456:
299:
326:. It is believed to be part of the wooded plain that existed off the current Cornwall coast before it was overcome by sand dunes and beach sand during the last significant rise in sea-level, which ended around 4,000 years ago. Exposed as they are to the Atlantic Ocean, the sands of the area have always been prone to sudden shifts: several houses were said to have been buried one night during a powerful storm. According to tradition one such shift led to the formation of the Doom Bar during the reign of Henry VIII (1509–1547), causing a decline in the prosperity of Padstow. Today, the sandbank covers approximately 0.4 square miles (1.0 km), linking the beaches near
354:
658:
260:
65:
540:
411:
407:, stated that without the removal of the sand, ships in distress could use the harbour only at high tide. The committee was told by J. D. Bryant, a port commissioner and Receiver of Wreck for Padstow, that in 1848 Padstow Harbour Association had cut down a small piece of Stepper Point, which had given ships about 50 fathoms of extra "fair wind" into the harbour. Bryant recommended further removal of the point which would allow a true wind along the whole channel past the dangerous sandbar.
49:
2272:
2140:
370:. Sometimes, gusts of wind known colloquially as "flaws" blew over Stepper Point and pushed vessels towards the sandbank. Dropping anchor would not help, as it could not gain a firm hold on the sand. Richard Hellyer, the Sub-Commissioner of Pilotage at Padstow, gave evidence in 1859 that the Doom Bar was regarded as so dangerous that in a storm, vessels would risk being wrecked on the coast rather than negotiate the channel to Padstow harbour.
72:
700:, who was well-acquainted with the area, wrote in 1969 that the mermaid met a local man and fell in love with him. When she could no longer bear living without him, she tried to lure him beneath the waves but he escaped by shooting her. In her rage she threw a handful of sand towards Padstow, around which the sandbank grew. In other versions of the tale, the mermaid sings from the rocks and a youth shoots at her with a
315:, stated, however, that although the sandbars had been "pillaged" for ages they remained undiminished. An estimated ten million tons of sediment was removed from the estuary between 1836 and 1989, mostly for agricultural purposes and mostly from the Doom Bar. Sand is still regularly dredged from the area; in 2009 an estimated 120,000 tons of sand were removed from the bar and the surrounding estuary.
595:" for desertion. The wreck was sold to salvors and, despite correspondence requesting salvage eleven years later, the navy took no further interest. The Royal Navy attempted to survey the wreck in June 1830, by which time the sandbank had covered most of it. In May 2010 a marine research and exploration group, ProMare, and the
419:
given that the bar was made up of "hard sand" which would prove difficult to remove. During the discussions, it was indicated that whilst the sandbank could be removed by a variety of methods, it would not significantly improve access to the harbour, and that a harbour of refuge would be better on the Welsh coast.
684:
wrote that a
Padstow local, Tristram Bird, bought a new gun and wanted to shoot something worthy of it. He went hunting seals at Hawker's Cove but found a young woman sitting on a rock brushing her hair. Entranced by her beauty, he offered to marry her and when she refused he shot her in retaliation,
395:
company took an interest in trying to remove the Doom Bar, hoping to increase trade through the harbour at
Padstow. The plan was to create a breakwater on the bar, which would stop the build-up of sand, and the railway would transport sand from the nearby dunes to where it was needed for agricultural
527:
Despite the safer eastern channel and improvements in maritime technology, the Royal
National Lifeboat Institution still deals with incidents at the Doom Bar. In February 1997, two fishermen who were not wearing lifejackets drowned after their boat capsized. Two anglers had been killed in a similar
434:
when the most dangerous north-westerly onshore gales were blowing. It noted that
Padstow's safety was compromised by the Doom Bar and by the eddy-forming effect of Stepper Point. The report recommended initial expenditure of £20,000 to cut down the outer part of Stepper Point, which, in conjunction
418:
The select committee report concluded the bar would return through re-silting if it were dredged, and there were insufficient resources to prevent it. Several alternatives were discussed, including the construction of two guide walls to sluice water across the bar, thereby removing it. Evidence was
275:
processes, and it has been shown that there is a net inflow of sediment into the estuary. This inflow is aided by wave and tidal processes, but the exact patterns of sediment transport within the estuary are complex and are not fully understood. There is only a very small sediment contribution from
379:
recommending methods for entering the Camel estuary during rough weather, particularly while north-northwest winds were blowing and described the bolts and rings he had fixed to the cliffs to assist ships trying to enter the harbour. Mooring rings were still there in 1824, and around 1830, three
438:
During the twentieth century the Doom Bar was regularly dredged to improve access to
Padstow. By the 1930s, when Commander H. E. Turner surveyed the estuary, there were two channels around the Doom Bar, and it is thought that the main channel may have moved to the east side in 1929. By 2010 the
729:, "The Doom-Bar", relates the story of a girl who gave an engraved ring to the man she loved before he sailed away across the Doom Bar, breaking her heart. Four years later, when the tide was lower than usual, her friends persuaded her to walk out on the sand where she found the ring inside a
310:
estimated that the sand from the Doom Bar accounted for between a fifth and a quarter of the sand used for agriculture in Devon and
Cornwall. He also stated that around 80 men were permanently employed to dredge the area from several barges, removing an estimated 100,000 long tons
311:(100,000,000 kg) of sand per year, which he said he had been "assured by competent persons" had caused a reduction in height of the bar of between 6 and 8 feet (180 and 240 cm) in the 50 years before 1836. Another report, published about twenty years earlier by
235:
on the cliffs and quarrying away part of
Stepper Point to improve the wind. In the early twentieth century the main channel moved away from the cliffs, and continued dredging has made it much safer for boats, but deaths have occurred on the bar as recently as May 2020.
