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1326:(February 1832) lists: "24° M. Thilorier (Adrien-Jean-Pierre) employé à l'administration des postes, demeurant à Paris, place Vendôme, n 21, auquel il a été délivré le 16 mai dernier, le certificat de sa demande d'un brevet d'invention de dix ans pour le perfectionnement d'une machine à comprimer le gaz; …" (24th Mr. Thilorier (Adrien-Jean-Pierre) employed at the Post Office, residing in Paris, Place Vendôme, no. 21, where was delivered May 16th last, the certificate, by his request, for a patent of invention for ten years for the improvement of a machine to compress gas; … )
1030:
907:
343:. Second, the carbon dioxide-rich gas is pressurized and refrigerated until it liquefies. Next, the pressure is reduced. When this occurs some liquid carbon dioxide vaporizes, causing a rapid lowering of temperature of the remaining liquid. As a result, the extreme cold causes the liquid to solidify into a snow-like consistency. Finally, the snow-like solid carbon dioxide is compressed into small pellets or larger blocks of dry ice.
453:
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624:, combining the power of the speed of the pellets with the action of the sublimation. This can remove residues from industrial equipment. Examples of materials removed include ink, glue, oil, paint, mold and rubber. Dry ice blasting can replace sandblasting, steam blasting, water blasting or solvent blasting. The primary environmental residue of dry ice blasting is the sublimed CO
1010:
At least one person has been killed by carbon dioxide gas subliming off dry ice in coolers placed in a car. In 2020, three people were killed at a party in Moscow after 25 kg of dry ice was dumped in a pool; carbon dioxide is heavier than air, and so can linger near the ground, just above water
548:
is forced into a jacket wrapped around a pipe, which in turn causes the water inside to freeze and block the pipe. When the repairs are done, the jacket is removed and the ice plug melts, allowing the flow to resume. This technique can be used on pipes up to 4 inches or 100 mm in diameter.
384:
such as gloves and safety glasses. A standard block weighing approximately 30 kg (66 lb) covered in a taped paper wrapping is most common. These are commonly used in shipping, because they sublime relatively slowly due to a low ratio of surface area to volume. Pellets are around 1 cm
1329:
In a patent (no. 2896) which was filed on May 16, 1831 and which was published in 1836, Adrien-Jean-Pierre
Thilorier, an employee of the French "Administration des postes" (i.e., Post Office) in Paris is identified explicitly as the inventor of a machine for compressing gases which in 1829 won the
800:
have shown that Mars' polar caps are almost completely made of water ice, and that dry ice only forms a thin surface layer that thickens and thins seasonally. A phenomenon named dry ice storms was proposed to occur over the polar regions of Mars. They are comparable to Earth's thunderstorms, with
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525:, in which fog rises like smoke, fog from dry ice hovers near the ground. Dry ice is useful in theatre productions that require dense fog effects. The fog originates from the bulk water into which the dry ice is placed, and not from atmospheric water vapor (as is commonly assumed).
1065:, causing permanent problems with eating. Rapid sublimation could cause gas buildup that ruptures digestive organs or suffocation. Products that contain dry ice and prevent it from being accidentally ingested eliminate these risks while producing the desired fog effect.
657:. This method reduces the soil temperature to approximately -70 to -74 °C, rapidly freezing the groundwater. As a result, the soil's strength and impermeability significantly increase, which is essential for the safe execution of underground construction projects.
493:
Dry ice can be used to arrest and prevent insect activity in closed containers of grains and grain products, as it displaces oxygen, but does not alter the taste or quality of foods. For the same reason, it can prevent or retard food oils and fats from becoming
309:
999:(IATA) regulations require specific diamond-shaped black-and white labelling to be placed on the package. The package must have adequate ventilation so that it will not rupture from pressure in the event that the Dry Ice begins to sublime in the packaging. The
227:
of dry ice increases with decreasing temperature and ranges between about 1.55 and 1.7 g/cm (97 and 106 lb/cu ft) below 195 K (−78 °C; −109 °F). The low temperature and direct sublimation to a gas makes dry ice an effective
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performs better in this role, as it is colder, thereby requiring less time to act, and needs less pressure to store. Dry ice has fewer problems with storage, since it can be generated from compressed carbon dioxide gas as needed.
