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222:, which had a pharmacological emphasis, and he dedicated his medical books to Laecanius Arius, a medical practitioner there. Though he writes he lived a "soldier's life" or "soldier-like life", his pharmacopeia refers almost solely to plants found in the Greek-speaking eastern Mediterranean, making it likely that he served in campaigns, or travelled in a civilian capacity, less widely as supposed. The name Pedanius is Roman, suggesting that an aristocrat of that name sponsored him to become a Roman citizen.
1370:
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formed the core of the
European pharmacopeia through the 19th century, suggesting that "the timelessness of Dioscorides' work resulted from an empirical tradition based on trial and error; that it worked for generation after generation despite social and cultural changes and changes in medical
379:
and North
African (Carthaginian) names for some plants, which otherwise would have been lost. The work presents about 600 plants in all, although the descriptions are sometimes obscurely phrased, leading to comments such as: "Numerous individuals from the Middle Ages on have struggled with the
681:
The dedication, translated by
Scarborough and Nutton, began "At your insistence I have assembled my material into five books, and I dedicate my compendium to you in fulfilment of a debt of gratitude for your sentiments towards
433:
539:
499:
457:
1453:
The 1500th
Anniversary (512–2012) of the Juliana Anicia Codex: An Illustrated Dioscoridean Recension. Jules Janick and Kim E. Hummer. Chronica horticulturae. 52(3) 2012 pp. 9–15
1435:
355:, produced in Constantinople in 512/513 AD. Densely illustrated Arabic copies survive from the 12th and 13th centuries, while Greek manuscripts survive today in the monasteries of
844:
Borzelleca, Joseph F.; Lane, Richard W. (2008). "The Art, the
Science, and the Seduction of Toxicology: an Evolutionary Development". In Hayes, Andrew Wallace (ed.).
474:
318:
While being reproduced in manuscript form through the centuries, it was often supplemented with commentary and minor additions from Arabic and Indian sources.
198:), that was widely read for more than 1,500 years. For almost two millennia Dioscorides was regarded as the most prominent writer on plants and plant drugs.
519:
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is the prime historical source of information about the medicines used by the Greeks, Romans, and other cultures of antiquity. The work also records the
2673:
990:
Tafsīr Kitāb Diāsqūrīdūs - commentaire de la "Materia Medica" de
Dioscoride de Abū Muḥammad ʻAbdallāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Bayṭār de Malaga
2754:
2067:
1479:
2432:
1194:: Palatii Veteris NO. 1 Part 1: Reproduction of the Manuscript; Part 2: Greek Text; Part 3: Translation and Commentary Bruins, E. M. (Ed.)
2289:
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2445:
1758:
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1003:
3251:
2045:
1811:
3256:
1334:
Scarborough, J.; Nutton, V. (1982). "The
Preface of Dioscorides' Materia Medica: introduction, translation, and commentary".
828:
380:
identity of the recondite kinds", while some of the botanical identifications of
Dioscorides' plants remain merely guesses.
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2167:
3276:
2605:
2580:
2394:
942:
De Vos (2010) "European
Materia Medica in Historical Texts: Longevity of a Tradition and Implications for Future Use",
3096:
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1305:
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632:. Translated by Iano Antonio Saraceno Lugdunaeo (Janus Antonius Saracenus). 1598 – via digitale-sammlungen.de.
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Critical
Approaches to the History of Western Herbal Medicine: From Classical Antiquity to the Early Modern Period
3219:
2740:
2552:
2492:
2462:
2399:
2378:
1124:
144:
194:, On Medical Material), a 5-volume Greek encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances (a
3091:
2527:
2301:
1417:(in French and Latin). Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Université Paris Descartes
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Portrait of an old man; perhaps the physician Dioscorides, whose name is cut in front of it. Antique paste
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which is found from India southeast towards Indonesia and east towards China, is named after him.
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1228:"L'image paradigmatique: des Schémas anatomiques d'Aristote au De materia medica de Dioscoride"
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Pedacio Dioscorides anazarbeo: Acerca de la materia medicinal y de los venenos mortiferos
1171:
1005:
Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
294:
In contrast to many classical authors, Dioscorides' works were not "rediscovered" in the
1102:
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Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World
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27:
Greco-Roman physician and pharmacologist, prominent writer on plant drugs (AD c.40–90)
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920:
873:
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763:
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340:, has been used by scholars to identify many of the flora mentioned by Dioscorides.
