388:
755:
743:
731:
133:
323:
24:
1267:
576:(1951, Japan) in M39 mount for Rangefinder cameras. By enlarging the rear group significantly (compared to a Double-Gauss type of more traditional focal length), the field of view was increased while keeping the aperture relatively large- making it, for a time, the fastest 28mm lens available for 35mm cameras by a large margin.
156:
on the object side and a negative meniscus lens on the image side. In Clark's symmetric arrangement, this makes four elements in four groups: two positive meniscus lenses on the outside with two negative meniscus lenses inside them. The symmetry of the system and the splitting of the optical power
203:
of the twentieth century, producing dozens of major variants, scores of minor variants, hundreds of marketed lenses and tens of millions of unit sales. It has few flaws, most notably a small amount of oblique spherical aberration, which could lower peripheral contrast. Double Gauss/Planar tweaks
1035:
164:
There are many variations of the design. Sometimes extra lens elements are added. The basic lens type is one of the most developed and used photographic lenses. The design forms the basis for many camera lenses in use today, especially the wide-aperture
1124:
997:
1016:
773:
have been dominant since the 1980s and so there have been few newly designed Double Gauss normal lenses, but many new prestige low production Double Gauss lenses have been released. Compare the Canon EF 50mm
1265:, Tomokazu Kazamaki & Yasuo Takahashi, "Large aperture seven-lens objective lens system", published June 24, 1969, assigned to Asahi Kogaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
474:, making an excellent value-for-money accessory today for any digital camera with APS-C and Full-Frame sized sensor, though an appropriate M42 adaptor is required for this particular lens.
1725:
1054:
259:
further refined the design in 1888 by taking two of these lenses and placing them back to back, making a "double Gauss" design, albeit with indifferent photographic results.
1690:
1509:
1236:
1335:
829:
478:
444:, originally designed in 1927, had a six element asymmetric double Gauss formula. Post-World War II Zeiss (Oberkochen, West Germany) no longer uses the
384:
fast design with seven elements in five groups, which influenced later fast speed lens designs, being cited by many lens manufacturers until the 1960s.
358:
362:
designs, which were licensed to various other manufacturers. In 1927, Lee modified the Opic design and increase the maximum aperture up to
1606:
861:. It is also used as the basis for faster designs, with elements added, such as a seventh element as in both Canon and Nikon's 50 mm
340:
Later the design was developed with additional glasses to give high-performance lenses of wide aperture. The main development was due to
1722:
489:(1925, Germany). For example, three asymmetric Double Gauss lenses were produced in 1934 for Ihagee VP Exakta (1933, Germany) the type
1698:
569:
for the Leica M3 (1953, West
Germany). A notable, but largely-forgotten, use of the Double-Gauss formula was in the Canon 28mm
352:
310:
lens. It was commercially unsuccessful, but its asymmetry is the foundation of the modern double Gauss, including the Zeiss
1543:
1569:
1749:
1517:
1147:
969:
721:(New) for the Nikon F2 (lens 1976, camera 1971); all from Japan except the Zeiss which was designed in West Germany.
1240:
1214:
1366:
1343:
920:
121:
1744:
851:
953:
440:
Zeiss Ikon (Dresden) Contax S (1949, East
Germany), the first pentaprism eye-level viewing 35mm SLR. The
204:
formed the basis for most normal and near-normal prime lens designs with wide apertures for sixty years.
1262:
1030:
1119:
1049:
1011:
992:
493:
433:
153:
263:
84:
47:
182:, usually with seven elements for extra aberration control. Modern super wide aperture models of
1610:
477:
Several contemporaneous competing, but less famous lenses, were similar to the Biotar, such as
1142:(2003 reprint ed.). Small Dole, West Sussex, UK: Hove Collectors Books. pp. 25–26.