640:
Attempts by three tugs from
Cardiff to remove the wreck were unsuccessful, but the next spring tide carried the midsection up the estuary onto Town Bar, opposite Padstow, where it was a hazard to shipping. A miner named Pope was called in to remove it: he used
633:, losing parts of her mast. She was towed by a steam tug towards Padstow but struck the Doom Bar and the tow rope either broke, or had to be released. Her crew of fourteen and several men who had attempted to salvage her were rescued by lifeboats from
361:
For centuries, the Doom Bar was regarded as a significant danger to ships—to be approached with caution to avoid running aground. When sails were the main source of power, ships coming round
Stepper Point would lose the wind, causing loss of
287:, and as a consequence it includes a high level of calcium carbonate, measured in 1982 at 62 per cent. The high calcium carbonate content of the sand has meant that it has been used for hundreds of years to improve agricultural soil by
283:, about 1 mile (1.6 km) upstream; and the Halwyn Bank just upstream of Padstow, where the estuary changes direction. All three are of similar composition; a large proportion of their sediment is derived from marine
345:. Although the bar was commonly known as "Dunbar sands" before 1900, the name "Doom Bar" was used in 1761 (as "the Doom-bar"), and it was also used in poetry, and in House of Commons papers in the nineteenth century.
590:
was abandoned over the next few days and the crew salvaged whatever they could. The officer in charge, Lieutenant John
Jackson, lost one year's seniority for negligence, and three crewmen were given "50 lashes with
231:, a difficult passage for sailing ships to navigate, especially in north-westerly gales when the cliffs would cut off the wind. Many ships were wrecked on the Doom Bar, despite the installation of mooring rings and
200:. Like two other permanent sandbanks further up the estuary, the Doom Bar is composed mainly of marine sand that is continually being carried up from the seabed. More than 60 percent of the sand is derived from
215:
The estuary mouth, exposed to the Atlantic Ocean, is a highly dynamic environment, and the sands have been prone to dramatic shifts during storms. According to tradition, the Doom Bar formed in the reign of
715:
who lie in the shallow waters and draw in ships to be wrecked. In addition, "the distressful cry of a woman bewailing her dead" is said to be heard after a storm where lives are lost on the sandbar.
580:
on 8 May 1812 and renamed. On 15 September 1816, she ran aground on the Doom Bar as the tide was ebbing and the wind was from an unfavourable direction offering little assistance. According to
247:
created the bar as a dying curse on the harbour after she was shot by a local man. The Doom Bar has been used in poetry to symbolise feelings of melancholy, and has given its name to the
670:" is doubtless a myth, but it is a fact that a wailing cry is sometimes heard on the Doombar after a fearful gale and loss of life on that fateful bar, like a woman bewailing the dead."
1786:
649:, surfaced on Town Bar. The Royal Navy Bomb Disposal Unit failed to demolish it and it was marked with a buoy; in March 2011 work started to demolish the remainder of it using saws.
752:. Although there was no interest in London it was well received in America, and was scheduled to tour in Chicago and New York. A series of mishaps, blamed on the legendary wrecker
208:, which has been collected for hundreds of years; an estimated 10 million tons of sand or more has been removed from the estuary since the early nineteenth century, mainly by
392:
1594:
2154:
486:
would step in and help. There were cases where salvors attempted to overstate the danger in court, so as to extort more money from the owners. This happened to the
1241:
403:
on Harbours for Refuge. The select committee took evidence from many witnesses about harbours all around the country. For Padstow, evidence from Captain Claxton,
1718:
599:, with the help of Padstow Primary School, mounted a search for the ship. The groups searched four sites on the Doom Bar, but have so far been unsuccessful.
512:
was erected two years later by the Padstow Harbour Association for the Preservation of Life and Property from Shipwreck. Reverend Charles Prideaux-Brune of
749:
131:
2238:
1404:
689:
Bay. A terrible gale blew up that night and when it finally subsided there was the sandbar, "covered with wrecks of ships and bodies of drowned men".
291:. This use is known to date back to before 1600. High calcium carbonate levels combined with natural sea salt made the sand valuable to farmers as an
528:
incident in 1994. On 25 June 2007, the Padstow lifeboat and a rescue helicopter rescued the crews of two yachts in separate incidents from the area.
645:
without success, though the explosion was reported to have broken many windows in the town. In 2010 a wreck, identified as almost certainly the
493:
in October 1843. Although it did not need assistance, salvors interfered and attempted to claim a large amount in compensation from the owner.
