Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318

2382:

and Beth Garmaï). There were twelve dioceses in the patriarchal province of Beth Aramaye at the beginning of the 11th century, only three of which (Beth Waziq, Beth Daron, and Tirhan, all well to the north of Baghdad) survived into the 14th century. There were four dioceses in Maishan (the Basra district) at the end of the 9th century, only one of which (the metropolitan diocese of Prath d’Maishan) survived into the 13th century, to be mentioned for the last time in 1222. There were at least nine dioceses in the province of Beth Garmaï in the 7th century, only one of which (the metropolitan diocese of Daquqa) survived into the 14th century. The disappearance of these dioceses was a slow and apparently peaceful process (which can be traced in some detail in Beth Aramaye, where dioceses were repeatedly amalgamated over a period of two centuries), and it is probable that the consolidation of Islam in these districts was accompanied by a gradual migration of East Syriac Christians to northern Iraq, whose Christian population was larger and more deeply rooted, not only in the towns but in hundreds of long-established Christian villages.

1758:

respectively. In 893 Eliya of Damascus listed four suffragan dioceses in the 'eparchy of Jundishapur', in the following order: Karkh Ladan and al-Sus (Susa and Karha d'Ledan), al-Ahwaz (Hormizd Ardashir), Tesr (Shushter) and Mihrganqadaq (Ispahan and Mihraganqadaq). It is doubtful whether any of these dioceses survived into the 14th century. The diocese of Shushter is last mentioned in 1007/8, Hormizd Ardashir in 1012, Ispahan in 1111 and Susa in 1281. Only the metropolitan diocese of Jundishapur certainly survived into the 14th century, and with additional prestige. ʿIlam had for centuries ranked first among the metropolitan provinces of the Church of the East, and its metropolitan enjoyed the privilege of consecrating a new patriarch and sitting on his right hand at synods. By 1222, in consequence of the demise of the diocese of Kashkar in the province of the patriarch, he had also acquired the privilege of guarding the vacant patriarchal throne.

1887:

other part of the former Sassanian empire. The last-known bishop of the metropolitan see of Rev Ardashir was ʿAbdishoʿ, who was present at the enthronement of the patriarch ʿAbdishoʿ III in 1138. In 890 Eliya of Damascus listed the suffragan sees of Fars, in order of seniority, as Shiraz, Istakhr, Shapur (probably to be identified with Bih Shapur, i.e. Kazrun), Karman, Darabgard, Shiraf (Ardashir Khurrah), Marmadit, and the island of Soqotra. Only two bishops are known from the mainland dioceses: Melek of Darabgard, who was deposed in the 560s, and Gabriel of Bih Shapur, who was present at the enthronement of ʿAbdishoʿ I in 963. Fars was spared by the Mongols for its timely submission in the 1220s, but by then there seem to have been few Christians left, although an East Syriac community (probably without bishops) survived at Hormuz. This community is last mentioned in the 16th century.

1730:, Nifr, al-Qasra, 'Ba Daraya and Ba Kusaya' (Beth Daraye), ʿAbdasi (Nahargur), and al-Buwazikh (Konishabur or Beth Waziq). Eight of these dioceses already existed in the Sassanian period, but the diocese of Beth Waziq is first mentioned in the second half of the 7th century, and the dioceses of ʿUkbara, al-Radhan, Nifr, and al-Qasra were probably founded in the 9th century. The first bishop of ʿUkbara whose name has been recorded, Hakima, was consecrated by the patriarch Sargis around 870, and bishops of al-Qasra, al-Radhan and Nifr are first mentioned in the 10th century. A bishop of 'al-Qasr and Nahrawan' became patriarch in 963, and then consecrated bishops for al-Radhan and for 'Nifr and al-Nil'. Eliya's list helps to confirm the impression given by the literary sources, that the East Syriac communities in Beth Aramaye were at their most prosperous in the 10th century. 1588:(ancient Ecbatana) was the chief city of Media, and the Syriac name Beth Madaye (Media) was regularly used to refer to the East Syriac diocese of Hamadan as well as to the region as a whole. Although no East Syriac bishops of Beth Madaye are attested before 457, this reference probably indicates that the diocese of Hamadan was already in existence in 410. Bishops of Beth Madaye were present at most of the synods held between 486 and 605. Two other dioceses in western Iran, Beth Lashpar (Hulwan) and Masabadan, seem also to have been established in the 5th century. A bishop of 'the deportation of Beth Lashpar' was present at the synod of Dadishoʿ in 424, and bishops of Beth Lashpar also attended the later synods of the 5th and 6th centuries. Bishops of the nearby locality of Masabadan were present at the synod of Joseph in 554 and the synod of Ezekiel in 576. 1569:

by the appearance of several more Christian centres during the late 5th and 6th century. By the end of the 5th century the diocese of Abrashahr (Nishapur) also included the city of Tus, whose name featured in 497 in the title of the bishop Yohannis of 'Tus and Abrashahr'. Four more dioceses seem also to have been created in the 6th century. The bishops Yohannan of 'Abiward and Shahr Peroz' and Theodore of Merw-i Rud accepted the acts of the synod of Joseph in 554, the latter by letter, while the bishops Habib of Pusang and Gabriel of 'Badisi and Qadistan' adhered by proxy to the decisions of the synod of Ishoʿyahb I in 585, sending deacons to represent them. None of these four dioceses is mentioned again, and it is not clear when they lapsed.

593: 1922:

any of the suffragan dioceses were still in existence at this period, they are not mentioned. The surviving urban Christian communities in Khorasan suffered a heavy blow at the start of the 13th century, when the cities of Merv, Nishapur and Herat were stormed by Genghis Khan in 1220. Their inhabitants were massacred, and although all three cities were refounded shortly afterwards, it is likely that they had only small East Syriac communities thereafter. Nevertheless, at least one diocese survived into the 13th century. In 1279 an unnamed bishop of Tus entertained the monks Bar Sawma and Marqos in the monastery of Mar Sehyon near Tus during their pilgrimage from China to Jerusalem.

1530:(Shapur or Bih Shapur) in 424, and a diocese of Qish in 540. On the Arabian shore of the Persian Gulf dioceses are first mentioned for Dairin and Mashmahig in 410 and for Beth Mazunaye (Oman) in 424. By 540 the bishop of Rev Ardashir had become a metropolitan, responsible for the dioceses of both Fars and Arabia. A fourth Arabian diocese, Hagar, is first mentioned in 576, and a fifth diocese, Hatta (previously part of the diocese of Hagar), is first mentioned in the acts of a regional synod held on the Persian Gulf island of Dairin in 676 by the patriarch Giwargis to determine the episcopal succession in Beth Qatraye, but may have been created before the Arab conquest. 2649:, whose campaigns during the 1390s spread havoc throughout Persia and Central Asia. There is no reason to doubt that Timur was responsible for the destruction of certain Christian communities, but in much of central Asia Christianity had died out decades earlier. The surviving evidence, including a large number of dated graves, indicates that the crisis for the Church of the East occurred in the 1340s rather than the 1390s. Few Christian graves have been found later than the 1340s, indicating that the isolated East Syriac communities in Central Asia, weakened by warfare, plague and lack of leadership, converted to Islam around the middle of the 14th century. 665: 684:, for example, provides a list of East Syriac dioceses supposedly in existence by 225. References to bishops in other sources confirm the existence of many of these dioceses, but it is impossible to be sure that all of them had been founded at this early period. Diocesan history was a subject particularly susceptible to later alteration, as bishops sought to gain prestige by exaggerating the antiquity of their dioceses, and such evidence for an early diocesan structure in the Church of the East must be treated with great caution. Firmer ground is only reached with the 4th-century narratives of the martyrdoms of bishops during the persecution of 1515:

the East in the 5th century had extended beyond the non-Iranian fringes of the Sassanian empire to include several districts within Iran itself, and had also spread southwards to the islands off the Arabian shore of the Persian Gulf, which were under Sassanian control at this period. By the middle of the 6th century the Church's reach seems to have spread well beyond the frontiers of the Sassanian empire, as a passage in the acts of the synod of Aba I in 544 refers to East Syriac communities 'in every district and every town throughout the territory of the Persian empire, in the rest of the East, and in the neighbouring countries'.