1122:, Albrecht Wilhelm Tronnier, "Photographisches Objektiv", published 30 April 1925
1069:
230:
109:
1405:
615:
type double Gauss normal lenses jockeying for sales. For example, compare the Tokyo
Optical
1647:
1450:
1427:
437:
281:
233:
226:
8:
486:
429:(Germany) appeared on the Ihagee Kine Exakta (1936, Germany), the first widely available
158:
117:
1472:
1304:
An
Outline of Facts You Should Know About: Olympus FTography. (Dealer information guide)
958:
909:
840:
292:
252:
222:
141:
88:
80:
60:
40:
1672:
1302:
1282:
1143:
1077:
965:
916:
828:
The design is presently used in inexpensive-but-high-quality fast lenses such as the
754:
742:
730:
169:
used with 35 mm and other small-format cameras. It can offer good results up to
1193:
1095:
949:
256:
1729:
149:
1096:"PHOTOHISTORY - Г.Абрамов, "Этапы развития отечественного фотоаппаратостроения""
262:
Current double Gauss lenses can be traced back to an 1895 improved design, when
225:
consisting of closely spaced positive and negative menisci, invented in 1817 by
467:
236:
1738:
1284:
Beseler Topcon Super D: With Behind Mirror Meter System. (Instruction manual)
1081:
267:
240:
179:
166:
449:
387:
341:
276:
271:
248:
200:
52:
270:
thickened the interior negative menisci and converted to them to cemented
880:
244:
113:
710:
for the Konica
Autoreflex T3 (lens 1974, camera 1973) and Nippon Kogaku
995:, Alvan G. Clark, "Photographic Lens", issued 1889-March-12
145:
525:
Other early Double Gauss variants for 35mm cameras included the Kodak
911:
Photographic Optics, a Modern
Approach to the Technique of Definition
868:
1.4 offerings or an aspherical seventh element in Canon's 50 mm
770:
462:
274:
of two elements of equal refraction but differing dispersion for the
1033:, Horace William Lee, "Lens", published November 5, 1935
322:
1070:"Inside Straight: Optical Miracle: The amazing story of the Biotar"
490:
430:
170:
132:
189:
1.0 can have eight or more elements, while more moderate aperture
1014:, Paul Rudolph, "Objective Glass", issued 1897-May-25
1261:
295:
added a slight asymmetry to the Planar in 1920, and created the
879:. The design appears in other applications where a simple fast
23:
655:(v2) for the Canon FT (lens 1968, camera 1966), Asahi Optical
558:
on the Voigtländer
Vitessa (1951, West Germany) and the Leitz
1648:"SLR Magic announces HyperPrime CINE 50mm T0.95 M-mount lens"
1473:"Konica SLR lenses 1960–1987: Konica Hexanon AR 50 mm / F1.4"
1430:[The optical schemata of Minolta MC/MD Rokkor lenses]
1394:
Tokyo, Japan: Asahi
Optical Co., Ltd., September 1972. p. 28.
666:(v2) for the Pentax Spotmatic (lens 1968, camera 1964), Fuji
418:
for cinematography. Its still photography version, the Zeiss
607:(v2). During the 1960s to early 80s every optical house had
448:
name; instead lumping all double Gauss variants under the
1118:
199:
The Double Gauss was likely the most intensively studied
637:
for the
Olympus Pen F (lens 1964, camera 1963), Yashica
1166:. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. c. 1939. p. 36.
373:
lens. Further improvement was done by Lee in 1930, the
1510:"Lenses (EF Mount): EF50mm f/1.2L USM: specifications"
1451:"The Last German 35mm film cameras / Rolleiflex SL350"
1324:(Brochure) no publication data, but circa 1974. p. 13.
579:
1544:"Lenses (EF Mount): EF50mm f/1.2L USM: block diagram"
821:(2009, Germany) with their antecedents, or SLR Magic
407:
series. In the same year of 1927, Zeiss designed the
1594:. Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan: Sigma Corp. p. 15.
1537:
1535:
1336:"Lenses (FL Mount): FL50mm f/1.4II: specifications"
1194:"History of fast 35mm and small format film lenses"
883:is required (≈53° diagonal) such as in projectors.
