62:. Variations of this lineage are found all over the world, and until recently scientists have had a hard time pinning down exactly which region gave rise to modern domestic cat breeds. Scientists believed that it was not just one incident that led to the domesticated cat but multiple independent incidents at different places that led to these breeds. More complications arose from the fact that wildcat populations as a whole are very widespread and very similar to one another. These variations of wildcats can and will interbreed freely with one another when in close contact, further blurring the lines between taxa. Recent DNA studies, advancement in genetic technologies, and a better understanding of DNA and genetics as a whole has helped make discoveries in the evolutionary history of the domestic cat. Archaeological evidence has documented earlier dates of domestication than formerly believed.
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differences. Also different from domesticated mammals, domesticated cat breeds have very few genetic differences from their wild counterparts due to constant intermixing, with thousands of years of genetic exchanges in both directions. The few genes that control physical characteristics such as hair color and pattern are what differentiate the modern wildcat population from domesticated cats. Domesticated cat breeds are also unique in the fact that there are only 40–50 genetically distinct breeds while other domesticated animals can have anywhere from 65 to 100 genetically distinct breeds.
330:
single gene traits found at low to moderate levels in the non-pedigree cat. These characteristics are rare and not seen in the common house cat. Unlike most pet dogs, which come from a mixture of purebreed lineages, cats started as a mixture of many wildcat variations and have been selectively bred by humans for certain traits that lead to modern breeds. This has allowed for a large increase in the number of breeds in a shorter amount of time. This is also the reason why associations that classify cat breeds use the word "pedigreed", as domestic cats do not have true purebred forms.
145:
27:
19:
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218:, "this international cat parentage and identification panel has a power of exclusion comparable to panels used in other species, ranging from 90.08% to 99.79% across breeds and 99.47% to 99.87% in random-bred cat populations." With such a high power of exclusion, it is to say that the possibility of genetic similarities occurring within cat breeds are more uncommon than others.
360:
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site that is approximately 9,500 years old, of a child buried with a cat. Cats are not native to this area, which means the tribe must have brought the cats with them when they established residence on the island. This finding suggests that people from the Middle
Eastern region of the Old World began
204:
Scientists and veterinarians specifically have incorporated an important tool known as race and breed identification panels to learn more about the specific genetics that align with these dominating regions domesticated cat breeds originate from. While the primary lineages are listed above with their
333:
DNA studies have been conducted to connect the pedigree lines to those which freely bred at random. These studies were conducted using the same techniques as mentioned above, mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites were examined to find the common ancestor. All cat breeds were found to have originated
213:
breed dominated in
Southeast Asia. Tests showing the DNA markers that are used to distinguish genetic discrepancies in a forensic manner can also be purchased by an owner for individual use. An abundance of accessible sources that incorporate breed identification panels can be utilized for personal
774:
Ottoni, Claudio; Van Neer, Wim; De Cupere, Bea; Daligault, Julien; Guimaraes, Silvia; Peters, Joris; Spassov, Nikolai; Prendergast, Mary E.; Boivin, Nicole; Morales-Muñiz, Arturo; Bălăşescu, Adrian; Becker, Cornelia; Benecke, Norbert; Boroneant, Adina; Buitenhuis, Hijlke; Chahoud, Jwana; Crowther,
329:
In 1871 only five cat breeds were recognized by an association in London. Today the Cat
Fanciers Association (CFA) recognizes 41 breeds and The International Cat Association (TICA) recognizes 57 breeds. Most of these breeds are defined by phenotypic, or visible, characteristics, most of which are
141:) included domesticated cats and that wild cats from this group are almost indistinguishable from domesticated cats. Along with DNA analysis, phylogenetic studies were also conducted to narrow down the evolutionary history. Phylogenetic trees were generated based on mitochondrial DNA analysis.