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2006:
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1518:
1197:
Forbes, Andrew; Henley, Daniel; Henley, David (2013). 'Pedanius Dioscorides' in:
506:
409:
368:
2410:
1361:
1076:
Isely, Duane (1994). One hundred and one botanists. Iowa State University Press.
255:
Between AD 50 and 70 Dioscorides wrote a five-volume book in his native Greek,
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1981:
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219:
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298:, because his book had never left circulation; indeed, with regard to Western
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2001:
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261:(Perì hylēs íatrikēs), known in Western Europe more often by its Latin title
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2018:
1964:
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767:
571:
383:
268:
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1412:"Medic: Catalogue des textes en ligne: Dioscoride/Dioscodirides, Pedanius"
1347:
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992:(ed. Ibrahim Ben Mrad), Beirut 1989 (Arabic title: تفسير كتاب دياسقوريدوس)
3021:
2658:
2201:
1986:
1936:
1857:
1715:
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1572:
356:
295:
238:
1244:
570:. Translated by Tess Anne Osbaldeston; based on the 1655 translation of
2967:
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1614:
1336:
Transactions & Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia
1205:
Hamilton, J. S. (1986). "Scribonius Largus on the medical profession".
242:
215:
92:
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De Materia Medica: Being an Herbal with many other medicinal materials
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1794:
1685:
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The Western Herbal Tradition: 2000 Years of Medicinal Plant Knowledge
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was circulated in Greek, as well as Latin and Arabic translation.
133:
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267:("On Medical Material"), which became the precursor to all modern
180:", was a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and author of
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1700:
1695:
211:
88:
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through the early modern period, Dioscorides' text eclipsed the
274:
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2842:
1598:
1541:
486:
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translated the work into English in 1655, and bequeathed it to
596:. Translated by Lily Y. Beck. Olms-Weidmann: Hildesheim. 2005.
574:. Johannesburg: Ibidis Press. 2000 – via cancerlynx.com.
349:
survive. The most famous of these is the lavishly illustrated
218:, Dioscorides likely studied medicine nearby at the school in
2822:
1639:
1585:
974:
Agricultural Produce in the Land of Israel in the Middle Ages
629:
De Materia Medica : libri V Eiusdem de Venenis Libri duo
490:
256:
189:
167:
161:
1396:"Dioscurides Neapolitanus: Codex ex Vindobonensis Graecus 1"
1535:
390:; it was published by the Oxford University Press in 1934.
287:
858:
Nutton, Vivian. Ancient medicine. Routledge, 2012. p. 178
868:
Tobyn, Graeme; Denham, Alison; Whitelegg, Midge (2016).
896:. National Institutes of Health, USA. 16 September 2002
1398:(in Italian and Latin). Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli
1446:
Les VI livres de Ped. Diosc. de la materie medicinale
1333:
463:
Dioscorides as depicted in a 1240 Arabic edition of
872:(illustrated ed.). Singing Dragon. p. 4.
30:"Dioscorides" redirects here. For other uses, see
2440:
1225:
1141:
848:(5th ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 13.
3233:
1146:(illustrated ed.). CRC Press. p. 267.
1125:"The John Goodyer Collection of Botanical Books"
545:Folio from an Arabic manuscript of Dioscorides,
729:
1391:—the full book downloadable in PDF fileformat.
1001:
732:"Historical review of medicinal plants' usage"
2748:
2674:History of the creation-evolution controversy
2426:
1752:
1473:
1252:
980:), Ben-Zvi Institute: Jerusalem 2000, p. 270
2762:
1061:Krebs, Robert E.; Krebs, Carolyn A. (2003).
914:
783:"De Materia Medica - Pedanius Dioscorides -"
335:
329:
57:root, an illumination from the 6th century (
2290:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
938:
936:
919:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 121.
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181:
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2433:
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1480:
1466:
1319:. Québec, Canada: Les Éditions du sphinx.
961:Introduction to Dioscorides Materia Medica
955:Some detail about medieval manuscripts of
47:
2704:Relationship between religion and science
1276:Catalogus Translationum et Commentariorum
1243:
812:
810:
808:
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747:
1941:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
1317:The Arabic materia medica of Dioscorides
1204:
933:
273:
237:
1487:
1255:"The medical illustration in Antiquity"
1199:Health and Well Being: A Medieval Guide
1169:
816:
614:
343:A number of illustrated manuscripts of
14:
3234:
1371:Works by or about Pedanius Dioscorides
1295:
1265:
1044:
1028:
837:
805:
2736:
2414:
1740:
1461:
1314:
1300:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
1060:
1054:
278:Cover of an early printed version of
1298:Dioscorides on pharmacy and medicine
846:Principles and methods of toxicology
225:
2168:The Naturalist on the River Amazons
1766:
1207:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
451:Later representation of Dioscorides
336:
24:
2581:Central dogma of molecular biology
25:
3298:
3097:Medical community of ancient Rome
3082:Food and diet in ancient medicine
1355:
1087:"The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides"
730:Bauer Petrovska, Biljana (2012).
