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2430:"As well as the packet switched network actually built at NPL for communication between their local computing facilities, some simulation experiments have been performed on larger networks. A summary of this work is reported in . The work was carried out to investigate networks of a size capable of providing data communications facilities to most of the U.K. ... Experiments were then carried out using a method of flow control devised by Davies called 'isarithmic' flow control. ... The simulation work carried out at NPL has, in many respects, been more realistic than most of the ARPA network theoretical studies."
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737:. The project was managed by David Yates who said of it "We had a community of bright people that were interested in new things, they were good fodder for a system like Scrapbook" and "When we had more than one Scrapbook system, hyperlinks could go across the network without the user knowing what was happening". It was decided that any commercial development of Scrapbook should be left to industry and it was licensed to Triad and then to BT who marketed it as Milepost and developed a transaction processor as an additional feature. Various implementations were marketed on
1101:
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meetings of what is now called
Datacomm. Its first incarnation was a long title having to do with the analysis and optimization of computer communication networks, or something like that. This started in late 1969, I think, was when the first meeting happened in Pine Hill, Georgia. I didn't go to that one, but I went to the next one that was at Stanford, I think. That's where I met Scantlebury, I believe, for the first time. Then I had a lot more interaction with him. I would come to the UK fairly regularly, partly for IFIP or INWG reasons
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The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and
1245:
This was the start of 10 years of pioneering work at the NPL in packet switching. ... At that lecture he first became aware that Paul Baran, of the RAND Corporation, had proposed a similar system in the context of military communication. His report was not as detailed as Davies's design and had not
269:
departments, the governing committee of the observatory became increasingly dominated by paid university physicists in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. By this time, instrument-testing was the observatory's main role. Physicists sought the establishment of a state-funded scientific
2644:
Roger
Scantlebury was one of the major players. And Donald Davies who ran, at least he was superintendent of the information systems division or something like that. I absolutely had a lot of interaction with NPL at the time. They in fact came to the ICCC 72 and they had been coming to previous
337:
It was decided in 2012 to change the operating model for NPL from 2014 onwards to include academic partners and to establish a postgraduate teaching institute on site. The date of the changeover was later postponed for a year. The candidates for lead academic partner were the
Universities of
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in early 1969, which operated until 1986. They carried out work to analyse and simulate the performance of a wide-area packet-switched network capable of providing data communications facilities to most of the U.K. Their research and practice influenced the
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3108:. Formal Software Development – Proceedings (Volume 1) of the 4th International Symposium of VDM Europe (VDM’91), Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 551. Springer. pp. 526–544.
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444:(Automatic Computing Engine), which was one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. Clifford Hodge also worked there and was engaged in research on semiconductors. Others who have spent time at NPL include
294:. Its purpose was "for standardising and verifying instruments, for testing materials, and for the determination of physical constants". The laboratory was run by the UK government, with members of staff being part of
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won the bid and all staff transferred to their employment. Under this regime, overhead costs halved, third-party revenues grew by 16% per annum, and the number of peer-reviewed research papers published doubled.
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3225:"Calibration and characterisation of sonar transducers and systems : Products & Services : Underwater Acoustics : Acoustics : Science + Technology : National Physical Laboratory"
17:
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used a common host protocol in both networks. NPL research confirmed establishing a common host protocol would be more reliable and efficient. The EIN protocol helped to launch the proposed INWG standard.
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work at the laboratory has contributed to the advancement of many disciplines of science, including the development of early computers in the late 1940s and 1950s, construction of the first accurate
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Committee, Great
Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Science and Technology; Technology, Great Britain Parliament House of Commons Select Committee on Science and (4 August 2006).
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688:(INWG). Connecting heterogeneous computer networks creates a "basic dilemma" since a common host protocol would require restructuring the existing networks. NPL connected with the
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was run by self-funded devotees of science. In the early 1850s, the observatory began charging fees for testing meteorological instruments and other scientific equipment. As
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Lampard, R. P. (1991). An
Implementation of MAA from a VDM Specification (NPL Technical Memorandum DITC 50/91). Teddington, Middlesex, UK: National Physical Laboratory.
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Parkin, Graeme I.; O’Neill, G. (1990). Specification of the MAA Standard in VDM (NPL Report DITC 160/90). National
Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK.
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Identity Card
Technologies: Scientific Advice, Risk and Evidence; Sixth Report of Session 2005-06; Report, Together with Formal Minutes, Oral and Written Evidence
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2978:"it is certainly the first system I know of to combine screen-based word processing, hypertext and e-mail as a service over a general-purpose computer network."
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The first packet-switching network was implemented at the
National Physical Laboratories in the United Kingdom. It was quickly followed by the ARPANET in 1969.
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Administration of NPL was contracted out in 1995 under a
Government Owned Contractor Operated (GOCO) model, via a new operating company, NPL Management Ltd.
1100:
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Lai, M. K. F. (1991). A Formal
Interpretation of the MAA Standard in Z (NPL Report DITC 184/91). Teddington, Middlesex, UK: National Physical Laboratory.
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3195:"Dimensional Specialist Inspection and Measurement Services : Measurement Services : Commercial Services : National Physical Laboratory"
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Funding was announced in January 2013 for a new £25m Advanced Metrology Laboratory that will be built on the footprint of an existing unused building.
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692:(Barber directed the project and Scantlebury led the UK technical contribution) by translating between two different host protocols; that is, using a
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Moseley, Russell (1978). "The Origins and Early Years of the National Physical Laboratory: A Chapter in the Pre-history of British Science Policy".
6789:
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1696:"Press Release – Universities of Surrey and Strathclyde selected as strategic partners in the future operation of the National Physical Laboratory"
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and Jack Parry in 1955 at NPL. Calibration of the caesium standard atomic clock was carried out by the use of the astronomical time scale
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Minelli, C. & Clifford, C.A. (2012). "The role of metrology and the UK National Physical Laboratory in Nanotechnology".
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773:. The VDM specification became part of the 1992 revision of the International Standard 8731–2, and three implementations in
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Davies, Shanks, Heart, Barker, Despres, Detwiler and Riml, "Report of Subgroup 1 on Communication System", INWG Note No. 1.
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Scrapbook was an information storage and retrieval system that went live in mid-1971. It included what would now be called
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to decipher German encrypted messages, worked at the National Physical Laboratory from 1945 to 1947. He designed there the
1991:
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1759:"National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom, TW11 0LW - aml-letter-july2013.pdf"
1603:"Microsoft Word - Briefing document 26 March 2013_final - establishing-a-new-partnership-for-the-npl-briefing-note.pdf"
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NPL sponsors a gallery, opened in 2009, about the development of packet switching and "Technology of the Internet" at
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2428:(PhD thesis). Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London.
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Macdonald, Lee T. (2018). "University physicists and the origins of the National Physical Laboratory, 1830–1900".
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3285:"New CEO for National Physical Laboratory : News : News + Events : National Physical Laboratory"
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computer, which first worked in May 1950. Among those who worked on the project was American computer pioneer
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and NPL successfully used microwaves to measure blood-based molecules known to be influenced by dehydration.
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229:. The former heads of NPL include many individuals who were pillars of the British scientific establishment.
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Markowitz, W; Hall, R G; Essen, L; Parry, J V L (1958). "Frequency of cesium in terms of ephemeris time".
