378:(known to the researchers only as "Rabbit Number 5256") under the direction of Kac. The laboratory consequently kept possession of the transgenic rabbit which it had created and funded and the "transgenic art" was never exhibited at the Digital Avignon festival as intended. Kac—claiming that his rabbit was the first GFP bunny created in the name of Art—used this dispute to popularize the issue as one of disguised censorship by launching a "Free Alba" campaign. A doctored photo of the artist holding a day-glow-green tinted rabbit appears on his website. The members of the
34:
468:'s National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity to convene a series of meetings to discuss biosecurity, which have included discussions of amateur biologists and ways to manage the risks to society it poses. At the National Institutes of Health, National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity leads efforts to educate the public on "
356:
appropriated standard laboratory work by biotechnology and genetics researchers in order to both utilize and critique such scientific techniques. In the only putative work of transgenic art by Kac, the artist claimed to have collaborated with a French laboratory (belonging to the
Institut National de
253:
have been recreated extensively. In recent times, more complex devices have been created such as the OpenDrop digital microfluidics platform and the DIY NanoDrop both developed by GaudiLabs. Opentrons makes open-source software, affordable lab robots, and got its start as a DIY biology collaboration
487:
argues that fear of potential hazards should be met with increased research and education rather than closing the door on the profound positive impacts that distributed biological technology will have on human health, the environment, and the standard of living around the world. Due to the lack of
482:
While detractors argue that do-it-yourself biologists need some sort of supervision, enthusiasts argue that uniform supervision is impossible and the best way to prevent accidents or malevolence is to encourage a culture of transparency, where, in essence, do-it-yourself biologists would be peer
198:
The DIYbio movement seeks to revise the notion that one must be an academic with an advanced degree to make any significant contribution to the biology community. It allows large numbers of small organizations and individuals to participate in research and development, with spreading knowledge a
424:
already receive, plus other concerns relating to the distributed and non-institutional nature of the work, involving potential hazards with lack of oversight by professionals or governments. Concerns about biohackers creating pathogens in unmonitored garage laboratories led the
290:
Genetic
Engineers are a subculture of biohackers as one of the most accessible forms of biohacking is through engineering microorganisms or plants. Experiments can range from using plasmids to fluorescent bacteria, controlling gene expression using light in bacteria, even using
374:. This claim by Kac has been disputed by the scientists at the lab who noted that they had performed exactly the same experiment (i.e., the insertion of the jellyfish GFP protein-coding gene) on numerous other animals (cats, dogs, etc.) previously and did not create
451:
Existing regulations are not specific to this field, so that the possibility of pathogenic organisms being created and released unintentionally or intentionally by biohackers has become a matter of concern, for example, in the spirit of the re-creation of the 1917
1121:
Prigent, Sylvain; Frioux, Clémence; Dittami, Simon M.; Thiele, Sven; Larhlimi, Abdelhalim; Collet, Guillaume; Gutknecht, Fabien; Got, Jeanne; Eveillard, Damien; Bourdon, Jérémie; Plewniak, Frédéric; Tonon, Thierry; Siegel, Anne (27 January 2017).
184:. Many other labs and organizations followed, including but not limited to Counter Culture Labs in Oakland, CA, Baltimore Underground Science Space in Baltimore, MD, TheLab in Los Angeles, CA and Denver Biolabs in Denver, CO.
2081:
Prepared by the
American Association for the Advancement of Science in conjunction with the Association of American Universities, Association of Public and Land-grant Universities, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation
402:(In order to analyze how, in their words, "Science is the institution of authority regarding the production of knowledge, and tends to replace this particular social function of conventional Christianity in the west").
71:
biology is primarily undertaken by individuals with limited research training from academia or corporations, who then mentor and oversee other DIY biologists with little or no formal training. This may be done as a
230:, providing equipment and supplies for members. Many organizations also run classes and provide training. For a fee (usually between $ 50 and $ 100), members can join some spaces and do experiments on their own.
