by the IRA as they believed he had been providing information leading to IRA "arrests, torture and deaths".
1009:, argued that the killings might be best understood in light of purported IRA fears that the British were planning a reoccupation of the south of Ireland and was a preemptive move against people believed to have been informers. Regan argued that the selective use of evidence by Peter Hart in an attempt to emphasize a sectarian dimension to the killings highlights a wider problem in the politicization of Irish history.
704:) that had been removed by Thomas Hornibrook to prevent such theft. Hornibrook refused to give them the part, and after further efforts, some of the IRA party entered through a window. Herbert Woods then shot O'Neill, wounding him fatally. O'Neill's companion, Charlie O'Donoghue, took him to a local priest who pronounced him dead. The next morning O'Donoghue left for
984:, and that all four were involved in espionage. Ryan claimed to have seen, during a 1981 interview with a surviving Cork IRA flying column volunteer named Dan Cahalane, all thirteen names of the Dunmanway victims listed as "helpful citizens" in Auxiliaries' documents found by republicans after the departure of the British forces from southern Ireland.
502:. Under the terms, British units were withdrawn to barracks and their commanders committed to "no movements for military purposes" and "no secret agents noting descriptions of movements". For its part, the IRA agreed that "attacks on Crown forces and civilians to cease", and to "no interference with British Government or private property".
893:, returned to the county and ordered that armed guards be put at the homes of Protestants to prevent further violence. Barry, who had returned immediately from Dublin upon hearing of the killings, ensured that some of those who attempted to take advantage of the situation by stealing livestock owned by Protestants were firmly discouraged.
963:
landlord, landgrabber, loyalist, imperialist, Orangeman, Freemason, Free Stater, spy, and informer" and continues, "these blanket categories made the victims' individual identities ... irrelevant." Coogan concurred, writing, "the latent sectarianism of centuries of ballads and landlordism claimed ten
Protestant lives" that week.
1020:, shown on RTÉ on 5 October 2009, dealt with the Dunmanway killings. The programme was produced by Sean O Mealoid, and included interviews with two descendants of two of the Protestants executed. It included a dialogue between two local historians, Donald Woods and Colum Cronin, and featured Prof. John A. Murphy and
1392:; "In April he declared, "we shall certainly not able to withdraw our troops from their present positions until we know that the Irish people are going to stand by the Treaty, neither shall we be able to refrain from stating the consequences which would follow the setting up of a Republic." (pp. 52-53)
996:. Meehan and Rev. Murphy conclude "the IRA killings in the Bandon area were motivated by political and not sectarian considerations. Possibly, military considerations, rather than political, would have been a more fitting way to describe the reason for the IRA response to those who informed." because:
723:
was "exaggerated". Peter Hart writes that the
Hornibrooks and Woods surrendered on condition their lives be spared. When Woods admitted it was he who fired the shot that killed O'Neill, he was beaten unconscious, and the three hostages were "driven south into hill country", where they were shot dead.
513:(Irish Parliament established in January 1919) narrowly accepted the Treaty, by 7 votes. The Dáil was then split into two factions, those who accepted and those who rejected the Treaty. Under the terms of the treaty, a Provisional Government was set up to transfer power from the British regime to the
762:
Over the next two days, ten
Protestant men were shot dead in the Dunmanway, Ballineen and Murragh area. In Dunmanway on 27 April, Francis Fitzmaurice (a solicitor and land agent) was shot dead. That same night, David Gray (a chemist) and James Buttimer (a retired draper) were shot in the doorways of
743:
His aunt and uncle had been subject to a lot of persecution and feared an attack, so young Woods went to stay with them. At 2:30 am armed men ... broke in ... Woods fired on the leader and shot him ... They caught Woods, tried him by mock court martial and sentenced him to be hanged ... The brothers
577:
and affiliated to a loyalist vigilante group. The local IRA killed fifteen suspected informers from 1919–21, nine
Catholics and six Protestants. They responded to the British burning of republican homes by burning those of local loyalists. British intelligence wrote that "many" of their informers in
208:
County Cork, stating: "O'Neill is stated to be a very unscrupulous individual and to have taken part in such operations as lotting of Post
Offices, robbing of Postmen and the murder of several Protestants in West Cork in May 1922. A brother of his was shot dead by two of the latter named, Woods and
226:
whose house was being raided on 26 April. Some historians have claimed there were sectarian motives; others claim that those killed were targeted only because they were suspected of having been informers during the Anglo-Irish War, and argue that the dead were associated with the so-called "Murragh
182:
and loyalists, while four others were relatives killed in the absence of the target. Three other men were kidnapped and executed in Bandon as revenge for the killing of an IRA officer
Michael O'Neill during an armed raid. One man was shot and survived his injuries. Recent evidence confirms that the
826:
Events, such as the terrible murders at
Dunmanway ..., require the exercise of the utmost strength and authority of Dáil Éireann. Dáil Éireann, so far as its powers extend, will uphold, to the fullest extent, the protection of life and property of all classes and sections of the community. It does
794:
For two weeks there wasn't standing room on any of the boats or mail trains leaving Cork for
England. All loyalist refugees who were either fleeing in terror or had been ordered out of the country ... none of the people who did these things, though they were reported as the rebel IRA faction, were
905:
has written that the killers were identified by several eyewitness sources as local IRA men. Hart concludes that from two to five separate groups must have done the killing, and writes that they were likely "acting on their own initiative – but with the connivance or acquiescence of local units".