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448:, generally considered the inventor of radar, Oswald Kubaschewski, the father of computational materials
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1573:"The Termination of the PFI Contract for the National Physical Laboratory |National Audit Office"
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1666:"Future operation of the National Physical Laboratory | National Measurement System | BIS"
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2016:; Parry, J. V. L. (1955). "An Atomic Standard of Frequency and Time Interval: A Cæsium Resonator".
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Papers Presented at the Sixteenth I.E.E. Week-End Meeting on the History of Electrical Engineering
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580:(ACE) computer. The ACE project was overambitious and floundered, leading to Turing's departure.
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who did early development work on the "Bouncing Bomb" used in the "Dam Busters" wartime raids;
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McKenzie, Alexander (2011). "INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account".
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Google video featuring Roger Scantlebury, Peter Wilkinson, Peter Kirstein and Vint Cerf, 2013
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Donald W. Davies, who proposed a method for transmitting data that made the Internet possible
940:
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Proposal for the Development of a National Communications Service for On-line Data Processing
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with an alliance of the Universities of Strathclyde and Surrey chosen as preferred partners.
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The new laboratory building, which had been maintained by Serco, was transferred back to the
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The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution
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Leonard Kleinrock: Donald Davies ... did make a single node packet switch before ARPA did
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Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Future Digital Economy and Online Safety
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worldwide. Davies designed and proposed a national commercial data network in his 1965
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1408:"University physicists and the origins of the National Physical Laboratory, 1830–1900"
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of the United Kingdom. It sets and maintains physical standards for British industry.
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Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995
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Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945–1995
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1791:"Future operation of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). Retrieved 24 March 2015"
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Parks, open spaces and nature reserves in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
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Needham, Roger M. (2002). "Donald Watts Davies, C.B.E. 7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000".
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3082:(NPL Report DITC 191/91). Teddington, Middlesex, UK: National Physical Laboratory.
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244:, and is one of the most extensive government laboratories in the United Kingdom.
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2286:. Symposium of the Institution of Analysts & Programmers 2001. Archived from
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1983:
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NPL Management Ltd and the operation of the laboratory transferred back to the
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in 2004 after the private sector companies involved made losses of over £100m.
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Parkin, Graeme I.; O’Neill, G. (1991). Prehn, Søren; Toetenel, W. J. (eds.).
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Networks: Internet, Telephony, Multimedia: Convergences and Complementarities
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New building with preserved gates from the original entrance on Queen's Road
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research was led by Davies, Barber and Scantlebury, who were members of the
240:, west London. It is operated by NPL Management Ltd, a company owned by the
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2226:"Packet Switching: The first steps on the road to the information society"
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who worked in NPL's aerodynamics division during World War II researching
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S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.
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2013:
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Painting of the laboratory by Lee Campbell, resident artist there in 2009
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In the early 1990s, the NPL developed three formal specifications of the
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machines. All NPL implementations of Scrapbook were closed down in 1984.
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298:. It grew to fill a large selection of buildings on the Teddington site.
287:
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took the project over and concentrated on delivering the less ambitious
225:
in the 1960s, which is today one of the fundamental technologies of the
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1729:"Announcement of £25 million Advanced Metrology Laboratory at NPL"
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Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
2362:(Podcast). Chapter Two: In the Air. Inc. Magazine. 35:55 minutes in.
2330:
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The National Physical Laboratory is involved with new developments in
555:(ET). This led to the internationally agreed definition of the latest
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5369:
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3358:
Claxton, J K (1983). "The National Physical Laboratory – A History".
3319:"Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)"
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1960:
1935:
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NPL has undertaken computer research since the mid-1940s. From 1945,
491:
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210:
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Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for AI and Digital Government
3202:
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LOTOS Specification of the MAA Standard, with an Evaluation of LOTOS
2543:
813:. It is mainly based at the Teddington site, but also has a site in
277:
The Electricity Division of the National Physical Laboratory in 1944
6610:
5879:
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1845:
1370:
Open Standards and the Digital Age: History, Ideology, and Networks
1303:
Who is the Father of the Internet? The case for Donald Watts Davies
782:
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appointed the NPL's first female scientific staff members in 1915,
226:
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Organisations based in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
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1885:
Colossus: The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers
1532:. Ethosjournal.com (2 February 2012). Retrieved on 12 April 2014.
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6463:
6403:
6331:
3563:
Benjamin Stone MP & the NPL – UK Parliament Living Heritage
2243:
726:
18:
Directors of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
6689:
6594:
6439:
6415:
6367:
4509:
4350:
North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers
3901:
3500:"Electric units at the National Physical Laboratory, 1900-50"
507:
307:
3103:
3092:
2375:
286:
The National Physical Laboratory was established in 1900 at
6718:
6535:
6525:
2514:"UK National Physical Laboratory (NPL) & Donald Davies"
39:
4587:
3140:
Researchers use microwaves to measure signs of dehydration
908:
Directors of NPL include a number of notable individuals:
600:
and became one of the best-selling machines of the 1950s.
6652:
6514:
4637:
1260:"Donald W. Davies, 75, Dies; Helped Refine Data Networks"
742:
709:
acknowledged Davies and Scantlebury in their 1974 paper "
314:
NPL procured a large state-of-the-art laboratory under a
183:
3517:
809:, such as researching metrology for, and standardising,
661:, and other researchers in the UK and Europe, including
406:, who worked at NPL for 19 years from 1914 to 1938; and
2694:
Scantlebury, Roger; Wilkinson, Peter (8 January 2020).
390:
who did important work in developing the technology of
221:
in 1955, and the invention and first implementation of
4041:
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
3786:
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
3636:
Minister of State for Science, Research and Innovation
2877:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 505.
2766:
Communications Standards: State of the Art Report 14:3
696:. Concurrently, the NPL connection to the Post Office
2803:"EIN (European Informatics Network) – CHM Revolution"
2444:
How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web
318:
contract in 1998. The construction was undertaken by
4095:
List of UK government scientific research institutes
3022:
Scrapbook and the umbrella (groupware from the 70's)
1846:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1213:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1147:
List of UK government scientific research institutes
636:, now the dominant basis for data communications in
3986:
Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence
2622:"Smithsonian Oral and Video Histories: Vinton Cerf"
2355:
1541:
4056:Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
3801:Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
3645:Minister of State for Data Protection and Telecoms
3074:
2912:"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication"
2441:
1688:
6765:Department for Science, Innovation and Technology
4001:Department for Science, Innovation and Technology
3599:Department for Science, Innovation and Technology
2223:
366:Department for Science, Innovation and Technology
242:Department for Science, Innovation and Technology
173:Department for Science, Innovation and Technology
6825:Government-owned companies of the United Kingdom
6736:
6135:Richmond, Petersham and Ham Open Spaces Act 1902
4283:Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine
711:A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication
2696:"How we nearly invented the internet in the UK"
2439:
2356:Haughney Dare-Bryan, Christine (22 June 2023).
4100:Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology
3316:
3126:
2312:John S, Quarterman; Josiah C, Hoskins (1986).
2311:
2224:Smith, Ed; Miller, Chris; Norton, Jim (2017).
2184:
1152:National Institute of Standards and Technology
362:Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
209:Founded in 1900, the NPL is one of the oldest
6810:Standards organisations in the United Kingdom
6745:National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
6303:
4573:
4263:British Society for the Philosophy of Science
3943:
3583:
3558:The National Physical Laboratory apprentices
3063:
2369:
1118:Ground floor plan of Bushy House in 1901/1902
632:invented and pioneered the implementation of
624:Internet in the United Kingdom § History
270:institution for testing electrical standards.