308:
Unlike other domesticated animals, which have been bred for different physical traits to help with tasks, such as food, hunting, or security, modern cat breeds originated mostly within the last 150 years from breeding for physical traits with no differentiation in functionality—just aesthetic
334:
in eight different regions and then selectively bred multiple times throughout history and relocated multiple times, leading to the approximately 45 modern breeds. These eight lineages include Europe, Egypt, India, Southeast Asia, Arabian Sea, East Asia, and the
Mediterranean.
226:
A 2014 study compares many cat genomes with tiger and dog genomes. Genomic regions under selection in domestic cats include those involved in neuronal processes (fear and reward behavior) and in homologous recombination (increased recombination frequency). In addition, the
295:
between domesticated cats and silvestris showed less aggressive behavior and more docile temperament, leading the scientist to believe that the behavioral difference was genetic and most likely due to a difference in species. This evidence suggests
184:. The former gathered around human agricultural colonies themselves, while the latter (~1500 BC) seems mainly attractive in behavioral traits. They started spreading during neolithic times, but did not become widespread in the Old World until
775:
Alison; Llorente, Laura; Manaseryan, Nina; Monchot, Hervé; Onar, Vedat; Osypińska, Marta; Putelat, Olivier; Quintana
Morales, Eréndira M.; Studer, Jacqueline; Wierer, Ursula; Decorte, Ronny; Grange, Thierry; Geigl, Eva-Maria (19 June 2017).
260:
some dating as far back as 7,000–8,000 years ago. Originally the
Egyptian populations were credited with the early domestication of cats approximately 3,600 years ago but archaeological evidence also disputed the hypothesis in 2004.
101:
and microsatellites of approximately 1,000 cats from many different regions (including Africa, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and the Middle East) showed 5 genetic lineages of the wildcat population. These lineages included:
290:
has a tendency to be very timid and aggressive even when they are raised starting as kittens around a human population. This group was also very territorial and showed aggressive behavior within their own species as well.
168:
were all very closely related to a common ancestor. It also showed that this group of variations are monophyletic, meaning they share a common ancestor not shared by other groups. The trees also helped show that
54:
lineage in particular is the lineage to which the domestic cat belongs. Several investigations have shown that all domestic varieties of cats come from a single species of the
1039:
Montague, Michael J.; Li, Gang; Gandolfi, Barbara; Khan, Razib; Aken, Bronwen L.; Searle, Steven M. J.; Minx, Patrick; Hillier, LaDeana W.; Koboldt, Daniel C. (2014-11-10).
1106:
Ottoni, Claudio; Van Neer, Wim; De Cupere, Bea; Daligault, Julien; Guimaraes, Silvia; Peters, Joris; Spassov, Nikolai; Prendergast, Mary E.; Boivin, Nicole (2017-06-19).
50:, to which all living feline species belong, is theorized to have arisen about ten to eleven million years ago and is divided into eight major phylogenetic lineages. The
560:
Driscoll CA, Menotti-Raymond M, Roca AL, Hupe K, Johnson WE, Geffen E, Harley EH, Delibes M, Pontier D, Kitchener AC, Yamaguchi N, O'brien SJ, Macdonald DW (July 2007).
1250:
Genetic analysis of domestication patterns in the cat (Felis catus) : worldwide population structure, and human-mediated breeding patterns both modern and ancient
2636:
241:
962:
Montague, M. J.; Li, G.; Gandolfi, B.; Khan, R.; Aken, B. L.; Searle, S. M.; Minx, P.; Hillier, L. W.; Koboldt, D. C.; Davis, B. W.; Driscoll, C. A. (2014).
286:(the European wildcat), which was thought to also be a common ancestor to domesticated cats, showed that there were significant differences between the two.