616:
Paul McMahon wrote that the
British Government had authorised ÂŁ2,000 to re-establish intelligence in southern Ireland, especially in Cork, in early April 1922. On 26 April, the day after the raid on Hornibrook home, three British intelligence officers (Lts Hendy, Drove and Henderson) and a driver
1000:
he truth was that, as
British intelligence officers recognised in the south, the Protestants and those who supported the Government rarely gave much information because, except by chance, they had not got it to give. An exception to this was in the Bandon area where many Protestant farmers gave
914:
recognise", and that her Grants Committee statement was similar. Meehan wrote that Frank Busteed, the person identified and later omitted without explanation, would have undermined Hart's sectarianism thesis as Busteed, although raised by his Catholic nationalist mother, had a Protestant father.
970:
based in Bandon during the conflict, supplying information on the local IRA and that it was "firmly established" later that Fitzmaurice and Gray had been informers, and that their information had done a great deal of damage to the IRA. In Gray's case—as a woman who had been a ten-year-old girl
962:
Hart posits these were primarily revenge killings, perpetrated without a clear rationale by "angry and frightened young men acting on impulse". He suggests the targets were local Protestant men whose status as enemies in the eyes of the killers was codified in "political language of the day ...
958:
The motive(s) for the targeting of the victims also remains a point of contention. Niall Meehan and Rev. Brian P. Murphy (OSB) have each written that the victims were killed because they were informers on behalf of Crown forces, citing an intelligence diary left by Auxiliaries as they evacuated
711:
A local jury found Woods responsible and said O'Neill had been "brutally murdered in the execution of his duty". O'Donoghue and Stephen O'Neill, who were present on the night of the killing, both attended the inquest. Some days later, Woods and both Hornibrook men went missing, and in time were
536:
and a gun attack on government buildings in Dublin. According to historian Michael Hopkinson, "the transitional government lacked the resources and the necessary acceptance to supply effective government". In this situation, some IRA anti-Treaty units continued attacks on the remaining British
909:
Hart reported that Clarina Buttimer, a relative of one of those killed (James Buttimer), based on newspaper reports and her 1927 Irish Grants Committee statement, "seem to have recognised at least one of her husband's attackers". Meehan pointed out that these newspapers reported Buttimer as
748:
The letter was forwarded to Lionel Curtis, Secretary of the Cabinet's Irish Committee, on which he appended the comment "this is rather obsolete". Matilda Woods later testified before the Grants Committee, while applying for ÂŁ5,000 compensation in 1927, that her husband had been
991:
was used as a form of "generic abuse" and found "no evidence whatsoever" that they had been active in opposing the IRA. Meehan writes that the killings were not "motivated by either land agitation or by sectarian considerations". Rev. Murphy agrees, citing a British document,
1001:
information. Although the Intelligence Officer of the area was exceptionally experienced and although the troops were most active it proved almost impossible to protect those brave men, many of whom were murdered while almost all the remainder suffered grave material loss.
753:
before being killed and that the Hornibrooks were taken to a remote location, forced to dig their own graves and shot dead. Both Ryan and Hart note that Matilda Woods was not in Ireland when her husband disappeared and there is no record of his body ever being located.
803:
who saw those who had left go through the city noted that, "so hurried was their flight that many had neither a handbag nor an overcoat." Hodder reported that Protestants in the area were being forcibly evicted from their farms by republicans on behalf of the
638:. The IRA found confidential documents and a diary they left behind: these included a list of names. The information – according to historian Meda Ryan – was so precise "only a very well informed spy system could account for some of the entries in the book".
718:
newspaper reported that "about 100" IRA men returned from Bandon with O'Neill's comrades and surrounded the house. It reported that a shootout ensued until the Hornibrooks and Woods ran out of ammunition and surrendered. Meda Ryan claims the report in the
649:, adding "for those who are bigots" that the religious breakdown was nine Catholics and six Protestants. Ryan writes, by way of justification, that the Auxiliaries' files showed that some Protestants in Murragh had formed a group known as the
879:
on 28 April under the headline "Protestants Slain" spoke of "ghastly crimes of the night" and the existence of an appalling state of affairs in the south and west Cork area "where a general massacre of Protestants appears to be in progress".
