Doris Stevens - Knowledge

521: 908:, Uruguay, the women presented their analysis of the legal status of women in each of the 21 member countries. The first report ever to study in detail the civil and political rights of women, it had been prepared solely by women. They proposed a Treaty on the Equality of Rights for Women, and it was rejected by the conference, though it was signed by Cuba, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Three of those states had already granted suffrage to women, and none of the four ratified the Treaty after the conference. However, the women had presented the first international resolution to recommend suffrage for women. Next, Stevens presented their materials which showed the disparity between rights of men and women. For example, in 16 countries of the Americas women could not vote at all, in two countries they could vote with restrictions, and in three countries they had equal enfranchisement. In 19 of the American countries, women did not have equal custody over their children, including in seven 409: 548: 726:

toward the goal of securing the election of 100 women to Congress in states where female candidates were among contenders for office. The campaign had negligible results and the women shifted back to equality measures. Beginning in 1926, one of the proposals Stevens focused on for the next several years was the "Wages for Wives" marriage contract. Campaigning vigorously for its adoption, the "Wages for Wives" proposal called for a flexible contract which split marital assets 50-50 rather than treating married couples as a single entity and called for women to be paid a wage for domestic services and raising children as a protection for children's continuous support.

5029: 33: 536:. The delegates were required to form committees to press Congressional Members to favor suffrage and make them aware that their constituents were in favor of women attaining the vote. Another strategy Stevens began implementing early in 1916 required CUWS members to go to other states in which women were allowed to vote, establish residence and register to vote. In this way, they could vote in state and national elections in the hope of filling the legislature with legislators who favored suffrage. Stevens registered to vote in Kansas that year. On June 5, 1916, the CUWS became the 4671: 4638: 4605: 4548: 4515: 4482: 4449: 4394: 4361: 4306: 4247: 4192: 4143: 4110: 4077: 4044: 3987: 3950: 3919: 3886: 3853: 3820: 3787: 3754: 3616: 3584: 3539: 3450: 3370: 3093: 2983: 2906: 2826: 2796: 2720: 812: 954:(WWP), difficulties arose. Paul experienced both challenges to the direction she was taking the NWP and had personality conflicts with members, including Stevens. When Alva Belmont died in 1933, the bequest she had promised Stevens for years of personal service was instead directed to the NWP. Stevens sued the estate, eventually receiving US$ 12,000, but she believed that Paul had sabotaged her relationship with Belmont. After Paul's resignation in 1945, Stevens did not support Paul's hand-selected replacement, 653: 4738: 4757: 738:, welcoming all women to the "sisterhood, of whatever creed, party, section or class they may belong". In 1927, Stevens and Alice Paul undertook a massive study of how laws affected women's nationality; studying for example, if they lost their nationality by marrying or even became stateless. Stevens met with feminists throughout Europe and held public meetings to gather data, including Dr. 912:, and only two countries allowed joint authority for women of their own children. None of the Latin American countries allowed women to serve on juries, and 27 US states prohibited women from participating in juries. Divorce grounds in 14 countries and 28 states were disparate for men and women, and a woman could not administer her own separate property in 13 countries and two US states. 617:, but was converted to the suffragist cause and resigned his post. He appeared with Stevens at fundraising events and helped raise thousands of dollars for their cause, which was gaining momentum, as President Wilson finally endorsed enfranchisement. Between 1918 and 1919, Stevens continued alternating speaking engagements and picketing. She was arrested again, along with 388:. At that time, the Congressional Union was a subdivision of the NAWSA, though it operated independently. Stevens was hired to serve as executive secretary in Washington, D. C., as well as serve as regional organizer and was assigned the eastern district. Paul had divided the nation into quadrants of twelve states each and assigned Stevens to the eastern area, 828:, in 1928 in an attempt to get the world peace delegates to support an equal rights treaty. They were dismissively described by a journalist who did cover the event as "militant suffragettes," and a Paris paper called the protest "an amusing incident." Though arrested, they were released upon providing proof of their identities. 568:, some suffragists stopped their activism in 1917 because it might be seen as "unpatriotic;" Stevens, instead, insisted that it was "arrogant of Wilson to fight for democracy abroad when women were not included in democracy at home." In January after a delegation of NWP members had a disappointing meeting with President 456:, among others, to lend credibility to the new organization. Stevens became the national organizer, charged with organizing women in states in which they were able to vote to use their ballots and oppose any candidate not in favor of full enfranchisement of women. One of the first places Stevens traveled to was 937:

to replace Stevens. Making the argument that Stevens was appointed by the Conference of the Pan-American States and not as a U.S. delegate, FDR agreed to give permanent status to the CIM, if each state was allowed to appoint their own delegates. Securing approval, he then immediately replaced Stevens

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and led an unsuccessful attempt to challenge her leadership. Pollitzer was seen as a figurehead for Paul and an internal dispute arose over the NWP’s emphasis on the WWP and international rights rather than domestic organizing. During these tensions, a dissenting faction of NWP members tried to take

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made it clear that should a woman marry a man of a different nationality, her citizenship could be retained. The text stated, "There shall be no distinction based on sex as regards to nationality". The conference also passed the Convention on Nationality, which established that neither marriage nor

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in 1930 to discuss codification of international laws. Stevens felt that nationality of women should be included in that discussion and spearheaded the research, believing "feminism should strive for equal rights for women, and that women should be considered first and foremost as human beings." In

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administration, hoping to get rid of Stevens, then argued that the women's task was completed and the CIM should be abandoned. Not wanting to bow to US pressure, the Conference did not vote to continue the CIM, but instead voted as a unit, with the exception of Argentina, to block the US proposal.

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The initial Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM) was made up of seven women delegates who were charged with finalizing the report for the next Pan-American Conference (1933) to review civil and political equality for women. Stevens served as chair of the CIM from its creation in 1928 until her

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Hall. Stevens had been involved in supervising each of these events, though local women planned and orchestrated them. Paul did keep the luncheon and a ball to be held at the California building of the exposition. After the September Congress, Stevens had planned to remain in San Francisco and run

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for the first World Conference on the Codification of International Law held on March 13. Presenting her data on what had been accomplished in the Americas, Stevens asked that the international community enact laws to protect women's citizenship. She returned to the United States and her studies.

