52:
303:
met the king at
Perugia and convinced him to lift the siege and abdicate to a monastery. It has been suggested that Ratchis was forced to attack Byzantine Italy by a part of Lombard nationalists, or conversely that he attacked because Zachary had broken the terms of his predecessor's
288:, Jan Hallenbeck, and Paolo Delogu, this took place before the ephemeral conquest of Ravenna. The most common interpretation is that Agatho was trying to regain Bologna, which was a part of his duchy until it was conquered by
284:), where Walcari, Peredeo, and Rotcari were then staying in camp, but the latter rushed upon the Romans, made a great slaughter of them and compelled those who were left to seek flight." According to modern historians
327:
that can date no earlier than 774, the cities of the Roman duchy are listed from north to south, with the cities of the duchy of
Perugia added to those of Roman Tuscany, indicating that by the time of
233:, it also disturbed the Lombard kingdom, which was a constant thorn in the Byzantines' side. This strategic importance meant that many Lombard and Byzantine armies passed through it.
331:
by the Franks, Perugia had been incorporated into the
Papally-ruled duchy of Rome. In fact, the duchy of Perugia as a distinct political unit cannot be charted later than the 740s.
543:
276:, this occurred before "the Romans, swollen with their accustomed pride, assembled on every side under the leadership of Agatho, duke of the Perugians, and came to seize
308:, a twenty-year truce. In any case, "all Italy was quiet" between Ratchis's accession in 745 and his attack on Perugia in 749, according to Zachary's biographer in the
1801:
465:
536:
305:
1821:
1816:
1811:
529:
1806:
894:
1196:
914:
317:
With the collapse of the exarchate and the capture of
Ravenna by the Lombards in 751, the duchy of Perugia was left under
260:, meaning the inhabitants of the duchies of Perugia and Rome who, so remote from either Ravenna or the Byzantine capital,
1709:
1452:
1400:
292:
around 727–730, and in so doing broke a truce between the
Byzantines and Lombards, thus provoking an assault on Ravenna.
1591:
1262:
1703:
1311:
491:
229:, the capital of the Exarchate. Since it cut off the Duke of Spoleto from his nominal overlord, the king ruling from
552:
1721:
1697:
1601:
1545:
703:
1826:
1586:
1520:
1319:
1051:
974:
825:
328:
1715:
1667:
1358:
845:
182:
89:
1661:
1655:
1606:
1596:
1026:
1011:
874:
1773:
1056:
1679:
1031:
884:
820:
237:
217:. It was of great strategic significance to the Byzantines since it provided communication between
214:
1767:
1442:
1334:
1296:
791:
721:
198:
1727:
1673:
1621:
1611:
1447:
1390:
1061:
272:, united to take Ravenna, probably in 737–740. According to the contemporary Lombard historian
265:
473:. Translated by William Dudley Foulke. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania.
1691:
1535:
1487:
1473:
1301:
1041:
954:
904:
583:
566:
289:
1739:
1616:
1555:
1540:
1463:
1427:
1383:
1373:
1151:
1123:
929:
773:
671:
615:
269:
102:
8:
1761:
1492:
1395:
1378:
1368:
1223:
1146:
969:
964:
899:
799:
709:
299:
invaded the duchies of
Perugia and Pentapolis, besieging the capital city of the former.
1685:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1550:
1515:
1510:
1468:
1432:
1291:
1186:
1108:
1081:
1021:
924:
909:
747:
727:
516:. Vol. 53. Paris, France: Bibliothèque des écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome.
480:
310:
249:
51:
1530:
1525:
1458:
1417:
1411:
1252:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
959:
939:
889:
879:
860:
487:
186:
1747:
1329:
1324:
1247:
1181:
1176:
1046:
1016:
984:
840:
764:
742:
521:
241:
210:
170:
38:
1270:
1238:
1233:
1213:
1076:
1036:
1006:
989:
949:
934:
919:
850:
835:
752:
732:
605:
511:
273:
1128:
1753:
1649:
1643:
1243:
1218:
1091:
1086:
1071:
1066:
1001:
996:
979:
944:
737:
715:
659:
598:
261:
245:
158:
1795:
1437:
1275:
779:
653:
625:
202:
56:
Map of the
Exarchate and the Lombard territories around the mid-7th century.
810:
665:
645:
323:
300:
513:Études sur l'administration byzantine dans l'Exarchat de Ravenne (568–751)
1363:
1228:
285:
253:
264:, depended upon the Pope for defence and for their foreign relations.
