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the terror bombing of non-combatants having as its goal victory in a legitimate war, while holding as ethically in bounds an act of strategic bombing that similarly harms non-combatants with foresight as a side effect of destroying a legitimate military target. Because advocates of double effect propose that consequentially similar acts can be morally different, double effect is most often criticized by
3685:
1742:
2288:
In their use of the distinction between intent and foresight without intent, advocates of double effect make three arguments. First, that intent differs from foresight, even in cases in which one foresees an effect as inevitable. Second, that one can apply the distinction to specific sets of cases
2280:
The principle of double effect is based on the idea that there is a morally relevant difference between an "intended" consequence of an act and one that is foreseen by the actor but not calculated to achieve their motive. So, for example, the principle is invoked to hold as ethically out of bounds
2181:
criteria which
Christian philosophers have advocated for evaluating the permissibility of acting when one's otherwise legitimate act may also cause an effect one would otherwise be obliged to avoid. The first known example of double-effect reasoning is
2289:
found in military ethics (terror bombing/strategic bombing), medical ethics (craniotomy/hysterectomy), and social ethics (euthanasia). Third, that the distinction has moral relevance, importance, or significance.
2307:
The intention must be the achieving of only the good effect, with the bad effect being only an unintended side effect. All reasonable measures to avoid or mitigate the bad effect must be taken.
1584:
2195:
This set of criteria states that, if an action has foreseeable harmful effects that are practically inseparable from the good effect, it is justifiable if the following are true:
2839:
1519:
2205:
the good effect outweighs the bad effect in circumstances sufficiently grave to justify causing the bad effect and the agent exercises due diligence to minimize the harm.
2318:
immediately (in terms of causality, notânecessarilyâtemporally) as the bad effect. It is impermissible to attempt to bring about an indirect good with a direct evil.
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It is debated whether these formulations are equivalent, or whether one or the other suffers from difficulty in distinguishing when something is the
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100:
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the agent intends the good effect and does not intend the bad effect, either as a means to the good or as an end in itself;
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states that "many criticisms of the principle of double effect do not proceed from consequentialist assumptions".
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The bad effect must not be the means by which one achieves the good effect. Good ends do not justify evil means.
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The doctrine consists of four conditions that must be satisfied before an act is morally permissible:
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who consider the consequences of actions entirely determinative of the action's morality.
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8:
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185:
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The action, apart from the foreseen evil, must be either morally good or indifferent.
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There must be a proportionately grave reason for permitting the evil effect.
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529:
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by which a good is achieved, and when merely a foreseen-but-undesired
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489:
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1016:
35:
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509:
269:
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the nature of the act is itself good, or at least morally neutral;
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2373:â a moral dilemma exploring the principle of double effect
2209:
2357:
While some consequentialists may reject the
Principle,
2314:
The good effect must be caused by the action at least
2452:
Double-Effect
Reasoning: Doing Good and Avoiding Evil
2563:
2186:' treatment of homicidal self-defense, in his work
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3702:
2055:A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion
2912:
2583:
2130:
1766:
1484:Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas
2248:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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2526:
2524:
2137:
2123:
1773:
1759:
2558:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
2268:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2711:Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium
2530:
2470:. Vol. 4 (1st ed.). New York:
1694:List of institutions named after Aquinas
445:Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium
2926:
2521:
2464:Catholic University of America (1967).
2210:Intentional harm vis-Ă -vis side effects
1596:Enthroned Madonna and Child with Saints
14:
3703:
2856:The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas
1622:The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas
2900:
2840:International Council of Universities
2571:
2246:adding citations to reliable sources
2213:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2541:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1829:Eucharist denial or excommunication
24:
2628:Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate
2597:
2417:, "The Problem of Closeness", in .
2023:Center for Family and Human Rights
1545:The Cambridge Companion to Aquinas
400:Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate
25:
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1937:2009 Brazilian girl abortion case
3683:
3671:
3565:Stratification of emotional life
3014:
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3002:
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2496:from the original on 2011-03-21.
