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22:
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217:, because certain picture symbols in the codex are only found on monuments in that location. He also argues that the astronomical tables would support this as the place of origin. Thompson claims that the people of the Yucatán Peninsula were known to have done such studies around 1200 A.D. Thompson also notes the similar ceramic designs in the Chichen Itza area which are known to have ceased in the early thirteenth century. British historian
1673:
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348:. The lunar series has intervals correlating with eclipses, while the Venus tables correlate with the movements of the planet Venus. The codex also contains astrological tables and ritual schedules. The religious references show in a cycle of a 260-day ritual calendar the important Maya royal events. The codex also includes information on the Maya new-year ceremony tradition. The rain god
436:
in
February 1945. German historian G. Zimmerman later noted that the damage was extreme on pages 2, 4, 24, 28, 34, 38, 71 and 72. Certain details of the glyph images have been lost because of this. The damage is apparent when the current codex is compared to the Kingsborough copies of 1831–48 and the
464:
noticed an error in Aglio's page assignment of the sheets 1/45 and 2/44, so he correctly reassigned Aglio's pages 44 and 45 to become pages 1 and 2. The reversal of the sheets 6/40, 7/39 and 8/38 is due to an error when the sheets were returned to their protective glass cabinet after drying from the
459:
Today, historians such as Helmut
Deckert and Ferdinand Anders understand that a codex reading should traverse the complete front side followed by the complete back side of the manuscript, i.e., pages 1–24 followed by 46–74 and 25–45. The librarian K. C. Falkenstein adjusted the relative position of
1539:
Facsimile: Codex
Dresdensis, Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt (ADEVA) Graz 1975, Colour facsimile edition of the Maya-MS in possession of Sächsische Landesbibliothek, Dresden. 78 pp. (74 with inscriptions), size: 205 x 90 mm, total length 3,56 m, in leporello folding. Encased in box with
110:
contains 78 pages with decorative board covers on the front and back. Most pages have writing on both sides. They have a border of red paint, although many have lost this framing due to age deterioration. The pages are generally divided into three sections; students of the codex have arbitrarily
332:
Paul
Schellhas in 1897 and 1904 assigned letters to gods for specific glyphs since they had several possible names. For example God D could be Hunab Ku Itzam Na among several other names and God A could be Cizin (god of death) among others. The Schellhas system of assigning letters for the gods
247:, governor of Mexico, since examples of local writings and other Maya items were sent to the king in 1519 when he was living in Vienna. The codex was eventually catalogued into the Royal Library of Dresden in 1744, where it remained relatively obscure until the early twentieth century.
164:
is held by the Saxon State and
University Library Dresden (SLUB Dresden, Saxon State Library) in Dresden, Germany. The Maya codices all have about the same size pages, with a height of about 20 centimetres (7.9 in) and a width of 10 centimetres (3.9 in).
123:. Some pages have just two horizontal sections, while one has four and another five sections. The individual sections with their own theme are generally separated by a red vertical line. Sections are generally divided into two to four columns.
285:
made a connection between the codex and the 260 year cycle ("Ahau Katun") of the Maya calendar and the 365 days in a year. Ruggles shows that in the codex the Maya related their 260-day calendar to celestial bodies, especially
1593:
55:. The codex contains information relating to astronomical and astrological tables, religious references, seasons of the earth, and illness and medicine. It also includes information about conjunctions of planets and moons.
363:
172:
were painted by skilled craftsmen using thin brushes and vegetable dyes. Black and red were the main colors used for many of the pages. Some pages have detailed backgrounds in shades of yellow, green, and the
1540:
leather spine. Commentary: With contributions by F. Anders and H. Deckert; 93 pp. introduction, 39 pp. with black-and-white reproduction of the codex, 10 colour plates. CODICES SELECTI, Vol. LIV
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440:
Today's page numbers were assigned by Aglio when he became the first to transcribe the manuscript in 1825–26. For this, he divided the original codex into two parts, labeled
39:
book, which was believed to be the oldest surviving book written in the
Americas, dating to the 11th or 12th century. However, in September 2018 it was proven that the
534:
1581:
983:
225:
is a copy and was originally written between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries. Thompson narrows the date closer to 1200 to 1250. Maya archaeologist
239:, purchased the codex from a private owner in Vienna in 1739 while traveling to Italy. Thompson speculates that the codex was sent as a tribute to
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2300:
209:. Maya historians Peter J. Schmidt, Mercedes de la Garza, and Enrique Nalda confirm this. Thompson further narrows the probable origin of the
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370:
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52:
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for decoding the codex, which was followed up in the 1980s by other scholars that did additional deciphering based on this concept.