2724:
990:
2181:
1794:
1750:
721:'s "Ballad of Pentyre Town" uses the sandbank for imagery to elicit feelings of melancholy when talking of giving up everything for love. A
733:. Realising he must have tossed it aside on the night he left, she resolved not to remain heart-broken, but to sail out to sea herself.
711:
The mermaid legend extends beyond the creation of the Doom Bar. In 1939 Samuel Williamson declared there are mermaids comparable to
584:
transcripts, an attempt to move her was made at the next high tide, but she was taking on water and it was impossible to save her.
1624:
685:
only realising afterwards that she was a mermaid. As she died she cursed the harbour with a "bar of doom", from Hawker's Cove to
399:
In the event, neither the breakwater nor the railway were built, but the issue was re-examined by the 1858 British Parliamentary
1674:
1659:
516:
was the patron. In 1879, four of his granddaughters and their friend were rowing on the Doom Bar and saw a craft go down. They
2213:
2091:
1989:
1961:
1512:
1470:
1445:
1378:
1297:
1168:
920:
64:
1728:
1602:
1529:
680:
According to local folklore, the Doom Bar was created by the Mermaid of Padstow as a dying curse after being shot. In 1906,
414:
The Doom Bar and Stepper Point from Daymer Bay; the dip caused by rock being removed from Stepper Point is clearly visible.
2161:
1017:
93:
521:
497:
227:
Until the twentieth century, access to Padstow's harbour was via a narrow channel between the Doom Bar and the cliffs at
1245:
760:, caused the play to be considered cursed by America's actors' unions and its members were banned from appearing in it.
48:
2777:
2497:
2268:
2260:
891:
Journal of the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce
455:
2682:
2676:
1051:
400:
1562:
2108:
2160:(Report). Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly Coastal Advisory Group. 1 October 2009. R/3834/1 R.1558. Archived from
2801:
2764:
2314:
2277:
2005:
1688:
2806:
439:
original channel had disappeared. The estuary is regularly dredged by Padstow Harbour Commission's dredgers,
125:
271:
on the north coast of Cornwall. The bar is composed mostly of coarse sediment carried up from the seabed by
2734:
1692:
1632:
1411:
596:
298:
2754:
2707:
2712:
2655:
509:
482:
who would wait at Stepper Point when a ship signalled it would be entering. If a boat was foundering,
2717:
1899:
708:. Mermaids were believed to sing to their victims so that they could lure adulterers to their death.
1936:
1371:
Charts and Surveys in Peace and War: The History of the Royal Navy's Hydrographic Service, 1919–1970
2729:
1206:
A Cornish-English Vocabulary: A Vocabulary of Local Names, Chiefly Saxon, and A Provincial Glossary
882:
718:
505:
994:
543:
A lithograph of Stepper Point by the Padstow Harbour Association, showing the location of the HMS
1754:
1227:
1154:
696:, tells a similar story of a local named Tom Yeo, who shot the mermaid mistaking her for a seal.
1319:
The Railway Register and record of Public Enterprise for Railways, Mines, Patents and Inventions
1068:
435:
with the capstans, bollards and mooring rings, would significantly reduce the risk to shipping.
2816:
2253:
2083:
276:
the River Camel itself: most of the river's sediment is deposited much higher up the estuary.
2687:
2514:
2060:
517:
2759:
2749:
2569:
2382:
856:
845:
Merefield, J.R. (1982). "Modern Carbonate Marine-Sands in Estuaries of Southwest England".
745:
592:
8:
2811:
2770:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2672:
2604:
1150:
847:
726:
617:
610:
464:
2186:, Camel Estuary, Padstow, Cornwall: Undesignated Site Assessment and Emergency Recording
1221:
886:
860:
777:
422:
The committee's final report determined that along the whole of the rocky coast between
279:
There are three persistent sandbars in the Camel estuary: the Doom Bar; the Town Bar at
2472:
2462:
2357:
2076:
1924:
1850:
1636:
966:
558:
552:
475:
since records began early in the nineteenth century, the majority of which are wrecks.
431:
384:
at the base of the cliffs and bollards along the cliffs, by which means boats could be
381:
232:
976:
The History of Cornwall: From the Earliest Records and Traditions, to the Present Time
2739:
2619:
2457:
2246:
2209:
2191:(Report). Cornwall Council: Historic Environments Projects. Report ID – 2010R101
2087:
2054:
1985:
1957:
1508:
1466:
1441:
1374:
1293:
1164:
1047:
939:
916:
712:
501:
385:
307:
1128:"Directions for entering the Port of Padstow in a letter to Capt. Durand, in Dublin"
2744:
2624:
2614:
2422:
2309:
1723:
1200:
1132:
864:
375:
319:
240:
2234:(Report). Vol. 17. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 25 February 1858.
2208:. Vol. 1: The Story of the North Coast Lifeboats. Truro: D. Bradford Barton.
2452:
2294:
2231:
2223:
2145:
1951:
1895:
1567:
1486:
1317:
1204:
1158:
1127:
1098:
974:
949:
753:
681:
363:
248:
20:
1539:
1465:. Vol. 2: The North Coast. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 136.