3214:
3213:
3102:Nutrition in classical antiquity
2717:
2716:
2358:
1226:Lazris, J.; Stavros, V. (2013).
1201:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books.
1097:(3355): 231–233. February 1934.
538:
518:
498:
473:
456:
444:
432:
416:. A butterfly, the bush hopper,
2400:List of natural history dealers
2068:The Natural History of Selborne
1135:
1117:
1079:
1070:
1038:
1022:
995:
966:
949:
908:
886:
781:Osbaldeston, Tess Anne (2008).
620:The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides
558:
3092:Mental illness in ancient Rome
2606:One gene–one enzyme hypothesis
2302:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
1434:, Antwerp, 1555, digitized at
861:
852:
823:. A&C Black. p. 193.
796:
774:
723:
695:
675:
505:Cumin and dill from an Arabic
322:'s commentary on Dioscorides'
13:
1:
3252:Ancient Greek pharmacologists
1448:, Lyon (1559), French edition
1440:Biblioteca Nacional de España
1170:Allbutt, T. Clifford (1921).
1065:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
978:גידולי ארץ-ישראל בימי הביניים
963:by TA Osbaldeston, year 2000.
689:
622:. Translated by John Goodyer.
509:(c. 1334) after Dioscorides (
173:
103:
76:
58:
3257:1st-century Greek physicians
1436:Biblioteca Digital Hispánica
944:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
802:Scarborough and Nutton, 1982
168:
32:Dioscorides (disambiguation)
7:
2938:Quintus Gargilius Martialis
2058:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
719:– via britannica.com.
651:
330:
176:40–90 AD), "the father of
10:
3303:
3087:Gynecology in ancient Rome
3072:Disability in ancient Rome
2080:A History of British Birds
1192:Codex Constantinopolitanus
1163:
1142:Austin, Daniel F. (2004).
1049:. Alexander and Shephrard.
1008:. Springer. p. 1077.
425:
257:
231:
190:
162:
29:
3277:1st-century Greek writers
3209:
3186:
3163:
3115:
3067:Dentistry in ancient Rome
3052:
3006:
2803:
2770:
2712:
2634:
2566:
2453:
2395:Natural History Societies
2367:
2356:
2272:
2263:The Royal Natural History
2115:Ornithological Dictionary
2102:
2024:Johan Christian Fabricius
1950:
1856:
1783:
1774:
1678:
1607:
1495:
412:, was named after him by
139:
120:
112:
99:
72:
46:
39:
3077:Disease in Imperial Rome
2764:Medicine in ancient Rome
2241:The Naturalist's Library
2144:On the Origin of Species
1362:Works by Dr. Dioscorides
1296:Riddle, John M. (1985).
1253:Lazris, J.; Stavros, V.
708:Encyclopaedia Britannica
668:
388:Magdalen College, Oxford
331:Tafsīr Kitāb Diāsqūrīdūs
309:In the medieval period,
3287:1st-century agronomists
3267:Ancient Roman botanists
3262:Ancient Greek botanists
3107:Surgery in ancient Rome
2828:Asclepiades of Bithynia
2375:Natural history museums
1977:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1029:Nutton, Vivian (2004).
1002:Selin, Helaine (2008).
917:The History of Medicine
749:10.4103/0973-7847.95849
201:
53:Dioscorides receives a
2833:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
2626:Spontaneous generation
2576:Germ theory of disease
2553:Zoology (through 1859)
2227:William Jackson Hooker
2175:Alexander von Humboldt
2092:Philosophie zoologique
1875:Pinax theatri botanici
1579:Mandragora officinarum
1173:Greek medicine in Rome
959:at pages xxix–xxxi in
817:Stobart, Anne (2014).
703:"Pedanius Dioscorides"
642:: CS1 maint: others (
606:: CS1 maint: others (
584:: CS1 maint: others (
547:
529:
481:
465:
394:
363:
345:
337:تفسير كتاب دياسقوريدوس
324:
311:
291:
280:
263:
252:
182:
2973:Charmis of Marseilles
2647:Philosophy of biology
2313:The Study of Instinct
2252:Kunstformen der Natur
2156:The Malay Archipelago
2151:Alfred Russel Wallace
2087:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
1315:Sadek, M. M. (1983).