585:
in early January 1921. The discovery of documents in Dunmanway by republicans later supposedly confirmed the existence of counter-insurgency espionage in the area, which resulted in many purported informers getting safe passage to England.
593:. The local IRA was almost unanimously anti-Treaty and not under the control of the Provisional Government in Dublin in April 1922. At the time of the Dunmanway killings, none of the leaders of the Anti-Treaty Cork IRA were in the county.
975:
told Ryan—he had allegedly sought out "information from children in their innocence", hence children were warned against talking to him. According to Ryan, Fitzmaurice, Gray, Buttimer, and Harbord were associated with the above-mentioned
2021:, historyireland.com. Retrieved 9 September 2015; " showed me the documents he had received on loan. He studied them carefully and was able to pinpoint names plus details regarding the thirteen men killed between 26 and 29 April 1922."
763:
their homes in Dunmanway. The next evening, 28 April, in the parish of Kinneigh, Robert Howe and John Chinnery were both shot dead. In the nearby village of Ballineen, sixteen-year-old Alexander McKinley was shot dead in his home.
812:, Commandant of O'Neill's Brigade (3rd Cork), ordered that all arms be brought under control while issuing a statement promising that "all citizens in this area, irrespective of creed or class, every protection within my power."
621:
with the intention of gathering intelligence in west Cork, where they entered an inn. There, the officers were drugged and taken prisoner by IRA men, taken out of the country to Kilgobnet and then shot and their bodies dumped.
642:, who analysed the diary, said "it was the work of a man who had many useful 'contacts' not merely in one part of the area but all over it." The list, however, did not contain any of the names of the Protestants killed.
744:
of the murdered man then gouged out his eyes while he was alive and then hanged him ... When will the British Government realise that they are really dealing with savages and not ordinary normal human beings?
884:
on 1 May wrote that "it is a matter of notoriety that the murders, far from being unprecedented, are only the last in a long series which began as far back as 1641." Local Cork IRA commanders Tom Barry,
696:
on the outskirts of Cork City), seeking to seize his car. Hornibrook was in the house at the time along with his son, Samuel, and his nephew, Herbert Woods (a former Captain in the British Army and
766:
In Murragh, Reverend Ralph Harbord was shot in the leg but survived; he was the son of Rev. Richard C.M. Harbord, also from the Murragh area, who was the target for his connections to the supposed
865:
in May 1922 told him there was, "nothing to prevent the peasants expropriating every last Protestant loyalist" and that they feared a repeat of the massacres that Protestants had suffered in the
774:. Later, west of Ballineen, John Buttimer and his farm employee, Jim Greenfield, were both shot dead. The same night, sixteen-year-old Robert Nagle was shot dead in his home on MacCurtain Hill in
498:
The Irish War of Independence was brought to an end by negotiations in mid-1921. The truce between British Forces and the IRA came into effect on 11 July 1921, after talks between the British and
541:(RIC), leaving 12 dead. Between January and June 1922, twenty-three RIC men, eight British soldiers and eighteen civilians were killed in West Cork, part of the area which would become the
959:
Dunmanway, however the diary contains none of the names of the thirteen murdered men. In 2013, that list was located in the Florence Begley collection in the Bureau of Military History.
966:
Ryan claims, by way of justification, that all of those killed were described as "committed loyalists" and "extremely anti-Republican". She says that they had been in contact with the
901:
Recent evidence confirms that the killings were carried out by the IRA even if it is not clear who precisely ordered their execution as no member ever claimed responsibility. Historian
1233:
951:. Tim Pat Coogan suggests that O'Neill's death precipitated the Dunmanway murders. Hart wrote that the killing of O'Neill "provided the spark" which was inflamed by the "Belfast
270:
517:. British troops began to be withdrawn from the Free State in January 1922, though they retained the option to intervene in Irish affairs should the Treaty be rejected and the
174:
in 1998. Of the fourteen dead and missing, thirteen were Protestants including one Methodist and one was Roman Catholic, which has led to the killings being described as
2300:
2217:
852:
Apart from this incident, hostility to Protestants by reason of their religion, has been almost, if not wholly unknown, in the 26 counties in which they are a minority.
735:. Collins said that while some of the coverage was "fair newspaper comment", the "strain of certain parts is very objectionable". Alice Hodder, a local Protestant from
827:
not know and cannot know, as a National Government, any distinction of class or creed. In its name, I express the horror of the Irish nation at the Dunmanway murders.
2097:
524:
On 26 March 1922, part of the IRA repudiated the authority of the Provisional Government on the basis that it had accepted the Treaty and disestablished the
906:
Hart's analysis of the identity of the killers has been challenged by other historians, including Rev. Brian Murphy (OSB), Niall Meehan and John Borgonovo.
227:
Loyalist Action Group", and that their names may have appeared in captured British military intelligence files which listed "helpful citizens" during the
263:
708:
to report the incident to his superiors, returning with "four military men", meeting with the Hornibrooks and Woods, who admitted to shooting O'Neill.