259:
2594:
1572:
626:
513:
483:
479:
427:
1487:
High Court of the Admiralty: Reports or Cases argued and determined: 1843–1847
868:
353:
2795:
2649:
2564:
2534:
1977:
722:
697:
581:
423:
367:
288:
284:
228:
205:
108:
95:
576:, which travelled from the United States to France; she was captured by the
2629:
2599:
2589:
2579:
2574:
2554:
2549:
2524:
1534:
1500:
686:
657:
630:
539:
520:. As it was very unusual for women to rescue men all five girls received a
410:
327:
160:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2559:
2544:
2529:
2519:
2397:
1313:
970:
312:
268:
189:
142:
943:
2584:
2489:
2442:
2432:
2342:
1220:
Chandler, J.; Downie, M.; Eunson, G.; McKenzie, M.; Diston, J. (1809).
634:
577:
404:
323:
217:
2609:
2539:
2447:
2377:
2352:
757:
741:
642:
472:
331:
1696:
478:
Larger boats entering Padstow were offered assistance, generally by
2477:
2427:
2402:
2387:
2347:
2283:
2271:
701:
629:
in South Wales with a cargo of coal for Brazil, but foundered near
565:
504:
at Padstow, a 23 feet (7.0 m) rowing boat with four oars. The
468:
292:
272:
209:
201:
193:
146:
2180:
Johns, Charles; Camidge, Kevin; Northover, Peter (14 March 2011).
2467:
2437:
2417:
2412:
2372:
730:
705:
661:
Tristram Bird and the Mermaid of Padstow, from Enys Tregarthen's
280:
244:
221:
197:
185:
181:
150:
39:
1489:(Report). Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1853. pp. 259–70.
263:
The Doom Bar at low tide, with the river channel on the far side
2407:
2332:
1824:
Johns, Camidge & Northover (2011), p. 43 (quoting the
948:. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans. pp.
622:
615:
The largest ship wrecked on the Doom Bar is believed to be the
1915:
Garnett, Richard (1882). Wright, William Henry Kearley (ed.).
1904:. London: Wells Gardner, Darton & Co. pp. 51–69, 190.
1163:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Riverside Press. pp. 609–10.
2483:
2367:
2362:
1396:
1617:
1290:
South West Sea Kayaking: Isle of Wight to the Severn Estuary
1219:
302:
A tractor and trailer dredging sand from the nearby Town Bar
2392:
2337:
1479:
1046:. St. Austell: Cornish Hillside Publications. p. 133.
625:
of 1,118 tonnes. On New Year's Day 1895, she set sail from
487:
945:
Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset
192:, where it meets the Atlantic Ocean on the north coast of
16:
Sandbar at the mouth of the River Camel, Cornwall, England
1651:
2226:(Report). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1859.
430:, Padstow was the only potentially safe harbour for the
1666:
1373:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 71.
357:
The Doom Bar moved significantly between 1825 and 2010.
1145:
1143:
979:. Vol. 1. Helston: William Penaluna. p. 528.
557:
The only warship reported wrecked on the Doom Bar was
337:
The name "Doom Bar" is a corruption of the older name
2179:
2078:
Graham R.: Rosamund Marriott Watson, Woman of Letters
1711:
1658:
Court Martial papers regarding HMS Whiting (Report).
19:
This article is about the sandbar. For the beer, see
2135:
875:
1322:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 107–09.
1140:
2075:
1871:Johns, Camidge & Northover (2011), p. 33.
1775:Johns, Camidge & Northover (2011), p. 32.
1213:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
915:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 250.
1880:Johns, Camidge & Northover (2011), p. 9.
1845:
1843:
2793:
1587:
1359:Reports from Commissioners (1859), p. xiii.
1353:
1190:Reports from Committees (1858), pp. 100–01.
1044:Cornwall's Geology and Scenery – An Introduction
961:
959:
910:
2031:
1743:
1350:Reports from Commissioners (1859), p. 308.
1344:
1177:
1121:
1119:
1100:A Handbook for Travellers in Devon and Cornwall
1060:
993:. Padstow Harbour Commissioners. Archived from
983:
778:"Teenage girl among two dead after sea rescues"
637:and Padstow, following which she rapidly sank.
373:In 1761 John Griffin published a letter in the
2224:Reports from Commissioners: Harbours of Refuge
1840:
1440:. Probus: Lodenek Press. pp. 13, 135–85.
1438:Wrecks & Rescues Around Padstow's Doom Bar
1266:Reports from Commissioners (1859), p. 302
1223:The New Seaman's Guide and Coaster's Companion
675:Enys Tregarthen's notes on the Doom Bar legend
322:beneath the eastern part of the Doom Bar, off
267:The Doom Bar is a sandbar at the mouth of the
2254:
2155:Cornwall SMP2: Fal, Camel and Fowey Estuaries
1778:
1281:
1193:
1092:
1090:
1009:
956:
934:
932:
838:
463:The Doom Bar has accounted for more than 600
334:, although the actual size and shape varies.