1266:Riddle, John (1980).
1259:Reality Through Image
1176:. London: Macmillan.
915:Rooney, Anne (2012).
736:Pharmacognosy Reviews
408:, which includes the
277:
245:from the 6th-century
241:
169:Pedánios Dioskourídēs
163:Πεδάνιος Διοσκουρίδης
2963:Crinas of Marseilles
2958:Athenaeus of Attalia
2943:Thessalus of Tralles
2813:Pedanius Dioscorides
2679:Human Genome Project
2591:Great chain of being
2558:Zoology (since 1859)
2493:Evolutionary thought
2463:Agricultural science
2232:Joseph Dalton Hooker
2185:The Birds of America
1380:Works by Dioscorides
711:. September 27, 2013
419:Ampittia dioscorides
154:Pedanius Dioscorides
66:Juliana Anicia Codex
41:Pedanius Dioscorides
2883:Marcellus Empiricus
2684:Humboldtian science
2621:Sequence hypothesis
2528:Molecular evolution
2280:Martinus Beijerinck
1823:De Natura Animalium
1489:Ancient anaesthesia
1261:: 18–23 (abstract).
1245:10.4000/pallas.1400
1144:Florida Ethnobotany
1103:1934Natur.133..231.
1045:Murray, J. (1884).
493:, 12th–13th century
3008:Medical literature
2923:Serenus Sammonicus
2908:Criton of Heraclea
2888:Caelius Aurelianus
2818:Soranus of Ephesus
2694:Natural philosophy
2642:History of science
2442:History of biology
2385:Parson-naturalists
2217:Philip Henry Gosse
2180:John James Audubon
2163:Henry Walter Bates
2051:Histoire Naturelle
2039:Historia Plantarum
1927:Avium Praecipuarum
1911:Historia animalium
1812:Historia Plantarum
1800:History of Animals
352:Vienna Dioscurides
304:Hippocratic corpus
292:
258:Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς
253:
248:Vienna Dioscurides
191:Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς
3229:
3228:
3029:De materia medica
2978:Scribonius Largus
2918:Marcellus of Side
2853:Antiochis of Tlos
2730:
2729:
2596:Hierarchy of life
2543:Plant systematics
2523:Molecular biology
2408:
2407:
2354:
2353:
1972:Marcello Malpighi
1866:Ulisse Aldrovandi
1846:De Materia Medica
1734:
1733:
1561:(devil's trumpet)
1512:Atropa belladonna
1366:Project Gutenberg
957:De Materia Medica
830:978-1-4411-8418-4
616:Gunther, R. W. T.
594:De Materia Medica
549:De materia medica
530:De materia medica
482:De materia medica
466:De materia medica
395:De materia medica
364:De materia medica
346:De materia medica
325:De materia medica
312:De materia medica
282:De materia medica
264:De materia medica
234:De materia medica
227:De materia medica
184:De materia medica
151:
150:
145:De Materia Medica
16:(Redirected from
3294:
3217:
3216:
3155:Pneumatic school
2913:Sextus Empiricus
2898:Gessius of Petra
2863:Aurelius Opilius
2790:Spoon of Diocles
2757:
2750:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2720:
2719:
2699:Natural theology
2435:
2428:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2362:
2335:The Dancing Bees
2259:Richard Lydekker
2207:Jean-Henri Fabre
2192:William Buckland
1997:Regnier de Graaf
1891:Andrea Cesalpino
1781:
1780:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1566:Hyoscyamus niger
1496:Plants / animals
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1475:
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1459:
1458:
1426:
1424:
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1416:
1407:
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1403:
1375:Internet Archive
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1187:
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1129:Magdalen College
1121:
1115:
1114:
1111:10.1038/133231a0
1083:
1077:
1074:
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1031:Ancient Medicine
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894:"Greek Medicine"
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633:
623:
611:
605:
597:
589:
583:
575:
552:
542:
532:
522:
502:
484:
477:
468:
460:
448:
436:
402:The plant genus
397:
377:ancient Egyptian
366:
348:
339:
338:
333:
327:
314:
285:
266:
260:
259:
193:
192:
187:
175:
171:
165:
164:
113:Other names
108:
105:
81:
78:
63:
60:
51:
37:
36:
21:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3205:
3196:Antonine Plague
3182:
3159:
3145:Methodic school
3130:Eclectic school
3125:Dogmatic school
3111:
3048:
3043:Medicina Plinii
3002:
2933:Aemilia Hilaria
2928:Sextus Placitus
2799:
2766:
2761:
2731:
2726:
2708:
2689:Natural history
2630:
2568:
2562:
2518:Model organisms
2455:
2449:
2439:
2409:
2404:
2363:
2350:
2331:Karl von Frisch
2268:
2237:William Jardine
2127:Le Règne Animal
2098:
2046:Comte de Buffon
2007:Systema Naturae
1946:
1918:Frederik Ruysch
1896:Valerius Cordus
1886:Hieronymus Bock
1852:
1834:Natural History
1829:Pliny the Elder
1786:
1776:
1770:
1768:Natural history
1765:
1735:
1730:
1674:
1603:
1491:
1486:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1358:
1327:
1308:
1286:
1284:
1270:
1238:(93): 131–164.