605:, along with much of the Third and Fourth Cork IRA Brigades, trying to prevent the occupation of that city's military barracks by Pro-Treaty troops.
589:
British forces were withdrawn from west Cork in February 1922. The only British forces left in the county were two battalions of the British Army in
222:
The motivation of the killers remains unclear. It is generally agreed that they were provoked by the fatal shooting of IRA man Michael O'Neill by a
818:
echoed Hales' sentiments, although Hales was actively engaged in armed defiance of Griffith's government at this time. Speaking on 28 April in the
1759:
613:
were in Dublin attending an Anti-Treaty IRA meeting. They returned to Cork on 28 April, purportedly with a view to stopping any more killings.
256:
808:, on the basis that they were bringing down wages, although she conceded that the local Pro-Treaty IRA reinstated them after it was informed.
805:
51:
955:" Ryan wrote "The outrages were 'sparked' when Capt. Woods shot IRA man Michael O'Neill in the hallway of Thomas Hornibrooke's house".
528:
declared in 1919. April saw the first armed clashes between pro and anti-Treaty IRA units, including the anti-Treaty occupation of the
1220:
294:
581:
Republicans suspected the involvement of a local "Loyalists civil wing" in the killing of two republicans, the Coffey brothers, in
2349:
170:
in June 1922. The massacre became a matter for historical controversy and debate following the publication of Peter Hart's book
684:
On 26 April 1922, a group of anti-Treaty IRA men, led by Michael O'Neill, arrived at the house of Thomas Hornibrook, a former
2243:
2181:
1868:
1159:
2068:
1154:. Rev. Brian P. Murphy (OSB), Brendan Clifford, Nick Foley & John Martin. Cork: Aubane Historical Society. p. 234.
1457:, p. 50; "Cork by far the most violent county in Ireland", with 523 killed and 513 wounded between 1920–1921", p. 87.
661:. The IRA suspected the group of passing information to British forces during the War of Independence. These included a
2324:
2143:
943:, stated that the killings at Dunmanway were in reprisal for the ongoing killings of Catholics in Belfast, such as the
215:
and IRA representatives, from both the pro-Treaty side, which controlled the Provisional Government in Dublin and the
2295:
2257:
2212:
2195:
2164:
1896:
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newspaper, from 23 October to 27 November 1971, in consecutive editions. Photographs of the diary were published in
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2334:
732:
676:, which published them again with another article on the intelligence haul in its Centenary Supplement in 1989.
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1121:
1050:
728:
244:
1307:
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1979:
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families fled West Cork in the aftermath of the killings. Alice Hodder in the same letter cited above wrote:
2319:
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646:
606:
594:
44:
1917:
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condemned the killings. A general convention of Irish Protestant churches in Dublin released a statement:
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West Cork, where these killings took place, had been one of the most violent parts of Ireland during the
446:
1401:
2344:
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forces. Between December 1921 and February 1922, there were 80 recorded attacks by IRA elements on the
509:
was signed on 6 December 1921, after negotiations between British and Irish leaders. On 7 January the
1860:
1763:
554:
280:
163:
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and Bandon Valley, between 26–28 April 1922. This happened in a period of truce after the end of the
2329:
858:
787:
538:
205:
2018:
1216:
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866:
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side, which controlled the area the killings took place in, immediately condemned the killings.
2271:
2200:
902:
186:
It is unclear who ordered the attacks or precisely who carried them out. However, in 2014 the
2250:
Spies, Informers and the 'Anti-Sinn Féin Society', The Intelligence War in Cork City, 1920–21
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920:
Spies, informers and the 'Anti-Sinn Féin Society', the Intelligence War in Cork City, 1920–21
665:
566:
476:
201:
130:
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Spies informers and the 'Anti-Sinn Féin Society', the Intelligence War in Cork City, 1920–21
832:
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had complained about British newspaper reports on attacks against Protestants in Ireland to
724:
Sometime later the Hornibrook home was burned, the plantation cut down and the land seized.
154:, refers to the killing (and in some cases, disappearances) of fourteen males in and around
739:
some 23 miles to the southeast, wrote to her mother shortly afterwards about Herbert Woods,
466:
451:
346:
336:
331:
193:
1964:"After the War of Independence: Some further questions about West Cork, April 27–29, 1922"
8:
2115:
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689:
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The IRA's Third Cork Brigade had killed 15 informers between 1919 and 1921, according to
361:
306:
197:
36:
939:
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381:
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According to Niall Harrington – a Pro-Treaty IRA officer at the time – more than 100
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West Cork "were murdered and almost all the remainder suffered grave material loss".