630:
197:), located at its centre. It was a band of territory connecting the
1348:
830:
635:
578:
252:, for assistance against the Lombards, the Pope already envisaged
610:
571:
296:
281:
226:
190:
64:
486:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
482:
The
Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680–825
1118:
206:
115:
1096:
620:
593:
230:
222:
166:
154:
141:
34:
588:
218:
173:. Its civil and military administration was overseen by a
181:) appointed by and under the authority originally of the
174:
551:
479:
254:an independent republic of his "peculiar people" (
1793:
205:to its southwest, and separating the duchies of
88:• Establishment under the authority of the
1737:
463:
371:
1802:States and territories established in the 550s
240:historian, has surmised that by 739–740, when
537:
940:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
321:Papal authority by 752. In a passage of the
189:(584–751). Its chief city and namesake was
544:
530:
50:
394:
392:
895:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
268:, the heir to the throne, and Peredeo,
1794:
389:
213:(to its southeast), both parts of the
525:
509:
477:
446:
434:
422:
410:
398:
383:
359:
347:
1822:8th century in the Byzantine Empire
1817:7th century in the Byzantine Empire
1812:6th century in the Byzantine Empire
13:
502:
14:
1838:
1807:Provinces of the Byzantine Empire
1704:United Provinces of Central Italy
553:List of historic states of Italy
1686:Provisional Government of Milan
329:conquest of the Lombard kingdom
114:• De facto control by the
885:City of Fiume and its District
440:
428:
416:
404:
377:
365:
353:
341:
1:
1320:County of Apulia and Calabria
826:Campagna e Marittima Province
467:The History of the Langobards
334:
16:Italian duchy (554 – ca. 752)
478:Noble, Thomas F. X. (1984).
7:
1722:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
1716:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1668:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
846:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
185:(554–584) and later of the
183:Praetorian Prefect of Italy
90:Praetorian Prefect of Italy
10:
1843:
1662:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
1656:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
1057:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
1027:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
1012:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
456:
201:to its northeast with the
1774:Free Territory of Trieste
1634:
1564:
1503:
1486:
1410:
1347:
1310:
1292:Principality of Benevento
1284:
1261:
1206:
1195:
1137:
1107:
859:
809:
763:
694:
681:
644:
559:
464:Paul the Deacon (1974) .
295:In 749, the Lombard king
137:
133:
129:
125:
112:
99:
86:
82:
74:
70:
60:
49:
44:
33:
23:
1680:Italian United Provinces
1032:Principality of Piombino
821:Patrimony of Saint Peter
215:Lombard Kingdom of Italy
1768:Italian Social Republic
1443:Principality of Taranto
1335:Principality of Taranto
1297:Principality of Salerno
1052:Bishopric of Tarantasia
875:Bishopric of Bressanone
792:Duchy of the Pentapolis
510:Diehl, Charles (1888).
209:(to its northwest) and
199:Duchy of the Pentapolis
1674:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1448:Terra Sancti Benedicti
1352:(from the 9th century)
1062:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1692:Republic of San Marco
1474:Crown Colony of Malta
1302:Principality of Capua
1042:Marquisate of Saluzzo
905:County of Santa Fiora
567:Etruscan civilization
425:, pp. 59, 94–95.
244:was negotiating with
1827:Exarchate of Ravenna
1488:French Revolutionary
1428:State of the Presidi
1152:Republic of Florence
1124:Domini di Terraferma
774:Exarchate of Ravenna
672:Western Roman Empire
616:Nuragic civilization
372:Paul the Deacon 1974
103:Exarchate of Ravenna
1762:Free State of Fiume
1710:Kingdom of Sardinia
1453:Neapolitan Republic
1401:Kingdom of Sardinia
1396:Republic of Sassari
1224:Catepanate of Italy
1147:Republic of Cospaia
970:Duchy of Montferrat
965:March of Montferrat
900:County of Guastalla
800:Exarchate of Africa
101:• Part of the
1592:Lucca and Piombino
1469:Malta Protectorate
1433:Duke of San Donato
1187:Republic of Ancona
1109:Republic of Venice
1022:Duchy of Mirandola
910:Duchy of Guastalla
748:Duchy of Tridentum
728:Duchy of Benevento
695:Barbarian kingdoms
311:Liber pontificalis
256:peculiarem populum
250:Duke of the Franks
221:, the city of the
27:Ducatus Perusianus
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1630:
1629:
1597:Massa and Carrara
1482:
1481:
1459:Hospitaller Malta
1418:Kingdom of Naples
1412:Kingdom of Sicily
1343:
1342:
1253:Duchy of Sorrento
1172:Republic of Genoa
1167:Republic of Siena
1162:Republic of Massa
1157:Republic of Lucca
890:County of Gorizia
880:Corsican Republic
861:Holy Roman Empire
401:, pp. 56–57.