3959:Science and technology in the United Kingdom
3179:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2870:
2466:
2249:Proposal for a Digital Communication Network
657:in the United States, the forerunner of the
386:Researchers who have worked at NPL include:
6317:
3483:. National Museum of Science and Industry.
3025:, Retro Computing Forum, 11 February 2021,
2656:
2433:
2279:
1492:"Development of the NPL Site 1900-1970.pdf"
6310:
6296:
4580:
4566:
3950:
3936:
3590:
3576:
2300:The system first went 'live' early in 1969
2127:"What Is International Atomic Time (TAI)?"
2012:
47:
38:
27:National measurement institution of the UK
6750:1900 establishments in the United Kingdom
4110:Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies
4076:Science and Technology Facilities Council
3996:Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
3821:Science and Technology Facilities Council
3497:
3386:
2739:
2728:ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
2661:Internet pioneers airbrushed from history
2440:Gillies, James; Cailliau, Robert (2000).
2422:Packet and circuit-switched data networks
2329:
1959:
1405:
1130:Basement plan of Bushy House in 1901/1902
3106:Specification of the MAA Standard in VDM
2909:
2568:
2472:
1887:. Oxford University Press. p. 108.
1882:
1726:
1327:
525:
375:
272:
6790:Research institutes established in 1900
4199:National Museum of Science and Industry
4105:Science and Technology Select Committee
3431:
3357:
2571:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
2511:
2379:Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology
2376:Hempstead, C.; Worthington, W. (2005).
1366:
1210:
752:
402:, one of the pioneers of research into
14:
6737:
4589:London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
3766:Advanced Research and Invention Agency
2831:
2762:
2418:
2242:
2185:Campbell-Kelly, Martin (Autumn 2008).
2180:
2178:
1933:
1864:from the original on 30 September 2020
1406:Macdonald, Lee T. (26 November 2018).
371:
6291:
4561:
4330:The Association for Science Education
3931:
3887:Incubator for Artificial Intelligence
3571:
3476:
3295:from the original on 6 September 2015
3039:
3001:from the original on 12 December 2021
2954:
2952:
2479:. Simon & Schuster. p. 237.
1739:from the original on 24 December 2013
1676:from the original on 24 December 2013
1615:from the original on 24 December 2013
1583:from the original on 24 December 2013
1567:
1565:
1446:from the original on 16 November 2020
1293:
1257:
1158:National Physical Laboratory of India
644:. Subsequently, the NPL team, led by
541:based on a certain transition of the
6218:Cemeteries, crematoria and memorials
4541:
4479:Sites of Special Scientific Interest
4368:Campaign for Science and Engineering
4090:Food and Environment Research Agency
4066:Natural Environment Research Council
4046:Economic and Social Research Council
4036:Arts and Humanities Research Council
3811:Natural Environment Research Council
3791:Economic and Social Research Council
3781:Arts and Humanities Research Council
3029:from the original on 10 October 2021
2969:from the original on 10 October 2021
2958:
2891:from the original on 10 October 2021
2871:Hardy, Daniel; Malleus, Guy (2002).
2852:from the original on 10 October 2021
2813:from the original on 3 February 2020
2550:from the original on 31 January 2020
2546:. The National Museum of Computing.
2524:from the original on 8 February 2012
2400:from the original on 10 October 2021
2163:from the original on 17 October 2017
2070:from the original on 17 October 2017
1994:from the original on 17 October 2017
1827:from the original on 17 October 2017
1646:from the original on 24 January 2021
1387:from the original on 10 October 2021
1367:Russell, Andrew L. (28 April 2014).
1328:Naughton, John (24 September 2015).
1310:from the original on 10 October 2021
1142:Outline of metrology and measurement
968:Gordon Brims Black McIvor Sutherland
733:, anticipating many elements of the
698:Experimental Packet Switched Service
301:
6213:Archives, museums and art galleries
5497:King's Beasts, Hampton Court Palace
5164:Teddington Pools and Fitness Centre
3694:Government Chief Scientific Adviser
3523:The birth of the Internet in the UK
2993:. National Physical Laboratory via
2990:David Yates talks about 'Scrapbook'
2919:IEEE Transactions on Communications
2675:from the original on 1 January 2020
2657:Scantlebury, Roger (25 June 2013).
2650:
2627:National Museum of American History
2614:
2448:. Oxford University Press. p.
2305:
2175:
1858:"Professor Sir James Lighthill FRS"
1348:from the original on 18 August 2020
836:
788:
686:International Network Working Group
603:
537:The first accurate atomic clock, a
53:NPL's main entrance on Hampton Road
24:
6770:Laboratories in the United Kingdom
6263:Schools, colleges and universities
3991:Council for Science and Technology
3323:Annals of the History of Computing
3310:
2949:
2536:
2493:from the original on 14 April 2021
2412:
2283:A Brief History of the NPL Network
2205:from the original on 17 March 2019
1797:from the original on 15 April 2015
1633:
1562:
1299:
675:
567:
498:. Applications have been found in
263:universities in the United Kingdom
25:
6836:
6100:Darell baronets, of Richmond Hill
5159:Royal Tennis Court, Hampton Court
4253:British Mass Spectrometry Society
3771:Information Commissioner's Office
3511:
3265:from the original on 6 March 2019
2783:from the original on 8 March 2021
2721:
2262:from the original on 13 July 2017
2187:"Pioneer Profiles: Donald Davies"
2133:from the original on 18 July 2020
1708:from the original on 14 July 2014
1523:Labs under the microscope – Ethos
1472:from the original on 26 June 2019
1278:from the original on 6 April 2019
1258:Feder, Barnaby J. (4 June 2000).
1251:
1192:from the original on 23 July 2020
793:A 2020 study by researchers from
430:Government Code and Cypher School
6800:Science and technology in London
6712:
6700:
6688:
6676:
6664:
6462:
6450:
6438:
6426:
6414:
6402:
6390:
6378:
6366:
6354:
6342:
6330:
5537:Hampton Court astronomical clock
4849:
4839:
4829:
4819:
4809:
4799:
4794:
4784:
4774:
4764:
4759:
4749:
4739:
4729:
4719:
4709:
4693:
4686:
4540:
4529:
4528:
4505:Science and technology magazines
3667:The Baroness Jones of Whitchurch
2962:Alan Turing and the Ace computer
2512:Stewart, Bill (7 January 2000).
2255:, National Physical Laboratory,
1701:. NPL. 10 July 2014. p. 5.
1468:. National Physical Laboratory.
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1049:
1039:
893:
879:
865:
851:
670:The National Museum of Computing
521:
482:NPL research has contributed to
204:measurement standards laboratory
5655:Garrick's Temple to Shakespeare
3317:Campbell-Kelly, Martin (1987).