1181:
Anderson, Jason R.; Hagerdorn, Payton L.; Gunstad, John; Spitznagel, Mary Beth (July 2018). "Using coffee to compensate for poor sleep: Impact on vigilance and implications for workplace performance".
199:
higher priority than turning profits. In recent years, there are various DIY ways to live healthy and many of them also focuses on different simple ways to biohack mind, body, metabolism and sleep.
274:
has proposed that safety is inherent in biohacking and that accessibility should be the foremost concern as there is large underrepresentation of social and ethnic minorities in biohacking.
238:
The DIY biology movement attempts to make available the tools and resources necessary for anyone, including non-professionals, to conduct biological engineering. One of the first pieces of
2064:
2084:
Bridging
Science and Security for Biological Research: A Discussion about Dual Use Review and Oversight at Research Institutions Report of a Meeting September 13–14, 2012
697:
202:
The motivations for DIY biology include (but aren't limited to) lowered costs, entertainment, medicine, biohacking, life extension, and education. Recent work combining
337:
Grinders are a subculture of biohackers that focus on implanting technology or introducing chemicals into the body to enhance or change their bodies' functionality.
317:
more accessible by creating an open source protocol for expression and purification. Other experiments that have involved medical treatments include a whole body
2250:
408:
is an information artist and biohacker who uses genomic DNA left behind by people as a starting point for creating lifelike, computer-generated, 3-D portraits.
749:
1959:
2724:
972:
571:
465:
254:
at
Genspace. Incuvers makes telemetric chambers for cellular research that are affordable and allow for complete customizability of their environments.
2102:
2953:
429:(FBI) to begin sending its representatives to DIYbio conferences in 2009. The arrest and prosecution of some members for their work with harmless
896:
622:
2187:
1730:
996:"The Effects of Anti-Dementia and Nootropic Treatments on the Mortality of Patients with Dementia: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan"
488:
precedent regarding such a business model, the DIYbio founders see this as an opportunity to be innovators in regulatory and safety policy.
1531:"Open Cell is hosting monthly biohackathons to develop equipment, software and products to make better and more affordable biolaboratories"
2243:
461:
242:
laboratory equipment developed was the
Dremelfuge by Irish biohacker Cathal Garvey, which uses a 3D printed tube holder attached to a
2086:
1854:
110:. The term hacker is used in the original sense of finding new and clever ways to do things. The term biohacking is also used by the
1985:
26:
This article is about real-life citizen science and advocacy movement. For dystopian cyberpunk and science fiction subgenre, see
2991:
2236:
1630:
647:
1680:
1749:
932:
512:
309:
Restricted access to medical care and medicine has pushed biohackers to start experimenting in medically related fields. The
1835:
141:
communities as early as 2005, through simple demonstrations of basic experiments. As DIYbio experiments became the focus of
2946:
190:
In 2016, the first conference to focus specifically on biohacking was announced to take place in
September in Oakland, CA.
266:
Most advocacy in biohacking is about the safety, accessibility and future legality of experimentation. Todd Kuiken of the
114:
body modification community, which is considered related but distinct from the do-it-yourself biology movement. The term
1816:
497:
457:
2879:
2138:
1275:
2689:
1914:
2939:
1430:
531:
426:
340:
Some biohackers can now sense which direction they face using a magnetic implant that vibrates against the skin.
258:, a London based biotech lab provider hosts regular biohackathons to help encourage more opensource development.
980:
2998:
111:
2986:
2828:
2557:
2286:
2205:
3094:
2884:
782:
159:
2106:
479:
A 2007 ETC Group report warns that the danger of this development is not just bioterror, but "bio-error".
3023:
3013:
1383:
1304:
1705:
282:
Many biohacking projects revolve around the modification of life and molecular and genetic engineering.
130:
The term "biohacking" as well as the concept of do-it-yourself biology has been known as early as 1988.