362:, pp. 44–48.
236:Thomas Noble, an
187:Exarch of Ravenna
147:
146:
1834:
1748:Kingdom of Italy
1735:
1734:
1501:
1500:
1330:County of Sicily
1325:County of Aversa
1248:Byzantine Sicily
1234:Theme of Lucania
1204:
1203:
1182:Republic of Pisa
1177:Republic of Noli
1047:Duchy of Spoleto
1017:Duchy of Merania
915:Kingdom of Italy
841:Duchy of Ferrara
786:Duchy of Perugia
765:Byzantine Empire
743:Duchy of Spoleto
710:Ostrogothic rule
692:
691:
560:Pre-Roman period
546:
539:
532:
523:
522:
517:
497:
485:
474:
472:
450:
444:
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
408:
402:
396:
387:
381:
375:
369:
363:
357:
351:
345:
242:Pope Gregory III
171:Byzantine Empire
151:Duchy of Perugia
54:
39:Byzantine Empire
28:
24:Duchy of Perugia
21:
20:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1779:
1733:
1636:
1635:Post-Napoleonic
1626:
1560:
1496:
1490:
1478:
1420:
1416:
1415:(1130–1816) and
1414:
1406:
1351:
1339:
1306:
1280:
1271:Emirate of Bari
1257:
1244:Theme of Sicily
1239:Duchy of Naples
1214:Duchy of Amalfi
1199:
1191:
1139:
1138:Other Republics
1133:
1111:
1103:
1097:County of Tenda
1077:County of Savoy
1037:Duchy of Reggio
1007:Duchy of Mantua
935:March of Friuli
867:
865:
863:
855:
851:Duchy of Urbino
836:Duchy of Castro
813:
805:
759:
753:Duchy of Tuscia
733:Duchy of Friuli
696:
687:
685:
683:
677:
656:(753 BC–509 BC)
640:
555:
550:
520:
505:
503:Further reading
500:
494:
470:
459:
454:
453:
445:
441:
433:
429:
421:
417:
409:
405:
397:
390:
382:
378:
370:
366:
358:
354:
350:, pp. 3–5.
346:
342:
337:
274:Paul the Deacon
270:Duke of Vicenza
118:
105:
92:
55:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:Italian Empire
1744:
1742:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1698:Roman Republic
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1650:Duchy of Lucca
1647:
1644:Duchy of Genoa
1640:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1219:Duchy of Gaeta
1216:
1210:
1208:
1201:
1197:Southern Italy
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1140:(c. 1000–1797)
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1092:County of Nice
1089:
1087:Duchy of Aosta
1084:
1079:
1074:
1067:Savoyard state
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1002:Duchy of Milan
999:
997:Duchy of Ivrea
994:
993:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
871:
869:
857:
856:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
817:
815:
807:
806:
804:
803:
797:
796:
795:
789:
783:
770:
768:
761:
760:
758:
757:
756:
755:
750:
745:
740:
738:Duchy of Ivrea
735:
730:
719:
713:
707:
704:Odoacer's rule
700:
698:
689:
679:
678:
676:
675:
669:
668:(27 BC–395 AD)
663:
662:(509 BC–27 BC)
660:Roman Republic
657:
650:
648:
642:
641:
639:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
602:
601:
599:Cisalpine Gaul
591:
586:
581:
576:
575:
574:
563:
561:
557:
556:
549:
548:
541:
534:
526:
519:
518:
506:
504:
501:
499:
498:
492:
475:
460:
458:
455:
452:
451:
449:, p. 182.
439:
437:, p. 160.