1848:
Reisen WK, Boyce K, Cummings RC, Delgado O, Gutierrez A, Meyer RP, Scott TW (1999). "Comparative effectiveness of three adult mosquito sampling methods in habitats representative of four different biomes of
California".
861:
suggested the presence of dry ice on the surface, though followup observations indicate that the carbon ices on the surface are carbon monoxide but that the moon's crust is composed of a significant quantity of dry ice.
294:
was trademarked by the DryIce
Corporation of America as "Dry ice", leading to its common name. That same year the DryIce Co. sold the substance commercially for the first time, marketing it for refrigeration purposes.
976:: "Store in a well ventilated place." Industrial dry ice may contain contaminants that make it unsafe for direct contact with food. Tiny dry ice pellets used in dry ice blast cleaning do not contain oily residues.
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628:, thus making it a useful technique where residues from other blasting techniques are undesirable. Recently, blast cleaning has been introduced as a method of removing smoke damage from structures after fires.
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416:. The carbon dioxide must be removed during the process to prevent dry ice from fouling the equipment, and once separated can be processed into commercial dry ice in a manner similar to that described above.
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inch diameter) cylindrical, high surface to volume pellets that float on oil or water and do not stick to skin because of their high radii of curvature. Tiny dry ice pellets are used primarily for
567:
It can be used to exterminate rodents. This is done by dropping pellets into rodent tunnels in the ground and then sealing off the entrance, thus suffocating the animals as the dry ice sublimates.
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in large engines requires the use of dry ice to chill and thus shrink the liner so that it freely slides into the engine block. When the liner then warms up, it expands, and the resulting
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Dry ice is also useful for the de-gassing of flammable vapours from storage tanks — the sublimation of dry ice pellets inside an emptied and vented tank causes an outrush of CO
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Dry ice can be used for loosening asphalt floor tiles or car sound deadening material, making them easy to prise off, as well as freezing water in valveless pipes to enable repair.
594:
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Dry ice is easily manufactured. The most common industrial method of manufacturing dry ice starts with a gas having a high concentration of carbon dioxide. Such gases can be a
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produced may also hinder attempts to withdraw from contact in a safe manner. Because it sublimes into large quantities of carbon dioxide gas, which could pose a danger of
646:
holds it tightly in place. Similar procedures may be used in fabricating mechanical assemblies with a high resultant strength, replacing the need for pins, keys or welds.
1884:
972:, dry ice should only be exposed to open air in a well-ventilated environment. For this reason, in the context of laboratory safety dry ice is assigned label precaution
2550:
Lellouch, E.; de Bergh, C.; Sicardy, B.; Ferron, S.; Käufl, H.-U. (2010). "Detection of CO in Triton's atmosphere and the nature of surface-atmosphere interactions".
1594:
1729:
Kuntzleman, Thomas S.; Ford, Nathan; No, Jin-Hwan; Ott, Mark E. (2015-04-14). "A Molecular
Explanation of How the Fog Is Produced when Dry Ice Is Placed in Water".
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It is frequently used to package items that must remain cold or frozen, such as ice cream or biological samples, in the absence of availability or practicality of
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French
Academy of Sciences' Montyon prize for mechanics. The patent describes the machine and its performance in detail. See: (French Ministry of Commerce),
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278:(1790–1844), who published the first account of the substance. In his experiments, it was noted that when opening the lid of a large cylinder containing
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2335:
1986:
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380:, quick freezing, fire fighting, oil solidifying and have been found to be safe for experimentation by middle school students wearing appropriate
282:, most of the liquid carbon dioxide quickly evaporated. This left only solid dry ice in the container. In 1924, Thomas B. Slate applied for a US
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715:. Dry ice has the advantage of being relatively cheap and completely non-toxic. Its main drawback is the need to be delivered directly into the
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1964:
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can be done with the use of dry ice. It was widely used in experiments in the US in the 1950s and early 1960s before it was replaced by
992:
2116:"Experimental study and simulation for unfrozen water and compressive strength of frozen soil based on artificial freezing technology"
2015:
2374:
1276:
544:, dry ice is used to cut off water flow to pipes to allow repairs to be made without shutting off water mains. Pressurised liquid CO
751:, pressure increases, causing the bottle to burst with a loud noise. The screw cap can be replaced with a rubber stopper to make a
3019:
2793:"Specialist Public Health Lawyers Instructed After Dry Ice Cocktail Drank at The Alchemist 'Leaves Man With Severe Stomach Burns'"
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Dry ice is critical in the deployment of some vaccines, which require storage at ultra-cold temperatures along their supply line.