2906:
2894:
2869:
2486:
560:
154:: "The era of garage biology is upon us. Want to participate? Take a moment to buy yourself a lab on
1224:
Pearce, Joshua M. (14 September 2012). "Building
Research Equipment with Free, Open-Source Hardware".
2694:
2684:
2501:
358:
1900:
3089:
2864:
2679:
2592:
1605:
158:." He then set up a garage lab the same year, working on a project he had previously worked at the
1401:
3114:
3109:
1124:"Meneco, a Topology-Based Gap-Filling Tool Applicable to Degraded Genome-Wide Metabolic Networks"
872:
857:
270:
proposes that through safety and self-governance, DIY biologists won't be in need of regulation.
382:
have written books and staged multimedia performance interventions around this issue, including
3104:
2813:
2704:
2654:
2537:
1887:
387:
215:
3068:
3033:
2859:
2808:
2445:
2358:
2322:
2259:
2199:
565:
507:
405:
379:
267:
249:
to spin tubes at high speeds, replacing often expensive centrifuges. Many other devices like
166:
64:
20:
1681:"Bay Area biologist's gene-editing kit lets do-it-yourselfers play God at the kitchen table"
2597:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2083:
2019:
1568:
1505:
1233:
1135:
1054:
1007:
603:
550:
441:
357:
la
Recherche Agronomique) to procure a green-fluorescent rabbit: a rabbit implanted with a
203:
119:
3028:
472:
research of concern", for example with websites like "Science Safety
Security". In 2011,
8:
2889:
2823:
2709:
2460:
2296:
2163:
1993:
556:
469:
421:
187:
It has been estimated that in 2014 there have been 50 DIY biology labs around the world.
181:
2023:
1572:
1237:
1139:
1011:
698:"Forum: Roses are black, violets are green – The emergence of amateur genetic engineers"
672:
3048:
2745:
2526:
2403:
2307:
2040:
2007:
1257:
1206:
1158:
1123:
1098:
1073:
1030:
995:
142:
897:"BioCurious Officially Opens — Test DNA, Build Equipment, Find a Co-founder and More…"
2981:
2901:
2755:
2699:
2398:
2368:
2159:
2045:
1654:
1586:
1249:
1198:
1163:
1103:
1035:
928:
826:
757:
730:
588:
417:
365:
94:
Other terms are also associated with the do-it-yourself biology community. The terms
38:
1261:
1210:
3099:
3058:
3043:
3003:
2911:
2765:
2760:
2674:
2450:
2035:
2027:
1576:
1241:
1190:
1153:
1143:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1025:
1015:
816:
544:
395:
150:
3008:
2971:
2750:
2740:
2649:
2633:
2618:
2530:
2496:
2491:
2455:
2343:
2090:
1194:
1148:
1020:
922:
445:
60:
2228:
3063:
3053:
3018:
2481:
2408:
1791:
250:
103:
77:
68:
1479:
1333:
1072:
Heindel, Jerrold J.; Blumberg, Bruce; Cave, Mathew; et al. (March 2017).
847:
3083:
2976:
2785:
2628:
2563:
2521:
2363:
2291:
761:
734:
370:
368:. The claimed work came to be known as the "GFP bunny", and which Kac called
271:
138:
134:
63:
in which individuals, communities, and small organizations study biology and
57:
33:
1245:
176:
opened the first community biology lab, Ten months later it was followed by
3038:
2818:
2780:
2714:
2613:
2413:
2393:
2348:
2263:
2126:
2049:
1590:
1253:
1202:
1167:
1107:
1039:
830:
598:
593:
518:
476:
organized conferences to attempt to create codes of ethics for biohackers.
364:
from a type of jellyfish in order for the rabbit to fluoresce green under
310:
304:
169:
was founded by Jason Bobe and Mackenzie Cowell and its first meeting held.