3277:
3247:
3217:
3187:
3154:
3131:
3120:
3097:
3086:
3068:
3057:
3013:
2981:
2903:
2864:
2825:
2795:
2756:
2715:
2687:
2605:
2562:
2505:
2349:
2273:
2236:
2217:
2145:
2119:
2082:
2052:
2006:
1976:
1927:
1915:from the original on 6 May 2018
1901:
1876:
1850:
1839:
1809:
1783:
1751:
1720:
1658:
1627:
1595:
1535:
1516:
795:Queen Mary University of London
325:
6140:Treaty of Hampton Court (1562)
6105:GHQ Liaison Regiment (Phantom)
6095:Cook baronets of Doughty House
5820:Royal Military School of Music
5088:Duke of Northumberland's River
3882:British Technology Investments
2959:Ward, Mark (5 February 2010),
2060:"60 years of the Atomic Clock"
1484:
1458:
1399:
1373:. Cambridge University Press.
1360:
1321:
1204:
1174:
13:
1:
6795:Research institutes in London
6059:Murder of Julia Martha Thomas
5903:Admiralty Research Laboratory
5685:Hampton Water Treatment Works
5454:Richmond and Twickenham Times
5221:Hampton Court Palace Festival
5216:Hampton Court Garden Festival
5098:Sudbrook and Latchmere stream
4970:River Thames bridges, islands
4500:Science and technology awards
4016:Government Office for Science
3968:Economy of the United Kingdom
3907:Phone-paid Services Authority
3897:Government Office for Science
2763:Stokes, A. V. (23 May 2014).
2722:A, BarberD L. (1 July 1975).
1909:"James (Jim) Hardy Wilkinson"
1331:A Brief History of the Future
1168:
913:Sir Richard Tetley Glazebrook
252:
6164:Parliamentary constituencies
5999:Richmond Theological College
5795:Park Lane Stables Teddington
5765:National Physical Laboratory
5695:Harrods Furniture Depository
5391:Richmond Theatre (1765–1884|
4288:Royal Academy of Engineering
4273:Geological Society of London
4011:Intellectual Property Office
3861:National Physical Laboratory
3727:Intellectual Property Office
3534:Second Health in Second Life
3259:National Physical Laboratory
2544:"Technology of the Internet"
2230:National Physical Laboratory
2157:National Physical Laboratory
2064:National Physical Laboratory
1988:National Physical Laboratory
1821:National Physical Laboratory
800:
716:
690:European Informatics Network
628:Beginning in the mid-1960s,
562:
559:being based on atomic time.
428:, known for his work at the
200:National Physical Laboratory
64:; 124 years ago
33:National Physical Laboratory
7:
6054:Murder of Amélie Delagrange
5865:Victoria Working Men's Club
5860:University Boat Race Stones
5267:Hare and Hounds, East Sheen
5049:Teddington Lifeboat Station
4495:Innovations and discoveries
4303:Royal Entomological Society
4258:British Science Association
4026:National Technology Advisor
3917:UK Shared Business Services
3912:Regulatory Horizons Council
3703:National Technology Advisor
3640:The Lord Vallance of Balham
3075:Munster, Harold B. (1991).
2910:Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974).
2314:"Notable computer networks"
2280:Scantlebury, Roger (2001).
1936:"Marie Laura Violet Gayler"
1860:. Imperial College London.
1135:
477:
281:
171:NPL Management Ltd for the
10:
6841:
6238:Grade II* listed buildings
5825:Royal Star and Garter Home
5645:East Sheen Filling Station
5492:Diana Fountain, Bushy Park
5400:Film and recording studios
5312:The White Swan, Twickenham
4684:
4335:Royal Society of Chemistry
4308:Royal Geographical Society
4298:Royal Astronomical Society
4293:Royal Aeronautical Society
4031:UK Research and Innovation
3892:Government Digital Service
3776:UK Research and Innovation
3549:NPL Sports and Social Club
3372:10.1088/0031-9112/34/9/029
3163:Nanotechnology Perceptions
2838:. MIT Press. p. 125.
2153:"History of NPL Computing"
1883:Copeland, B. Jack (2006).
1016:, 2008–2009, 2015 (acting)
961:Reginald Leslie Smith-Rose
617:
607:
598:English Electric Computers
578:Automatic Computing Engine
316:Private Finance Initiative
247:
6323:
6276:
6200:
6163:
6077:
6031:
5665:Great Pagoda, Kew Gardens
5560:
5524:
5479:
5445:
5414:The Boathouse, Twickenham
5399:
5320:
5229:
5203:
5134:Cricket clubs and grounds
5119:Athletic Ground, Richmond
5111:
5070:
4969:
4863:
4702:
4595:
4523:
4487:
4436:
4395:
4358:
4236:
4184:
4173:
4118:
3974:
3965:
3874:
3851:
3831:
3758:
3745:
3712:
3675:
3615:
3605:
2931:10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259
2473:Isaacson, Walter (2014).
2318:Communications of the ACM
2113:10.1103/PhysRevLett.1.105
1911:. IEEE Computer Society.
1548:. The Stationery Office.
592:. A commercial spin-off,
533:at right, with Jack Perry
468:Marie Laura Violet Gayler
257:In the 19th century, the
213:institutes in the world.
178:
165:
128:
116:
106:
94:
84:
76:
58:
46:
37:
6233:Grade I listed buildings
6110:Hampton Court Conference
5570:123 Mortlake High Street
5525:Historical royal palaces
5124:Barn Elms playing fields
5071:Other rivers and streams
4345:Royal Society of Biology
4248:British Computer Society
4061:Medical Research Council
4021:Chief Scientific Adviser
3806:Medical Research Council
3477:Yates, David M. (1997).
3401:10.1177/0073275318811445
3114:10.1007/3-540-54834-3_31
3040:Yates, David M. (1997),
1727:Willetts, David (2013).
1528:18 February 2012 at the
1424:10.1177/0073275318811445
1094:Part of the new building
1027:Chief Executive Officers
215:Research and development
6318:Time signal authorities
6253:Local council elections
6085:Adana Printing Machines
5951:Mortlake Tapestry Works
5845:Sudbrook House and Park
5780:Old Town Hall, Richmond
5580:18 Station Road, Barnes
5302:Watney Combe & Reid
5287:Richmond Brewery Stores
5242:The Bull's Head, Barnes
5129:The Championship Course
4906:George Street, Richmond
4133:British space programme
3335:10.1109/MAHC.1987.10023
2807:www.computerhistory.org
2741:10.1145/1015667.1015669
2632:Smithsonian Institution
2092:Physical Review Letters
620:History of the Internet
420:supersonic aerodynamics
124:, TW11 0LW, England, UK
96:Chief Executive Officer
5575:14 The Terrace, Barnes
5282:Park Hotel, Teddington
5272:Jolly Coopers, Hampton
5262:The George, Twickenham
5252:Dysart Arms, Petersham
5139:Golf clubs and courses
4961:The Vineyard, Richmond
3498:Vigoureux, P. (1988).
3231:. 2013. Archived from
3201:. 2013. Archived from
2835:Inventing the Internet
2832:Abbate, Janet (2000).
2419:Clarke, Peter (1982).
1934:Murphy, A. J. (1976).
1764:. 2013. Archived from
1497:. 2013. Archived from
1225:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0006
948:Edward Victor Appleton
934:William Lawrence Bragg
576:led the design of the
534:
383:
278:
202:(NPL) is the national
86:Field of research
6064:Richmond child murder
6015:Star and Garter Hotel
5835:Strawberry Hill House
5690:Hampton Youth Project
5585:70 Barnes High Street
5307:White Cross, Richmond
5247:The Crown, Twickenham
5169:Thames Young Mariners
4515:National Science Week
4449:East London Tech City
4204:National Space Centre
3609:100 Parliament Street
2191:Computer Resurrection
1817:"Notable Individuals"
941:Charles Galton Darwin
920:Joseph Ernest Petavel
819:dimensional metrology
529:
379:
368:) on 1 January 2015.