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and the women pushed for its passage, lobbying for support from both political parties. Stevens served as vice chair of NWP’s New York branch, spearheading the NWP Women for Congress campaign in 1924. Unable to run herself due to her having established a legal residence in France, Stevens worked

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CUWS Congress in San Francisco. In San Francisco at the CUWS headquarters in 1915, Stevens discussed the strategy of employing a "million-vote smile", positing that smiling was a useful tool in the fight to win over men's support. "Smile on men and they will give you a vote. Look severe and they

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from 1927 to 1933 on a volume of work comparing varying impact on law for women and men. The goal in compiling the data was to obtain an international law protecting women's right of citizenship. The research was completed with the help of feminists in 90 countries and evaluated laws controlling

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and others. Paul reviewed the laws of each country. Together, they compiled a monumental report, which indexed all laws controlling women's nationality from every country in its native language and then translated each law on an accompanying page. Tables were provided for easy comparison and a

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was elected president of the NWP and Stevens served as Belmont’s personal assistant, even writing Belmont's autobiography. Belmont and Steven's relationship was contentious, but the younger Stevens accepted years of control by Belmont over many of her personal actions. Traveling to Europe with

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to the south. The regional organizers were tasked with educating groups about the suffrage bills that were in Congress and garnering support from each state for ratifying national suffrage. Rather than follow the previous strategy of achieving enfranchisement on a state-by-state basis, the

243:(NWP) in 1916, Stevens organized party delegates for each of the 435 Congressional Districts in an effort to attain national women's enfranchisement and defeat candidates who were opposed to women's rights. Between 1917 and 1919, Stevens was a prominent participant in the 946:

backing Winslow and suffragists backing Stevens. Eleanor's objection to Stevens was multi-faced, in that she did not think that the Equal Rights Amendment would protect women and on a personal level, she believed Stevens behaved in an unladylike manner.

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Though she didn't graduate, in 1931 she became the first woman member of the American Institute of International Law. That same year, she, Belmont and Paul attended the League of Nations meeting in September to present their nationality findings.

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The focus of the NWP shifted to equality under the law, including equal employment opportunities, jury service, nationality for married women and any other provision which legally prohibited women from having full legal equality. In 1923, the

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the exposition booth of CUWS, but she was forced to return to Washington because the eastern delegate Margaret Whittemore had left due to her marriage. Stevens immediately began planning for a convention to be held in Washington in December.

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established that women retained their citizenship after marriage and Convention on Nationality provided that neither marriage nor divorce could affect the nationality of the members of a family, extending citizenship protection to children.

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until Wilson recognized the importance of their cause. The women maintained their post for over a year disregarding weather conditions and the threat of arrest. Though she performed other organizational tasks, such as organizing the

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A comparison of the political and civil rights of men and women in the United States : statement interpreting the laws of the United States ... and presented for action by the 7th International Conference of American

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from President Wilson. The women were placed within the prison population, given no toothbrushes, combs or toiletries and were surprised that they were required to share a water dipper with the rest of the prisoners.

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From the end of the War, a growing belief among women's organizations was the notion that all women faced similar problems as subordinates to men and that combining their interests might lead to gains. At the

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of Morristown, New Jersey, leading the sixteen members of the National Woman's Party who participated in the Bastille Day picketing demonstration in front of the White House, July 14, 1917, which led to their

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and others. Stevens had long been a proponent of a woman retaining her own name and did not take her husband's name in either of her marriages. She had remarried to Jonathan Mitchell on August 31, 1935, in

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candidates because they had not supported suffrage while they were in control of the legislature. Paul established an all-woman advisory council of suffrage workers and prominent women which included

289:(CIM). In 1931, she joined the American Institute of International Law, becoming its first female member. In 1933, her work resulted in the first treaty to secure international rights for women. The 4706: 892:

Stevens was very active in working with Latin American feminists through the CIM, even though focused on perusing her own interests over the concerns of many Latin American feminists. Historian

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In 1940, Stevens was elected to serve on the National Council of the National Woman's Party. The following year, when Alice Paul returned from a two-year trip to Switzerland to establish the

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From 1951 to 1963, Stevens served as vice-president of the Lucy Stone League, though she struggled with maintaining militancy. In her last years, Stevens supported the establishment of

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ended, the organization was revived in 1950 because the rights women had seen surge during the war were reverting to their pre-war state. Stevens was one of the reorganizers along with

900:(2019) how Stevens refused to fund conference travel for fellow Latin American CIM members like Clara Gonzalez and effectively sidelined the well-known and respected Uruguayan feminist 5766: 5521: 5526: 5506: 5496: 5257: 235:(CUWS). When the CUWS broke from the parent organization in 1914, Stevens became the national strategist. She was in charge of coordinating the women's congress, held at the 5516: 5511: 5501: 5491: 6152: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 876: 610: 5531: 856: 735: 512:

won't," she stated. However, when Alice Paul arrived two weeks before the event, she canceled choral events, a parade and a mass meeting that had been planned for the

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l to r: Mary Agnes Hull Prendergast, Elizabeth White Colt (driving), Doris Stevens, Alice Paul, April 30, 1915, en route to visit New York Senator James O'Gorman

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The governing board of the American Institute of International Law approves Equal Rights and names Doris Stevens first woman member, Session 29–31 October 1931

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L'Egalité des droits pour les femmes par Convention Internationale: Discours prononcé à la session plénière non-officielle de la 6ème conférence Pan-Américaine

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in 1951, of which she had been a member since the 1920s. She fought the roll-back of policies removing the gains women had made to enter the work force during

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Over the years, Stevens held several important NWP leadership positions, including Legislative Chairman and membership on the executive committee. In 1920,

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National Woman's Party members in prison dress carrying wooden chairs, on rooftop of building. (Left to right): Doris Stevens, Alison Turnbull Hopkins, and

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At the beginning of 1916, Stevens announced the policy that the CUWS had organized in twenty-two states and planned on recruiting delegates for each of the

5761: 336:. Her unruly behavior and disdain for feminine propriety were cultivated during her college years. After graduation, Stevens worked as a music teacher and 959:

over party headquarters and elect their own slate of officers, but Pollitzer’s claim to leadership was supported by a ruling of a federal district judge.