107:
81:
1283:
623:"Do-it-yourself biology shows safety risks of an open innovation movement"
2931:
2838:
2775:
2770:
2623:
2587:
2465:
2353:
2312:
1530:
920:
448:
to intimidate artists and others who use their art to criticize society.
437:
353:
246:
239:
1960:"Artist plays detective: Can I reconstruct a face from a piece of hair?"
1922:
1792:"Welcome to the AndroidAPS documentation — AndroidAPS 3.0 documentation"
1357:
1943:
Jenkins, Mark (2013-09-18). "A 'Cyber' exhibit as timely as the news".
1879:
526:
503:
391:
349:
318:
227:
177:
84:
1767:
994:
Wu, Chen-Yi; Hu, Hsiao-Yun; Chow, Lok-Hi; et al. (22 June 2015).
2833:
2418:
1836:"This Biohacker Used Eyedrops To Give Himself Temporary Night Vision"
453:
2219:
2031:
1581:
1556:
821:
804:
2916:
2317:
2164:"Extreme Genetic Engineering: An Introduction to Synthetic Biology"
540:
536:
434:
322:
255:
173:
88:
1180:
2843:
2327:
852:
575:
522:
430:
326:
314:
207:
27:
1455:
921:
Dariusz Jemielniak; Aleksandra Przegalinska (18 February 2020).
783:"Splice It Yourself: Who needs a geneticist? Build your own lab"
721:
Katz, J. S. (1990). "That which is not forbidden is Mandatory".
2373:
2139:"The role of codes of conduct in the amateur biology community"
948:
484:
473:
292:
243:
211:
1312:
1071:
73:
67:
using the same methods as traditional research institutions.
2719:
1986:"Scientist pleads guilty to mailing bacteria for 'bio-art'"
1409:
914:
361:
226:
Many organizations maintain a laboratory akin to a wet-lab
155:
1120:
37:
Preparation of a biohacking kit for a biology workshop in
1074:"Metabolism disrupting chemicals and metabolic disorders"
1358:"DremelFuge – A One-Piece Centrifuge for Rotary Tools"
416:
Biohacking experiences many of the same criticisms as
321:
transplant and the creation of open source artificial
1983:
122:, political, and artistic elements of the movement.
1750:"Tech-savvy Families use homebuilt diabetes device"
1706:"These Biohackers Are Creating Open-Source Insulin"
1431:"Coffee Cup – PCR Thermocycler costing under 350$ "
466:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
19:"DIYbio" redirects here. For the organization, see
444:by critics who argue the U.S. government has used
2258:
1817:"Biohackers are implanting LEDs under their skin"
3081:
2065:"Amateurs Are New Fear in Creating Mutant Virus"
1855:"Meet the first humans to sense where north is"
145:hackers, the hobby gained additional momentum.
2152:
1852:
1622:
2947:
2244:
313:project aims to make the recombinant protein
295:to engineer the genome of bacteria or yeast.
221:
1728:
1506:"Interview to Open Trons | Open Electronics"
993:
798:
796:
673:"What is biohacking and why should we care?"
2194:. Archived from the original on 2019-10-06.
1554:
491:
462:FBI Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate
348:In 2000, controversial and self-described "
148:In 2005 Rob Carlson wrote in an article in
2961:
2954:
2940:
2251:
2237:
2158:
2039:
1984:The Associated Press (October 29, 2007).
1747:
1580:
1384:"DNA is now DIY: OpenPCR ships worldwide"
1381:
1157:
1147:
1097:
1029:
1019:
820:
793:
411:
2185:
2127:Science Safety Security official website
1957:
233:
32:
1942:
1833:
1678:
1557:"Governance: Learn from DIY biologists"
1503:
873:"DIY Biotech Hacker Space Opens in NYC"
802:
780:
747:
670:
3082:
2062:
1877:
1814:
1703:
1606:"Is DIY Kitchen CRISPR A Class Issue?"