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asserting, "Though there were a number of men there, she only saw one, whom she did
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1021:
822:, Griffith, President of the Pro-Treaty Irish Provisional Government, stated:
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573:) and also a sizeable Protestant population – roughly 16%, some of whom were
321:
104:
66:
53:
1811:
The Widening Gulf: Northern Attitudes to the independent Irish state 1919–49
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released a confidential memo from the then-Director of Intelligence Colonel
2236:
British Spies and Irish Rebels – British Intelligence and Ireland 1916–1945
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1856:
Troubled History: A 10th anniversary critique of The IRA and its Enemies
873:. Churchill remarked that the events were "little short of a massacre".
557:. It was the scene of many of the conflict's major actions, such as the
1762:. Office of the Houses of the Oireachtas. 28 April 1922. Archived from
886:
775:
736:
685:
610:
499:
1149:
2205:
The I.R.A. and Its Enemies: Violence and Community in Cork, 1916–1923
1339:, p. 196; "De Valera agreed to a Truce, the terms were negotiated by
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1963:
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2069:"John Dorney, Peter Hart and the Dunmanway killings controversy"
819:
510:
1234:"Intimidation and murder of Protestants by elements of the IRA"
1101:
952:
2136:
Massacre in West Cork: The Dunmanway and Ballygroman Killings
200:) in September 1925 in relation to a pension claim by former
1980:
Florence Begley collection in the Bureau of Military History
668:
diary. This diary was reproduced with the names excised in
2264:
The Month, a Review of Christian Thought and World Affairs
758:
Killings in Dunmanway, Kinneigh, Ballineen, and Clonakilty
2303:, The “Bandon Valley Massacre” as a historical problem’,
2098:"Exorcising the dark, bloody secrets of IRA in West Cork"
1184:
1182:
1180:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
700:). O'Neill demanded a part of the engine mechanism (the
241:
Irish Civil War § Split in the Nationalist movement
183:
killings were carried out by unnamed local IRA members.
2157:
Kerry Landing, August 1922: An Episode of the Civil War
1982:, bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
1545:
Kerry Landing, August 1922: An Episode of the Civil War
1585:
1150:
Heaney, Paddy; Pat Muldowney; Philip O'Connor (2008).
1122:"Bishop remembers Bandon Valley Killings 100 years on"
1051:"Bishop remembers Bandon Valley Killings 100 years on"
839:" in the Dáil with Griffith's sentiments. Speaking in
532:
in Dublin, the killing of a pro-Treaty IRA officer in
1937:
1935:
1933:
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Coogan (at pg. 359) says this occurred on 25 April.
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ever brought to book by the Provisional Government.
1930:
1834:
1699:
1094:
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1090:
1088:
1086:
657:, affiliated to the Anti-Sinn FĂ©in League and the
2040:A Record of the Rebellion in Ireland in 1920–1921
2019:Meda Ryan commentary re challenge by Eve Morrison
1733:
1731:
1729:
1660:
1621:
1603:
994:A Record of the Rebellion in Ireland in 1920–1921
2311:
1243:
831:Speaking immediately afterwards, anti-treaty TD
1854:Rev. Brian P. Murphy (OSB) & Niall Meehan,
1083:
2114:Letters from Harris, Murphy and Bielenberg in
2071:, theirishstory.com. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
1726:
1314:, westcorktimes.com. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
1280:The Anglo-Irish War, The Troubles of 1913–1922
1119:
1048:
209:Hornbrooke , who were subsequently murdered."
166:(in July 1921) and before the outbreak of the
1539:
1537:
688:, at Ballygroman, East Muskerry, Desertmore,
278:
264:
2305:History',' 97/ 325 (Jan., 2012), pp. 70-98.
980:, based in Murragh and known locally as the
1370:, Mercer Press, Cork, 1997, pp. 214, 223-24
1534:
679:
271:
257:
16:Series of killings in County Cork, Ireland
2190:, (Mercier, 2005) (paper back edition);
1390:Green against Green, the Irish Civil War
1359:
1357:
1221:"1922–1933 Cork Fatality Register Index"
1749:, 1 May 1922, cited in Hart at pg. 277.
2312:
2095:
2086:, academia.edu. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
1958:
1956:
1012:
630:In Dunmanway itself, a company of the
1813:, pp. 116–17, Blackstaff Press, 1988.
1760:"Debate of 28 April, see pp. 332–333"
1354:
1343:on behalf of the British Army and by
925:At the time the press, including the
252:
2083:The Bandon Valley Massacre Revisited
1120:O'Sullivan, Jennie (30 April 2022).
1049:O'Sullivan, Jennie (30 April 2022).
1024:(who later debated the issue in the
1007:The Bandon Valley Massacre Revisited
1005:Historian John Regan, in his paper,
843:on 30 April, the Anti-Treaty leader
493:
1953:
13:
2207:, Oxford University Press (1999);
2121:, Aubane Historical Society, 2009.
204:(IRA) volunteer Daniel O'Neill of
114:14 including three who disappeared
14:
2361:
2118:An affair with the bishop of Cork
2096:Harris, Eoghan (4 October 2009).