276:
265:created and expanded
6785:Physics laboratories
6078:Other history topics
6032:Tragedy and disaster
5850:Thatched House Lodge
5770:Normansfield Theatre
5670:Grove House, Hampton
5595:Barnes power station
5532:Hampton Court Palace
5446:Media and publishing
5383:Eel Pie Island Hotel
5360:Puppet Theatre Barge
5297:Twickenham Fine Ales
5211:Annual sports events
4921:Mortlake High Street
4378:Science Media Centre
4278:Institute of Physics
2997:. 10 December 2009.
1154:in the United States
974:John Vernon Dunworth
963:, 1955–1956 (acting)
955:Edward Crisp Bullard
929:, 1936–1937 (acting)
823:underwater acoustics
753:Secure communication
596:was manufactured by
504:aircraft development
150:51.42639°N 0.34361°W
6184:Richmond and Barnes
6039:Barnes child murder
5775:The Old Court House
5740:Langham House Close
5350:Orange Tree Theatre
5257:The Fox, Twickenham
5237:Britannia, Richmond
4956:The Terrace, Barnes
4951:The Green, Richmond
4946:South Circular Road
4901:Church Road, Barnes
4268:Engineering Council
4006:Building Digital UK
3853:Public corporations
3722:Building Digital UK
3685:Permanent Secretary
3649:Sir Chris Bryant MP
3544:NPL YouTube channel
3235:on 24 December 2013
3205:on 24 December 2013
2583:10.1109/MAHC.2011.9
2105:1958PhRvL...1..105M
2030:1955Natur.176..280E
1952:1976Natur.263..535M
1771:on 24 December 2013
1504:on 24 December 2013
1070:The Darwin building
998:John Rae, 1995–2000
827:Wraysbury Reservoir
545:atom, was built by
512:computer networking
394:; the inventor Sir
372:Notable researchers
146: /
34:
5830:St Leonard's Court
5725:King's Observatory
5650:Fulwell bus garage
5620:Chapel in the Wood
5542:Hampton Court Maze
5516:The Queen's Beasts
5437:Teddington Studios
5429:Twickenham Studios
5321:Theatres, cinemas
5277:Old Ship, Richmond
5230:Breweries and pubs
5174:Twickenham Stadium
4994:Corporation Island
4972:and river services
4891:Barnes High Street
4428:Technology writers
4318:Christmas Lectures
4165:Telecommunications
4150:Nuclear technology
3839:Copyright Tribunal
3714:Executive agencies
3698:Dame Angela McLean
3626:Secretary of State
3446:10.1007/BF01096015
3389:History of Science
3044:, Science Museum,
1412:History of Science
1264:The New York Times
993:Managing Directors
927:Frank Edward Smith
535:
516:global positioning
446:Robert Watson-Watt
384:
381:Robert Watson-Watt
279:
155:51.42639; -0.34361
77:Research type
32:
6732:
6731:
6727:
6726:
6285:
6284:
6192:Richmond (Surrey)
6145:Vandeput baronets
6044:Barnes rail crash
5855:Trumpeters' House
5755:Marble Hill House
5610:Cambridge Cottage
5195:Richmond Ice Rink
5154:Pools on the Park
5029:Hammerton's Ferry
4916:Mill Hill, Barnes
4896:Castelnau, Barnes
4864:Streets and roads
4555:
4554:
4391:
4390:
4313:Royal Institution
3925:
3924:
3847:
3846:
3529:NPL Video Podcast
3490:978-0-901805-94-2
2884:978-3-540-00559-9
2845:978-0-262-51115-5
2724:"Cost project 11"
2331:10.1145/6617.6618
2129:. Time and Date.
2024:(4476): 280–282.
1946:(5577): 535–536.
1894:978-0-19-284055-4
1735:(Press release).
1555:978-0-215-03047-4
1380:978-1-139-91661-5
1341:978-1-4746-0277-8
646:Roger Scantlebury
638:computer networks
488:materials science
454:numerical analyst
302:Late 20th century
296:the civil service
196:
195:
16:(Redirected from
6832:
6717:
6716:
6705:
6704:
6693:
6692:
6681:
6680:
6669:
6668:
6467:
6466:
6455:
6454:
6443:
6442:
6431:
6430:
6419:
6418:
6407:
6406:
6395:
6394:
6383:
6382:
6371:
6370:
6359:
6358:
6347:
6346:
6335:
6334:
6326:
6325:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6289:
6288:
6248:Local government
5935:Cross Deep House
5600:Brinsworth House
5503:The Naked Ladies
5365:Richmond Theatre
5323:and music venues
5179:Twickenham Stoop
5062:Twickenham Ferry
4853:
4843:
4833:
4823:
4813:
4803:
4798:
4788:
4778:
4768:
4763:
4753:
4743:
4733:
4723:
4713:
4703:Railway stations
4697:
4690:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4559:
4558:
4544:
4543:
4532:
4531:
4444:Burlington House
4182:
4181:
4160:Renewable energy
4071:Research England
3952:
3945:
3938:
3929:
3928:
3816:Research England
3756:
3755:
3748:Non-departmental
3592:
3585:
3578:
3569:
3568:
3518:Official website
3507:
3494:
3473:
3428:
3383:
3360:Physics Bulletin
3354:
3329:(3/4): 221–247.
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3178:
3170:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2916:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2447:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2333:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:on 7 August 2003
2277:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2038:10.1038/176280a0
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1961:10.1038/263535b0
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1793:. 10 July 2014.
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
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1770:
1763:
1755:
1749:
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1744:
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1713:
1707:
1700:
1692:
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1662:
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1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1599:
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1592:
1590:
1588:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1539:
1533:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1496:
1488:
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1481:
1479:
1477:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1300:Harris, Trevor,
1297:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1178:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1053:
897:
883:
869:
855:
843:Directors of NPL
837:Directors of NPL
831:Heathrow Airport
789:Electromagnetics
634:packet switching
610:Packet switching
604:Packet switching
539:caesium standard
484:physical science
464:Walter Rosenhain
438:Second World War
408:Sydney Goldstein
232:NPL is based at
223:packet switching
192:
189:
187:
185:
167:Operating agency
161:
160:
158:
157:
156:
151:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
72:
70:
65:
51:
42:
35:
31:
21:
6840:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6711:
6699:
6687:
6675:
6663:
6657:
6626:
6615:
6604:
6588:
6567:
6556:
6540:
6519:
6508:
6497:
6486:
6461:
6449:
6437:
6425:
6413:
6401:
6389:
6377:
6365:
6353:
6341:
6329:
6319:
6316:
6286:
6281:
6272:
6196:
6159:
6130:Richmond Flyers
6125:Pocock baronets
6073:
6069:Towpath murders
6049:Ham bank murder
6027:
6023:Twickenham Park
5890:Yelverton Lodge
5750:Lichfield Court
5745:Latchmere House
5660:Garrick's Villa
5562:
5556:
5552:Richmond Palace
5520:
5475:
5441:
5424:Olympic Studios
5419:Eel Pie Studios
5395:
5355:OSO Arts Centre
5345:Olympic Studios
5330:The Bull's Head
5322:
5316:
5292:Sun Inn, Barnes
5225:
5199:
5107:
5066:
5054:Teddington Lock
5024:Trowlock Island
5004:Glover's Island
4971:
4965:
4931:Old Palace Yard
4926:Old Palace Lane
4859:
4825:Strawberry Hill
4698:
4692:
4691:
4682:
4663:Strawberry Hill
4591:
4586:
4556:
4551:
4519:
4483:
4432:
4418:Science writers
4413:Nobel laureates
4387:
4354:
4340:Science Council
4240:
4238:
4232:
4221:Golden triangle
4194:Science museums
4186:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4120:
4114:
4083:UK Space Agency
3978:
3976:
3970:
3961:
3956:
3926:
3921:
3870:
3866:Ordnance Survey
3843:
3827:
3752:
3749:
3741:
3737:UK Space Agency
3708:
3705:: Dr Dave Smith
3671:
3658:Feryal Clark MP
3611:
3601:
3596:
3514:
3491:
3313:
3311:Further reading
3308:
3298:
3296:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3144:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3121:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3032:
3030:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2957:
2950:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2885:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2846:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2777:
2761:
2757:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2655:
2651:
2637:
2635:
2634:. 24 April 1990
2620:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2518:Living Internet
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2487:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2394:
2374:
2370:
2359:Computer Freaks
2354:
2350:
2324:(10): 932–971.