1223:
870:
842:
840:
285:
2935:
2232:
1628:
1052:
645:
515:(BOSLab), in Cambridge, Massachusetts
2852:
2186:Boustead, Greg (December 11, 2008).
1853:Thaddeus-Johns, Josie (2017-01-06).
1729:Duhaime-Ross, Arielle (2016-05-04).
965:
720:
695:
639:
460:researchers in 2005. In the US the
80:endeavor for community learning and
2212:
2008:"The 1918 flu virus is resurrected"
1603:
837:
498:Baltimore Underground Science Space
458:Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
13:
2131:
1878:Dickey, Christopher (April 2001).
973:"Rob Carlson on synthetic biology"
277:
14:
3126:
1334:"Counter Culture Labs Membership"
1055:"How to Biohack Your Metabolism?"
1704:Ossola, Alexandra (2015-11-18).
1053:Singh, Honey (2 February 2020).
860:from the original on 2021-12-20.
553:, an international collaboration
16:Biotechnological social movement
2179:
2120:
2095:
2075:
2056:
2000:
1977:
1958:Krulwich, Robert (2013-06-28).
1951:
1936:
1907:
1871:
1846:
1827:
1808:
1784:
1760:
1741:
1722:
1697:
1679:Krieger, Lisa M. (2016-01-11).
1672:
1647:
1597:
1548:
1523:
1504:Landoni, Boris (11 July 2014).
1497:
1472:
1448:
1423:
1394:
1375:
1350:
1326:
1297:
1268:
1217:
1174:
1114:
1065:
1046:
987:
949:"Biohack the Planet Conference"
941:
889:
864:
748:Schrage, Michael (1988-01-31).
696:Katz, Sylvan (6 January 1990).
671:Michels, Spencer (2014-09-23).
532:Four Thieves Vinegar Collective
500:(BUGSS), in Baltimore, Maryland
446:post-9/11 anti-terrorism powers
427:Federal Bureau of Investigation
2999:Patient and public involvement
2063:Zimmer, Carl (March 5, 2012).
1834:Dvorsky, George (2016-03-27).
1748:Linebaugh, Kate (2016-05-09).
1629:Hicks, Jennifer (2014-03-15).
1382:Jankowski, Tito (2011-07-06).
1090:10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.10.001
774:
750:"Playing God in your basement"
741:
714:
689:
664:
646:Hicks, Jennifer (2014-03-15).
615:
578:, the cybersecurity conference
513:Boston Open Science Laboratory
483:reviewed by other biohackers.
1:
2987:Participatory action research
2829:Open-source software movement
2558:Free and open-source software
2287:Commons-based peer production
2018:(7060): 794–5. October 2005.
609:
206:of microcontrollers like the
1195:10.1016/j.apergo.2018.02.026
1149:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005276
1021:10.1371/journal.pone.0130993
805:"Garage : Life hackers"
214:3-D printers, very low-cost
160:Molecular Sciences Institute
102:emphasize the connection to
87:, or for profit, to start a
7:
3024:Science by press conference
3014:Public awareness of science
1815:Neifer, Anna (2015-11-09).
871:Mosher, Dave (2010-12-16).
582:
332:
298:
261:
41:in a café in Rennes in 2020
10:
3131:
2907:Open educational resources
1555:Todd Kuiken (2016-03-09).
1128:PLOS Computational Biology
561:Victoria, British Columbia
302:
222:Community laboratory space
193:
125:
25:
18:
2967:
2794:
2733:
2695:Open Knowledge Foundation
2685:Open Architecture Network
2667:
2642:
2606:
2550:
2514:
2502:Open-door academic policy
2474:
2438:
2429:
2384:
2336:
2279:
2270:
2204:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2188:"The Biohacking Hobbyist"
1796:androidaps.readthedocs.io
1631:"The Biohacking Hobbyist"
1604:Yin, Steph (2016-05-03).
781:Carlson, Rob (May 2005).