536:on the Kodak Bantam Special (1936, USA), the Kodak
1428:"ОПТИЧЕСКИЕ СХЕМЫ ОБЪЕКТИВОВ MINOLTA MC/MD ROKKOR"
1367:"Lenses (FL Mount): FL50mm f/1.4II: block diagram"
1029:
957:
908:
1532:
547:for the Kodak Ektra (1941, USA), the Voigtländer
1736:
1310:. Los Angeles, CA: Ponder & Best. p. 6.
626:for the Topcon RE Super/Super D (1963), Olympus
470:camera was the most common version/clone of the
436:, in 1939. It was also the standard lens on the
144:in 1888, consists of two symmetrically-arranged
964:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 117–130.
648:for the Yashica TL Super (1967), Canon FL 50mm
1723:A brief description of the double Gauss design
1634:LEICA NOCTILUX-M 50 mm f/0.95 ASPH. (Brochure)
1501:
1164:Kodak Lenses & Shutters (Promotional book)
596:type, developing the seven-element, six-group
1636:. Solms, Germany: Leica Camera AG. p. 1.
1181:. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. p. 9.
196:versions can be simplified to five elements.
1492:
1448:
1300:
1280:
1191:
1176:
1076:. Vol. 71, no. 5. pp. 32–33.
795:G (2008, Japan/China), Sigma EX DG HSM 50mm
284:. It was the original six element symmetric
140:The earliest double Gauss lens, patented by
1392:Asahi Pentax Spotmatic II Operating Manual.
1137:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
1497:. Garden City, NY: Nikon Corp. p. 26.
1237:"Canon Serenar 28mm f/3.5 I Block Diagram"
825:50mm CINE T0.95 (2012, Hong Kong, China).
22:
1631:
1589:
948:
1470:
929:
699:for the Rolleiflex SL350 (1974), Konica
688:for the Minolta XK/XM/X-1 (1973), Zeiss
677:for the Fujica ST701 (1971), Minolta MC
386:
321:
131:
1138:Aguila, Clément; Rouah, Michel (1987).
1067:
1737:
1604:
1567:
1541:
1507:
1425:
1403:
1364:
1333:
902:
900:
898:
896:
725:History of Double Gauss lens designs
297:Taylor, Taylor & Hobson Series 0
212:
906:
580:Later development and proliferation
148:. Each Gauss lens is a two-element
13:
960:A History of the Photographic Lens
893:
14:
1761:
1716:
1074:Popular Photography & Imaging
819:Leica Noctilux-M 50mm f/0.95 ASPH
765:
403:is another competitor of British
317:
1548:Canon Camera Museum: Camera Hall
1514:Canon Camera Museum: Camera Hall
1371:Canon Camera Museum: Camera Hall
1340:Canon Camera Museum: Camera Hall
1179:Kodak Ektra (Instruction manual)
753:
741:
729:
1683:
1665:
1640:
1625:
1598:
1583:
1561:
1486:
1464:
1442:
1419:
1397:
1384:
1358:
1327:
1314:
1294:
1274:
1255:
1229:
1207:
1185:
1170:
1156:
1131:
344:in the 1920s, resulting in the
157:into many elements reduces the
136:Development of the Double Gauss
1677:Canon Camera Museum: Lens Hall
1112:
1088:
1061:
1042:
1023:
1004:
985:
280:design of 1896 to correct for
1:
1068:Keppler, Herbert (May 2007).
886:
1215:"Canon Serenar 28mm f/3.5 I"
1052:, published Sep 30, 1927
63:; Taylor, Taylor and Hobson
7:
1239:. Canon INC. Archived from
511:, as well as the Dallmeyer
10:
1766:
1652:Digital Photography Review
434:single-lens reflex cameras
207:
1750:Photographic lens designs
1607:"L&VM standard- Lens"
1570:"AF-S NIKKOR 50mm f/1.4G"
1140:Exakta Cameras, 1933–1978
1010:
991:
954:"8. Meniscus Anastigmats"
784:USM (2007, Japan), Nikon
229:as an improvement to the
217:The original two element
127:
98:4–6 elements in 4+ groups
94:
76:
30:
21:
1691:"AF Nikkor 50mm f/1.4D"
1590:Anonymous (June 2008).