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for forty years and her mother was a first generation immigrant from Holland. One of four children, Stevens grew up in Omaha and graduated in 1905 from

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in 1911 with a degree in sociology, though she had originally pursued music. While in college, she was known for her romances and for being a spirited

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and obtained their unanimous support of her proposal. She continued meeting with women and gathering data until January 1928, when she attended the

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Belmont for work of the NWP, Belmont insisted that Steven's fiancé could not join them and when he did, Belmont removed to France without Stevens.

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in June, Stevens headed to a convention in Colorado. By October, Stevens was organizing and managing the NWP election campaign in California.

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in international law and foreign policy. In 1930, she returned to Havana in February for the first meeting of the CIM women which included

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to urge the passage of a constitutional amendment for women's voting rights and was arrested several times for her involvement. After the

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Trigg, Mary (1995). "To Work Together for Ends Larger Than Self: The Feminist Struggles of Mary Beard and Doris Stevens in the 1930s".

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ouster in 1938. By August, Stevens was back in Paris working on the report. She and other suffragists picketed the French president,

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Southard, Belinda A. Stillion (2007). "Militancy, power, and identity: The Silent Sentinels as women fighting for political voice".

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and worked to establish feminism as an academic field of study. She continued fighting for feminist causes until her death in 1963.

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History of equal rights treaty signed at the VII International Conference of American States by Uruguay, Paraguay, Ecuador and Cuba

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and others. Stevens divorced Malone in 1929 after a string of infidelities on both sides and failed attempts at reconciliation.

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branch of the NWP in March, Stevens participated as a sentinel. She and fifteen other women were arrested for picketing at the

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Rupp, Leila J. (Summer 1989). "Feminism and the Sexual Revolution in the Early Twentieth Century: The Case of Doris Stevens".

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at the 1913 Convention, causing Paul and her supporters to break ties with the NAWSA and become an independent organization.

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as a legitimate field of academic inquiry in American universities and tried to establish a Lucy Stone Chair of Feminism at

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divorce could affect the nationality of the members of a family, extending citizenship protection to children as well. The

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After reviewing the data, the conference approved the first international agreement ever adopted on women's rights. The

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Once the right to vote was secured, Stevens turned her attention to women's legal status. She supported passage of the

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and Stevens, after her marriage to him, moved politically to the right, from her previously socialist leanings.

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synopsis of the laws was given. The report was initially prepared for a meeting that was to take place at the

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Ousted from the CIM in 1938, and the NWP in 1947 over policy disputes, Stevens became vice president of the

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of New York, refused to allow it. Undaunted, Whitney and Stevens continued their planning efforts for the

6213: 6136: 6046: 6017: 5932: 5855: 5727: 5196: 4522: 4084: 3148: 864: 593:, in July 1917, charged with obstructing the sidewalk, and served three days of their 60-day sentence at 496: 4771: 5863: 5176: 4280: 3967: 3072: 1004: 681: 317:, Nebraska to Caroline D. (née Koopman) and Henry Henderbourck Stevens. Her father was a pastor of the 3067: 5680: 5670: 5650: 5463: 5059: 4786: 537: 508: 322: 240: 236: 85: 4670: 4637: 4604: 4547: 4514: 4481: 4448: 4393: 4360: 4305: 4246: 4191: 4142: 4109: 4076: 4043: 3986: 3949: 3918: 3885: 3852: 3819: 3786: 3753: 3615: 3583: 3538: 3449: 3369: 3092: 2982: 2905: 2825: 2795: 2719: 5609: 5563: 4204: 3893: 3832: 3733: 3728: 3515: 868: 722: 425: 6131: 6123: 6067: 5972: 5645: 5594: 5568: 5013: 4958: 4893: 4456: 3898: 3865: 3761: 2575:"A first look at Broadway's new rendition of 'Suffs,' the beloved musical about women's suffrage" 1118:. Pan-American Conference publication (in French). Washington, D.C.: The National Woman's Party. 789: 701: 609:, when he represented her for her protest in front of the White House. He had been serving as an 488: 4221: 6051: 6023: 5879: 5131: 4888: 4678: 4527: 4489: 4337: 3794: 3346: 2675: 1427: 1425: 934: 840: 718: 705: 433: 416:

With the fissure, the Congressional Union began a reorganization to push for campaigns against

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In 1929, Stevens returned to the United States and began to study law, taking classes at the

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in New York in March 1919. On September 4, 1920, the fight was won when Secretary of State

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The Rise of Women's Transnational Activism: Identity and Sisterhood Between the World Wars

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Congressional Union Strategy was full federal approval. This issue, caused a rift in the

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convinced her to do so. She was hired by the NAWSA, and was assigned to the newly formed

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En prison pour la liberté! Comment nous avons conquis le vote des femmes aux États-Unis

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was made about the early days of the suffrage movement. Doris Stevens was portrayed by

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Votes for Women!: The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee, the South, and the Nation

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Gender Matters in Global Politics: A Feminist Introduction to International Relations

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In 1913, Stevens arrived in Washington to take part in the June picketing of the

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Women's Movements in the United States: Woman Suffrage, Equal Rights, and Beyond

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Stevens parted ways with the NWP in 1947 and turned instead to activity in the

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September 1927, she attended a preliminary meeting of the League of Nations in

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women's nationality from every country. Gaining approval for the work from the

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in 1911, she taught briefly before becoming a paid regional organizer for the

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Feminism as Life's Work: Four Modern American Women through Two World Wars

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Notable American Women: The Modern Period : a Biographical Dictionary

942:. Stevens did not go quietly and the clash continued throughout 1939 with 5211: 4923: 4878: 4873: 4823: 1053: 971: 693: 586: 573: 565: 337: 333: 252: 3625:"The Inter-American Commission of Women and Women's Suffrage, 1920–1945" 3124:

From Progressive to New Dealer: Frederic C. Howe and American Liberalism

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from the CIM. At the Seventh Pan-American Conference, held in 1933 in

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Short, Jessica; Purcell, Katharine (2013). Fairchild, Mary Jo (ed.).