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Grundy, W. M.; Young, L. A.; Spencer, J. R.; Johnson, R. E.; Young, E. F.; Buie, M. W. (October 2006). "Distributions of H
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where temperatures are close to the triple point of carbon dioxide and it is possible that flakes of dry ice precipitate.
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phase (dry ice). At atmospheric pressure, sublimation/deposition occurs at 194.7 K (−78.5 °C; −109.2 °F).
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and not leaving any residue (other than incidental frost from moisture in the atmosphere). It is useful for preserving
408:. In this process, carbon dioxide liquefies or freezes at a far higher temperature compared to that needed to liquefy
2614:
2227:
1708:"Zapping Oil Spills with Dry Ice and Ingenuity" by Gordon Dillow Los Angeles Times South Bay section page 1 2/24/1994
1459:
1535:
2889:
Duane, H. D. Roller; Thilorier, M. (1952). "Thilyorier and the First
Solidification of a "Permanent" Gas (1835)".
570:
Tiny dry ice pellets can be used to fight fire by both cooling fuel and suffocating the fire by excluding oxygen.
2715:
1036:
1000:
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for ground transportation. However, in the US, it is regulated as a dangerous good when shipped by air or water.
984:
2686:
2368:"Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVII (2006) – Observation of the Martian Cryptic Region from Mars Orbiter Camera"
2485:
Cartwright, R. J.; Emery, J. P.; Rivkin, A. S.; Trilling, D. E.; Pinilla-Alonso, N. (2015). "Distribution of CO
62:
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381:
205:
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1994:
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385:(0.4 in) in diameter and can be bagged easily. This form is suited to small scale use, for example at
275:
2814:
Li, Wen-Chieh; Ko, Sheung-Fat; Tsai, Chia-Chang; Su, Chin-Tien; Huang, Chao-Cheng; Tiao, Mao-Meng (2004).
2341:
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582:
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ice on the large moons of Uranus and evidence for compositional stratification of their near-surfaces".
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where it is stored in a thickly insulated chest. Density of pellets is 60–70% of the density of blocks.
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forms a cold bath of −78 °C (−108 °F; 195 K), which can be used for instance to prevent
135:
2154:
2115:
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906:
514:
2815:
1904:"Could a Freeze Gun Put Flames on Ice" by Zantos Peabody Los Angeles Times local section B3 9/3/2002
2282:
Byrne, S.; Ingersoll, AP (2003-02-14). "A Sublimation Model for
Martian South Polar Ice Features".
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in the US allows airline passengers to carry up to 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) per person either as
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to sell dry ice commercially. Subsequently, he became the first to make dry ice successful as an
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108:(abnormally elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood) due to buildup in confined locations.
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1952:
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Good plant design and operation for onshore carbon capture installations and onshore pipelines
1331:
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of carbon dioxide (red) and water (blue) as a log-lin chart with phase transitions points at 1
3182:
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1323:
1053:. One bar patron who accidentally ingested pellets from a drink suffered severe burns to his
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is accelerated, and low-sinking, dense clouds of smoke-like fog are created. This is used in
429:
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849:. Scientists speculate that the magnetic field of Uranus contributes to the generation of CO
2816:"Gastric hypothermic injury caused by accidental ingestion of dry ice: endoscopic features"
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taking the place of water in the clouds. Dry ice is also proposed as a mechanism for the
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2297:
2046:"Bushing and Plain Bearings Press or Shrink Fit Design and Application – Engineers Edge"
1742:
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871:
743:
A "dry ice bomb" is a balloon-like device using dry ice in a sealed container such as a
200:
changes from a solid to a gas with no intervening liquid form, through a process called
77:
at theatres for dramatic effects. Its advantages include lower temperature than that of
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2155:"Artificial ground freezing by solid carbon dioxide – Analysis of thermal performance"
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747:. Water is usually added to accelerate the sublimation of the dry ice. As the dry ice
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2153:
Nikolaev, Petr; Sedighi, Majid; Rajabi, Hamid; Pankratenko, Alexander (2022-12-01).