1495:Nikon: Dealer Catalogue
1406:"EBC FUJINON 50MM F1.4"
915:. London: Focal Press.
454:name. The Soviet 58mm
396:
369:, which was named the
337:
137:
1592:SIGMA: Lens Catalogue
1493:Anonymous (c. 1987).
1301:Anonymous (c. 1966).
1281:Anonymous (c. 1966).
1177:Anonymous (c. 1941).
503:versions of both the
390:
325:
135:
1012:US patent 583336
993:US patent 399499
907:Cox, Arthur (1971).
282:chromatic aberration
234:Achromatic telescope
227:Carl Friedrich Gauss
1745:Photographic lenses
1613:on 26 December 2009
1346:on 24 February 2010
1100:www.photohistory.ru
590:Super Speed Panchro
487:Schneider Kreuznach
375:Super Speed Panchro
291:double Gauss lens.
161:within the system.
159:optical aberrations
118:optical aberrations
18:
1728:2006-05-17 at the
1673:"EF50mm f/1.4 USM"
1632:Anonymous (2009).
1520:on 22 October 2007
1449:Frank Mechelhoff.
1192:Frank Mechelhoff.
496:camera: 8 cm
397:
338:
293:Horace William Lee
253:Alvan Graham Clark
142:Alvan Graham Clark
138:
89:Horace William Lee
81:Alvan Graham Clark
31:Introduced in
16:
950:Kingslake, Rudolf
479:Albrecht Tronnier
299:(also called the
257:Bausch & Lomb
213:Early development
106:double Gauss lens
102:
101:
1757:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1697:. Archived from
1687:
1681:
1680:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1609:. Archived from
1602:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1516:. Archived from
1505:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1342:. Archived from
1331:
1325:
1322:Yashinon Lenses.
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1002:
1001:
1000:
996:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
963:
946:
927:
926:
914:
904:
874:
872:
867:
865:
858:
856:
847:
845:
836:
834:
816:
814:
802:(2008, Japan), (
801:
799:
794:
792:
780:
778:
757:
745:
733:
720:
718:
709:
707:
698:
696:
687:
685:
676:
674:
665:
663:
654:
652:
647:
645:
636:
634:
625:
623:
606:
604:
575:
573:
568:
566:
557:
555:
546:
544:
535:
533:
521:
519:
502:
500:
460:
458:
428:
426:
417:
415:
383:
381:
368:
366:
350:
348:
336:
334:
309:
307:
290:
288:
221:was a telescope
195:
193:
188:
186:
176:
174:
152:with a positive
112:used mostly in
26:
19:
15:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1735:
1734:
1730:Wayback Machine
1719:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1603:
1599:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1540:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1506:
1502:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1005:
998:
990:
986:
976:
974:
972:
947:
930:
923:
905:
894:
889:
870:
869:
863:
862:
854:
853:
843:
842:
832:
831:
817:(2009, Japan),
812:
811:
797:
796:
790:
789:
776:
775:
768:
761:
758:
749:
746:
737:
734:
716:
715:
705:
704:
694:
693:
683:
682:
672:
671:
661:
660:
650:
649:
643:
642:
632:
631:
621:
620:
602:
601:
582:
571:
570:
564:
563:
553:
552:
542:
541:
531:
530:
517:
516:
498:
497:
456:
455:
424:
423:
413:
412:
379:
378:
364:
363:
346:
345:
332:
331:
320:
305:
304:
286:
285:
268:Carl Zeiss Jena
215:
210:
191:
190:
184:
183:
172:
171:
167:standard lenses
150:achromatic lens
130:
72:
12:
11:
5:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1733:
1732:
1718:
1717:External links
1715:
1712:
1711:
1682:
1664:
1639:
1624:
1597:
1582:
1560:
1531:
1500:
1485:
1471:Andreas Buhl.