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A nationality of her own: women, marriage, and the law of citizenship

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After the Vote Was Won: The Later Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists

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Tribute to Alva Belmont: late president of the National Woman's Party

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Miescher, Stephan F.; Mitchell, Michele; Shibusawa, Naoko (2015).

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Gavin, Eileen A.; Clamar, Aphrodite; Siderits, Mary Anne (2007).

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Doris Stevens, 1919 Legislative Chairman, National Woman's Party

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In 1986, Princeton University established an endowed chair in

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Women of Vision: Their Psychology, Circumstances, and Success

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Alva Vanderbilt Belmont: Unlikely Champion of Women's Rights

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It would take FDR another five years, with the help of the

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A Pan-American Life: Selected Poetry and Prose of Muna Lee

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Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States

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Seminar on Feminism and Culture in Latin America (1990).

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and immediately sailed for their two-month honeymoon in

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secured women's right to vote, she wrote a book, titled

3892: 3859: 3713:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. 3663:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. 2627:

Making Women's History: The Essential Mary Ritter Beard

2524: 2514: 2512: 2341: 1934: 1897: 1895: 1768: 1766: 1706: 1685: 1550: 1383: 792:

in Havana. Stevens convinced the governing body of the

684:, where she became friends with leading members of the 313:

Dora Caroline Stevens was born on October 26, 1888, in

4521: 2809:. Salt Lake City, Utah. December 27, 1936. p. C10 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2365: 2066: 2030: 1907: 1724: 1452: 1440: 1410: 1398: 819:

at the Pan-American Conference of Havana, January 1928

4644: 4611: 4578: 4455: 4279: 3927:"Doris Stevens Dies at 70; Was Women's Rights Zealot" 3760: 2258: 2246: 2054: 1991: 1922: 1883: 1844: 1670: 1643: 1628: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1488: 1287: 1285: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1170:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 487:

in June, Stevens accompanied a group of women led by

328:

She went on to further her education graduating from

285:

in 1928, convincing the governing body to create the

196:; October 26, 1888 – March 22, 1963) was an American 5873:

Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain

4220: 3017:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. 2509: 2353: 2317: 2222: 1892: 1853: 1778: 1763: 1613: 1371: 633:

proclaimed the necessary 36 states had ratified the

4685:. Washington, DC: Sewall-Belmont Organization. 2011 4554: 4488: 4336: 4312: 4019:"Dudley Field Malone's Wife Will Keep Her Own Name" 3993: 3793: 2839:. New York, New York: Springer Publishing Company. 2832: 2630:. New York City, New York: Feminist Press at CUNY. 2542: 2416: 2410: 2392: 2270: 2182: 2180: 2136: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2042: 2018: 1865: 1829: 1796: 1754: 1739: 1652: 1583: 1520: 472:to campaign before heading west. She campaigned in 4555: 4424: 4401: 4313: 4116: 4017: 3994: 3826: 3399: 3040: 3021: 2935: 2919:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 2751:A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Party Politics 2667: 2240: 1970: 1952: 1535: 1497: 1362: 1341: 1282: 1255: 887: 4253: 4167:"Law Suit at Portland One of Sequels of Congress" 4165: 4149: 4083: 3894:"Democrats Plagued with Their Record on Suffrage" 2557: 1598: 1568: 1303: 1003:, and was an anti-communist. He took part in the 356:, where she became a regional organizer with the 6170: 4697: 2311: 2177: 2148: 2124: 2095: 2078: 1082:. Washington, D.C.: The National Woman's Party. 572:, it was decided that they would protest at the 265:(1920), which recounted the sentinel's ordeals. 6158:Music and women's suffrage in the United States 5779:Women's suffrage organizations and publications 4457:"They Lack Nerve, Woman Asserts of Suffragists" 4050: 3958:"Doris Stevens Given Divorce from D. F. Malone" 3427:"Nationality of Women and the Hague Conference" 2603:Adams, Katherine H.; Keene, Michael L. (2010). 2500: 774:of Romania, as well as various officers of the 5666:National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869) 3956: 3762:"Battle Between Suffragists and New York Cops" 3398:Sicherman, Barbara; Green, Carol Hurd (1980). 3397: 3220:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 3026:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Pan American Union 2754:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 2573:Culgan, Rossilynne Skena (February 28, 2024). 2446: 1814: 625:" suffragists at the NWP demonstration of the 5132: 4794: 4498:. West Palm Beach, Florida. February 27, 1918 4403:"Suffragists to Make Last Effort on Congress" 4367: 3902:. San Francisco, California. October 12, 1916 3306:Women, culture, and politics in Latin America 2201: 997:during the Roosevelt years and later for the 4198: 3376: 3345:Sherman, John Dickinson (October 23, 1924). 3039:McKay, Claude; Jarrett, Gene Andrew (2007). 3038: 2470: 2458: 2012: 776:International Federation of University Women 358:National American Woman Suffrage Association 229:National American Woman Suffrage Association 4531:. Charlotte, North Carolina. March 24, 1917 3996:"Dudley Field Malone, Famed Attorney, Dies" 2956:Johnson, James Weldon (September 4, 1920). 1202:Paintings & drawings of Jeannette Scott 215:, Stevens became involved in the fight for 5809:Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial 5139: 5125: 4801: 4787: 4768:, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. 3869:. San Francisco, California. June 18, 1915 2769:Ganzert, Frederic W. (December 27, 1936). 2644: 2602: 2171: 1473: 1392: 1101:. New York, New York: Boni and Liveright. 31: 6142:Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar 4222:"Miss Doris Stevens, Suffragist, Returns" 4208:. Toledo, Ohio. March 26, 1950. section 5 4175:. Oakland, California. September 26, 1915 3640: 3552:. New York, New York: Boni and Liveright. 3277: 2624:Beard, Mary Ritter; Lane, Ann J. (1977). 2623: 1404: 966:, a women’s rights organization based on 5713:1920 United States presidential election 4338:"Suffragist Pickets Get 60 Days in Jail" 3737:. Greenville, Mississippi. March 6, 1939 3476: 3323: 3103:Gender, Imperialism and Global Exchanges 3065: 2992:"The Inter-American Commission of Women" 2692: 2665: 2609:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 2347: 2264: 2252: 1712: 1700: 1461: 810: 651: 546: 519: 407: 281:in 1927, Stevens presented the proposal 5953:Women's Rights National Historical Park 4557:"Woman's Smile Is Getting Her the Vote" 4412:. Albuquerque, New Mexico. June 8, 1914 4289:. Leavenworth, Kansas. February 8, 1916 4126:. New York, New York. December 11, 1921 3706: 3545: 3513: 3424: 3347:""Miss" or "Mrs." When the Ghost Walks" 3344: 3234: 3213: 3164: 3141: 2955: 2912: 2853: 2768: 2747: 2693:Campbell, Lilian (September 15, 1931). 2518: 2398: 2335: 2228: 2072: 2060: 2036: 1986:Miescher, Mitchell & Shibusawa 2015 1928: 1916: 1901: 1871: 1859: 1446: 1416: 1377: 1276: 1187:(in French). Paris, France: A. Pedone. 688:radical scene and bohemians, including 202:American Institute of International Law 176: 6171: 5630:Suffragette bombing and arson campaign 4703:Organización de los Estados Americanos 4369:"Suffragists Storm Kellogg Conference" 4093:. Oakland, California. August 31, 1915 4060:. Oakland, California. August 31, 1935 4027:. New York, New York. January 23, 1922 3556: 3456: 3120: 2878: 2572: 2566: 2000: 1784: 1772: 1658: 1508: 1336:Sewall-Belmont House & Museum 2011 1037:through the Doris Stevens Foundation. 917:Convention on the Nationality of Women 815:Doris Stevens, right, talking to Sra. 378:Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage 291:Convention on the Nationality of Women 233:Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage 5671:Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873) 5486:International Woman Suffrage Alliance 5120: 5082:Women's suffrage in the United States 4782: 4377:. Oxnard, California. August 28, 1928 4344:. Tyrone, Pennsylvania. July 18, 1917 3677: 3656: 3622: 3591:"From the Picket Line to Jail (pt 2)" 3559:"From the Picket Line to Jail (pt 1)" 3012: 2371: 2359: 2323: 2276: 2142: 2118: 1347: 1291: 564:Due to the United States' entry into 6024:"The March of the Women" (1910 song) 5752:List of suffragists and suffragettes 5615:Women's Coronation Procession (1911) 4808: 4465:. Chicago, Illinois. January 3, 1915 4052:"Feminist Leader Weds Washingtonian" 4005:. Austin, Minnesota. October 6, 1950 3770:. Leavenworth, Kansas. March 5, 1919 3255: 2879:Haskin, Frederic J. (June 5, 1916). 