1417: 37: 1743:

reign of Yahballaha II (1190–1222), and the diocese of ʿUkbara in 1222. Only three dioceses are known to have been still in existence at the end of the 13th century: Beth Waziq and Shenna, Beth Daron (Ba Daron), and (perhaps due to its sheltered position between the Tigris and the Jabal Hamrin) Tirhan. However, East Syriac communities may also have persisted in districts which no longer had bishops: a manuscript of 1276 was copied by a monk named Giwargis at the monastery of Mar Yonan 'on the Euphrates, near Piroz Shabur which is Anbar', nearly a century and a half after the last mention of a bishop of Anbar.

4204: 1789:

placed under the jurisdiction of the East Syriac metropolitans of Damascus, but others were attached to the province of Nisibis. The latter included a diocese for Harran and Callinicus (Raqqa), first attested in the 8th century and last mentioned towards the end of the 11th century, and a diocese at Maiperqat, first mentioned at the end of the 11th century, whose bishops were also responsible for the East Syriac communities in Amid and Mardin. Lists of dioceses in the province of Nisibis during the 11th and 13th centuries also mention a diocese for the Syrian town of Reshʿaïna (Raʿs al-

1334:) and the suffragan dioceses of Arzun, Qardu and Beth Zabdaï were to enjoy a long history, but Beth Rahimaï is not mentioned again, while Beth Moksaye is not mentioned after 424, when its bishop Atticus (probably, from his name, a Roman) subscribed to the acts of the synod of Dadishoʿ. Besides the bishop of Arzun, a bishop of 'Aoustan d’Arzun' (plausibly identified with the district of Ingilene) also attended these two synods, and his diocese was also assigned to the province of Nisibis. The diocese of Aoustan d'Arzun survived into the 6th century, but is not mentioned after 554. 1497:). Bishops from these five dioceses are found at most of the synods in the 5th and 6th centuries. Two other dioceses also existed in the Beth Garmaï district in the 5th century which do not appear to have been under the jurisdiction of its metropolitan. A diocese existed at Tahal as early as 420, which seems to have been an independent diocese until just before the end of the 6th century, and bishops of the Karme district on the west bank of the Tigris around Tagrit, in later centuries a West Syrian stronghold, were present at the synods of 486 and 554. 1867:

metropolis from Karka d'Beth Slokh (Kirkuk) in the 9th century and the gradual disappearance of all of the province's suffragan dioceses between the 7th and 12th centuries. The dioceses of Hrbath Glal and Barhis are last mentioned in 605; Mahoze d’Arewan around 650; Karka d’Beth Slokh around 830; Khanijar in 893; Lashom around 895; Tahal around 900; Shahrgard in 1019; and Shahrzur around 1134. By the beginning of the 14th century the metropolitan of Beth Garmaï, who now sat at Daquqa, was the only remaining bishop in this once-flourishing province.