256:
was the common ancestor to domesticated cats. Fragments of teeth and bone found at burial sites across the globe have all been connected by DNA analysis to
443:"The Taming of the Cat. Genetic and Archaeological findings hint that wildcats became housecats earlier- and in different place- than previously thought"
2599:
205:
respective regions, this form of genetic technology made it possible to simplify and distinguish certain areas of these regions. For example, the
498:
214:
use by breeders and owners to determine the genetic workup of a domesticated cat. Due to the highly known genetic distinction within the
Felidae
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showed a very early branching away from the other groups, but still shares a very early common ancestor with the rest of the clades.
1680:
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1660:
1299:
821:
2668:
864:
843:
1193:"Variation of cats under domestication: genetic assignment of domestic cats to breeds and worldwide random-bred populations"
2175:
842:
Geigl, Eva-Maria; Grange, Thierry (2018). "Of Cats and Men: Ancient DNA Reveals How the Cat
Conquered the Ancient World".
2582:
2288:
1041:"Comparative analysis of the domestic cat genome reveals genetic signatures underlying feline biology and domestication"
964:"Comparative analysis of the domestic cat genome reveals genetic signatures underlying feline biology and domestication"
2363:
2195:
1685:
1191:
Kurushima, J. D.; Lipinski, M. J.; Gandolfi, B.; Froenicke, L.; Grahn, J. C.; Grahn, R. A.; Lyons, L. A. (2012-11-22).
1700:
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420:
892:
513:
1729:
156:, maximum likelihood, and parsimony maximum likelihood trees all produced identical results. They each show that
650:
411:
Serpell, James A. (2013). "Domestication and history of the cat". In Turner, Dennis C; Bateson, Patrick (eds.).
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1026:, The New York Times, June 29, 2007, archived from the original on 9 May 2015, retrieved 4 October 2012
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Scientists also used archaeological and behavioral studies to help further solidify the discovery that
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cat, one of the cat breeds resulting from human breeding practices during the last century and a half
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2012:
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915:"An international parentage and identification panel for the domestic cat (Felis catus)"
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2017:
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mutation) arose in the Middle Ages. Wild-type cats have a mackerel pattern.
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A European wildcat, one of the possible ancestors of the modern domestic cat
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Domesticated cats originated from near-eastern and
Egyptian populations of
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415:. Canmbridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 83–100.
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mutations responsible for the white-spotted phenotype were identified.
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26:
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188:. A newer study from 2018 moves the earlier origin to Southwest Asia.
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1827:
1807:
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is likely to be the common ancestor of all domesticated cats today.
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651:"Chinese Mountain Cat (Felis bieti) Classification / Taxonomy"
2503:
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1892:
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originated from Near-Eastern and
Egyptian populations of the
274:
keeping cats thousands of years earlier than the Egyptians.
2523:
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2240:
1476:
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1108:"The palaeogenetics of cat dispersal in the ancient world"
777:"The palaeogenetics of cat dispersal in the ancient world"
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1308:
98:
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2637:
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
209:
breed was predominately from Western Europe, while the
1038:
961:
303:
341:
845:
Paleogenomics: genome-scale analysis of ancient DNA
200:
5 week old (left) vs 5 month old (right) Maine Coon
820:
822:"Cats Domesticated Themselves, Ancient DNA Shows"
2655:
65:
1045:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
968:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
562:"The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication"
2364:
1293:
1165:"Breeds – The Cat Fanciers' Association, Inc"
173:gave rise to the domesticated cats of today.
94:as different species. A 2007 study of feline
2378:
841:
818:
699:"Felis silvestris cafra (African wild cat)"
497:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
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1023:Study Traces Cat's Ancestry to Middle East
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1064:
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851:. Population Genomics. pp. 307–324.
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22:An example of a domesticated, indoor cat.
912:
440:
316:
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143:
137:This study showed that African wildcat (
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17:
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1661:Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana
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269:found an even older burial ground, a
893:""Genetic Testing in Domestic Cats""
675:"Wildcat | mammal, Felis silvestris"
555:
553:
551:
436:
434:
432:
406:
404:
2679:Domestication of particular species
2600:Domesticated animals of Austronesia
2583:Domestication of the Syrian hamster
1252:. University of California, Davis.