1463:
1441:
1418:
1396:
1383:
1357:
1326:
1313:
1293:
1273:
1254:
1243:on 23 May 2013
1228:
1206:
1184:
1169:
1155:
1148:
1130:
1111:
1087:
1060:
1041:
1022:
1003:
984:
970:
928:
921:
891:
890:
888:
885:
859:1.8D AF Nikkor
841:Canon EF 50mm
806:) Voigtländer
767:
766:Current status
764:
763:
762:
759:
752:
750:
747:
740:
738:
735:
728:
726:
617:RE Auto-Topcor
581:
578:
356:and later the
319:
318:Modern designs
316:
243:to its single
237:objective lens
223:objective lens
214:
211:
209:
206:
129:
126:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
78:
74:
73:
71:
70:
69:
68:
57:
44:
34:
32:
28:
27:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1762:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1701:on 2011-02-20
1700:
1696:
1695:Nikon Imaging
1692:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1586:
1571:
1564:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1489:
1474:
1467:
1452:
1445:
1429:
1422:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1290:. p. 40.
1286:
1285:
1277:
1264:
1258:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1216:
1210:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1159:
1151:
1149:0-906447-38-0
1145:
1141:
1134:
1121:
1115:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1051:
1045:
1032:
1026:
1013:
1007:
994:
988:
973:
971:0-12-408640-3
967:
962:
961:
955:
951:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
924:
918:
913:
912:
903:
901:
899:
897:
892:
884:
882:
878:
860:
849:
838:
830:Sony FE 50mm
826:
824:
820:
809:
805:
787:
783:
772:
756:
751:
744:
739:
732:
727:
724:
723:
722:
713:
702:
691:
680:
669:
658:
657:Super Takumar
640:
639:Auto Yashinon
629:
618:
614:
613:Super Takumar
610:
609:Super Panchro
599:
598:Super Takumar
595:
592:type and the
591:
588:combined the
587:
577:
561:
550:
539:
528:
523:
514:
510:
506:
495:
492:
491:127 roll film
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
464:
453:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
421:
410:
406:
402:
394:
389:
385:
376:
372:
371:Ultra Panchro
361:
360:
359:Speed Panchro
355:
354:
343:
342:Taylor Hobson
329:
324:
315:
313:
302:
298:
294:
283:
279:
278:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
251:lens design.
250:
246:
242:
241:meniscus lens
238:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
205:
202:
197:
181:
180:field of view
177:
168:
162:
160:
155:
154:meniscus lens
151:
147:
143:
134:
125:
123:
120:over a large
119:
116:that reduces
115:
114:camera lenses
111:
110:compound lens
107:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
66:
62:
58:
55:
54:
49:
45:
42:
38:
37:
36:
35:
33:
29:
25:
20:
1703:. Retrieved
1699:the original
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:
1642:
1633:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1600:
1591:
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:
1522:. Retrieved
1518:the original
1513:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1399:
1391:
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:the original
1339:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1303:
1296:
1283:
1276:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:the original
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1187:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1158:
1139:
1133:
1114:
1103:. Retrieved
1099:
1090:
1073:
1063:
1044:
1025:
1006:
987:
977:20 September
975:. Retrieved
959:
910:
876:
852:Nikon 50 mm
827:
822:
818:
807:
803:
785:
781:
769:
711:
700:
689:
678:
667:
656:
638:
630:Auto-S 40mm
627:
619:5.8 cm
616:
612:
608:
597:
593:
589:
586:Asahi Pentax
585:
583:
559:
548:
537:
526:
524:
515:3 inch
512:
508:
504:
482:
476:
471:
466:lens of the
461:
450:
445:
441:
419:
408:
404:
400:
398:
392:
374:
370:
357:
351:
339:
327:
311:
300:
296:
277:Zeiss Planar
275:
264:Paul Rudolph
261:
239:by adding a
218:
216:
201:lens formula
198:
178:with a wide
163:
146:Gauss lenses
139:
105:
103:
95:Construction
85:Paul Rudolph
64:
53:Zeiss Planar
51:
17:Double Gauss
1605:Anonymous.
1568:Anonymous.
1542:Anonymous.
1508:Anonymous.
1478:22 February
1426:Anonymous.
1404:Anonymous.
1390:Anonymous,
1365:Anonymous.
1334:Anonymous.