400:, an industry primarily concerned with manufacturing extremely cold liquids such as
274:
It is generally accepted that dry ice was first observed in 1835 by French inventor
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2077:"Advanced ground freezing method and its applications in underground construction"
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consist entirely of dry ice. However, findings made in 2003 by researchers at the
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96:. This extreme cold makes the solid dangerous to handle without protection from
2170:
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50:
1322:(Bulletin of the laws of the kingdom of France), 9th series, part ii, no. 92,
3156:
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2100:
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768:, which first aired on August 9, 2006. It was also featured in an episode of
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128:
86:
70:
2928:
Primary Care
Medicine: Office evaluation and management of the adult patient
2305:
1789:
1182:
Mangan, T.P.; Salzmann, C.G.; Plane, J.M.C.; Murray, B.J. (September 2017).
346:
Dry ice is typically produced in three standard forms: large blocks, small (
3177:
2839:
2313:
1862:
1343:
Description des
Machines et Procédés consignés dans les brevets d'invention
838:
752:
737:
728:
673:
574:
193:
58:
2611:
2432:
ices on Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon from IRTF/SpeX observations".
2223:
1807:
92:
Dry ice sublimes at 194.7 K (−78.5 °C; −109.2 °F) at Earth
2114:
Ren, Zhifeng; Liu, Jiankun; Jiang, Haiqiang; Wang, Enliang (2023-01-01).
1447:
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522:
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336:
105:
82:
74:
35:
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and temperatures below −56.4 °C (216.8 K; −69.5 °F) (the
483:
390:
165:. Dry ice is colorless, odorless, and non-flammable, and can lower the
101:
2910:
1750:
1054:
980:
961:
833:
789:
518:
495:
479:
324:
97:
66:
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indicates that dry ice is present on the surface of its large moons
2902:
2503:
1595:"Dry Ice Demand Swells as Covid-19 Vaccines Prepare for Deployment"
1062:
1050:
960:
Prolonged exposure to dry ice can cause severe skin damage through
557:
541:
452:
409:
332:
2564:
2446:
1058:
693:
561:
510:
444:
328:
229:
224:
2152:
2016:"All About Ice – Ice Carvings, Vodka Luges, Crushed and Dry Ice"
1364:
Killeffer, D.H. (October 1930). "The
Growing Industry-Dry-Ice".
564:, and other insects, due to their attraction to carbon dioxide.
1188:
ice structure and density under Martian atmospheric conditions"
949:
828:
733:
598:
413:
283:
159:
151:
1681:"How to make the best treacle tart and ice cream in the world"
1332:"Pour le perfectionnement d'une machine à comprimer le gaz, …"
1088:
goes through the more familiar transitions via a liquid phase.
2549:
2484:
821:
593:
529:
217:
170:
46:
1023:
Dry ice pellet subliming in water, releasing thick white fog
987:. Dry ice is not classified as a dangerous substance by the
30:
2742:"A Woman Died from Dry Ice Fumes. Here's How It Can Happen"
2419:
2417:
2415:
1007:
or carry-on baggage, when used to refrigerate perishables.
609:
Dry ice blasting used for cleaning electrical installations
162:
3003:. American Society of Civil Engineers. ASCE Publications.
1847:
1489:. The Energy Institute. London. September 2010. p. 10
437:
The most common use of dry ice is to preserve food, using
2687:"Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament"
1181:
965:
233:
213:
78:
2412:
2660:
2658:
2656:
1341:(For the improvement of a machine to compress gas, …),
366: in diameter) cylindrical pellets and tiny (
166:
53:. It is commonly used for temporary refrigeration as CO
649:
Dry ice has found its application in construction for
3069:
Sample Preparation Techniques in Analytical Chemistry
3001:
Guidelines for Cloud Seeding to Augment Precipitation
581:
phase. Thus, it is useful for removing many types of
396:
Dry ice is also produced as a byproduct of cryogenic
2767:"Three die in dry-ice incident at Moscow pool party"
2653:
2543:
1655:"Preparing Competent E. coli with RF1/RF2 solutions"
1422:. Continental Carbonic Products, Inc. Archived from
2478:
2423:
1728:
1359:
1357:
319:
of dry ice when placed on water at room temperature
2337:Dry Ice Storms May Pelt Martian Poles, Experts Say
1049:Dry ice is sometimes used to give a fog effect to
3017:
2399:"A curious cold layer in the atmosphere of Venus"
1987:"Ice-blasting firm offers a cool way to clean up"
1950:
1250:
1238:
1107:
1105:
820:probe detected a cold layer in the atmosphere of
616:One of the largest mechanical uses of dry ice is
3154:
3018:Verma, N. K.; Khanna, S. K.; Kapila, B. (2008).