2100:
1943:
1787:"Mystery wreck hands harbour a big headache"
1719:"The search for HMS Whiting is due to begin"
1530:"2 anglers drown after ignoring sea warning"
1521:
1116:
965:
801:
799:
53:Waves breaking on the Doom Bar at high water
2232:Reports from Committees: Harbours of Refuge
2067:
2010:Looking Back: Fugitive Writings and Sayings
1998:
1919:. Plymouth: Latimer & son. p. 101.
1507:. Redruth: Tor Mark Press. pp. 33–36.
1454:
1429:
1410:. Stepper Point NCI Station. Archived from
1362:
1341:Reports from Committees (1858), p. 79.
1332:Reports from Committees (1858), p. 77.
1306:
1018:"Coastal peat resource database (Cornwall)"
938:
2261:
2247:
2042:. London: Hutchinson & Co. p. 15.
2038:Williamson, Samuel Charles Wathen (1939).
2037:
2016:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1505:Wreck & Rescue Round the Cornish Coast
1405:"Stepper Point Newsletter 12, Summer 2008"
1149:
1087:
1035:
929:
831:
829:
2203:
2082:. Athens: Ohio University Press. p.
1673:Petition to remove HMS Whiting (Report).
1493:
1234:
844:
796:
220:, damaging the prosperity of the port of
2206:Wreck and Rescue round the Cornish Coast
1984:. London: Arrow Books. pp. 168–69.
1976:
1970:
1499:
1287:
1199:
911:Millward, Roy; Robinson, Adrian (1983).
656:
538:
454:
409:
352:
297:
258:
2106:
1956:. New York: Rough Guides. p. 523.
1949:
1914:
1908:
1883:
1681:
1527:
1274:
1272:
1242:"Time Team – Sailing the Doom Bar"
1226:(16 ed.). London: Mason. pp.
1125:
1041:
906:
904:
881:
826:
2794:
2073:
2052:
2046:
2004:
1784:
1460:
1435:
1403:Thorpe, Peter. Wilson, Richard (ed.).
1368:
1312:
1015:
396:purposes elsewhere in the south west.
366:, leaving them to drift away from the
2242:
2056:The poems of Rosamund Marriott Watson
2022:
1677:. 1827. archive reference ADM 1/4985.
1662:. 1816. archive reference ADM 1/5455.
1560:
1528:Lakeman, Geoffry (10 February 1997).
1103:. London: J. Murray. pp. 214–15.
1096:
1073:A Topographical Dictionary of England
1066:
518:rowed out to save the drowning sailor
459:The lifeboat station at Hawker's Cove
348:
2204:Noall, Cyril; Farr, Grahame (1964).
1837:Noall & Farr (1964), p. 57.
1815:Noall & Farr (1964), p. 32.
1554:
1278:Noall & Farr (1964), p. 39.
1269:
901:
704:, or a greedy man shoots her with a
388:safely past the bar were installed.
2109:"When a ghost took a starring role"
2059:. New York: John Lane Co. pp.
1751:"The search for HMS Whiting (2010)"
913:The Shell Book of the British Coast
522:Royal National Lifeboat Institution
295:fertiliser when mixed with manure.
204:, making it an important source of
13:
2778:Index of Cornwall-related articles
2498:List of civil parishes in Cornwall
2040:The English Tradition in the World
1901:North Cornwall Fairies and Legends
1601:. 15 December 2008. Archived from
1402:
1292:. Caernarfon: Pesda. p. 200.
1075:. Institute of Historical Research
748:was written in the early 1900s by
663:North Cornwall Fairies and Legends
572:was originally a cargo ship named
14:
2828:
2270:
2138:
1561:Walsh, John (28 December 2006).
1160:A Victorian Anthology, 1837–1895
1126:Griffin, John (16–19 May 1761).
652:
524:Silver Medal for their bravery.
251:from the local Sharp's Brewery.
71:
70:
63:
47:
2725:Population of major settlements
1874:
1865:
1831:
1818:
1809:
1769:
1387:
1335:
1326:
1260:
1209:. Truro: Polyblank. p. 77.
1107:
306:In a report published in 1839,
2315:Council of the Isles of Scilly
2027:. London: R. Hale. p. 10.
1595:"Awards for Lifeboat Rescuers"
1097:Paris, Thomas Clifton (1863).
817:
808:
805:Cornwall SMP2, pp. 41–42.
770:
531:
496:In 1827, the recently founded
254:
1:
2107:Macklin, John (30 May 1981).
2012:. London: Nelson. p. 83.
1753:. Promare.org. Archived from
1727:. 12 May 2010. Archived from
887:"The North Shore of Cornwall"
763:
602:
450:
1853:. Padstow Museum. March 2011
1693:Nautical Archaeology Society
1689:"The Search for HMS Whiting"
1633:Nautical Archaeology Society
597:Nautical Archaeology Society
393:Plymouth and Padstow Railway
7:
1785:Omorse (15 February 2010).
1244:. Channel 4. Archived from
756:, culminating in a fire at
10:
2833:
2131:
2006:Alness, Baron Robert Munro
1629:The Search for HMS Whiting
1393:Cornwall SMP2, p. 36.
1113:Cornwall SMP2, p. 43.
1042:Bristow, Colin M. (1999).
835:Cornwall SMP2, p. 39.