1305:Info re alleged informers in Cork
1270:, 28 April 1922, Tim Pat Coogan,
1110:Coogan, p. 359, Hart, pp. 282-85.
896:
835:said he wished to associate the "
548:
2138:, Mercier Press, 2014, 288 pp.,
1547:, Anvil Books, 1992, pp. 8, 12;
634:evacuated their barracks in the
196:(later managing director of the
2128:
2108:
2089:
2074:
2061:
2049:
2033:
2024:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1973:
1944:
1911:
1902:
1891:, Irish Academic Press (2007);
1825:
1816:
1803:
1794:
1778:
1752:
1740:
1708:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1657:, 14 April 1923 and 5 May 1928.
1648:
1639:
1630:
1594:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1395:
1382:
1373:
1329:
1317:
1298:
1289:
1261:
1227:
1209:
1200:
1191:
625:
178:. Six were killed as purported
2350:Violence against men in Europe
2188:Tom Barry, IRA Freedom Fighter
1276:Tom Barry, IRA Freedom Fighter
1168:
1143:
1134:
1113:
1042:
245:IRA and the Anglo-Irish Treaty
1:
659:Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland
234:
2042:, Jeudwine Papers, 72/8212,
1496:, Vol 20, No. 7, July 2005;
781:
7:
1408:. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
1240:. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
1032:historian Andy Bielenberg.
799:One Cork correspondent for
10:
2366:
2275:, Vol 20 No. 7 July 2005;
1970:, Vol. 23, No. 3, p. 1008.
1968:The Irish Political Review
987:Hart writes that the term
238:
144:the Bandon Valley Killings
2325:Irish War of Independence
2150:Guerrilla Days in Ireland
1950:Ryan (2003), p. 158.
1861:Aubane Historical Society
1791:, p. 705; reprinted 1999.
1368:Guerrilla Days in Ireland
1337:Irish War of Independence
1278:, p. 158; Peter Cotrell,
857:However, a deputation of
555:Irish War of Independence
290:
282:Irish War of Independence
164:Irish War of Independence
126:
118:
110:
98:
90:
82:
43:
28:
23:
2269:Rev. Brian Murphy, OSB,
2266:, September–October 1998
2262:Rev. Brian Murphy, OSB,
2222:Myth and the Irish State
1927:. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
1035:
565:. It contained a strong
539:Royal Irish Constabulary
2159:, Anvil Books, 1992:8;
1723:Peter Hart, pp. 285-87.
1455:The IRA and its Enemies
1295:Ryan, pp. 212-213, 448.
1284:The IRA and its Enemies
1217:University College Cork
1188:Peter Hart, pp. 280-84.
982:Protestant Action Group
877:The Belfast News-Letter
867:Irish Rebellion of 1641
772:Protestant Action Group
680:Killings in Ballygroman
655:Protestant Action Group
500:Irish political leaders
467:Bloody Sunday (Belfast)
172:The IRA and its Enemies
2335:History of County Cork
2272:Irish Political Review
2176:, Arrow Books (1991);
2056:Irish Political Review
2009:Ryan, pp. 210-12.
2000:Ryan, pp. 213-14.
1714:Hart, pp. 275, 284–86.
1494:Irish Political Review
1379:Neeson, pp. 57, 66–67.
1351:on behalf of the IRA".
1080:Tim Pat Coogan, p. 359
1003:
855:
829:
797:
746:
347:Bloody Sunday (Dublin)
152:the Dunmanway massacre
2288:The Civil War 1922–23
2155:Niall C. Harrington,
1543:Niall C. Harrington,
1444:Paul MacMahon, p. 71.
1282:, p. 78; Peter Hart,
1274:, p. 359; Meda Ryan,
1140:Meda Ryan, pp. 211-13
998:
978:Loyalist Action Group
949:Arnon Street killings
937:(29 April 1922), and
849:
824:
806:Irish Transport Union
792:
768:Loyalist Action Group
741:
712:presumed killed. The
666:military intelligence
651:Loyalist Action Group
567:Irish Republican Army
477:Arnon Street killings
202:Irish Republican Army
148:the Dunmanway murders
131:Irish Republican Army
2340:Massacres in Ireland
1800:McMahon, pp. 75, 86.
1522:Paul McMahon, p. 66.
1310:4 September 2013 at
1018:Cork's Bloody Secret
194:Michael Joe Costello
67:51.72083°N 9.11278°W
2320:Mass murder in 1922
2238:, (Boydell, 2008);
2044:Imperial War Museum
1600:Ryan, pp. 164, 219.
1388:Michael Hopkinson,
1335:Michael Hopkinson,
1206:Hart, pp. 113, 277.
1013:TV programme on RTÉ
751:drawn and quartered
569:(IRA) Brigade (the
563:Crossbarry ambushes
198:Irish Sugar Company
63: /
37:Bandon, County Cork
1925:The New York Times
1831:Hart, p. 282.