1184:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1140:
1136:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1059:
1055:
1043:
1039:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1000:
996:
976:(Hebrew title:
971:
967:
954:
950:
941:
934:
927:
913:
909:
899:
897:
892:
891:
887:
880:
866:
862:
857:
853:
842:
838:
831:
815:
806:
801:
797:
787:
785:
779:
775:
728:
724:
714:
712:
701:
700:
696:
692:
687:
686:
680:
676:
671:
654:
635:
634:
626:
618:, ed. (1933) .
599:
598:
592:
577:
576:
564:
561:
554:
543:
534:
523:
514:
507:book of simples
503:
494:
478:
469:
461:
452:
449:
440:
437:
428:
236:
230:
204:
106:
95:
82:
79:
68:
61:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3300:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3201:Cyprian Plague
3198:
3192:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:Empiric school
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3036:Galenic Corpus
3032:
3025:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:Meges of Sidon
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2780:Cimolian earth
2776:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2382:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2341:Ronald Lockley
2338:
2328:
2316:
2309:Niko Tinbergen
2306:
2294:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2244:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2177:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2139:Charles Darwin
2136:
2131:
2122:Georges Cuvier
2119:
2110:George Montagu
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
1999:
1994:
1992:Jan Swammerdam
1989:
1984:
1982:William Derham
1979:
1974:
1969:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1923:William Turner
1920:
1915:
1906:Conrad Gessner
1903:
1901:Leonhart Fuchs
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1871:Gaspard Bauhin
1868:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1816:
1804:
1791:
1789:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1550:Datura innoxia
1546:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1427:
1408:
1392:
1387:Materia Medica
1382:
1377:
1368:
1357:
1356:External links
1354:
1353:
1352:
1342:(3): 187–227.
1331:
1325:
1312:
1306:
1293:
1263:
1250:
1223:
1213:(2): 209–216.
1202:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1134:
1116:
1078:
1069:
1067:. Pages 75–76.
1053:
1037:
1021:
1014:
994:
965:
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773:
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666:
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660:
658:Materia medica
653:
650:
649:
648:
624:
612:
590:
560:
557:
556:
555:
544:
537:
535:
533:, 15th century
524:
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511:British Museum
504:
497:
495:
479:
472:
470:
462:
455:
453:
450:
443:
441:
438:
431:
427:
424:
300:materia medica
232:Main article:
229:
224:
203:
200:
149:
148:
141:
140:Known for
137:
136:
130:pharmacologist
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
101:
97:
96:
83:
74:
70:
69:
52:
44:
43:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3299:
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3268:
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3263:
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3258:
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3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
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3237:
3222:
3221:
3212:
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3208:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Miasma theory
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
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3100:
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3055:
3051:
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3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
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2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Cassius Felix
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Sextius Niger
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Antonius Musa
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2723:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
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2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:Biotechnology
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2436:
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2398:
2396:
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2372:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:On Aggression
2320:
2319:Konrad Lorenz
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2285:Abbott Thayer
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2247:Ernst Haeckel
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Louis Agassiz
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:Charles Lyell
2195:
2193:
2190:
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2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2157:
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2149:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:William Smith
2132:
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2117:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2075:Thomas Bewick
2073:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2063:Gilbert White
2061:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:Georg Steller
2012:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2002:Carl Linnaeus
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
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1952:Enlightenment
1949:
1942:
1938:
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1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:
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1916:
1913:
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1907:
1904:
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1881:Otto Brunfels
1879:
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1553:(thorn-apple)
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1326:2-920123-02-5
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1309:
1307:0-292-71544-7
1303:
1299:
1294:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1268:"Dioscorides"
1264:
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1183:1-57898-631-1
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986:965-217-174-3
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2538:Phycology
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1787:antiquity
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1271:(PDF)
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1423:2010
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