1320:Anonymous,
1247:26 December
1221:26 December
1217:. Canon INC
881:normal lens
786:AF-S Nikkor
771:Zoom lenses
377:. It was a
122:focal plane
1739:Categories
1705:2010-07-01
1434:25 January
1411:25 January
1263:US 3451745
1105:2018-08-24
1031:US 2019985
922:0817406654
887:References
823:HyperPrime
701:Hexanon AR
690:Planar HFT
231:Fraunhofer
1657:1 January
1617:4 January
1575:4 January
1553:4 January
1524:4 January
1376:7 January
1350:7 January
1120:DE 439556
1082:1542-0337
1050:DE 485789
760:1978–2010
748:1964–1977
736:1936–1964
714:(K) 50mm
679:Rokkor-PG
584:In 1966,
560:Summicron
513:Super Six
463:Helios-44
1726:Archived
1456:30 April
1199:30 April
952:(1989).
850:and the
641:DX 50mm
628:G. Zuiko
611:type or
301:Lee Opic
272:doublets
668:Fujinon
405:Panchro
395:diagram
249:concave
208:History
48:Rudolph
1269:
1146:
1126:
1080:
1056:
1037:
1018:
999:
968:
919:
839:, the
808:Nokton
804:Cosina
712:Nikkor
549:Ultron
522:(UK).
505:Biotar
472:Biotar
451:Planar
446:Biotar
442:Biotar
420:Biotar
409:Biotar
401:Biotar
393:Biotar
391:Zeiss
328:Biotar
326:Zeiss
312:Biotar
303:, UK)
245:convex
128:Design
87:, and
77:Author
59:1920 (
46:1896 (
39:1888 (
1308:(PDF)
1288:(PDF)
810:50mm
788:50mm
703:50mm
692:50mm
681:50mm
670:50mm
659:50mm
600:50mm
594:Xenon
562:50mm
551:50mm
540:50mm
538:Ektar
529:45mm
527:Ektar
509:Xenon
483:Xenon
468:Zenit
422:58mm
411:50mm
330:58mm
219:Gauss
108:is a
41:Clark
1659:2012
1619:2010
1577:2010
1555:2010
1526:2010
1480:2010
1458:2008
1436:2010
1413:2010
1378:2010
1352:2010
1249:2012
1223:2012
1201:2008
1144:ISBN
1078:ISSN
979:2024
966:ISBN
917:ISBN
815:/1.1
800:/1.4
793:/1.4
779:/1.2
719:/1.4
708:/1.4
697:/1.4
686:/1.4
675:/1.4
664:/1.4
653:/1.4
646:/1.4
635:/1.4
624:/1.4
605:/1.4
574:/3.5
545:/1.9
520:/1.9
507:and
485:for
431:35mm
416:/1.4
399:The
382:/1.5
367:/1.4
353:Opic
349:/2.0
289:/4.5
255:and
247:and
194:/2.8
175:/1.4
104:The
65:Opic
875:1.2
848:1.8
837:1.8
494:SLR
481:'s
438:VEB
266:of
61:Lee
1741::
1693:.
1675:.
1650:.
1546:.
1534:^
1512:.
1369:.
1338:.
1098:.
1072:.
956:.
931:^
895:^
567:/2
556:/2
534:/2
501:/2
459:/2
427:/2
335:/2
314:.
308:/2
124:.
83:,
50:;
1708:.
1679:.
1661:.
1621:.
1579:.
1557:.
1528:.
1482:.
1460:.
1438:.
1415:.
1380:.
1354:.
1251:.
1225:.
1203:.
1152:.
1108:.
1084:.
981:.
925:.
877:L
873:/
871:f
866:/
864:f
857:/
855:f
846:/
844:f
835:/
833:f
813:f
798:f
791:f
782:L
777:f
717:f
706:f
695:f
684:f
673:f
662:f
651:f
644:f
633:f
622:f
603:f
572:f
565:f
554:f
543:f
532:f
518:f
499:f
457:f
425:f
414:f
380:f
365:f
347:f
333:f
306:f
287:f
192:f
187:/
185:f
173:f
67:)
56:)
43:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