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pages for “esthetical reasons” in 1836, resulting in today's two similar length parts. While deciphering the codex, the librarian
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It received direct water damage that was significantly destructive, from being kept in a flooded basement during the World War II
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177:. The codex was written by eight different scribes, who all had their own writing style, glyph designs, and subject matter.
420:
264:
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Bricker, V.R. (2007). Literary continuities across the transformation from Maya hieroglyphic to alphabetical writing.
565:
509:
25:
Six pages of the
Dresden codex: Pages (55–59, 74) on eclipses (left), multiplication tables, and a flood (far right)
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82:
takes the form of a screenfold. The pages consist of a paper made from the pounded inner bark of a wild species of
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And Soviet linguistics expert Yuri
Knorozov discovered that de Landa's alphabet was actually a phonetic syllabary.
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2410:
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236:
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419:, starting in 1826, became the first to transcribe and illustrate the codex completely for Irish antiquarian
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67:
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represented by certain glyphs as a noncommittal system was adopted by later researchers of Maya codices.
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used therein. Förstemann determined that these numbers, along with deities and day names, related to the
74:
and refers to an original text of some three or four hundred years earlier, describing local history and
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3089:
2778:
2734:
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It dates from the eleventh or twelfth century, making it the earliest surviving book from the
Americas.
1536:. Guatemala City, 1930. Reproduction of the three then-known codices in black-and-white line drawings.
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contains accurate astronomical tables, which are recognized by students of the codex for its detailed
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in the correct reading sequence (pages 1–24, 46–74, 25–45) from left to right, including empty pages
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Annual Report of the Bureau of
American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution
277:
had identified this book as being of Maya origin based on its glyphs looking like those found at
102:
Exhibition of the codex, with the backsides visible through mirrors, Saxon State Library, Dresden
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2425:
2110:
2105:
1534:
Códices Mayas. Reproducidos y desarrollados por J. Antonio Villacorta C. y Carlos A. Villacorta
1520:
Die Göttergestalten der Maya-Handschriften: Ein mythologisches Kulturbild aus dem Alten Amerika
250:
63:
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263:, the first reproduction of any of its pages. The first copy of the codex was published by
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202:
8:
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1529:." Located online at the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies website.
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at the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc., with PDF downloads
433:
244:
1573:
1036:
Gugliotta, Guy (May 21, 2013). "New tool for digging into mysteries of Maya culture".
850:
150:, are named after the city where they were ultimately rediscovered. The fourth is the
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in 1831–48. The codex then had some damage due to handling, sunlight, and moisture.
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36:
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43:, previously known as the Grolier Codex, is, in fact, older by about a century. The
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1849:
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The book suffered serious water damage during World War II. The pages are made of
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2009:
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High-resolution scans of the Dresden Codex (site in German, PDF link at right)
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1949:
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1247:. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, State University of New York at Albany.
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First publication in 1810 by Humboldt, who repainted five pages for his atlas
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3D reconstruction and animation of the Codex Dresden in different conditions
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2019:
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in 1880. He deciphered the calendar section of the codex, including the
2822:
2768:
2400:
2196:
2171:
2140:
2120:
2095:
1879:
1708:
1527:
It's Not the End of the World: What the Ancient Maya Tell Us About 2012
851:"The Mayan Written Word: History, Controversy, and Library Connections"
3163:
2186:
936:
3133:
3054:
2758:
2239:
2125:
2039:
2034:
1939:
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480:
306:
260:
Vues des Cordillères et Monuments des Peuples Indigènes de l'Amérique
174:
139:
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2166:
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on the front side followed by its back side, with the same order on
51:, hence the book's present name. It is located in the museum of the
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3228:
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2812:
1994:
1979:
1974:
1959:
1854:
1844:
1746:
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1005:
278:
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1608:
713:
529:[The Maya Codex of Mexico, authentic and the oldest one].