823:Cornwall SMP2, p. 35.
814:Cornwall SMP2, p. 40.
608:
550:
341:which itself derives from
180:, and similar names) is a
18:
2665:
2507:
2323:
2302:
2291:
2053:Watson, Rosamund (1912).
1369:Morris, Roger O. (1995).
940:De la Beche, Henry Thomas
869:10.1017/S0016756800027059
156:
138:
124:
89:
58:
46:
37:
30:
1953:A Rough Guide to England
1950:Andrews, Robert (2004).
1503:; Larn, Bridget (2006).
1155:Stedman, Edmund Clarance
1069:"Packington – Pakefield"
500:helped fund a permanent
1288:Rainsley, Mark (2008).
1016:Hazell, Zoë J. (2008).
991:"About Padstow Harbour"
224:a mile up the estuary.
2074:Hughes, Linda (2005).
2023:Berry, Claude (1949).
1917:The Mermaid of Padstow
1826:Royal Cornwall Gazette
1563:"Small pond, big fish"
1461:Carter, Clive (1970).
1436:French, Brian (2007).
1067:Lewis, Samuel (1848).
694:The Mermaid of Padstow
672:
665:
548:
460:
415:
358:
303:
264:
2802:Landforms of Cornwall
1851:"Latest News Updates"
1675:The National Archives
1660:The National Archives
668:
660:
542:
498:Life-boat Institution
458:
413:
356:
301:
262:
172:(previously known as
2807:Sandbanks of England
2182:Wreck of the Barque
1982:First and Last Loves
1731:on 14 September 2012
1151:Gillington, Alice E.
883:Johnson, Cuthbert W.
184:at the mouth of the
109:50.56250°N 4.94000°W
2771:Outline of Cornwall
2326:(cities in italics)
2303:Unitary authorities
1757:on 30 December 2011
1417:on 17 February 2013
967:Hitchins, Fortescue
861:1982GeoM..119..567M
848:Geological Magazine
727:Alice E. Gillington
611:Antoinette (barque)
105: /
2765:Places of interest
2463:St Just in Penwith
1625:"Arrow to Whiting"
1575:on 25 January 2013
1463:Cornish Shipwrecks
750:Arthur Hansen Bush
666:
553:HMS Whiting (1812)
549:
461:
416:
359:
349:Danger to shipping
304:
265:
126:Grid position
114:50.56250; -4.94000
2787:
2786:
2324:Major settlements
2278:Ceremonial county
2215:978-0-85153-058-1
2093:978-0-8214-1629-7
1991:978-0-7195-1891-1
1963:978-1-84353-249-1
1514:978-0-85025-406-8
1472:978-0-7153-4796-6
1447:978-0-946143-31-3
1380:978-0-11-772456-3
1299:978-1-906095-05-5
1201:Polwhele, Richard
1170:978-1-4179-0063-3
922:978-0-7153-8150-2
308:Henry De la Beche
206:agricultural lime
166:
165:
2824:
2310:Cornwall Council
2286:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2159:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2081:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1896:Tregarthen, Enys
1892:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1847:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1793:. Archived from
1791:This Is Cornwall
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1724:Cornish Guardian
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1695:. Archived from
1685:
1679:
1678:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1639:on 15 March 2012
1635:. Archived from
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1599:This Is Cornwall
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1571:. Archived from
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1542:on 15 April 2016
1538:. Archived from
1525:
1519:
1518:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1248:on 14 March 2008
1238:
1232:
1231:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1175:
1174:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1133:London Chronicle
1123:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
997:on 14 April 2012
987:
981:
980:
963:
954:
953:
936:
927:
926:
908:
899:
898:
879:
873:
872:
842:
836:
833:
824:
821:
815:
812:
806:
803:
794:
793:
791:
789:
774:
676:
401:Select committee
376:London Chronicle
320:submerged forest
134:
120:
119:
117:
116:
115:
110:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
74:
73:
67:
51:
28:
27:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2760:Hundreds/shires
2708:Flora and fauna
2661:
2503:
2492:
2453:St Columb Major
2325:
2319:
2298:
2295:Cornwall Portal
2287:
2282:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2230:
2222:
2216:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2170:
2168:
2167:on 4 March 2016
2164:
2157:
2153:
2146:Cornwall portal
2144:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2072:
2068:
2051:
2047:
2036:
2032:
2021:
2017:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1948:
1944:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1893:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1797:on 29 July 2012
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1605:on 29 July 2012
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1568:The Independent
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1218:
1214:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1178:
1171:
1148:
1141:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1095:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
989:
988:
984:
964:
957:
937:
930:
923:
909:
902:
880:
876:
843:
839:
834:
827:
822:
818:
813:
809:
804:
797:
787:
785:
776:
775:
771:
766:
754:Cruel Coppinger
719:Rosamund Watson
682:Enys Tregarthen
678:
674:
655:
613:
607:
555:
537:
453:
351:
257:
243:relates that a
130:
113:
111:
107:
104:
99:
96:
94:
92:
91:
85:
84:
83:
82:
81:
80:
79:
75:
54:
42:
33:
24:
21:Doom Bar (beer)
17:
12:
11:
5:
2830:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:Notable people
2732:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2201:
2177:
2150:
2149:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2099:
2092:
2066:
2045:
2030:
2015:
1997:
1990:
1978:Betjeman, John
1969:
1962:
1942:
1907:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1839:
1830:
1817:
1808:
1777:
1768:
1742:
1710:
1699:on 5 June 2012
1680:
1665:
1650:
1616:
1586:
1553:
1520:
1513:
1492:
1478:
1471:
1453:
1446:
1428:
1395:
1386:
1379:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1305:
1298:
1280:
1268:
1259:
1233:
1212:
1192:
1176:
1169:
1139:
1136:. p. 479.