2712:"Hazardous Materials Information for Passengers"
2632:"Dry Ice: Uses, Hazards, and Safety Precautions"
1354:
2253:Mars Poles Covered by Water Ice, Research Shows
2113:
2074:
1300:The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine
1126:"The sublimation temperature of carbon dioxide"
236:and leaves no residue as it changes state. Its
3099:(3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 175.
2972:Housecroft, Catherine; Sharpe, Alan G (2001).
2888:
2281:
2275:
1624:
1622:
1102:
792:spacecraft in 1966, scientists concluded that
783:
620:. Dry ice pellets are shot from a nozzle with
1916:
1384:
573:The extreme temperature of dry ice can cause
528:It is occasionally used to freeze and remove
521:for dramatic effects. Unlike most artificial
240:is 571 kJ/kg (25.2 kJ/mol, 136.5 calorie/g).
2925:
1823:
635:that carries with it the flammable vapours.
100:injury. While generally not very toxic, the
2944:
2159:Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology
1619:
3126:(7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional.
2971:
2926:Goroll, Allan H; Mulley, Albert G (2009).
2861:"Chillistick – Frequently Asked Questions"
2813:
2679:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2191:
1877:"City Deploys Dry Ice To Exterminate Rats"
1678:
993:United States Department of Transportation
2563:
2502:
2445:
2409:. European Space Agency (1 October 2012).
2246:
2244:
2075:Shuplik, Mikhail; Nikolaev, Petr (2019).
1829:
1819:
1817:
1797:
1363:
1262:
1211:
653:, serving as an effective alternative to
339:, oil refinery activities or large-scale
3044:
2629:
1912:
1910:
1771:
1717:
758:The dry ice bomb device was featured on
732:
604:
592:
451:
443:
428:
302:
258:operate. The composition results in low
122:
29:
3092:
2882:
2739:
2359:
2328:
2197:
1984:
1835:
1558:"The Polar® Insulated Container System"
1442:
1440:
997:International Air Transport Association
474:food or laboratory biological samples,
14:
3155:
2978:. Harlow: Prentice Hall. p. 410.
2365:
2241:
1814:
1592:
1497:
1495:
1366:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
1320:Bulletin des Lois du Royaume de France
1265:"Solidification de l'Acide carbonique"
1123:
327:of another process, such as producing
3065:
2998:
2930:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2366:Jian, J. J.; Ip, W. H., eds. (2006).
2210:
2185:
1944:
1907:
1528:"Dry Ice Sales – How to sell Dry Ice"
597:Dry ice blasting used for cleaning a
150:), a molecule consisting of a single
116:For supplementary chemical data, see
65:directly from the solid state to the
3119:
3048:Secrets of Hollywood Special Effects
3021:Comprehensive Chemistry for Class XI
1607:from the original on 4 December 2020
1452:) Properties, Uses, Applications: CO
1437:
1226:
1111:
991:, or as a hazardous material by the
2795:. Irwin Mitchell. 19 September 2017
2740:Rettner, Rachael (August 2, 2018).
2120:Cold Regions Science and Technology
1492:
1458:. Universal Industrial Gases, Inc.
1396:United States Trademark Association
983:, a code for hazardous substances:
61:at normal atmospheric pressure and
24:
2380:from the original on 4 August 2020
2344:. 19 December 2005. Archived from
2260:. 13 February 2003. Archived from
1593:Newman, Jessie (3 December 2020).
1290:"Solidification of carbonic acid,"
1130:British Journal of Applied Physics
853:ice on the surfaces of its moons.
798:California Institute of Technology
25:
3194:
3148:
3024:. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications.
2132:10.1016/j.coldregions.2022.103711
1679:Blumenthal, Heston (2006-10-29).
1574:from the original on 29 June 2021
1538:from the original on 13 July 2015
501:When dry ice is placed in water,
204:. The opposite process is called
2056:from the original on 7 July 2015
1028:
1016:
905:
788:Following the Mars flyby of the
722:
290:. In 1925, this solid form of CO
169:of a solution when dissolved in
2945:Häring, Heinz-Wolfgang (2008).