3290:
3255:
3148:
2719:
2024:
1984:
1964:
1894:
1839:
66:; when unfolded the codex is 3.7 metres (12 ft) long. It is
2973:
3240:
3188:
3153:
2958:
2069:
1989:
1672:
1550:
206:
169:
90:
in Maya—a word that became semantically equivalent to “book”).
1017:
221:
suggests, based on the analyses of several scholars, that the
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3270:
3218:
3128:
3118:
3113:
2988:
701:
349:
287:
59:
44:
1078:
1076:
2953:
2926:
2029:
1470:
A Commentary on the Dresden Codex: A Maya Hieroglyphic Book
1112:
725:
291:
1379:
Ancient Astronomy: An Encyclopedia of Cosmologies and Myth
78:. Like all other pre-Hispanic books from Mesoamerica, the
1148:
1124:
1100:
1088:
1073:
832:
830:
791:
781:
779:
766:
764:
737:
1196:
1172:
691:
689:
687:
635:
633:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
1532:
Villacorta C., Juan Antonio, and Carlos A. Villacorta.
1419:
1229:
954:
942:
650:
648:
62:, 20 centimetres (7.9 in) high, and can be folded
1496:
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 151
1136:
1049:
960:
827:
815:
803:
776:
761:
527:"El Códice Maya de México, auténtico y el más antiguo"
297:
The codex has played a key role in the deciphering of
229:
puts the date when it was made as no later than 1345.
1574:
The Dresden Codex Lunar Series and Sidereal Astronomy
1208:
1160:
684:
630:
609:
599:
597:
1184:
924:
912:
749:
660:
645:
525:
Romero, Laura; Saavedra, Diana (24 September 2018).
465:
water damage due to the bombing of Dresden in 1945.
391:
First page sequencing of the codex by Agostino Aglio
995:
993:
504:. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. p. 140.
399:
Correct reading order of the pages within the codex
235:(1692–1749), German theologian and director of the
1398:
1258:(in German). Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt.
1061:
594:
437:Förstemann facsimile editions from 1880 and 1892.
558:The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
3428:
1302:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
990:
672:
589:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
382:
524:
2622:
1624:
201:as writings of the indigenous people of the
1458:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p.
897:. New York City. July 12, 1896 – via
2629:
2615:
1631:
1617:
1276:Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World
885:
883:
502:Library, the : an illustrated history
423:, who published it in his nine volumes of
253:published pages 47, 48 and 50–52 from the
1035:
1029:
1579:Dresden Library Information on the Codex
1563:The complete codex (high resolution PDF)
1504:The Decipherment of Ancient Maya Writing
1466:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1055:
1023:
1011:
836:
809:
797:
770:
743:
731:
719:
707:
654:
624:
555:
402:
394:
386:
184:
97:
20:
2516:Romances de los señores de Nueva España
1375:
1304:. : Oxford University Press, 2001.
1251:
1236:. American Anthropological Association.
1214:
1202:
1190:
1178:
966:
880:
785:
639:
591:. : Oxford University Press, 2001.
3429:
1451:
1396:
1272:
1166:
980:"SLUB Dresden: The Dresden Maya-Codex"
930:
695:
666:
499:
325:used a phonetic approach based on the
2636:
2610:
1612:
1430:
1354:
1328:
1307:
1067:
918:
855:The International Journal of the Book
848:
821:
755:
603:
986:from the original on 4 January 2017.
537:from the original on 26 January 2021
1638:
1467:Thompson, John Eric Sidney (1972).
1240:
999:
867:10.18848/1447-9516/CGP/v14i03/15-25
678:
13:
1488:
1473:. American Philosophical Society.
1426:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
14:
3473:
2411:Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca I & II
1656:: Ometēcuthli and Omecihuātl (or
1544:
1434:The Major Gods of Ancient Yucatan
2698:
1671:
1549:
1420:Smithsonian Institution (1897).
1230:American Anthropologist (1891).
902:
362:
47:was rediscovered in the city of
2586:Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I
2466:Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco
2416:Lienzo de Santa María Nativitas
1223:
972:
842:
3462:Indigenous American philosophy
2426:Lienzo de Zacatepec I & II
1508:University of Oklahoma Press,
1314:. Cambridge University Press.
574:
549:
518:
493:
93:
1:
1501:Houston, Stephen D. (2001) -
1405:. Stanford University Press.
1376:Ruggles, Clive L. N. (2005).
1255:Die Dresdner Maya-Handschrift
487:
305:published the first complete
275:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
241:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
1308:Keane, A. H. (9 June 2011).