1115:
1106:
1086:
1059:
1052:
1034:
1008:
982:
955:
928:
921:
900:
874:
837:
825:
816:
807:
795:
768:
767:
765:
762:
667:
654:
651:
609:Main article:
606:
601:
551:Main article:
536:
530:
514:Prideaux Place
506:lifeboat house
452:
449:
432:coasting trade
428:Hartland Point
350:
347:
285:mollusc shells
256:
253:
241:Cornish legend
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
140:
136:
135:
128:
122:
121:
87:
86:
77:
76:
69:
68:
62:
61:
60:
59:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2829:
2818:
2817:Cornish coast
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2790:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2718:List of farms
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:Status debate
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2187:
2185:
2178:
2163:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2136:
2114:
2113:Weekend Times
2110:
2103:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1926:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1877:
1868:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1772:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1654:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:Larn, Richard
1496:
1488:
1482:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1390:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1275:
1273:
1263:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1055:
1053:1-900147-01-7
1049:
1045:
1038:
1019:
1012:
996:
992:
986:
978:
977:
972:
968:
962:
960:
951:
947:
946:
941:
935:
933:
924:
918:
914:
907:
905:
896:
892:
888:
884:
878:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:(6): 567–80.
854:
850:
849:
841:
832:
830:
820:
811:
802:
800:
784:. 25 May 2020
783:
779:
773:
769:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
698:John Betjeman
695:
690:
688:
683:
677:
671:
664:
659:
653:In literature
650:
648:
644:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:
612:
605:
600:
598:
594:
589:
585:
583:
582:court-martial
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:
554:
546:
541:
535:
529:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:Hawker's Cove
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
457:
448:
446:
442:
436:
433:
429:
425:
420:
412:
408:
406:
402:
397:
394:
391:In 1846, the
389:
387:
383:
378:
377:
371:
369:
365:
355:
346:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
309:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
274:
270:
269:Camel estuary
261:
252:
250:
246:
242:
237:
234:
230:
229:Stepper Point
225:
223:
219:
213:
211:
207:
203:
202:marine shells
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
162:
159:
155:
152:
148:
144:
143:Camel Estuary
141:
137:
133:
129:
127:
123:
118:
90:Coordinates:
88:
66:
57:
50:
45:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
2789:
2776:
2769:
2656:full list...
2654:
2496:
2493:
2482:
2293:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2183:
2169:. Retrieved
2162:the original
2117:. Retrieved
2112:
2102:
2077:
2069:
2055:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2024:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1981:
1972:
1952:
1945:
1916:
1910:
1900:
1876:
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1833:
1825:
1820:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:the original
1790:
1780:
1771:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:the original
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1729:the original
1722:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:the original
1683:
1668:
1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1637:the original
1628:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:the original
1598:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1573:the original
1566:
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1540:the original
1535:Daily Mirror
1533:
1523:
1504:
1495:
1481:
1462:
1456:
1437:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1412:the original
1398:
1389:
1370:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1318:
1314:Clarke, Hyde
1308:
1289:
1283:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:the original
1236:
1222:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1159:
1131:
1109:
1099:
1077:. Retrieved
1072:
1062:
1043:
1037:
1025:. Retrieved
1011:
999:. Retrieved
995:the original
985:
975:
971:Drew, Samuel
944:
912:
894:
890:
877:
852:
846:
840:
819:
810:
786:. Retrieved
781:
772:
738:The Doom Bar
737:
735:
717:
710:
693:
692:The ballad,
691:
687:Trebetherick
679:
673:
669:
662:
646:
639:
631:Lundy Island
616:
614:
603:
587:
586:
573:
569:
560:
556:
544:
533:
526:
495:
490:
477:
462:
444:
440:
437:
421:
417:
398:
390:
374:
372:
360:
342:
338:
336:
328:Harbour Cove
317:
305:
278:
266:
249:flagship ale
238:
226:
214:
177:
174:Dunbar sands
173:
169:
167:
161:Tidal action
25:
2398:Lostwithiel
2119:19 November
2115:. p. 6
1933:|work=
1801:27 November
1609:27 November
1421:17 February
1252:27 November
1023:. p. 3
564:, a 12-gun
318:There is a
313:Samuel Drew
255:Description
190:River Camel
112: /
2812:Celtic Sea
2796:Categories
2730:Demography
2625:St Austell
2615:Port Navas
2490:Wadebridge
2443:St Austell
2433:Porthleven
2383:Launceston
2343:Callington
2184:Antoinette
764:References
647:Antoinette
635:Port Isaac
621:, an 1874
618:Antoinette
604:Antoinette
593:nine tails
578:Royal Navy
451:Shipwrecks
424:Land's End
332:sand flats
324:Daymer Bay
218:Henry VIII
100:04°56′24″W
97:50°33′45″N
2740:The Duchy
2677:Civil War
2610:Pont Pill
2494:See also:
2448:St Blazey
2378:Hugh Town
2353:Camelford
1935:ignored (
1925:cite book
758:Baltimore
742:smuggling
723:Victorian
643:gelignite
559:HMS
491:The Towan
465:beachings
441:Sandsnipe
157:Formed by
2750:Politics
2595:Menalhyl
2478:Torpoint
2473:Stratton
2428:Penzance
2403:Marazion
2388:Liskeard
2358:Falmouth
2348:Camborne
2284:Cornwall
2195:27 April
2025:Cornwall
2008:(1930).