648:"The Biohacking Hobbyist"
359:green fluorescent protein
162:in Berkeley, California.
2680:Free Software Foundation
2593:Open-source architecture
2103:"NSABB Official Website"
1402:"Pocket PCR for pennies"
492:Groups and organizations
440:, has been denounced as
392:surveillance of the body
2643:Politics and governance
1915:"Critical Art Ensemble"
1895:Cite magazine requires
1510:Open Source Electronics
1305:"Biocurious Membership"
1246:10.1126/science.1228183
1078:Reproductive Toxicology
803:Ledford, Heidi (2010).
329:, Loop and AndroidAPS.
325:for diabetics, such as
133:Biohacking entered the
2962:Science and the public
2814:Free software movement
2705:Open Source Initiative
2655:Open-source governance
2538:Open-source journalism
1990:First Amendment Center
1880:"I Love My Glow Bunny"
412:Criticism and concerns
388:in vitro fertilisation
343:
216:scientific instruments
46:Do-it-yourself biology
42:
3069:The Amateur Scientist
3034:Science communication
2819:Open science movement
2809:Free-culture movement
2487:Educational resources
2446:Collaborative writing
2323:Participatory culture
1685:San Jose Mercury News
924:Collaborative Society
508:Sunnyvale, California
406:Heather Dewey-Hagborg
380:Critical Art Ensemble
268:Woodrow Wilson Center
234:Open source equipment
218:have been developed.
36:
21:DIYbio (organization)
2598:Open-source hardware
2576:Open-design movement
2569:Open-source software
2337:Research and science
1338:Counter Culture Labs
551:Open Insulin Project
519:Counter Culture Labs
464:has worked with the
442:political repression
204:open-source hardware
3095:Biology and culture
2880:Free Cultural Works
2824:Open Source Ecology
2710:Open Web Foundation
2607:Economic principles
2564:Free/libre software
2461:Participatory media
2024:2005Natur.437..794.
1754:Wall Street Journal
1655:"Biocurious Meetup"
1573:2016Natur.531..167K
1238:2012Sci...337.1303P
1232:(6100): 1303–1304.
1140:2017PLSCB..13E5276P
1012:2015PLoSO..1030993W
754:The Washington Post
574:, a village within
568:, an online network
557:Victoria Makerspace
422:genetic engineering
400:Cult of the New Eve
286:Genetic engineering
182:Victoria Makerspace
167:DIYbio organization
3049:Science journalism
2746:Alexandra Elbakyan
2690:Openmod Initiative
2527:Citizen journalism
2404:Open communication
2385:Data, information,
2308:Open collaboration
2089:2012-10-28 at the
2069:The New York Times
1276:"BUGSS Membership"
1183:Applied Ergonomics
953:Biohack the Planet
572:Biohacking Village
143:SuperHappyDevHouse
120:techno-progressive
43:
3077:
3076:
2982:March for Science
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2917:Open Web movement
2902:Open Data Indices
2756:Peter Murray-Rust
2700:Open Rights Group
2663:
2662:
2546:
2545:
2399:Knowledge commons
1772:loopkit.github.io
1567:(7593): 167–168.
934:978-0-262-35645-9
589:Amateur chemistry
418:synthetic biology
384:The Flesh Machine
366:ultraviolet light
39:Popular Education
3122:
3059:Science outreach
3044:Science festival
3004:Physics outreach
2956:
2949:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2912:Open music model
2876:Definition docs
2865:Creative Commons
2850:
2849:
2766:Richard Stallman
2761:Douglas Rushkoff
2675:Creative Commons
2451:Democratic media
2436:
2435:
2359:Notebook science
2277:
2276:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2195:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2162:(January 2007).