955:Smithsonian Institution 1897
943:American Anthropologist 1891
415:Italian artist and engraver
383:Deterioration and pagination
130:is one of four hieroglyphic
7:
2561:Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca
2421:Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan
1279:. Oxford University Press.
1014:, pp. 71, 81, 85, 105.
560:. Oxford University Press.
468:
10:
3478:
3351:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
2521:Codex Santa Maria Asunción
2301:Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel
1397:Sharer, Robert J. (2006).
722:, pp. 3, 15, 16, 122.
352:is represented 134 times.
197:is described by historian
180:
3374:
3299:
3099:
3006:Annals of the Cakchiquels
2997:
2942:
2866:
2707:
2696:
2646:
2536:Codex Telleriano-Remensis
2326:Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 1-4
2296:Codices Becker I & II
2258:
2230:
2154:
2088:
1722:
1680:
1669:
1646:
1525:Van Stone, Mark (2008). "
1244:Maya Hieroglyphic Codices
319:Mayan Long Count calendar
2476:Plano en papel de maguey
2286:Codices Azoyú I & II
1335:. J. Paul Getty Museum.
1273:Foster, Lynn V. (2005).
1252:Deckert, Helmut (1989).
556:Carrasco, Dav́d (2001).
407:The presentation of the
355:
303:Ernst Wilhelm Förstemann
237:Royal Library at Dresden
3366:Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ
3326:Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat
2271:Aubin Manuscript no. 20
1568:Facsimiles of the codex
1431:Taube, Karl A. (1992).
1355:Nalda, Enrique (1998).
1332:Books: A Living History
1296:. "Dresden, Codex." In
1233:American Anthropologist
1038:Washington Post (pg E5)
891:"Architecture Long Ago"
849:Bower, Jessica (2016).
583:. "Dresden, Codex." In
500:Murray, Stuart (2009).
111:labeled these sections
2406:Lienzo Antonio de León
1452:Thomas, Cyrus (1894).
1329:Lyons, Martyn (2011).
1026:, pp. 21, 25, 62.
412:
400:
392:
251:Alexander von Humboldt
233:Johann Christian Götze
190:
160:in New York City. The
142:. Three, the Dresden,
103:
26:
3341:Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ
3331:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
3090:Título de Totonicapán
2663:Classic Maya collapse
2566:Codex Totomixtlahuaca
2506:Relación de Michoacán
2456:Códice Maya de México
2441:Matrícula de Tributos
2366:Codex Fejérváry-Mayer
1811:Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli
1591:Dresden Library Scans
1558:at Wikimedia Commons
1311:Man: Past and Present
710:, pp. 3, 15, 16.
426:Antiquities of Mexico
406:
398:
390:
270:Antiquities of Mexico
188:
101:
24:
3346:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I
3069:Ritual of the Bacabs
2730:Twin-pyramid complex
2596:Codex Zouche-Nuttall
2546:Anales de Tlatelolco
2436:Codex Magliabechiano
1686:(Four Tezcatlipocas)
301:. Dresden librarian
227:Linton Satterthwaite
41:Maya Codex of Mexico
3311:Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil
3281:Xmucane and Xpiacoc
3076:Songs of Dzitbalché
2486:Codex Porfirio Díaz
2481:Primeros Memoriales
2396:Codex Ixtlilxochitl
2391:Humboldt fragment 1
2381:Códice de Huichapan
2291:Badianus Manuscript
2245:The Stinking Corpse
1040:. Washington, D.C.
734:, pp. 15, 122.
199:J. Eric S. Thompson
136:Spanish Inquisition
76:astronomical tables
53:Saxon State Library
3457:Culture in Dresden
3437:Astrological texts
3336:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
3144:Howler monkey gods
2451:Crónica Mexicayotl
2336:Codex Chimalpopoca
1925:Itzpapalotlcihuatl
1905:Huitztlampaehecatl
1766:Tezcatlipoca (see
1732:Lords of the Night
1596:2017-06-23 at the
1584:2017-09-02 at the
1437:. Dumbarton Oaks.
1241:Coe, S.D. (1982).
1121:, p. 3,63,73.