2726: 2530: 2431: 2217:Seminar on Feminism and Culture 1990 2048: 2024: 1940: 1224:List of suffragists and suffragettes 711: 223:. After graduating with a degree in 6234:20th-century American women writers 4679:"Women We Celebrate: Doris Stevens" 4654:. Washington, D.C. January 24, 1916 4588:. Chicago, Illinois. August 7, 1916 4230:. Washington, D.C. October 11, 1915 4085:"Gives Quietus to Suffrage Program" 3933:. Racine, Wisconsin. March 24, 1963 3803:. Washington, D.C. January 17, 1915 3599:. New York, New York. July 22, 1917 2989: 2958:"The Nineteenth Amendment Ratified" 2934:Ivy, William (September 21, 1928). 2933: 2186: 2154: 2130: 2106: 2089: 1062:in the early 2010s, after she read 1025:, two weeks after having a stroke. 1021:Stevens died on March 22, 1963, in 121:Suffragist, women's rights advocate 13: 6194:American people of Russian descent 5994:National Voting Rights Museum (US) 5958:Women's Suffrage National Monument 5774:Historiography of the Suffragettes 5728:Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) 4772:passport photo 1921, Doris Stevens 4613:"Women Declare 92 Votes in Senate" 4263:. October 24, 2004. Archived from 4151:"Iron Jawed Angels: Doris Stevens" 3836:. La Grande, Oregon. June 23, 1915 3707:Wheeler, Marjorie Spruill (1995). 3557:Tiller, Theodore (July 22, 1917). 3514:Stephen, Isabel (March 28, 1926). 3425:Sickmon, May C. (April 26, 1930). 3187:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1996.tb00983.x 3142:Pearson, Drew (October 20, 1954). 2779:. Salt Lake City, Utah. p. C5 2645:Bredbenner, Candice Lewis (1998). 806:Comisión Interamericana de Mujeres 798:Inter-American Commission of Women 380:(CUWS), which had been created by 287:Inter-American Commission of Women 239:in 1915. When the CUWS became the 206:Inter-American Commission of Women 14: 6250: 6229:American women's rights activists 5886:Turning Point Suffragist Memorial 5044:Turning Point Suffragist Memorial 4723: 4683:Sewall-Belmont House & Museum 4621:. Washington, D.C. April 14, 1919 3629:Journal of Latin American Studies 3330:. New York, New York: Routledge. 3066:McNamara, Sue (August 26, 1931). 3022:Lee de Muñoz Marín, Muna (1931). 2854:Gotwals, Jenny (September 2007). 2411:Gavin, Clamar & Siderits 2007 1071: 760:Sybil Thomas, Viscountess Rhondda 6239:Omaha Central High School alumni 6219:National Woman's Party activists 6037:"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song) 5835:Women's Rights Pioneers Monument 5681:Woman Suffrage Procession (1913) 5651:Declaration of Sentiments (1848) 5027: 4755: 4669: 4636: 4603: 4546: 4513: 4480: 4447: 4432:. Wichita, Kansas. July 17, 1915 4392: 4359: 4304: 4245: 4190: 4141: 4118:"Hardware Dealer Married Malone" 4108: 4075: 4042: 3985: 3948: 3917: 3884: 3851: 3818: 3785: 3752: 3614: 3582: 3537: 3448: 3368: 3324:Shepherd, Laura J., ed. (2014). 3091: 2981: 2904: 2824: 2794: 2730:The Grounding of Modern Feminism 2718: 1229:List of women's rights activists 495:members who were meeting at the 372:. She did not plan to stay, but 152: 5850:Kate Sheppard National Memorial 5610:Battle of Downing Street (1910) 5253:1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act 4739:Works by or about Doris Stevens 4646:"Women Organize in Many States" 3516:"Marriage Contract won't work!" 3241:. London, England: I.B.Tauris. 3181:, Blackwell Publishing: 39–57. 3106:. West Sussex, England: Wiley. 2291: 2282: 928: 888:Seventh Pan-American Conference 879:(Peru). From Cuba, she went to 605:Stevens met her first husband, 172: 148: 16:American suffragist (1888–1963) 5661:Ohio Women's Convention (1850) 5646:Seneca Falls Convention (1848) 4574:– via Newspaper Archive. 4420:– via Newspaper Archive. 4332:– via Newspaper Archive. 4275:– via HighBeam Research. 4013:– via Newspaper Archive. 3861:"Delegation of Women Rebuffed" 2951:– via Newspaper Archive. 1239:Women's suffrage organizations 991:. Mitchell was a reporter for 732:International Council of Women 493:House Appropriations Committee 1: 6224:20th-century American writers 4994:Evelyn Wotherspoon Wainwright 3479:Rhetoric & Public Affairs 3068:"Marshal World Army of Women" 3013:Cohen, Jonathan, ed. (2004). 1244: 308: 6209:American political activists 6199:Writers from Omaha, Nebraska 5767:in majority-Muslim countries 5757:Timeline of women's suffrage 5696:Silent Sentinels (1917–1919) 5625:Open Christmas Letter (1914) 5574:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 5146: 4929:Sophie Gooding Rose Meredith 4523:"Woman's Party State Branch" 3457:Simkin, John (August 2014). 2666:Buechler, Steven M. (1990). 1249: 1234:Timeline of women's suffrage 611:Assistant Secretary of State 105:Suffragist, activist, author 7: 6137:New Zealand ten-dollar note 5804:(Emmeline Pankhurst statue) 5718:"Give Us the Ballot" (1957) 5656:Rochester Convention (1848) 5441:Constitutional amendments: 5227:Women's liberation movement 4754:(public domain audiobooks) 4409:Albuquerque Morning Journal 3828:"Conclave Is to Be Biggest" 3214:Risjord, Norman K. (2005). 3144:"Washington Merry-Go-Round" 3121:Miller, Kenneth E. (2010). 2913:Hoffert, Sylvia D. (2011). 1433:Albuquerque Morning Journal 1217: 865:Margarita Robles de Mendoza 363: 219:while a college student at 10: 6255: 5676:Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914) 3968:United Press International 3931:The Racine Sunday Bulletin 3680:Journal of Women's History 3431:The Erie County Republican 3217:Populists and Progressives 3177:(1). Hoboken, New Jersey: 3165:Pfeffer, Paula F. (1996). 3073:Oshkosh Daily Northwestern 2990:Lee, Muna (October 1929). 2860:Harvard University Library 2595: 2487:The Racine Sunday Bulletin 2447:Sicherman & Green 1980 1056:began developing the show 877:Teresa Obregoso de Prevost 808:) (CIM) on April 4, 1928. 682:Croton-on-Hudson, New York 6144:(2020 U.S. commemorative) 6007: 5981: 5963:International Women's Day 5740: 5638: 5582: 5481: 5474: 5235: 5154: 5052: 5036: 5025: 4816: 4315:"Suffragette Leader Dies" 4281:"Suffrage Leaders Coming" 4153:. Iron Jawed Angels. 2004 3642:10.1017/S0022216X10001367 3279:2027/spo.0499697.0015.206 2733:. Yale University Press. 1028: 898:Feminism for the Americas 853:Elena Mederos de González 559: 509:Panama Pacific Exposition 237:Panama Pacific Exposition 125: 117: 109: 101: 91: 81: 65: 39: 30: 23: 6047:Women's suffrage in film 6018:The Women's Marseillaise 5906:Suffragette Handkerchief 5784:Women's rights activists 5564:Hong Kong 1 July marches 4580:"Women Busy in the West" 3734:The Delta Democrat-Times 3149:Prescott Evening Courier 2937:"Post Cards From Europe" 2803:"Get Half a Loaf (pt 2)" 2771:"Get Half a Loaf (pt 1)" 2459:Short & Purcell 2013 2385:The Delta Democrat-Times 2013:McKay & Jarrett 2007 869:Juanita Molina de Fromen 723:Daniel Read Anthony, Jr. 668:On December 5, 1921, in 627:Metropolitan Opera House 621:, Alice Paul and three " 426:Charlotte Perkins Gilman 6148:2020 US ten-dollar bill 6132:Susan B. Anthony dollar 6069:Not for Ourselves Alone 5691:Suffrage Special (1916) 5620:Great Pilgrimage (1913) 5569:2014 Hong Kong protests 5167:Right to run for office 5014:Margaret Fay Whittemore 4959:Elizabeth Selden Rogers 4894:Alison Turnbull Hopkins 3899:San Francisco Chronicle 3866:San Francisco Chronicle 3657:Trigg, Mary K. (2014). 