2310:
2306:
2293:
2291:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2259:
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2237:
2222:
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2125:
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2120:
2087:
2083:
2073:
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2058:
2057:
2053:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1902:
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1605:
1601:
1600:
1596:
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1540:
1536:
1530:Wayback Machine
1521:
1517:
1507:
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1501:
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1080:
1071:
1068:
1059:
1054:
1042:
1008:Steve McQuillan
950:, 1941 (acting)
906:
905:
904:
901:
898:
889:
884:
875:
870:
861:
856:
845:
844:
839:
803:
791:
755:
723:word processing
719:
682:internetworking
678:
676:Internetworking
626:
616:
608:Main articles:
606:
570:
568:Early computers
565:
524:
480:
472:Isabel Hadfield
457:James Wilkinson
432:(GC&CS) at
412:James Lighthill
374:
328:
304:
284:
259:Kew Observatory
255:
250:
182:
168:
154:
152:
148:
145:
140:
137:
135:
133:
132:
97:
87:
80:Applied Physics
68:
66:
63:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6838:
6828:
6827:
6822:
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6812:
6807:
6802:
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6757:
6752:
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6709:
6697:
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6673:
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6655:
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6645:
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6387:
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6300:
6292:
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6260:
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6230:
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6215:
6210:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6186:
6178:
6173:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6155:Wigan baronets
6152:
6150:Warren-Lambert
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6120:Petersham Hole
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6017:
6009:
6001:
5993:
5991:Richmond Lodge
5985:
5983:Richmond House
5977:
5969:
5961:
5953:
5945:
5937:
5929:
5927:Cardigan House
5921:
5913:
5905:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5805:Pembroke Lodge
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5760:Montrose House
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
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5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5625:Clarence House
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5564:
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5513:
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5494:
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5465:
5457:
5449:
5447:
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5442:
5440:
5439:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5385:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5335:Crawdaddy Club
5332:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
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5249:
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5213:
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5156:
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5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5093:Longford River
5090:
5085:
5080:
5078:Beverley Brook
5074:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4999:Eel Pie Island
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
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4908:
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4772:
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4605:
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4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4383:Wellcome Trust
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
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4321:
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4305:
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4206:
4201:
4190:
4188:
4179:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4155:Pharmaceutical
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
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4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
3998:
3993:
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3871:
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3868:
3863:
3857:
3855:
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3841:
3835:
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3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
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3783:
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3768:
3762:
3760:
3753:
3746:
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3742:
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3710:
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3707:
3706:
3700:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3660:
3651:
3642:
3633:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3607:Headquarters:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3513:
3512:External links
3510:
3509:
3508:
3495:
3489:
3474:
3440:(2): 222–250.
3429:
3384:
3355:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3276:
3246:
3216:
3186:
3153:
3130:
3119:
3096:
3085:
3067:
3056:
3051:978-0901805942
3050:
3012:
2980:
2948:
2925:(5): 637–648.
2902:
2883:
2863:
2844:
2824:
2794:
2775:
2755:
2714:
2686:
2649:
2613:
2604:
2561:
2535:
2504:
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2465:
2459:978-0192862075
2458:
2432:
2411:
2392:
2368:
2348:
2304:
2272:
2235:
2216:
2174:
2144:
2118:
2099:(3): 105–107.
2081:
2051:
2005:
1975:
1926:
1900:
1893:
1875:
1849:
1838:
1808:
1782:
1750:
1719:
1687:
1657:
1626:
1594:
1561:
1554:
1534:
1515:
1483:
1457:
1398:
1379:
1359:
1340:
1320:
1292:
1250:
1246:been acted on.
1203:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
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1144:
1137:
1134:
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1120:
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1074:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:, 2015–present
1033:Peter Thompson
1024:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
990:
989:
983:
977:
971:
964:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
903:
902:
899:
892:
890:
885:
878:
876:
871:
864:
862:
859:E. V. Appleton
857:
850:
847:
846:
842:
841:
840:
838:
835:
811:nanotechnology
802:
799:
790:
787:
754:
751:
735:World Wide Web
718:
715:
677:
674:
605:
602:
569:
566:
564:
561:
552:ephemeris time
523:
520:
479:
476:
450:thermodynamics
434:Bletchley Park
422:respectively.