434:bombing of Dresden
413:
401:
393:
257:in his 1810 atlas
191:
134:that survived the
104:
27:
3424:
3423:
3361:Yuknoom Chʼeen II
3321:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
2639:Maya civilization
2604:
2603:
2581:Codex Vaticanus B
2541:Tira de Tepechpan
2386:Codex Huexotzinco
2331:Codex Chimalpahin
2250:Use of entheogens
2217:Tlillan-Tlapallan
2111:Centzon Tōtōchtin
2106:Centzonhuītznāhua
1832:Acuecueyotl (see
1687:
1554:Media related to
1518:Schellhas, Paul.
1514:978-0-8061-3204-4
1480:978-0-87169-093-7
1444:978-0-88402-204-6
1412:978-0-8047-4817-9
1389:978-1-85109-477-6
1368:978-0-8478-2129-7
1342:978-1-60606-083-4
1321:978-0-521-23410-8
1286:978-0-19-518363-4
1265:978-3-201-01478-6
1205:, pp. 32–33.
1181:, pp. 30–43.
1157:, pp. 18–19.
1109:, pp. 32–47.
1097:, pp. 62–71.
1085:, pp. 63–69.
824:, pp. 85–86.
800:, pp. 15–16.
421:Lord Kingsborough
327:De Landa alphabet
299:Mayan hieroglyphs
265:Lord Kingsborough
203:Yucatán Peninsula
168:The pictures and
156:, located at the
72:Mayan hieroglyphs
3469:
3452:Mayan literature
3386:Lady Eveningstar
3378:
3303:
3103:
2946:
2870:
2702:
2668:Spanish conquest
2650:
2640:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2551:Codex Tlatelolco
2371:Codex Florentine
2311:Codex Borbonicus
2281:Codex Azcatitlan
2276:Aubin Tonalamatl
2207:Thirteen Heavens
1970:Mictlanpachecatl
1930:Itzpapalotltotec
1850:Chalchiuhtotolin
1791:Lords of the Day
1685:
1675:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1553:
1522:. Dresden, 1897.
1484:
1463:
1448:
1427:
1416:
1404:
1401:The Ancient Maya
1393:
1372:
1351:
1325:
1294:Grube, Nikolai K
1290:
1269:
1248:
1237:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1133:, p. 89–93.
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
988:
987:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
909:
907:
906:
887:
878:
877:
875:
873:
846:
840:
834:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
774:
768:
759:
753:
747:
746:, p. 3, 15.
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
652:
643:
637:
628:
622:
607:
601:
592:
581:Grube, Nikolai K
578:
572:
571:
553:
547:
546:
544:
542:
522:
516:
515:
497:
462:E. W. Förstemann
448:. He sequenced
366:
205:in southeastern
49:Dresden, Germany
3477:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3442:Astronomy books
3427:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3411:Wak Chanil Ajaw
3376:
3370:
3301:
3295:
3101:
3095:
2993:
2944:
2938:
2910:Human sacrifice
2868:
2862:
2725:Triadic pyramid
2703:
2694:
2658:Preclassic Maya
2648:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2605:
2600:
2446:Codex Mexicanus
2376:Codex Huamantla
2351:Codex Cozcatzin
2341:Codex Colombino
2254:
2232:
2226:
2150:
2101:Centzonmīmixcōa
2084:
1935:Itztlacoliuhqui
1834:Chalchiuhtlicue
1757:Piltzintecuhtli
1742:Chalchiuhtlicue
1718:
1694:Huītzilōpōchtli
1684:
1676:
1667:
1642:
1640:Aztec mythology
1637:
1598:Wayback Machine
1586:Wayback Machine
1547:
1491:
1489:Further reading
1481:
1445:
1413:
1390:
1369:
1343:
1322:
1287:
1266:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1006:
998:
991:
978:
977:
973:
965:
961:
953:
949:
941:
937:
929:
925:
917:
913:
901:
889:
888:
881:
871:
869:
847:
843:
835:
828:
820:
816:
808:
804:
796:
792:
784:
777:
769:
762:
754:
750:
742:
738:
730:
726:
718:
714:
706:
702:
694:
685:
677:
673:
665:
661:
653:
646:
638:
631:
623:
610:
602:
595:
579:
575:
568:
554:
550:
540:
538:
523:
519:
512:
498:
494:
490:
471:
385:
380:
379:
378:
372:
367:
358:
321:. In the 1950s
213:to the area of
183:
96:
64:accordion-style
17:
16:Maya manuscript
12:
11:
5:
3475:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3356:Yoʼnal Ahk III
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2922:Social classes
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2784:Maritime trade
2781:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2576:Anales de Tula
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2491:Mapa Quinatzin
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2321:Codex Boturini
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2184:
2182:Huēyi Teōcalli
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1955:Malinalxochitl
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1801:Mictēcacihuātl
1798:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1752:Mictlāntēcutli
1749:
1744:
1739:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1658:Tōnacātēcuhtli
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1588:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1546:
1545:External links
1543:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1499:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1464:
1449:
1443:
1428:
1417:
1411:
1394:
1388:
1373:
1367:
1352:
1341:
1326:
1320:
1305:
1291:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1249:
1238:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1169:, p. 297.