2218:
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2028:National Right to Life Committee
1932:Margaret McBride excommunication
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1740:
1728:
1720:
1610:St Dominic and St Thomas Aquinas
160:
135:
34:
2848:Triumph of Saint Thomas Aquinas
2825:List of works by Thomas Aquinas
2510:(Rowman & Littlefield 2003
2454:, p.36, Oxford: Clarendon Press
1643:Triumph of Saint Thomas Aquinas
45:needs additional citations for
27:Christian ethical consideration
2793:Canonization of Thomas Aquinas
2500:
2457:
2444:
2430:
2399:
1550:The Oxford Handbook of Aquinas
1479:Canonization of Thomas Aquinas
13:
1:
2508:Moral Theory: An Introduction
2424:
2387:Lesser of two evils principle
2352:
3726:Catholic Church and abortion
2298:nature-of-the-act condition.
1942:Death of Savita Halappanavar
69:"Principle of double effect"
7:
3157:Theological intellectualism
2536:"Doctrine of Double Effect"
2364:
1699:Saint Thomas Aquinas Church
1629:The Vision of Fray Lauterio
1616:San Pietro Martire Triptych
10:
3742:
3535:Principle of double effect
2772:Principle of double effect
2343:proportionality condition.
2305:right-intention condition.
2153: â also known as the
2151:principle of double effect
2113:Catholic Church portal
1735:Catholic Church portal
295:Principle of double effect
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3402:
3179:
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2874:
2819:Thomas Aquinas Dictionary
2785:
2750:
2674:
2663:
2605:
2467:New Catholic Encyclopedia
2383:â similar theories in law
2159:doctrine of double effect
1555:Thomas Aquinas Dictionary
389:Commentaries on Aristotle
2864:Temptation of St. Thomas
2735:Verbum supernum prodiens
2621:De regno, ad regem Cypri
2614:Contra Errores Graecorum
2440:, IIa-IIae Q. 64, art. 7
2392:
1636:Temptation of St. Thomas
465:Verbum supernum prodiens
395:De regno, ad regem Cypri
383:Contra Errores Graecorum
3162:Theological voluntarism
2830:Institutional namesakes
2171:double-effect reasoning
2161:, often abbreviated as
1809:and the Catholic Church
1490:Congregatio de Auxiliis
3678:Catholicism portal
2886:Catholicism portal
2777:View on the Sacraments
2312:concurrence condition.
1608:Madonna and Child with
3690:Philosophy portal
3505:Infused righteousness
2835:Pontifical University
2656:Summa contra Gentiles
2155:rule of double effect
2079:Other Christian views
1879:Consistent life ethic
1747:Philosophy portal
1585:Charles Bridge statue
378:Summa contra Gentiles
239:Correspondence theory
3638:Doctor of the Church
3520:Ontological argument
2699:Ecce panis angelorum
2332:means-end condition.