3546:Stevens, Doris (1920). 3520:Zanesville Times Signal 3235:Sandell, Marie (2015). 2889:. Altoona, Pennsylvania 2727:Cott, Nancy F. (1987). 2241:Lee de Muñoz Marín 1931 1687:San Francisco Chronicle 1552:San Francisco Chronicle 1200:Stevens, Doris (1940). 1183:Stevens, Doris (1936). 1165:Stevens, Doris (1936). 1148:Stevens, Doris (1934). 1131:Stevens, Doris (1933). 1114:Stevens, Doris (1928). 1095:Stevens, Doris (1920). 1078:Stevens, Doris (1919). 790:Pan-American Conference 702:Edna St. Vincent Millay 576:every day, standing as 489:Charlotte Anita Whitney 452:, a Latin Professor at 204:and first chair of the 6204:Oberlin College alumni 5815:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 5464:1965 Voting Rights Act 5060:National Woman's Party 4889:Florence Bayard Hilles 4748:Works by Doris Stevens 4730:Works by Doris Stevens 4528:The Charlotte Observer 4255:"Seen & Overheard" 3692:10.1353/jowh.2010.0307 1726:The Charlotte Observer 1474:Adams & Keene 2010 1393:Adams & Keene 2010 974:after marriage. After 935:League of Women Voters 859:(Dominican Republic), 857:Gloria Moya de Jiménez 841:Flora de Oliveira Lima 820: 805: 719:Equal Rights Amendment 657: 556: 538:National Woman's Party 529: 440:and educators such as 434:Belle Case La Follette 413: 270:Equal Rights Amendment 241:National Woman's Party 5796:Belmont–Paul Monument 5723:Freedom Summer (1964) 5600:Women's Sunday (1908) 4919:Anne Henrietta Martin 4869:Sarah Tarleton Colvin 4763:Doris Stevens Papers. 4651:The Washington Herald 4618:The Washington Herald 4585:Chicago Daily Tribune 4462:Chicago Daily Tribune 4286:The Leavenworth Times 3966:. Decatur, Illinois. 3767:The Leavenworth Times 3491:10.1353/rap.2008.0003 3463:Spartacus Educational 2999:Pan-American Magazine 2807:The Salt Lake Tribune 2776:The Salt Lake Tribune 2338:, pp. C-5, C-10. 2312:1933 resolutions 2015 2297:Marino 2019, p. 78-81 1885:The Washington Herald 1846:The Leavenworth Times 1672:Chicago Daily Tribune 1645:The Leavenworth Times 1630:The Washington Herald 1490:Chicago Daily Tribune 1405:Beard & Lane 1977 1080:The militant campaign 814: 655: 550: 523: 450:Clara Louise Thompson 411: 396:to the far west, and 319:Dutch Reformed Church 194:Dora Caroline Stevens 44:Dora Caroline Stevens 6189:American suffragists 6061:Shoulder to Shoulder 6030:The Mother of Us All 5973:Women's Equality Day 5968:Susan B. Anthony Day 5822:Suffragette Memorial 5427:District of Columbia 5197:Non-resident citizen 4884:Matilda Hall Gardner 4709:on February 26, 2016 4566:. September 29, 1915 4227:The Washington Times 4103:Newspaperarchive.com 3567:. New York, New York 3353:. La Plata, Missouri 3201:on February 25, 2020 3076:. Oshkosh, Wisconsin 3043:A Long Way from Home 2966:. New York, New York 2748:Freeman, Jo (2002). 2288:Marino 2019, p.67-95 1615:The Washington Times 970:'s retention of her 674:Justice of the Peace 392:to the middle west, 151: 1921; 5928:Hunger Strike Medal 5605:Black Friday (1910) 4999:Amelia Himes Walker 4979:Mary Church Terrell 4954:Alice Gram Robinson 4854:Lucy Gwynne Branham 4766:Schlesinger Library 4563:Fort Wayne Sentinel 4495:The Palm Beach Post 4342:Tyrone Daily Herald 4321:San Antonio Express 4002:Austin Daily Herald 3800:The Washington Post 3623:Towns, Ann (2010). 3433:. Hamburg, New York 3351:La Plata Republican 3152:. Prescott, Arizona 2881:"The Woman's Party" 2700:Valley Morning Star 2544:San Antonio Express 2533:, pp. 304–305. 2174:, pp. 246–247. 1943:, pp. 300–301. 1831:The Palm Beach Post 1798:Austin Daily Herald 1756:San Antonio Express 1741:Tyrone Daily Herald 1703:, pp. 399–400. 1585:Fort Wayne Sentinel 1522:The Washington Post 952:World Woman’s Party 940:Mary Nelson Winslow 837:Columbia University 833:American University 670:Peekskill, New York 607:Dudley Field Malone 597:before receiving a 553:Eunice Dana Brannan 534:435 House Districts 137:Dudley Field Malone 6214:American feminists 6071:(1999 documentary) 5938:Suffrage jewellery 5162:Universal suffrage 5088:Jailed for Freedom 5072:Occoquan Workhouse 4430:The Wichita Beacon 4123:The New York Times 4024:The New York Times 3970:. October 10, 1929 3833:La Grande Observer 3549:Jailed for Freedom 3522:. Zanesville, Ohio 2703:. Harlingen, Texas 1972:The New York Times 1954:The New York Times 1537:La Grande Observer 1364:The Wichita Beacon 1098:Jailed for Freedom 1068:by Doris Stevens. 1065:Jailed for Freedom 1040:In 2004, the film 821: 794:Pan American Union 756:Chrystal Macmillan 721:was introduced by 658: 647:Jailed for Freedom 595:Occoquan Workhouse 557: 530: 505:John J. Fitzgerald 414: 283:Pan American Union 262:Jailed for Freedom 6166: 6165: 6077:Iron Jawed Angels 5999:Umbrella Movement 5943:Suffragette penny 5857:Millicent Fawcett 5828:Portrait Monument 5736: 5735: 5590:WSPU march (1906) 5407:African Americans 5325:Spain (Civil War, 5217:Compulsory voting 5114: 5113: 5096:Iron Jawed Angels 5009:Sue Shelton White 4844:Mary Ritter Beard 4734:Project Gutenberg 4260:Dayton Daily News 3720:978-0-87049-837-4 3670:978-0-8135-7314-4 3417:978-0-674-62733-8 3379:"Anita Pollitzer" 3337:978-1-134-75252-2 3316:978-0-520-90907-6 3248:978-0-85773-730-4 3227:978-0-7425-2171-1 3134:978-0-271-03742-4 3113:978-1-119-05219-7 3058:978-0-8135-3968-3 2926:978-0-253-00560-1 2846:978-0-8261-0110-5 2761:978-0-8476-9805-9 2740:978-0-300-04228-3 2685:978-0-8135-1559-5 2658:978-0-520-20650-2 2637:978-1-55861-219-8 2616:978-0-7864-5647-5 2579:Time Out New York 2559:Iron Jawed Angels 2413:, pp. 75–76. 2374:, pp. 64–65. 