1789:The Irish Republic
1406:The New York Times
940:The New York Times
931:(1 May 1922), the
928:Belfast Newsletter
918:John Borgonovo in
733:Desmond Fitzgerald
632:Auxiliary Division
507:Anglo-Irish Treaty
482:Dunmanway killings
317:Sack of Balbriggan
140:Dunmanway killings
72:51.72083; -9.11278
24:Dunmanway killings
2345:April 1922 events
2290:, (Dublin 1989);
2244:978-1-84383-376-5
2224:, Salins (2013);
2182:978-0-09-968580-7
2102:Irish Independent
2030:Hart, pp. 285-87.
1871:, pp. 17, 45, 47.
1869:978-1-903497-46-3
1696:Hart, pp. 274-75.
1636:Ryan, pp. 211-12.
1591:Ryan, pp. 209-10.
1582:Ryan, pp. 154-56.
1573:Ryan, pp. 160-61.
1475:Ryan, pp. 210-11.
1435:Harrington, p. 8.
1426:Hopkinson, p. 52.
1197:Ryan, pp. 153-55.
1174:Ryan, pp. 211–13.
1161:978-1-903497-48-7
882:The Northern Whig
863:Winston Churchill
859:Irish Protestants
674:The Southern Star
670:The Southern Star
494:Political context
490:
489:
180:British informers
136:
135:
94:British informers
2357:
2252:(Kildare 2007);
2248:John Borgonovo,
2122:
2116:Jack Lane, ed.,
2112:
2106:
2105:
2093:
2087:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1960:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1928:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1899:, pp. 84-85, 97.
1887:John Borgonovo,
1885:
1872:
1851:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1809:Dennis Kennedy,
1807:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1785:Dorothy Macardle
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1669:Hart p. 279
1667:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1541:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1361:
1352:
1341:Neville Macready
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1241:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1099:
1098:Meda Ryan p. 212
1096:
1081:
1078:
1061:
1060:
1046:
837:anti-treaty side
571:3rd Cork Brigade
543:Irish Free State
521:re-established.
515:Irish Free State
472:McMahon killings
285:
283:
273:
266:
259:
250:
249:
142:, also known as
86:26–28 April 1922
78:
77:
75:
74:
73:
68:
64:
61:
60:
59:
56:
21:
20:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2330:1922 in Ireland
2310:
2309:
2174:Michael Collins
2131:
2126:
2125:
2113:
2109:
2094:
2090:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:Coogan, p. 349.
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1931:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1886:
1875:
1852:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:Coogan, p. 360.
1677:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:Hopkinson, p.75
1416:
1412:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1362:
1355:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1272:Michael Collins
1266:
1262:
1257:
1244:
1238:The Irish Times
1232:
1228:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1084:
1079:
1064:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1015:
899:
845:Éamon de Valera
833:Seán T. O'Kelly
816:Arthur Griffith
801:The Irish Times
784:
760:
729:Michael Collins
682:
628:
551:
496:
491:
486:
357:Burning of Cork
286:
281:
279:
277:
247:
239:Main articles:
237:
229:Anglo-Irish War
168:Irish Civil War
101:
71:
69:
65:
62:
57:
54:
52:
50:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2308:
2307:
2298:
2284:
2267:
2260:
2246:
2234:Paul McMahon,
2232:
2215:
2198:
2184:
2170:Tim Pat Coogan
2167:
2153:
2146:
2144:978-1781172032
2130:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2107:
2088:
2073:
2060:
2048:
2032:
2023:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1972:
1962:Niall Meehan,
1952:
1943:
1929:
1919:New York Times
1910:
1901:
1873:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1802:
1793:
1777:
1766:on 7 June 2011
1751:
1739:
1737:Coogan, p. 359
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1394:
1381:
1372:
1353:
1328:
1316:
1297:
1288:
1268:New York Times
1260:
1242:
1226:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1176:
1167:
1160:
1142:
1133:
1112:
1100:
1082:
1062:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1014:
1011:
968:Essex Regiment
898:
897:Responsibility
895:
871:1798 Rebellion
783:
780:
759:
756:
681:
678:
663:Black and Tans
627:
624:
550:
549:In County Cork
547:
526:Irish Republic
519:Irish Republic
495:
492:
488:
487:
485:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
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389:
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364:
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349:
344:
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134:
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108:
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99:
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84:
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47:
41:
40:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2362:
2351:
2348:
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2343:
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2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2302:
2301:John M. Regan
2299:
2297:
2296:1-85371-013-X
2293:
2289:
2286:Eoin Neeson,
2285:
2283:, pages 10–11
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2258:0-7165-2833-9
2255:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:0-19-820806-5
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:1-85635-480-6
2193:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:0-947962-70-0
2162:
2158:
2154:
2152:, (Cork 1997)
2151:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:Barry Keane,
2133:
2132:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2046:, London, UK.