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1028:
1016:
1004:
989:
971:
969:, p. 257.
959:
947:
945:, p. 299.
935:
923:
921:, p. 392.
911:
899:Newspapers.com
895:New York Times
879:
841:
826:
814:
802:
790:
788:, p. 134.
775:
760:
758:, p. 210.
748:
736:
724:
712:
700:
698:, p. 127.
683:
671:
669:, p. 129.
659:
644:
642:, p. 133.
629:
608:
593:
585:David Carrasco
573:
566:
548:
533:(in Spanish).
517:
510:
491:
489:
486:
485:
484:
477:
470:
467:
417:Agostino Aglio
384:
381:
369:
368:
361:
360:
359:
357:
354:
315:Mayan calendar
182:
179:
95:
92:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3474:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:Lady of Tikal
3394:
3392:
3391:Lady of Itzan
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:Haʼ Kʼin Xook
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3083:Título Cʼoyoi
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2915:Death rituals
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:Mapa Sigüenza
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:Codex Ramírez
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:Codex Dresden
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Ehecatotontli
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:Macuilxochitl
1948:
1946:
1945:Macuiltochtli
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:Ilamatecuhtli
1913:
1911:
1910:Huixtocihuatl
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Cihuatecayotl
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1828:Acolnahuacatl
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1663:
1662:Tōnacācihuātl
1659:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:Dresden Codex
1552:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1455:The Maya Year
1450:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1298:David Carraco
1295:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1217:, p. 41.
1216:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1155:Thompson 1972
1151:
1145:, p. 27.
1144:
1143:Thompson 1972
1139:
1132:
1131:Thompson 1972
1127:
1120:
1119:Thompson 1972
1115:
1108:
1107:Thompson 1972
1103:
1096:
1095:Thompson 1972
1091:
1084:
1083:Thompson 1972
1079:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1058:, p. 31.
1057:
1056:Thompson 1972
1052:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1024:Thompson 1972
1020:
1013:
1012:Thompson 1972
1008:
1001:
996:
994:
985:
981:
975:
968:
963:
957:, p. 36.
956:
951:
944:
939:
933:, p. 15.
932:
927:
920:
915:
905:
900:
896:
892:
886:
884:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
839:, p. 17.
838:
837:Thompson 1972
833:
831:
823:
818:
812:, p. 15.
811:
810:Thompson 1972
806:
799:
798:Thompson 1972
794:
787:
782:
780:
773:, p. 16.
772:
771:Thompson 1972
767:
765:
757:
752:
745:
744:Thompson 1972
740:
733:
732:Thompson 1972
728:
721:
720:Thompson 1972
716:
709:
708:Thompson 1972
704:
697:
692:
690:
688:
680:
675:
668:
663:
656:
655:Thompson 1972
651:
649:
641:
636:
634:
627:, p. 19.
626:
625:Thompson 1972
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
606:, p. 85.