427:
415:
403:
388:
376:
364:
352:
339:
338:
336:
333:
306:Peace of Terni
262:Constantinople
246:Charles Martel
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
113:
110:
109:
106:
100:
97:
96:
93:
87:
84:
83:
80:
79:
76:
75:Historical era
72:
71:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
47:
46:
42:
41:
31:
30:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1839:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1790:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:Duchy of Sora
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1276:Muslim Sicily
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
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822:
819:
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787:
784:
781:
780:Duchy of Rome
778:
777:
775:
772:
771:
769:
766:
762:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
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731:
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664:
661:
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654:Roman Kingdom
652:
651:
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637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
626:Magna Graecia
624:
622:
619:
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614:
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493:0-8122-1239-8
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448:
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436:
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419:
413:, p. 57.
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407:
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203:Duchy of Rome
200:
196:
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156:
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138:Today part of
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53:
48:
45:554 – ca. 752
43:
40:
36:
32:
22:
19:
1789:
1750:(1861–1946)
1728:Papal States
1556:Transpadania
1129:Stato da Màr
811:Papal States
785:
722:Lombard rule
686:Early Modern
674:(395–476 AD)
666:Roman Empire
646:Ancient Rome
512:
481:
466:
442:
430:
418:
406:
379:
367:
355:
343:
324:Ludovicianum
322:
318:
316:
309:
301:Pope Zachary
294:
277:
255:
235:
194:
178:
169:part of the
162:
150:
148:
18:
1776:(1947–1954)
1770:(1943–1945)
1764:(1920–1924)
1756:(1882–1960)
1740:unification
1730:(1814–1870)
1724:(1815–1866)
1718:(1816–1861)
1712:(1814–1860)
1706:(1859–1860)
1700:(1849–1850)
1694:(1848–1849)
1676:(1815–1859)
1670:(1814–1859)
1664:(1814–1859)
1658:(1814–1829)
1652:(1815–1847)
1646:(1815–1848)
1536:Parthenopea
1497:(1792–1815)
1455:(1647–1648)
1421:(1282–1816)
1403:(1324–1861)
1364:Agugliastra
1229:Longobardia
866:independent
716:Vandal rule
286:Georg Waitz
78:Middle Ages
1796:Categories
1607:Pontecorvo
1565:Monarchies
1551:Subalpinia
1516:Cispadania
1511:Cisalpinia
1493:Napoleonic
1200:(774–1139)
1112:(697–1797)
814:(754–1870)
776:(584–751)
724:(568–774)
447:Noble 1984
435:Noble 1984
423:Noble 1984
411:Noble 1984
399:Noble 1984
384:Noble 1984
360:Noble 1984
348:Noble 1984
335:References
266:Hildeprand
1582:Guastalla
1572:Benevento
1504:Republics
1359:Judicates
1207:Byzantine
864:and other
802:(585–698)
794:(554–752)
788:(554–752)
782:(533–751)
767:(584–751)
718:(435–534)
712:(493–553)
706:(476–493)
697:(476–774)
631:Iapygians
374:, VI, 54.
290:Liutprand
165:) in the
1541:Piedmont
1391:Oristano
1384:Logudoro
1374:Cagliari
1349:Sardinia
1082:Piedmont
831:Holy See
682:Medieval
636:Picentes
579:Samnites
319:de facto
238:American
1622:Corsica
1612:Tuscany
1577:Etruria
1526:Liguria
1379:Gallura
1369:Arborea
1285:Lombard
985:Tuscany
975:Trieste
611:Ligures
572:Etruria
457:Sources
297:Ratchis
282:Bologna
278:Bononia
227:Ravenna
211:Spoleto
195:Perusia
191:Perugia
167:Italian
163:ducatus
121:ca. 752
65:Perugia
61:Capital
37:of the
1688:(1848)
1682:(1831)
1637:states
1602:Naples
1312:Norman
1119:Dogado
990:Verona
955:Mantua
950:Istria
930:Finale
920:Ancona
868:states
688:states
606:Veneti
584:Latins
490:
225:, and
207:Tuscia
153:was a
116:Papacy
1738:Post-
1587:Italy
1531:Lucca
1521:Italy
1072:Savoy
980:Turin
960:Milan
945:Ivrea
621:Umbri
594:Celts
471:(PDF)
231:Pavia
223:Popes
159:Latin
155:duchy
142:Italy
35:Duchy
1617:Elba
1546:Rome
1495:eras
1491:and
1464:Gozo
1263:Arab
1246:and
925:Ceva
589:Osci
488:ISBN
219:Rome
175:duke
149:The
684:and
179:dux
108:584
95:554
1798::
391:^
314:.
248:,
161::
545:e
538:t
531:v
496:.
280:(
258:)
193:(
177:(
157:(
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