2242:improve this section
2177: â is a set of
2084:In the United States
2049:Catholics for Choice
2018:American Life League
1927:Gianna Beretta Molla
1684:Doctor of the Church
54:improve this article
3465:Divine illumination
3121:Augustinian realism
2989:Theological virtues
2928:Catholic philosophy
2689:Creator ineffabilis
2324:Also formulated as:
2003:Knights of Columbus
1817:Official opposition
1674:School of Salamanca
535:St. Albertus Magnus
430:Creator ineffabilis
301:Aristotelian ethics
3721:Ethical principles
3633:Islamic philosophy
3587:Trademark argument
3480:Formal distinction
3430:Augustinian values
3103:Analytical Thomism
3083:Christian humanism
2813:Analytical Thomism
2740:O salutaris hostia
2706:O sacrum convivium
1602:Fiesole Altarpiece
1515:Analytical Thomism
549:Classical Thomists
470:O salutaris hostia
440:O sacrum convivium
344:Intrinsic finality
186:Apophatic theology
3698:
3697:
3613:Catholic theology
3560:Seven deadly sins
3530:Peripatetic axiom
3440:Cartesian dualism
3175:
3174:
3141:Scotistic realism
3098:Neo-scholasticism
2894:
2893:
2808:Neo-scholasticism
2516:978-0-8476-9768-7
2481:978-0-07-010235-4
2450:T. A. Cavanaugh,
2283:consequentialists
2278:
2277:
2270:
2147:
2146:
1904:Indirect abortion
1783:
1782:
1679:Catholic theology
1540:Index Thomisticus
1496:Neo-scholasticism
1204:Garrigou-Lagrange
418:Hymns and prayers
289:Peripatetic axiom
196:Divine simplicity
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3733:
3688:
3687:
3686:
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3500:Homo unius libri
3445:Cogito, ergo sum
3435:Cardinal virtues
3136:Moderate realism
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3011:
3006:
3005:
2944:Cardinal virtues
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2914:
2907:
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2766:Homo unius libri
2723:Sacris solemniis
2669:
2635:Summa Theologiae
2592:
2585:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2546:
2545:
2532:McIntyre, Alison
2528:
2519:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2474:. p. 1021.
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2438:Summa Theologiae
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2189:Summa Theologica
2139:
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2110:
2013:CatholicVote.org
2008:Catholic Answers
1993:Priests for Life
1981:Washington, D.C.
1889:Sanctity of life
1842:Evangelium vitae
1792:
1785:
1784:
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1768:
1761:
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1234:von Donnersmarck
500:Pseudo-Dionysius
455:Sacris solemniis
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366:Summa Theologica
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264:Substantial form
251:Substance theory
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2867:(1632 painting)
2859:(1631 painting)
2851:(1323 painting)
2781:
2746:
2728:Panis angelicus
2684:Adoro te devote
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2647:Treatise on Law
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2371:Trolley problem
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1998:Sisters of Life
1966:Life and Family
1962:March for Life
1957:
1949:
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1884:Culture of life
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1869:Philosophy and
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1575:1476 Altarpiece
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2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2949:Divine command
2946:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:Editio Leonina
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
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2720:
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2718:
2708:
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2691:
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2660:
2659:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2599:Thomas Aquinas
2595:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2553:
2552:External links
2550:
2548:
2547:
2534:(2004-07-28).
2520:
2506:Mark Timmons,
2499:
2480:
2456:
2443:
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2276:
2275:
2226:
2224:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2184:Thomas Aquinas
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2102:
2101:
2097:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
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2000:
1995:
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1833:
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1820:
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1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1801:of articles on
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1763:
1755:
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1750:
1749:
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1711:
1710:
1703:
1702:
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1691:
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1666:
1660:
1657:Related topics
1656:
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1604:
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1509:Editio Leonina
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1366:
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1341:
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1334:MillĂĄn-Puelles
1331:
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205:
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183:
177:
171:
170:
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166:
165:
157:
156:
154:Thomas Aquinas
150:
149:
141:
140:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3738:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3659:
3658:Phenomenology
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
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3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
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3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Rota Fortunae
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:Occam's razor
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Head of a pin
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
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3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:Actus Essendi
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
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3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
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3282:
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3277:
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3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Chateaubriand
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
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3190:
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3182:
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3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Conceptualism
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
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3076:
3075:
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3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3045:Scholasticism
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3022:
2995:
2994:Virtue ethics
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Seven virtues
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
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2910:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2759:Actus Essendi
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
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2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2503:
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2491:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
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2369:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2350:
2344:
2340:
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2329:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2272:
2269:
2261:
2258:February 2024
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2227:This section
2225:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2175:double effect
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2068:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2038:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1952:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:Double effect
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1849:Humanae vitae
1846:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1836:Canon 1397 §2
1834:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1800:
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1611:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:Carafa Chapel
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1553:
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1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
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1537:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1502:Ăterni Patris
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:
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1480:
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1476:
1468:
1467:
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1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
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1410:
1407:
1405:
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1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
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1335:
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1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
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1300:
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1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
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1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1037:Benedict XIII
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
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49:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
18:Double effect
3628:Neoplatonism
3550:Ressentiment
3545:Quinque viae
3534:
3510:Memento mori
3470:Double truth
3415:Actus primus
3181:Philosophers
3088:Cartesianism
2862:
2854:
2846:
2817:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2654:
2645:
2641:Quinque viae
2633:
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2414:
2411:side-effect;
2410:
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2323:
2315:
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2255:
2240:Please help
2228:
2194:
2187:
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2173:, or simply
2170:
2166:
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2094:Abortion law
2053:
1898:
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1840:
1707:Actus primus
1705:
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1627:
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1594:
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1500:
1488:
1399:Sertillanges
1067:Benedict XIV
510:St. Boethius
405:Catena aurea
321:Determinatio
319:
308: /
293:
276: /
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245:Hylomorphism
243:
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200:
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83:
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64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3648:Rationalism
3643:Renaissance
3575:Augustinian
3460:Disputation
3455:Differentia
3420:Actus purus
3324:Malebranche
3239:Bonaventure
2974:Personalism
2969:Natural law
2964:Probabilism
2716:Tantum ergo
2677:and prayers
2472:McGraw-Hill
1855:In politics
1533:Scholarship
1184:Fairweather
1106:Neo-Thomism
1082:de Boxadors
987:Pallavicino
982:Vallgornera
777:Mirabilibus
737:de Flandria
627:Benedict XI
450:Tantum ergo
315:Natural law
310:Theological
214:Actus purus
3705:Categories
3653:Empiricism
3475:Evil demon
3249:Chesterton
3126:Nominalism
3113:Universals
2954:Just price
2694:Lauda Sion
2425:References
2353:Criticisms
2042:Dissidence
1986:West Coast
1894:Ensoulment
1689:Empiricism
1444:Wilhelmsen
1329:Meinvielle
1139:Bouquillon
887:de Granada
882:Maldonatus
842:Catherinus
817:di Ferrara
782:Savonarola
752:Torquemada
677:Bradwardin
652:di Bologna
637:Winterburn
577:Innocent V
562:Saint-Cher
530:Maimonides
483:Influences
435:Lauda Sion
334:Just price
234:Sacraments
110:April 2023
80:newspapers
3711:Bioethics
3618:Platonism
3592:Univocity
3490:Haecceity
3369:Ratzinger
3334:Montaigne
3314:MacIntyre
3269:Dionysius
3264:Descartes
3224:Augustine
3078:Salamanca
2381:necessity
2229:does not
1824:Canon 915
1434:UĆĄeniÄnik
1424:Taparelli
1384:Ripperger
1299:MacIntyre
1159:Copleston
1092:Gazzaniga
1072:De Rubeis
1027:Alexandre
1022:Massoulié
892:Fernandes
812:Mazzolini
757:Bessarion
672:Paludanus
632:Fontaines
572:Penyafort
557:Cantimpré
490:Aristotle
3580:Irenaean
3570:Theodicy
3540:Quiddity
3403:Concepts
3329:Maritain
3299:Krasicki
3289:Gassendi
3279:Eriugena
3234:Boethius
3209:Anscombe
3199:Albertus
3093:Molinism
3060:Occamism
3032:Medieval
2959:Just war
2518:), p. 80
2494:Archived
2365:See also
2089:Abortion
2072:See also
1956:Activism
1871:theology
1807:Abortion
1799:a series
1797:Part of
1459:Zigliara
1454:Woodbury
1359:Piolanti
1324:McInerny
1314:Marshall
1309:Maritain
1304:Maréchal
1294:Lonergan
1284:Leo XIII
1259:Kleutgen
1209:Gauthier
1124:Arintero
972:Molinier
952:Riccardi
927:Malvenda
922:Verbeeck
907:Duperron
902:Porrecta
867:Senensis
862:Pelargus
822:Gaetanus
792:Gostynin
772:Almadura
742:Pierozzi
717:Dominici
702:Eymerich
692:Bromyard
667:NĂ©dellec
662:Guidonis
622:Auvergne
607:Houghton
592:Moerbeke
582:Lessines
567:Beauvais
525:Averroes
515:Avicenna
495:St. Paul
329:Just war
306:Cardinal
278:accident
270:Quiddity
146:a series
144:Part of
3716:Thomism
3606:Related
3394:WojtyĆa
3374:Scheler
3319:Maistre
3309:Lombard
3294:Isidore
3274:Erasmus
3254:Clement
3219:Aquinas
3189:Abelard
3055:Scotism
3050:Thomism
3024:Schools
2798:Thomism
2786:Related
2751:Thought
2250:removed
2235:sources
2179:ethical
1919:History
1472:History
1374:RamĂrez
1364:Pirotta
1319:Mascall
1279:KrÄ
piec
1274:Koninck
1254:Jolivet
1249:Inagaki
1229:Hawkins
1224:Grenier
1174:De Wulf
1114:Aertsen
1087:Mamachi
1062:Concina
1057:Leocata
1047:Plessis
992:NicolaĂŻ
962:Poinsot
957:Gravina
947:Rispoli
937:Ălvarez
917:Lessius
912:Medices
837:Vitoria
832:Pagnino
827:Koellin
762:de Rupe
747:Cusanus
732:Sabunde
707:Calecas
697:Kydones
682:Holkott
657:Fiadoni
642:Colonna
587:Piperno
274:essence
272: (
253: (
173:Thomism
94:scholar
3597:Utopia
3389:SuĂĄrez
3379:Scotus
3364:Rahner
3354:Pascal
3344:Newman
3284:Ficino
3214:Anselm
3204:Alcuin
3070:Modern
2936:Ethics
2514:
2490:367202
2488:
2478:
2157:, the
1976:Prague
1520:ICUSTA
1449:Wippel
1419:Tanaka
1369:Pius X
1339:Newman
1264:Knasas
1219:George
1199:Gardet
1189:Farrer
1169:Daujat
1164:Coreth
1154:Coffey
1149:Canals
1144:Bourke
1134:Barron
1129:Ashley
1119:AnquĂn
1032:Ăchard
1017:Quétif
1012:Bancel
977:Torres
967:Ripada
877:Medina
802:Tetzel
797:GĆogĂłw
727:Gorkum
722:Gerson
712:Ferrer
687:Regina
647:Ymbert
617:Sutton
612:Apolda
602:Trilia
283:nature
191:Aseity
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3425:Aevum
3384:Stein
3349:Occam
3304:Llull
3229:Bacon
3194:Adler
3150:Other
2675:Hymns
2606:Books
2407:means
2393:Notes
1971:Paris
1439:White
1429:Torre
1414:Stein
1409:Smith
1404:Simon
1389:Russo
1379:RĂ©gis
1354:Pegis
1349:Pecci
1269:Komar
1244:Hugon
1239:Henle
1214:Geach
1194:Feser
1179:Fabro
1077:Burke
1052:Gotti
1042:Serry
1007:Gonet
1002:Ferre
997:Lynch
942:Oliva
932:Lemos
897:Båñez
872:Faber
787:Fabri
767:Niger
597:MartĂ
358:Works
256:ousia
101:JSTOR
87:books
3359:Pico
3339:More
3259:Cusa
2512:ISBN
2486:OCLC
2476:ISBN
2413:see
2379:and
2341:The
2330:The
2310:The
2303:The
2296:The
2233:any
2231:cite
2149:The
1394:Ryan
1344:Pace
1289:Lira
857:Cano
852:Soto
807:Deza
73:news
2415:4.2
2244:by
2167:PDE
2165:or
2163:DDE
1568:Art
847:Ory
56:by
3707::
2538:.
2523:^
2492:.
2484:.
2316:as
2192:.
2169:,
148:on
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1760:v
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259:)
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117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
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50:.
20:)
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