605:
600:
598:
590:
586:
582:
577:
569:
567:9780195108156
563:
559:
552:
536:
532:
528:
521:
513:
511:9781628733228
507:
503:
496:
492:
483:
482:
478:
476:
475:Aztec codices
473:
472:
466:
463:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
435:
430:
428:
427:
422:
418:
410:
409:Dresden Codex
405:
397:
389:
376:
375:Dresden Codex
373:The complete
371:
365:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:Dresden Codex
334:
330:
328:
324:
323:Yuri Knorozov
320:
316:
312:
311:Maya numerals
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:
266:
262:
261:
256:
255:Dresden Codex
252:
248:
246:
245:Hernán Cortés
242:
238:
234:
230:
228:
224:
223:Dresden Codex
220:
219:Clive Ruggles
216:
212:
211:Dresden Codex
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:Dresden Codex
187:
178:
176:
171:
166:
163:
162:Dresden Codex
159:
155:
154:
153:Grolier Codex
149:
148:Paris codices
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:Dresden Codex
124:
122:
118:
114:
109:
108:Dresden Codex
100:
91:
89:
85:
81:
80:Dresden Codex
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
32:Dresden Codex
23:
19:
3447:Maya codices
3276:Vucub Caquix
3235:
3204:Ah-Muzen-Cab
3195:Post-Classic
3184:Moon goddess
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3062:Rabinal Achí
3060:
3053:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3023:
3013:Chilam Balam
3011:
3004:
2715:Architecture
2591:Codex Xolotl
2571:Codex Tudela
2556:Mapa Tloztin
2431:Codex Madrid
2355:
2316:Codex Borgia
2306:Codex Bodley
2231:Beliefs and
2190:
2146:Xiuhtotontli
2075:Yacatecuhtli
2055:Xōchiquetzal
2015:Tlacotzontli
2005:Temazcalteci
2000:Tēcciztēcatl
1900:Huēhuecoyōtl
1890:Coyolxāuhqui
1860:Chicomecōātl
1833:
1816:Tlaltecuhtli
1784:Xiuhtecuhtli
1768:Creator gods
1767:
1704:Tezcatlipoca
1699:Quetzalcoatl
1682:Creator gods
1548:
1533:
1519:
1502:
1495:
1469:
1454:
1433:
1422:
1400:
1382:. ABC-CLIO.
1378:
1357:
1347:
1346:
1331:
1310:
1301:
1275:
1254:
1243:
1232:
1224:Bibliography
1215:Deckert 1989
1210:
1203:Deckert 1989
1198:
1193:, p. 7.
1191:Deckert 1989
1186:
1179:Deckert 1989
1174:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1070:, p. 6.
1063:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1019:
1007:
1002:, p. 3.
974:
967:Ruggles 2005
962:
950:
938:
926:
914:
894:
870:. Retrieved
858:
854:
844:
817:
805:
793:
786:Ruggles 2005
751:
739:
727:
715:
703:
681:, p. 4.
674:
662:
657:, p. 3.
640:Ruggles 2005
588:
576:
557:
551:
539:. Retrieved
530:
520:
501:
495:
479:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
439:
431:
424:
414:
408:
374:
346:lunar tables
342:Venus tables
337:
335:
331:
296:
283:Cyrus Thomas
281:. Historian
268:
267:in his 1831
258:
254:
249:
231:
222:
215:Chichen Itza
210:
194:
192:
167:
161:
158:Grolier Club
151:
132:Maya codices
127:
125:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
87:
83:
79:
57:
31:
30:
28:
18:
3416:Yohl Ikʼnal
3251:Hun Hunahpu
3169:Kinich Ahau
3159:Jaguar gods
2526:Selden Roll
2501:Codex Reese
2471:Paris Codex
2461:Codex Osuna
2361:Codex Durán
2346:Codex Cospi
2266:Aubin Codex
2202:Teotihuacan
2177:Chicomoztoc
2136:Tiānquiztli
2080:Zacatzontli
2060:Xochitlicue
2020:Tlalocayotl
2010:Tepoztēcatl
1920:Ītzpāpālōtl
1806:Nanahuatzin
1779:Tlazōlteōtl
1762:Tepēyōllōtl
1647:Primordials
1498:(1), 27-42.
1361:. Rizzoli.
1167:Foster 2005
931:Thomas 1894
696:Sharer 2006
667:Sharer 2006
531:Gaceta UNAM
94:Description
3431:Categories
3266:Qʼuqʼumatz
3139:Hero Twins
3124:Death gods
2998:Literature
2934:Households
2900:Priesthood
2511:Codex Ríos
2401:Codex Laud
2197:Tamoanchan
2191:Underworld
2172:Cemanahuac
2141:Tzitzimitl
2121:Cihuateteo
2096:Ahuiateteo
2050:Xōchipilli
1880:Cipactonal
1870:Cihuacōātl
1796:Citlālicue
1709:Xipe Totec
1068:Taube 1992
919:Keane 2011
872:19 October
822:Lyons 2011
756:Nalda 1998
604:Lyons 2011
488:References
411:since 1945
273:. In 1828
175:Mayan blue
3406:Sak Kʼukʼ
3236:Popol Vuh
3174:Maize god
3134:Goddess I
3055:Popol Vuh
2905:Sacrifice
2888:Midwifery
2878:Childhood
2828:Mythology
2791:Languages
2678:Guatemala
2240:Five Suns
2126:Civateteo
2040:Tonantzin
2035:Toltecatl
1940:Ixtlilton
1885:Cōātlīcue
861:(3): 18.