416:boundary layer
373:
370:
327:
324:
303:
300:
283:
280:
254:
251:
249:
246:
194:
193:
180:
176:
175:
169:
166:
163:
162:
130:
126:
125:
120:Hampton Road,
118:
114:
113:
110:
104:
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101:Peter Thompson
98:
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60:
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44:
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6837:
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6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
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6720:
6715:
6710:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6654:
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6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6553:
6552:BBC (198 kHz)
6550:
6548:
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6412:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6313:
6308:
6306:
6301:
6299:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6280:
6275:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6171:Richmond Park
6169:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
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6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6090:Ashe baronets
6088:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
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5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
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5984:
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5978:
5976:
5973:
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5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
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5952:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5919:Camp Griffiss
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5815:Poppy Factory
5813:
5811:
5810:Pope's Grotto
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5785:Ormeley Lodge
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5735:Langham House
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5705:The Homestead
5703:
5701:
5700:Hogarth House
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5675:Halford House
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5635:Douglas House
5633:
5631:
5630:Doughty House
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
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5568:
5567:
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5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5471:Hogarth Press
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5187:Ranelagh Club
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5112:Sports venues
5110:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:Richmond Lock
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:Hampton Ferry
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5019:Tagg's Island
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4989:Benn's Island
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
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4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
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4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
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4856:
4852:
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4781:
4777:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4726:
4725:Barnes Bridge
4722:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4689:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
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4609:
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4526:
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4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:Silicon Gorge
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Science parks
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
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4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4373:EngineeringUK
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
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4326:
4325:Royal Society
4323:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
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4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
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4243:
4237:Societies and
4235:
4227:
4226:Russell Group
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4205:
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4200:
4197:
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4009:
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4003:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
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3777:
3774:
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3764:
3763:
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3757:
3754:
3751:
3750:public bodies
3744:
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3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
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3711:
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3699:
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3692:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3677:Civil Service
3674:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3630:Peter Kyle MP
3627:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
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3604:
3600:
3593:
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3539:NMS Home Page
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2701:New Scientist
2697:
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1045:NPL buildings
1044:
1043:
1040:NPL buildings
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1020:Brian Bowsher
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
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1003:
1002:Bob McGuiness
1000:
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986:Peter Clapham
984:
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900:Peter Clapham
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768:
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744:
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656:
651:
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631:
630:Donald Davies
625:
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615:
611:
601:
599:
595:
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587:
583:
582:Donald Davies
579:
575:
560:
558:
554:
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548:
544:
540:
532:
528:
522:Atomic clocks
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
475:
473:
469:
465:
462:Metallurgist
460:
458:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:metal fatigue
401:
397:
396:Barnes Wallis
393:
392:quartz clocks
389:
382:
378:
369:
367:
363:
358:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
335:
333:
323:
321:
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309:
299:
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275:
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260:
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239:
235:
230:
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216:
212:
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205:
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181:
177:
174:
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164:
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79:
75:
61:
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45:
41:
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30:
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6643:RNS (CHAYKA)
6396:
6268:Sports clubs
6201:Other topics
6188:
6180:
6019:
6011:
6007:Sheen Priory
6003:
5995:
5987:
5979:
5975:Radnor House
5971:
5967:Pope's villa
5963:
5959:Mount Ararat
5955:
5947:
5939:
5931:
5923:
5915:
5911:Alcott House
5907:
5899:
5800:The Pavilion
5764:
5730:Kneller Hall
5720:Kew Mortuary
5710:Hotham House
5615:Chapel House
5590:Asgill House
5561:Other places
5508:
5501:
5467:
5463:Gaydar Radio
5459:
5452:
5433:
5406:
5387:
5379:
5340:The Exchange
5191:
5183:
5149:The Lensbury
5144:Hampton Pool
5103:River Thames
5058:
5009:Platt's Eyot
4936:Queen's Road
4815:St Margarets
4755:Hampton Wick
4658:St Margarets
4633:Hampton Wick
4628:Hampton Hill
4539:
4527:
4469:Silicon Glen
4239:professional
4211:Universities
4176:governmental
3860:
3624:
3503:
3479:
3437:
3433:
3395:(1): 73–92.
3392:
3388:
3363:
3359:
3326:
3322:
3297:. Retrieved
3288:
3279:
3267:. Retrieved
3258:
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3233:the original
3228:
3219:
3207:. Retrieved
3203:the original
3198:
3189:
3175:cite journal
3166:
3162:
3156:
3145:, retrieved
3139:
3133:
3122:
3105:
3099:
3088:
3070:
3059:
3041:
3038:which cites
3031:, retrieved
3021:
3015:
3003:. Retrieved
2989:
2983:
2971:, retrieved
2965:, BBC News,
2961:
2942:
2922:
2918:
2905:
2893:. Retrieved
2873:
2866:
2854:. Retrieved
2834:
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2806:
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2769:. Elsevier.
2765:
2758:
2734:(3): 12–15.
2731:
2727:
2717:
2705:. Retrieved
2699:
2689:
2677:. Retrieved
2668:The Guardian
2666:
2660:
2652:
2643:
2638:23 September
2636:. Retrieved
2625:
2616:
2607:
2577:(1): 66–71.
2574:
2570:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2517:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2475:
2468:
2443:
2435:
2421:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2378:
2371:
2363:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2299:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:the original
2282:
2275:
2264:, retrieved
2248:
2238:
2229:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2190:
2165:. Retrieved
2156:
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2121:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2063:
2054:
2021:
2017:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1987:
1978:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1903:
1884:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1852:
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1820:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1766:the original
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1732:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1669:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1639:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1576:
1544:
1537:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1499:the original
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1418:(1): 73–92.
1415:
1411:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1369:
1362:
1350:. Retrieved
1330:
1323:
1312:, retrieved
1302:
1295:
1287:
1280:. Retrieved
1263:
1253:
1244:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1185:
1176:
1026:
1025:
992:
991:
907:
887:C. G. Darwin
825:facility at
815:Huddersfield
804:
792:
756:
720:
710:
679:
667:
663:Louis Pouzin
641:
627:
590:Harry Huskey
571:
550:
536:
481:
461:
424:
385:
359:
356:
336:
329:
326:21st century
313:
305:
285:
256:
231:
219:atomic clock
208:
199:
197:
29:
6820:Alan Turing
6115:Kew Letters
5943:The Karsino
5875:White Lodge
5715:Kew Gardens
5640:Downe House
5605:Bushy House
5563:of interest
5375:Wathen Hall
5083:River Crane
5014:Swan Island
4790:North Sheen
4770:Kew Gardens
4464:Silicon Fen
4454:M4 corridor
4187:and museums
4051:Innovate UK
3796:Innovate UK
3689:Sarah Munby
3299:1 September
3255:"Directors"
3239:23 December
3209:23 December
3033:18 February
2973:17 February
1775:23 December
1743:23 December
1680:23 December
1650:24 February
1619:23 December
1587:23 December
1508:23 December
1450:25 February
1196:24 February
1057:Bushy House
1022:, 2009–2015
1014:Martyn Sené
1010:, 2005–2008
1004:, 2000–2005
988:, 1990–1995
982:, 1977–1990
976:, 1964–1977
970:, 1956–1964
957:, 1948–1955
943:, 1938–1949
936:, 1937–1938
922:, 1919–1936
915:, 1900–1919
873:W. L. Bragg
650:NPL network
614:NPL network
574:Alan Turing
547:Louis Essen
543:caesium-133
531:Louis Essen
500:ship design
436:during the
426:Alan Turing
418:theory and
400:H. J. Gough
348:Strathclyde
344:Southampton
288:Bushy House
153: /
59:Established
6815:Teddington
6760:Bushy Park
6739:Categories
6638:RJH (Beta)
6208:Almshouses
6176:Twickenham
5895:York House
5885:Wick House
5840:Stud House
5547:Kew Palace
5510:Pope's Urn
5487:Public art
5480:Public art
4984:Ash Island
4845:Twickenham
4835:Teddington
4673:Twickenham
4668:Teddington
4608:East Sheen
4423:Scientists
4140:Automotive
3977:bodies and
3732:Met Office
3366:(9): 395.
3269:17 October
3005:2 December
2817:5 February
2787:8 February
2707:2 December
2497:27 October
2209:19 October
2167:17 October
2074:17 October
1998:17 October
1984:"Research"
1831:17 October
1733:bis.gov.uk
1670:bis.gov.uk
1577:nao.org.uk
1391:27 October
1282:10 January
1186:NPLWebsite
1182:"About us"
1169:References
618:See also:
496:bioscience
320:John Laing
292:Teddington
253:Precursors
238:Teddington
234:Bushy Park
138:51°25′35″N
122:Teddington
6775:Metrology
6600:DCF (EFR)
6243:Hospitals
6228:Synagogue
5870:West Hall
5680:Ham House
5370:TwickFolk
4941:Ringway 2
4911:Kew Green
4886:A316 road
4881:A309 road
4876:A308 road
4871:A307 road
4648:Petersham
4596:Districts
4408:Inventors
4403:Engineers
4185:Education
4145:Computers
4128:Aerospace
3979:personnel
3759:Executive
3617:Ministers
3470:144283941
3454:0026-4695
3409:0073-2753
3380:0031-9112
3343:0164-1239
3289:npl.co.uk
3229:npl.co.uk
3199:npl.co.uk
2939:1558-0857
2599:206443072
2591:1934-1547
2554:3 October
2384:Routledge
2266:3 October
2199:0958-7403
2014:Essen, L.