2853:
2807:
2785:
2759:
2733:
2722:from the original on 2013-12-20
2716:Federal Aviation Administration
2704:
2693:from the original on 2009-08-05
2623:
2604:
2392:
2230:from the original on 2009-06-27
2216:
2146:
2107:
2068:
2038:
2008:
1978:
1967:from the original on 2013-06-04
1951:Mundis, Warren J. (July 1960).
1933:from the original on 2013-06-06
1919:"Dry ice pops off Asphalt Tile"
1917:Horrell, Bill (February 1961).
1898:
1887:from the original on 2018-03-06
1869:
1841:
1765:
1722:
1711:
1702:
1691:from the original on 2011-06-29
1672:
1661:from the original on 2021-09-23
1647:
1586:
1550:
1520:
1509:from the original on 2009-07-17
1473:
1462:from the original on 2021-02-13
1412:
1279:from the original on 2010-09-05
1251:Verma, Khanna & Kapila 2008
1239:Verma, Khanna & Kapila 2008
1164:from the original on 2021-06-29
1001:Federal Aviation Administration
857:observations of Neptune's moon
719:region of clouds being seeded.
688:and for condensing solvents in
419:
34:Subliming dry ice pellet, with
3066:Mitra, Somenath (April 2004).
2951:. Christine Ahner. Wiley-VCH.
2093:10.1051/matecconf/201926504021
1985:Wolcott, John (January 2008).
1456:Gas and Liquid Carbon Dioxide"
1309:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1175:
1117:
1075:
872:Carbon dioxide § Toxicity
774:, as well as in an episode of
298:
13:
1:
2832:10.1016/S0016-5107(04)00183-X
2668:. Lion Technology. 2019-10-08
1731:Journal of Chemical Education
1505:. HowStuffWorks. April 2000.
1095:
667:
588:
424:
382:personal protective equipment
142:Dry ice is the solid form of
111:
3045:McCarthy, Robert E. (1992).
2666:"How to Ship Dry Ice by Air"
2521:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.05.020
2464:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.04.016
1632:. Airgas.com. Archived from
1213:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.03.012
1068:
709:altering cloud precipitation
676:, a slurry of dry ice in an
583:pressure sensitive adhesives
490:and ice walls from melting.
276:Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier
69:. It is used primarily as a
7:
2948:Industrial Gases Processing
2582:10.1051/0004-6361/201014339
1953:"Dry Ice as a Plumbing Aid"
784:Extraterrestrial occurrence
638:The removal and fitting of
10:
3199:
3163:Brands that became generic
2820:Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
2630:dryicepk (16 March 2023).
2552:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2226:. mythbustersresults.com.
2171:10.1016/j.tust.2022.104741
1150:10.1088/0508-3443/17/3/312
1124:Barber, C R (March 1966).
869:
726:
269:
232:, since it is colder than
115:
85:(such as ice cream) where
886:
881:
865:
515:haunted house attractions
3093:Treloar, Roy D. (2003).
2999:Keyes, Conrad G (2006).
2224:"Mythbusters episode 57"
2081:MATEC Web of Conferences
1824:Goroll & Mulley 2009
1503:"How does dry ice work?"
1044:
944:Precautionary statements
439:non-cyclic refrigeration
188:At pressures below 5.13
3051:. Boston: Focal Press.
2574:2010A&A...512L...8L
2306:10.1126/science.1080148
1851:J Am Mosq Control Assoc
1790:10.1136/bmj.2.5529.1576
1778:British Medical Journal
1630:"Cool Uses for Dry Ice"
1600:The Wall Street Journal
1392:The Trade-mark Reporter
1349: : 251–267 (1836).
1306: : 446–447 (1836).
660:It is also useful as a
577:materials to change to
552:Dry ice can be used as
470:Dry ice can be used to
264:electrical conductivity
251:of zero, so attractive
238:enthalpy of sublimation
45:colloquially means the
3123:Matheson Gas Data Book
3096:Plumbing Encyclopaedia
1485:June 24, 2012, at the
979:Dry ice is assigned a
827:Observations from the
740:
610:
602:
457:
449:
434:
320:
139:
73:, but is also used in
39:
1774:"Management of warts"
870:Further information:
814:European Space Agency
736:
608:
596:
455:
447:
432:
315:
280:liquid carbon dioxide
126:
33:
2883:General bibliography
1657:. Personal.psu.edu.