481:Popol Vuh
307:facsimile
140:New World
3401:Lady Xoc
3261:Jacawitz
3246:Camazotz
3229:Yum Kaax
3224:Kukulkan
2984:Tzolkʼin
2945:Calendar
2895:Religion
2853:Textiles
2833:Numerals
2818:Medicine
2813:Mayanist
2754:Ceramics
2747:Graffiti
2233:practice
2212:Tlālōcān
2116:Cintēteo
1995:Patecatl
1980:Opochtli
1975:Mixcoatl
1960:Mayahuel
1865:Chīmalmā
1855:Chantico
1845:Atlacoya
1821:Tōnatiuh
1747:Cinteotl
1737:Centeōtl
1713:Camaxtle
1654:Ōmeteōtl
1594:Archived
1582:Archived
1000:Coe 1982
984:Archived
679:Coe 1982
535:Archived
469:See also
317:and the
279:Palenque
3291:Zipacna
3256:Huracan
3164:Kʼawiil
3149:Itzamna
3110:Classic
3102:Deities
3032:Grolier
3025:Dresden
3019:Codices
2869:Society
2858:Warfare
2796:Classic
2774:Economy
2764:Cuisine
2735:Revival
2720:E-Group
2688:Yucatán
2673:Chiapas
2649:History
2259:Codices
2187:Mictlān
2162:Anahuac
2045:Xilonen
2025:Tlilhua
1985:Oxomoco
1965:Metztli
1895:Ehecatl
1840:Atlahua
1724:Deities
541:25 July
454:Codex B
450:Codex A
446:Codex B
442:Codex A
181:History
138:in the
68:written
3377:Queens
3241:Awilix
3189:Yopaat
3154:Ixchel
3039:Madrid
2969:Kʼatun
2959:Baktun
2848:Stelae
2838:People
2801:Script
2759:Cities
2708:Topics
2222:Tōllān
2167:Aztlán
2155:Places
2089:Groups
2070:Xolotl
2065:Xocotl
1990:Painal
1774:Tláloc
1512:
1477:
1441:
1409:
1386:
1365:
1339:
1318:
1300:(ed).
1283:
1262:
564:
508:
207:Mexico
170:glyphs
146:, and
144:Madrid
119:, and
3302:Kings
3286:Xquic
3271:Tohil
3219:Ixtab
3129:God L
3119:Chaac
3114:Bacab
3046:Paris
2989:Winal
2964:Haabʼ
2883:Women
2843:Sites
2823:Music
2779:Trade
2769:Dance
2683:Petén
2189:(The
587:(ed).
356:Image
350:Chaac
288:Venus
88:hu'un
84:Ficus
60:amate
45:codex
35:is a
3214:Chin
3209:Akna
3199:Acat
2974:Kʼin
2954:Ajaw
2927:Ajaw
2806:List
2030:Toci
1711:(or
1660:and
1510:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1363:ISBN
1358:Maya
1337:ISBN
1316:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1260:ISBN
874:2023
562:ISBN
543:2021
506:ISBN
444:and
344:and
336:The
292:Mars
290:and
193:The
126:The
106:The
37:Maya
29:The
3179:Mam
2979:Tun
2742:Art
863:doi
456:.
243:by
115:,
70:in
3433::
1460:15
1345:.
1075:^
992:^
982:.
893:.
882:^
859:14
857:.
853:.
829:^
778:^
763:^
686:^
647:^
632:^
611:^
596:^
294:.
2630:e
2623:t
2616:v
2193:)
1836:)
1770:)
1715:)
1664:)
1632:e
1625:t
1618:v
1506:,
1483:.
1462:.
1447:.
1415:.
1392:.
1371:.
1324:.
1289:.
1268:.
908:.
876:.
865::
570:.
545:.
514:.
121:c
117:b
113:a
86:(
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