903:
881:
748:"How did cats become domesticated?"
13:
1686:Governing Council of the Cat Fancy
1181:
1029:
514:"Genetic Testing in Domestic Cats"
304:Domestic cat breed differentiation
14:
2695:
2146:Congenital sensorineural deafness
1701:The International Cat Association
1656:American Cat Fanciers Association
1307:
1248:Kurushima, Jennifer Dawn (2011).
624:
548:
467:10.1038/scientificamerican0609-68
429:
401:
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2332:
1681:Fédération Internationale Féline
931:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01632.x
358:
344:
70:Current taxonomy tends to treat
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1157:
1099:
1014:
955:
891:Lyons, Leslie (December 2012).
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512:Lyons, Leslie (December 2012).
1115:Nature Ecology & Evolution
784:Nature Ecology & Evolution
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667:
643:
618:
524:
518:National Institute's of Health
505:
1:
897:National Institutes of Health
819:Casey Smith (June 19, 2017).
703:www.biodiversityexplorer.info
627:"Felis silvestris (wild cat)"
394:
66:DNA and phylogenetic evidence
2669:Domesticated animal genetics
2621:List of domesticated animals
919:National Library of Medicine
7:
2315:List of longest-living cats
2196:Lower urinary tract disease
2176:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
1696:Southern Africa Cat Council
337:
107:Felis silvestris silvestris
10:
2700:
2605:Domestication of the sheep
2588:Domestication of the horse
1671:Cat Aficionado Association
532:"Felis catus domestic cat"
2643:Genomics of domestication
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2578:Domestication of the goat
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2151:Feline corneal sequestrum
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1676:Cat Fanciers' Association
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441:Driscoll, Carlos (2009).
221:
2573:Domestication of the dog
2561:Domestication of the cat
2380:Domestication of animals
1666:Canadian Cat Association
2509:Domesticated silver fox
2310:List of individual cats
1135:10.1038/s41559-017-0139
1066:10.1073/pnas.1410083111
989:10.1073/pnas.1410083111
913:Lipinski, M.J. (2007).
804:10.1038/s41559-017-0139
727:wildcatconservation.org
679:Encyclopedia Britannica
586:10.1126/science.1139518
469:(inactive 2024-05-04).
282:Behavioral analysis of
248:Archaeological evidence
131:Felis silvestris lybica
119:Felis silvestris ornata
44:Felis sylvestris lybica
2186:Infectious peritonitis
2181:Immunodeficiency virus
925:(4). et al.: 371–377.
326:
201:
149:
125:Felis silvestris cafra
113:Felis silvestris bieti
31:
23:
2566:cats in ancient Egypt
2444:Domestic Muscovy duck
2251:Viral rhinotracheitis
2226:Tritrichomonas foetus
1691:New Zealand Cat Fancy
1559:Cats in ancient Egypt
857:10.1007/13836_2018_26
320:
199:
147:
29:
21:
2684:Evolution of mammals
2674:Domesticated animals
1813:Colorpoint Shorthair
1711:World Cat Federation
1445:Cat–dog relationship
631:Animal Diversity Web
192:Genetic Technologies
30:A domestic tabby cat
2013:Traditional Persian
1798:California Spangled
1768:Brazilian Shorthair
1564:Cultural depictions
1549:Cat-scratch disease
1127:2017NatEE...1..139O
1057:2014PNAS..11117230M
1051:(48): 17230–17235.
980:2014PNAS..11117230M
974:(48): 17230–17235.