2045:
2041:
2036:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1947:
1941:Hart, p. 291.
1938:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1905:
1898:
1897:0-7165-2833-9
1894:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1828:
1822:Ryan, p. 217.
1819:
1812:
1806:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1720:
1711:
1705:Hart, p. 275.
1702:
1693:
1687:Ryan, p. 447.
1684:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1627:Ryan, p. 211.
1624:
1618:Ryan, p. 213.
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1564:Ryan, p. 154.
1561:
1554:
1553:0-947962-70-0
1550:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1531:Hart, p. 112.
1528:
1519:
1513:Ryan, p. 157.
1510:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1484:Ryan, p. 164.
1481:
1472:
1466:Hart, p. 289.
1463:
1456:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1376:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1349:Eamonn Duggan
1346:
1345:Robert Barton
1342:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1312:archive.today
1309:
1306:
1301:
1292:
1286:, pp. 282-85.
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1258:Ryan, p. 215.
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1028:), alongside
1027:
1023:
1022:Eoghan Harris
1019:
1010:
1008:
1002:
997:
995:
990:
985:
983:
979:
974:
969:
964:
960:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:
936:
935:
930:
929:
923:
921:
916:
913:
907:
904:
894:
892:
888:
883:
878:
874:
872:
868:
864:
861:who met with
860:
854:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
811:
807:
802:
796:
791:
789:
779:
777:
773:
769:
764:
755:
752:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
727:On 13 April,
725:
722:
717:
716:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
677:
675:
671:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
623:
620:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
584:
579:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
546:
544:
540:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
452:Carrowkennedy
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
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415:
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385:
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373:
370:
368:
365:
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358:
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348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
337:Piltown Cross
335:
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330:
328:
325:
323:
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318:
315:
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305:
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296:
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292:
289:
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274:
269:
267:
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260:
255:
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246:
242:
232:
231:(1919–1921).
230:
225:
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199:
195:
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184:
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149:
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132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
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109:
106:
105:Mass shooting
103:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
31:
27:
22:
19:
2304:
2287:
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1764:the original
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2186:Meda Ryan,
2148:Tom Barry,
2080:John Regan,
1770:20 February
1747:Irish Times
1655:Irish Times
1324:Eoin Neeson
1152:Coolacrease
1026:Irish Times
934:Irish Times
891:Seán Moylan
599:Sean Moylan
530:Four Courts
462:Coolacrease
437:Tourmakeady
412:Selton Hill
302:Soloheadbeg
217:anti-Treaty
189:Irish Times
160:County Cork
127:Perpetrator
100:Attack type
70: /
45:Coordinates
2314:Categories
2230:0716532123
2201:Peter Hart
1921:(May 1922)
903:Peter Hart
887:Liam Deasy
788:Protestant
776:Clonakilty
737:Crosshaven
686:magistrate
611:Liam Deasy
559:Kilmichael
422:Crossbarry
392:Coolavokig
367:Drumcondra
352:Kilmichael
332:Ballinalee
235:Background
206:Enniskeane
55:51°43′15″N
2281:0790-7672
1502:0790-7672
1364:Tom Barry
841:Mullingar
810:Tom Hales
782:Aftermath
647:Tom Barry
636:workhouse
617:drove to
607:Tom Barry
595:Tom Hales
591:Cork City
583:Enniskean
575:loyalists
457:Rathcoole
402:Clonbanin
307:Knocklong
213:Sinn FĂ©in
176:sectarian
156:Dunmanway
39:, Ireland
33:Dunmanway
1863:(2008);
1308:Archived
989:informer
947:and the
869:and the
603:Limerick
601:were in
442:Kilmeena
432:Scramoge
427:Headford
397:Sheemore
387:Clonmult
377:Dromkeen
312:Holywell
295:Timeline
224:loyalist
58:9°6′46″W
29:Location
1402:Archive
1326:, p. 53
971:during
953:pogroms
945:McMahon
702:magneto
619:Macroom
534:Athlone
417:Burgery
407:Kilfaul
372:Clonfin
327:Tooreen
119:Injured
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1127:RTÉ.ie
1056:RTÉ.ie
706:Bandon
692:(near
690:Bandon
342:Tralee
322:Rineen
243:, and
111:Deaths
91:Target
1036:Notes
382:Upton
2292:ISBN
2277:ISSN
2254:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2209:ISBN
2192:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2140:ISBN
1893:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1772:2009
1549:ISBN
1498:ISSN
1347:and
1156:ISBN
889:and
820:Dáil
609:and
597:and
561:and
511:Dáil
505:The
138:The
83:Date
1030:UCC
912:not
770:or
653:or
150:or
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2203:,
2172:,
2100:.
1966:,
1955:^
1932:^
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698:MC
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1059:.
272:e
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