1084:the triple point, CO
256:van der Waals forces
94:atmospheric pressure
27:Solid carbon dioxide
3120:Yaws, Carl (2001).
2975:Inorganic chemistry
2513:2015Icar..257..428C
2456:2006Icar..184..543G
2342:National Geographic
2298:2003Sci...299.1051B
2292:(5609): 1051–1053.
2258:National Geographic
1881:New York Daily News
1743:2015JChEd..92..643K
1448:"Carbon Dioxide (CO
1378:10.1021/ie50250a022
1204:2017Icar..294..201M
1142:1966BJAP...17..391B
878:
118:Carbon dioxide data
2773:. 29 February 2020
2640:Emergency Medicine
2617:2021-12-26 at the
2405:2015-12-23 at the
1997:on January 9, 2008
1420:"What is Dry Ice?"
1337:2013-12-31 at the
1295:2016-05-02 at the
1263:Thilorier (1835).
876:
741:
690:rotary evaporators
686:chemical reactions
611:
603:
462:mechanical cooling
458:
450:
435:
321:
140:
104:from it can cause
87:mechanical cooling
40:
3133:978-0-07-135854-5
3106:978-1-4051-0613-9
3079:978-0-471-32845-2
3058:978-0-240-80108-7
3031:978-81-7008-596-6
3010:978-0-7844-0819-3
2985:978-0-582-31080-3
2958:978-3-527-31685-4
2937:978-0-7817-7513-7
2050:engineersedge.com
1923:Popular Mechanics
1772:Lyell A. (1966).
1751:10.1021/ed400754n
1405:978-1-59888-091-5
957:Chemical compound
955:
954:
930:Hazard statements
433:An ice cream cart
313:
212:changes from the
16:(Redirected from
3190:
3144:
3142:
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2648:
2646:
2636:Dry Ice Pakistan
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2104:
2072:
2066:
2065:
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2061:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2022:. Archived from
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1993:. Archived from
1991:The Daily Herald
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1914:
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1873:
1867:
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1845:
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1812:
1811:
1801:
1784:(5529): 1576–9.
1769:
1763:
1762:
1726:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1685:The Sunday Times
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1109:
1089:
1079:
1032:
1020:
975:
951:
937:
909:
879:
875:
794:Mars' polar caps
682:freezing mixture
644:interference fit
478:beverages, make
456:Dry ice in water
378:dry ice blasting
375:
374:
370:
365:
364:
360:
355:
354:
350:
314:
134:
89:is unavailable.
57:does not have a
21:
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2710:
2709:
2705:
2696:
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2685:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2628:
2624:
2619:Wayback Machine
2609:
2605:
2548:
2544:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2413:
2407:Wayback Machine
2397:
2393:
2383:
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2280:
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2265:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2198:
2192:Housecroft 2001
2190:
2186:
2151:
2147:
2112:
2108:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2026:on 18 July 2015
2020:allaboutice.com
2014:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1968:
1957:Popular Science
1949:
1945:
1936:
1934:
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1487:Wayback Machine
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1339:Wayback Machine
1314:
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1297:Wayback Machine
1282:
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1033:
1024:
1021:
1005:checked baggage
973:
958:
946:
932:
918:
902:
874:
868:
852:
807:geysers on Mars
804:
786:
766:Mentos and Soda
731:
725:
707:The process of
702:Swern oxidation
698:thermal runaway
678:organic solvent
670:
655:liquid nitrogen
640:cylinder liners
634:
627:
591:
547:
534:liquid nitrogen
427:
422:
402:liquid nitrogen
372:
368:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3196:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3168:Carbon dioxide
3165:
3150:
3149:External links
3147:
3146:
3145:
3132:
3117:
3105:
3090:
3078:
3072:. Wiley-IEEE.
3063:
3057:
3042:
3030:
3015:
3009:
2996:
2984:
2969:
2957:
2942:
2936:
2923:
2903:10.1086/349402
2897:(2): 109–113.
2884:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2852:
2826:(6): 737–738.
2806:
2784:
2758:
2732:
2703:
2678:
2652:
2622:
2603:
2542:
2486:
2477:
2440:(2): 543–555.