1980:(1969).
1898:(1906).
1857:10 April
1828:, 1895).
1761:30 March
1735:27 April
1579:27 April
1546:27 April
1316:(1846).
1203:(1836).
1153:(1895).
1079:14 March
1027:12 April
1001:27 April
973:(1824).
942:(1839).
885:(1867).
782:BBC News
746:wrecking
740:, about
736:A play,
725:poem by
702:crossbow
566:schooner
502:lifeboat
469:capsizes
382:capstans
364:steerage
343:dune-bar
293:alkaline
273:bed load
233:capstans
210:dredging
194:Cornwall
178:Dune-bar
170:Doom Bar
147:Cornwall
139:Location
132:SW918777
78:Doom Bar
32:Doom Bar
2755:Schools
2745:Diocese
2703:Fishing
2698:Economy
2693:Culture
2673:History
2650:Valency
2565:Helford
2535:De Lank
2468:Saltash
2458:St Ives
2438:Redruth
2418:Padstow
2413:Newquay
2373:Helston
2171:2 April
2132:Sources
1157:(ed.).
857:Bibcode
731:scallop
706:longbow
627:Newport
588:Whiting
570:Whiting
561:Whiting
545:Whiting
534:Whiting
484:salvors
368:channel
281:Padstow
245:mermaid
222:Padstow
198:England
188:of the
186:estuary
182:sandbar
151:England
40:Sandbar
2713:Places
2666:Topics
2630:Seaton
2600:Ottery
2590:Lynher
2580:Lerryn
2575:Kensey
2550:Gannel
2525:Carnon
2508:Rivers
2423:Penryn
2408:Newlyn
2333:Bodmin
2212:
2090:
1988:
1960:
1511:
1469:
1444:
1377:
1296:
1167:
1050:
919:
897:: 168.
788:25 May
713:Sirens
623:barque
568:. The
480:pilots
473:wrecks
445:Mannin
386:warped
339:Dunbar
289:liming
2645:Truro
2640:Tiddy
2635:Tamar
2560:Hayle
2555:Gover
2545:Fowey
2530:Cober
2520:Camel
2515:Allen
2484:Truro
2368:Hayle
2363:Fowey
2189:(PDF)
2165:(PDF)
2158:(PDF)
1703:4 May
1643:4 May
1415:(PDF)
1408:(PDF)
1021:(PDF)
574:Arrow
547:wreck
2688:Flag
2585:Looe
2570:Inny
2393:Looe
2338:Bude
2210:ISBN
2197:2012
2173:2013
2121:2010
2088:ISBN
2063:–25.
1986:ISBN
1958:ISBN
1937:help
1859:2013
1803:2012
1763:2013
1737:2012
1705:2012
1645:2012
1611:2012
1581:2012
1548:2012
1509:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1423:2013
1375:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1254:2012
1230:–53.
1165:ISBN
1081:2013
1048:ISBN
1029:2013
1003:2012
952:–80.
917:ISBN
790:2020
744:and
532:HMS
488:brig
471:and
443:and
426:and
168:The
2620:Red
2605:Par
2540:Fal
2281:of
950:479
865:doi
853:119
508:at
330:by
2798::
2111:.
2086:.
2084:46
2061:24
1929::
1927:}}
1923:{{
1885:^
1842:^
1789:.
1721:.
1691:.
1631:.
1627:.
1597:.
1565:.
1532:.
1271:^
1228:52
1179:^
1142:^
1130:.
1118:^
1089:^
1071:.
969:;
958:^
931:^
903:^
895:XV
893:.
889:.
863:.
851:.
828:^
798:^
780:.
467:,
447:.
405:RN
239:A
212:.
196:,
176:,
149:,
145:,
2679:)
2675:(
2262:e
2255:t
2248:v
2218:.
2199:.
2175:.
2123:.
2096:.
1994:.
1966:.
1939:)
1861:.
1805:.
1765:.
1739:.
1707:.
1647:.
1613:.
1583:.
1550:.
1517:.
1475:.
1450:.
1425:.
1383:.
1302:.
1256:.
1173:.
1083:.
1056:.
1031:.
1005:.
925:.
871:.
867::
859::
792:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