827:National Geographic
796:2017NatEE...1..139O
752:Library of Congress
578:2007Sci...317..519D
459:2009SciAm.300f..68D
447:Scientific American
389:Felidae § Evolution
374:Cat § Domestication
313:Contemporary breeds
278:Behavioral evidence
186:classical antiquity
2631:Self-domestication
2626:Selective breeding
1933:Oriental Shorthair
1843:European Shorthair
1758:American Shorthair
1706:World Cat Congress
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202:
150:
32:
24:
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2346:
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2171:Hepatic lipidosis
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1773:British Shorthair
1382:Tortoiseshell cat
1209:10.1111/age.12008
866:978-3-030-04752-8
723:"African Wildcat"
127:(Southern Africa)
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2320:Cats in folklore
1918:Norwegian Forest
1888:Kurilian Bobtail
1868:Japanese Bobtail
1848:Exotic Shorthair
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1601:National Cat Day
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572:(5837): 519–23.
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536:Animal Diversity
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413:The Domestic Cat
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242:Aminopeptidase Q
175:F. s. silvestris
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2261:Cats by country
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1913:Neva Masquerade
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1499:Righting reflex
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1197:Animal Genetics
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729:. 30 March 2013
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655:Wild Cat Family
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284:F.s. silvestris
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40:African wildcat
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1203:(3): 311–324.
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1415:dental health
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422:9781139177177
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384:Domestication
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236:The blotched
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133:(Middle East)
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96:mitochondrial
93:
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73:F. silvestris
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:. The family
45:
41:
37:
28:
20:
16:
2635:
2560:
2479:Domestic pig
2121:Diseases and
1963:Russian Blue
1838:Egyptian Mau
1730:experimental
1581:Dog-like cat
1524:Ailurophobia
1489:Intelligence
1345:Odd-eyed cat
1249:
1243:
1200:
1196:
1172:. Retrieved
1168:
1159:
1118:
1114:
1101:
1048:
1044:
1021:
1016:
971:
967:
957:
922:
918:
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844:
837:
826:
787:
783:
755:. Retrieved
751:
742:
731:. Retrieved
726:
717:
706:. Retrieved
702:
693:
682:. Retrieved
678:
669:
658:. Retrieved
654:
645:
634:. Retrieved
630:
620:
569:
565:
539:. Retrieved
535:
526:
517:
507:
493:cite journal
453:(6): 68–75.
450:
446:
412:
379:Cat genetics
332:
328:
307:
297:
287:
283:
281:
258:F.s. lybica,
257:
253:
251:
235:
229:
225:
203:
182:F. s. lybica
181:
179:
174:
171:F. s. lybica
170:
166:F. s. lybica
165:
162:F. s. cafra,
161:
158:F. s. ornata
157:
151:
139:F. s. lybica
138:
136:
130:
124:
118:
112:
106:
89:
83:
77:
71:
69:
59:
55:
51:
43:
36:domestic cat
33:
15:
2484:Fancy mouse
2404:Bali cattle
2387:Vertebrates
2284:New Zealand
2211:Polydactyly
2141:Calicivirus
2033:Turkish Van
1973:Selkirk Rex
1928:Ojos Azules
1818:Cornish Rex
1626:Library cat
1611:Working cat
1539:Cat massage
1534:Cat killers
1516:interaction
1427:Vaccination
1362:Bicolor cat
1121:(7): 0139.
790:(7): 0139.