1305:Dayton Daily News 1043:Iron Jawed Angels 1016:Radcliffe College 1005:McCarthy hearings 964:Lucy Stone League 944:Eleanor Roosevelt 781:League of Nations 712:Equality activism 686:Greenwich Village 438:May Wright Sewall 403:suffrage movement 386:Mary Ritter Beard 352:before moving to 323:Omaha High School 299:Lucy Stone League 279:League of Nations 187: 186: 165:Jonathan Mitchell 110:Years active 86:Omaha High School 76:New York City, US 6246: 5989:Age of candidacy 5922:Holloway Jingles 5896:Pankhurst Centre 5867:(2008 sculpture) 5790:Leser v. Garnett 5595:Mud March (1907) 5479: 5478: 5412:Native Americans 5222:Disfranchisement 5141: 5134: 5127: 5118: 5117: 5031: 4974:Betty Gram Swing 4964:Caroline Spencer 4904:Mary Hall Ingham 4839:Abby Scott Baker 4829:Nina E. Allender 4810:Silent Sentinels 4803: 4796: 4789: 4780: 4779: 4759: 4758: 4743:Internet Archive 4718: 4716: 4714: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4674: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4641: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4608: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4593: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4559: 4551: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4536: 4518: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4485: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4452: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4405: 4397: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4382: 4364: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4349: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4324:. March 24, 1963 4317: 4309: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4250: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4195: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4180: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4146: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4131: 4113: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4080: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4047: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3998: 3990: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3975: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3938: 3922: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3907: 3889: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3856: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3823: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3808: 3790: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3757: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3742: 3724: 3703: 3674: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3644: 3619: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3587: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3553: 3542: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3510: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3453: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3438: 3421: 3405: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3385:on April 3, 2015 3373: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3358: 3341: 3320: 3299: 3281: 3258:Feminist Studies 3252: 3231: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3197:. Archived from 3161: 3159: 3157: 3138: 3117: 3096: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3062: 3046: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3018: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2996: 2986: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2971: 2963:The New York Age 2952: 2950: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2909: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2894: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2866:on April 4, 2015 2850: 2829: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2814: 2799: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2784: 2765: 2744: 2723: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2708: 2689: 2673: 2662: 2641: 2620: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2570: 2564: 2555: 2549: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2507: 2498: 2492: 2483: 2477: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2435: 2429: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2184: 2175: 2169: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2093: 2087: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1968: 1959: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1905: 1899: 1890: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1842: 1836: 1827: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1746: 1737: 1731: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1683: 1677: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1641: 1635: 1626: 1620: 1611: 1605: 1596: 1590: 1581: 1575: 1566: 1557: 1548: 1542: 1533: 1527: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1495: 1486: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1429: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1360: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1333: 1310: 1301: 1295: 1289: 1280: 1274: 1213: 1196: 1179: 1161: 1144: 1127: 1110: 1091: 1012:feminist studies 994:The New Republic 894:Katherine Marino 826:Gaston Doumergue 772:Hélène Vacaresco 764:Marquesa del Ter 631:Bainbridge Colby 578:Silent Sentinels 454:Rockford College 446:Maria Montessori 354:Washington, D.C. 272:and worked with 245:Silent Sentinels 211:Born in 1888 in 180: 178: 174: 156: 154: 150: 72: 54:October 26, 1888 53: 51: 35: 21: 20: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6127:(upcoming film) 6053:Votes for Women 6009: 6003: 5977: 5916:Holloway brooch 5911:Holloway banner 5742: 5732: 5701:Night of Terror 5634: 5578: 5470: 5231: 5150: 5145: 5115: 5110: 5048: 5032: 5023: 5004:Ruza Wenclawska 4984:Phyllis Terrell 4939:Katherine Morey 4934:Vida Milholland 4909:Paula O. Jakobi 4864:Iris Calderhead 4812: 4807: 4756: 4726: 4721: 4712: 4710: 4688: 4686: 4668: 4657: 4655: 4635: 4624: 4622: 4602: 4591: 4589: 4569: 4567: 4545: 4534: 4532: 4512: 4501: 4499: 4479: 4468: 4466: 4446: 4435: 4433: 4415: 4413: 4391: 4380: 4378: 4358: 4347: 4345: 4327: 4325: 4303: 4292: 4290: 4270: 4268: 4244: 4233: 4231: 4211: 4209: 4189: 4178: 4176: 4172:Oakland Tribune 4156: 4154: 4140: 4129: 4127: 4107: 4096: 4094: 4090:Oakland Tribune 4074: 4063: 4061: 4057:Oakland Tribune 4041: 4030: 4028: 4008: 4006: 3984: 3973: 3971: 3947: 3936: 3934: 3916: 3905: 3903: 3883: 3872: 3870: 3850: 3839: 3837: 3817: 3806: 3804: 3784: 3773: 3771: 3751: 3740: 3738: 3721: 3671: 3647: 3645: 3613: 3602: 3600: 3589: 3581: 3570: 3568: 3536: 3525: 3523: 3467: 3465: 3459:"Doris Stevens" 3447: 3436: 3434: 3418: 3388: 3386: 3367: 3356: 3354: 3338: 3317: 3270:10.2307/3177789 3249: 3228: 3204: 3202: 3179:Phi Alpha Theta 3155: 3153: 3135: 3114: 3090: 3079: 3077: 3059: 3029: 3027: 3004: 3002: 2994: 2980: 2969: 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