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2105:. Archived from
2099:
2093:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1992:. Archived from
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1921:. Archived from
1919:critical-art.net
1911:
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396:liberal eugenics
58:biotechnological
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3090:Citizen science
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2992:Community-based
2972:Citizen science
2963:
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2921:
2848:
2796:
2790:
2751:Lawrence Lessig
2741:Tim Berners-Lee
2729:
2659:
2650:Open government
2638:
2634:Sharing economy
2619:Open innovation
2602:
2542:
2531:Wiki journalism
2510:
2470:
2456:Open publishing
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2386:
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2344:Citizen science
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2006:
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1982:
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1731:"A Bitter Pill"
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856:. 31 Dec 2008.
848:"PBS News Hour"
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278:Research topics
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137:programmer and
128:
118:emphasizes the
100:wetware hacking
61:social movement
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3128:
3118:
3117:
3115:Hacker culture
3112:
3110:Do it yourself
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3074:
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3064:Science policy
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2482:Open education
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2448:
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2409:Open knowledge
2406:
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1999:
1996:on 2009-02-10.
1976:
1950:
1947:. p. E18.
1935:
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1480:"DIY NanoDrop"
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1374:
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1325:
1296:
1267:
1216:
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1113:
1064:
1045:
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983:on 2011-10-09.
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104:hacker culture
78:not-for-profit
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3127:
3116:
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3108:
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3105:Biotechnology
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2977:Conversazione
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2885:Free Software
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2786:John Wilbanks
2784:
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2629:Open standard
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2522:Citizen media
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2432:and learning
2430:Communication
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2292:Crowdsourcing
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2240:
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2193:
2192:Seed Magazine
2189:
2182:
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2134:
2128:
2123:
2109:on 2015-11-17
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2017:
2013:
2009:
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1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1939:
1925:on 2015-11-13
1924:
1920:
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1889:
1888:cite magazine
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1451:
1436:
1435:Instructables
1432:
1426:
1412:on 2015-11-06
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1315:on 2017-05-10
1314:
1310:
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1300:
1286:on 2017-08-25
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1083:
1079:
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1068:
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1059:Do BioHacking
1056:
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1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
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978:
977:The Economist
974:
968:
954:
950:
944:
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927:. MIT Press.
926:
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902:
901:Make Magazine
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702:New Scientist
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272:Josiah Zayner
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165:In 2008, the
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29:
22:
3039:Science fair
3029:Science Café
2803:
2795:Projects and
2781:Aaron Swartz
2715:Pirate Party
2614:Gift economy
2394:Free content
2369:Science data
2349:Open science
2301:
2297:
2280:Key concepts
2271:Concepts and
2264:open content
2260:Free culture
2220:"DIYbio/FAQ"
2214:
2200:cite journal
2191:
2181:
2170:. Retrieved
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2133:
2122:
2111:. Retrieved
2107:the original
2097:
2077:
2068:
2058:
2015:
2011:
2002:
1994:the original
1989:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1963:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1927:. Retrieved
1923:the original
1918:
1909:
1873:
1862:. Retrieved
1859:The Guardian
1858:
1848:
1839:
1829:
1820:
1810:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:
1786:
1775:. Retrieved
1771:
1762:
1753:
1743:
1734:
1724:
1713:. Retrieved
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1437:. 2009-06-13
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1364:. 2009-12-23
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2624:Open patent
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2466:Peer review
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1821:Motherboard
1486:. Hackteria
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247:rotary tool
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2144:4 February
2113:2015-10-26
1929:2015-11-20
1864:2018-06-02
1801:2022-07-25
1777:2022-07-25
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1715:2016-06-17
1690:2016-06-17
1665:2016-06-17
1640:2016-06-19
1615:2016-06-19
1541:2019-08-17
1537:. OpenCell
1515:1 November
1490:2016-06-17
1465:2016-06-17
1456:"OpenDrop"
1441:2016-06-17
1416:2015-10-26
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1343:2016-06-17
1319:2016-06-17
1309:Biocurious
1290:2016-06-17
958:2016-06-19
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882:2017-07-25
767:2015-10-25
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632:2024-03-15
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319:microbiome
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