2429:
2425:
2411:
2391:
2358:
2327:
2274:
2240:
2215:
2196:
2184:
2145:
2106:
2067:
2037:
2007:
1977:
1943:
1906:
1897:
1868:
1840:
1828:
1826:, p. 1317
1813:
1764:
1737:(4): 643–648.
1721:
1710:
1701:
1671:
1646:
1618:
1585:
1549:
1532:dryiceinfo.com
1519:
1491:
1472:
1453:
1449:
1436:
1411:
1404:
1383:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1327:
1308:
1269:Comptes Rendus
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1185:
1174:
1136:(3): 391–397.
1116:
1100:
1099:
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1094:
1091:
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1073:
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1070:
1067:
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1015:
989:European Union
956:
953:
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924:
919:
914:
911:
910:
903:
898:
895:
894:
884:
883:
867:
864:
850:
802:
801:crystalline CO
785:
782:
745:plastic bottle
727:Main article:
724:
721:
692:. Dry ice and
669:
666:
632:
625:
622:compressed air
618:blast cleaning
590:
587:
545:
488:ice sculptures
426:
423:
421:
418:
398:air separation
387:grocery stores
300:
297:
291:
271:
268:
253:intermolecular
209:
197:
182:
178:
147:
144:carbon dioxide
129:phase diagrams
127:Comparison of
113:
110:
54:
51:carbon dioxide
38:on the surface
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3195:
3184:
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2713:
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2692:
2688:
2682:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:GESTIS 001120
2607:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
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2500:
2496:
2492:
2481:
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2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2348:on 2010-09-04
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2264:on 2009-07-01
2263:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2194:, p. 410
2193:
2188:
2180:
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2172:
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2164:
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2149:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2011:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1901:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1838:, p. 528
1837:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1718:McCarthy 1992
1714:
1705:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1636:on 2010-12-01
1635:
1631:
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1602:
1601:
1596:
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1566:
1559:
1553:
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1504:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1461:
1457:
1443:
1441:
1426:on 2009-07-27
1425:
1421:
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1397:
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1379:
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1367:
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1301:
1298:
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1291:
1278:
1274:
1271:(in French).
1270:
1266:
1259:
1253:, p. 163
1252:
1247:
1241:, p. 161
1240:
1235:
1229:, p. 124
1228:
1223:
1214:
1209:
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1201:
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1189:
1178:
1163:
1159:
1155:
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1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1114:, p. 125
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1038:
1037:UN 1845 label
1031:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
971:
967:
963:
948:
945:
941:
940:
934:
931:
927:
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3136:. 982 pages
2865:Chillistick
2777:20 February
2497:: 428–456.
2384:4 September
1275:: 194–196.
1198:: 201–208.
1039:for dry ice
970:hypercapnia
916:Signal word
761:MythBusters
717:supercooled
532:. However,
503:sublimation
482:, solidify
448:Sublimation
337:natural gas
317:Sublimation
299:Manufacture
243:Dry ice is
202:sublimation
106:hypercapnia
36:white frost
3157:Categories
3140:2009-07-27
3112:2009-07-31
3085:2009-07-31
3037:2009-07-31
2991:2009-07-31
2964:2009-07-31
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2352:2009-07-26
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1466:2009-07-26
1430:2009-07-26
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1283:2007-07-12
1168:2020-11-15
1096:References
964:, and the
900:Pictograms
668:Scientific
589:Industrial
558:mosquitoes
519:nightclubs
484:oil spills
425:Commercial
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206:deposition
173:, forming
136:atmosphere
112:Properties
102:outgassing
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2870:20 August
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1158:0508-3443
1112:Yaws 2001
1069:Footnotes
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1051:cocktails
981:UN number
962:frostbite
891:labelling
855:Voyager 2
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790:Mariner 4
771:Time Warp
684:for cold
486:and stop
480:ice cream
476:carbonate
325:byproduct
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245:non-polar
234:water ice
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79:water ice
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3173:Coolants
2840:15114328
2771:BBC News
2720:Archived
2691:Archived
2645:11 April
2615:Archived
2598:58889896
2472:12105236
2428:O and CO
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1460:Archived
1398:. 1930.
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1277:Archived
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1063:duodenum
882:Hazards
877:Dry ice
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556:to trap
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260:thermal
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