1970:1476-4687
1466:"history"
1334:. Orion.
1272:0362-4331
1233:0080-4606
1219:: 87–96.
980:Paul Dean
807:metrology
801:Metrology
765:, one in
761:: one in
731:hypertext
717:Scrapbook
707:Vint Cerf
586:Pilot ACE
563:Computing
557:SI second
492:computing
388:D. W. Dye
364:(now the
340:Edinburgh
211:metrology
141:0°20′37″W
90:Metrology
6469:VNIIFTRI
6223:Churches
5880:The Wick
5790:Parkleys
5039:Kew Pier
4805:Richmond
4780:Mortlake
4653:Richmond
4643:Mortlake
4534:Category
4119:Industry
3975:Official
3832:Tribunal
3462:41820329
3425:53792127
3417:30474405
3293:Archived
3291:. 2015.
3263:Archived
3169:: 59–75.
3027:archived
2999:Archived
2967:archived
2889:Archived
2850:Archived
2811:Archived
2781:Archived
2750:28994436
2679:1 August
2673:Archived
2548:Archived
2522:Archived
2491:Archived
2398:Archived
2340:25341056
2257:archived
2246:(1966),
2203:Archived
2161:Archived
2131:Archived
2068:Archived
1992:Archived
1913:Archived
1862:Archived
1825:Archived
1801:24 March
1795:Archived
1737:Archived
1703:Archived
1674:Archived
1672:. 2013.
1644:Archived
1610:Archived
1608:. 2013.
1581:Archived
1579:. 2013.
1526:Archived
1470:Archived
1444:Archived
1440:53792127
1432:30474405
1385:Archived
1346:Archived
1308:archived
1276:Archived
1241:72835589
1190:Archived
1136:See also
783:Modula-2
703:Bob Kahn
659:Internet
478:Research
452:and the
410:and Sir
282:Founding
227:Internet
129:Location
112:c. 1,000
5408:Astoria
4979:Bridges
4855:Whitton
4745:Hampton
4735:Fulwell
4678:Whitton
4623:Hampton
4613:Fulwell
4546:Commons
4121:sectors
3506:: 9–12.
3434:Minerva
3351:8172150
3147:8 March
2995:YouTube
2294:13 June
2101:Bibcode
2046:4191481
2026:Bibcode
1948:Bibcode
1868:31 July
1712:11 July
1636:"Serco"
1314:10 July
821:and an
779:Miranda
694:gateway
655:ARPANET
267:physics
248:History
179:Website
117:Address
67: (
6695:JN53DV
6683:HD2IOA
6482:ALS162
6258:People
6189:former
6181:former
6020:former
6012:former
6004:former
5996:former
5988:former
5980:former
5972:former
5964:former
5956:former
5948:former
5940:former
5932:former
5924:former
5916:former
5908:former
5900:former
5468:former
5460:former
5434:former
5388:former
5380:former
5204:Events
5192:former
5184:former
5059:former
4715:Barnes
4603:Barnes
4437:Places
4396:People
4241:bodies
4178:bodies
3487:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3378:
3349:
3341:
3143:, 2020
3048:
2937:
2895:4 June
2881:
2856:4 June
2842:
2773:
2748:
2597:
2589:
2528:12 May
2483:
2456:
2404:4 June
2390:
2338:
2197:
2193:(44).
2044:
2018:Nature
1968:
1940:Nature
1891:
1552:
1438:
1430:
1377:
1352:4 June
1338:
1270:
1239:
1231:
781:, and
727:e-mail
514:, and
494:, and
352:Surrey
6805:Serco
6595:DCF77
6504:MIKES
6473:Other
6361:MIKES
6349:KRISS
4510:JANET
4488:Other
4360:Other
3902:Ofcom
3875:Other
3466:S2CID
3458:JSTOR
3421:S2CID
3347:S2CID
3080:(PDF)
2915:(PDF)
2746:S2CID
2595:S2CID
2426:(PDF)
2336:S2CID
2260:(PDF)
2253:(PDF)
2137:6 May
2042:S2CID
1919:6 May
1769:(PDF)
1762:(PDF)
1706:(PDF)
1699:(PDF)
1640:Serco
1613:(PDF)
1606:(PDF)
1502:(PDF)
1495:(PDF)
1476:6 May
1436:S2CID
1237:S2CID
1163:VAMAS
829:near
767:LOTOS
594:DEUCE
508:radar
308:Serco
108:Staff
6719:YVTO
6536:WWVH
6526:WWVB
6421:NTSC
6385:NIST
6373:NICT
6337:ANFR
4216:List
4174:Non-
3485:ISBN
3450:ISSN
3413:PMID
3405:ISSN
3376:ISSN
3339:ISSN
3301:2015
3271:2017
3241:2013
3211:2013
3181:link
3149:2021
3046:ISBN
3035:2021
3007:2021
2975:2021
2935:ISSN
2897:2020
2879:ISBN
2858:2020
2840:ISBN
2819:2020
2789:2020
2771:ISBN
2709:2021
2681:2015
2640:2019
2587:ISSN
2556:2017
2530:2008
2499:2020
2481:ISBN
2454:ISBN
2406:2020
2388:ISBN
2296:2024
2268:2017
2211:2017
2195:ISSN
2169:2017
2139:2018
2076:2017
2000:2017
1966:ISSN
1921:2018
1889:ISBN
1870:2020
1833:2017
1803:2015
1777:2013
1745:2013
1714:2014
1682:2013
1652:2021
1621:2013
1589:2013
1550:ISBN
1510:2013
1478:2018
1452:2021
1428:PMID
1393:2020
1375:ISBN
1354:2020
1336:ISBN
1316:2013
1284:2020
1268:ISSN
1229:ISSN
1198:2021
966:Sir
953:Sir
946:Sir
939:Sir
932:Sir
925:Sir
918:Sir
817:for
745:and
729:and
705:and
680:NPL
622:and
612:and
470:and
350:and
198:The
186:.npl
69:1900
62:1900
6707:PPE
6671:BSF
6653:RWM
6648:RTZ
6633:RBU
6622:LOL
6611:EBC
6584:BPM
6579:BPL
6574:BPC
6563:CHU
6547:MSF
6531:WWV
6515:JJY
6493:HLA
6457:SHN
6445:ROA
6433:PTB
6409:NRC
6397:NPL
4638:Kew
4618:Ham
3442:doi
3397:doi
3368:doi
3331:doi
3110:doi
2927:doi
2736:doi
2579:doi
2326:doi
2109:doi
2034:doi
2022:176
1956:doi
1944:263
1420:doi
1221:doi
771:VDM
759:MAA
747:ITL
743:IBM
739:DEC
713:".
442:ACE
332:DTI
290:in
236:in
190:.uk
188:.co
184:www
6741::
3696::
3687::
3665::
3656::
3647::
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