366:Cats portal
298:F.s. lybica
265:working in
254:F.s. lybica
60:Felis catus
2658:Categories
2464:Guinea pig
2206:Giardiasis
2059:Highlander
1958:Ragamuffin
1898:Maine Coon
1878:Khao Manee
1858:German Rex
1748:Abyssinian
1648:Registries
1631:Ship's cat
1616:Bodega cat
1372:Calico cat
1317:Felinology
1174:2021-04-30
757:2021-05-01
733:2021-04-30
708:2021-04-30
684:2021-04-30
660:2021-04-30
636:2021-04-30
541:2021-04-30
395:References
207:Maine Coon
2540:Honey bee
2434:Dromedary
2269:Australia
2231:Roundworm
2166:Heartworm
2123:disorders
2083:Landraces
2069:Serengeti
2018:Tonkinese
1988:Singapura
1948:Pixie-bob
1943:Peterbald
1863:Himalayan
1828:Devon Rex
1803:Chartreux
1724:full list
1586:Feral cat
1569:fictional
1529:Cat cafés
1514:Human–cat
1405:Declawing
1377:Tabby cat
1367:Black cat
1335:Dwarf cat
1268:861518845
1217:0268-9146
1143:2397-334X
1075:0027-8424
875:134576106
594:808298830
271:Neolithic
238:tabby cat
79:F. lybica
58:lineage,
2593:theories
2545:Silkworm
2499:Reindeer
2338:Category
2221:Ringworm
2161:Coccidia
2064:Savannah
1993:Snowshoe
1983:Siberian
1908:Munchkin
1873:Javanese
1793:Burmilla
1763:Balinese
1741:domestic
1638:Zoonosis
1621:Farm cat
1574:Internet
1554:Cat show
1544:Cat meat
1484:Kneading
1460:valerian
1450:Catfight
1437:Behavior
1350:Squitten
1330:Genetics
1235:23171373
1151:44041769
1093:25385592
1008:25385592
949:17655554
812:44041769
612:17600185
485:19485091
338:See also
154:Bayesian
109:(Europe)
91:F. bieti
85:F. catus
2554:History
2489:Poultry
2419:Chicken
2303:Related
2054:Chausie
1978:Siamese
1953:Ragdoll
1938:Persian
1833:Donskoy
1788:Burmese
1606:Pet cat
1325:Anatomy
1226:3594446
1169:cfa.org
1123:Bibcode
1084:4260561
1053:Bibcode
999:4260561
976:Bibcode
940:1974777
792:Bibcode
603:5612713
574:Bibcode
566:Science
476:5790555
455:Bibcode
293:Hybrids
240:trait (
211:Siamese
115:(China)
48:Felidae
2449:Ferret
2429:Donkey
2414:Cattle
2394:Alpaca
2274:Canada
2216:Rabies
2136:Asthma
2106:Sokoke
2101:Kellas
2096:Cyprus
2091:Aegean
2049:Bengal
2042:Hybrid
2023:Toyger
2003:Sphynx
1998:Somali
1923:Ocicat
1853:Foldex
1823:Cymric
1783:Bombay
1778:Birman
1720:Breeds
1596:Lolcat
1504:Senses
1455:Catnip
1420:senior
1392:Health
1340:Kitten
1266:
1256:
1233:
1223:
1215:
1149:
1141:
1091:
1081:
1073:
1006:
996:
947:
937:
873:
863:
810:
610:
600:
592:
483:
473:
419:
323:Sphynx
267:Cyprus
222:Traits
216:family
88:, and
2504:Sheep
2474:Llama
2469:Horse
2454:Gayal
2279:Japan
1893:Lykoi
1883:Korat
1739:Fully
1400:Aging
1147:S2CID
1111:(PDF)
871:S2CID
849:(PDF)
808:S2CID
780:(PDF)
56:Felis
52:Felis
2664:Cats
2524:Zebu
2459:Goat
2241:Tick
2156:Flea
2131:Acne
2008:Thai
1903:Manx
1477:Purr
1472:Meow
1410:Diet
1264:OCLC
1254:ISBN
1231:PMID
1213:ISSN
1139:ISSN
1089:PMID
1071:ISSN
1004:PMID
945:PMID
861:ISBN
608:PMID
590:OCLC
499:link
481:PMID
417:ISBN
164:and
34:The
2519:Yak
2424:Dog
2409:Cat
2111:Van
1221:PMC
1205:doi
1131:doi
1079:PMC
1061:doi
1049:111
994:PMC
984:doi
972:111
935:PMC
927:doi
853:doi
800:doi
598:PMC
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