1086: 1718: 1434:), Beth Bgash, Beth Dasen, Ramonin, Beth Mahqart and Dabarin. Bishops of the dioceses of Beth Nuhadra, Beth Bgash and Beth Dasen, which covered the modern ʿAmadiya and Hakkari regions, were present at most of the early synods, and these three dioceses continued without interruption into the 13th century. The other three dioceses are not mentioned again, and have been tentatively identified with three dioceses better known under other names: Ramonin with Shenna d'Beth Ramman in Beth Aramaye, on the Tigris near its junction with the 2621: 1234:) during the interregnum between one patriarch's death and the election of his successor. The diocese of Dasqarta d'Malka is not mentioned again after 424, but bishops of the other dioceses were present at most of the 5th- and 6th-century synods. Three more dioceses in Beth Aramaye are mentioned in the acts of the later synods: Piroz Shabur (first mentioned in 486); Tirhan (first mentioned in 544); and Shenna d'Beth Ramman or Qardaliabad (first mentioned in 576). All three dioceses were to have a long history. 2221:(780–823). Timothy I is said also to have consecrated a metropolitan for Tibet (Beth Tuptaye), a province not again mentioned. The province of Beth Sinaye is last mentioned in 987 by the Arab writer Abu'l Faraj, who met a Nestorian monk who had recently returned from China, who informed him that 'Christianity was just extinct in China; the native Christians had perished in one way or another; the church which they had used had been destroyed; and there was only one Christian left in the land'. 2692: 1295:, and this Christian population was absorbed into the Church of the East in a single generation. The impact of the cession of Nisibis on the demography of the Church of the East was so marked that the province of Nisibis was ranked second among the five metropolitan provinces established at the synod of Isaac in 410, a precedence apparently conceded without dispute by the bishops of the three older Persian provinces relegated to a lower rank. 5130: 1937:

isolated references to bishops of Dinawar and Nihawand, and by the end of the 12th century Hulwan and Hamadan were probably the only surviving centres of East Syriac Christianity in Media. Around the beginning of the 13th century the metropolitan see of Hulwan was transferred to Hamadan, in consequence of the decline in Hulwan's importance. The last-known bishop of Hulwan and Hamadan, Yohannan, flourished during the reign of

1643: 1698:

surprises, such as the survival of dioceses for Fars and Kirman and for Najran at this late date. The mention of the diocese of Kfar Zamre near Balad, attested only once before, in 790, is another surprise, as is the mention of a diocese for Pushtadar in Persia. However, there is no need to doubt the authenticity of the list. Its mention of dioceses for Nevaketh and the Islands of the Sea have a convincing topicality.

1203:, founded by the Parthians, was nearby on the east bank of the Tigris, and the double city was always known by its early name Seleucia-Ctesiphon to the East Syriacs. It was not normal for the head of an eastern church to administer an ecclesiastical province in addition to his many other duties, but circumstances made it necessary for Yahballaha I to assume responsibility for a number of dioceses in Beth Aramaye. 2151: 1214:), doubtless because of their antiquity or their proximity to the capital Seleucia-Ctesiphon, were reluctant to be placed under the jurisdiction of a metropolitan, and it was felt necessary to treat them tactfully. A special relationship between the diocese of Kashkar, believed to have been an apostolic foundation, and the diocese of Seleucia-Ctesiphon was defined in Canon XXI of the synod of 410: 735:, the sources for the ecclesiastical organisation of the Church of the East are of a slightly different nature from the synodical acts and historical narratives of the Sassanian period. As far as its patriarchs are concerned, reign-dates and other dry but interesting details have often been meticulously preserved, giving the historian a far better chronological framework for the 2509:. The diocese of Dasen definitely persisted into the 14th century, as did the diocese of Marga, though it was renamed Tella and Barbelli in the second half of the 13th century. It is possible that the dioceses of Beth Nuhadra, Beth Bgash and Haditha also survived into the 14th century. Haditha, indeed, is mentioned as a diocese at the beginning of the 14th century by 1077:) and Seleucia-Ctesiphon, it was said, did not have bishops at this period because of the hostility of the pagans towards an overt Christian presence in the towns. The list is plausible, though it is perhaps surprising to find dioceses for Hulwan, Beth Qatraye, Dailam and Shigar so early, and it is not clear whether Beth Niqator was ever an East Syriac diocese. 1845:

and Hebton' in 790. Hnitha was another name for the diocese of Maʿaltha, and the patriarch Timothy I is said to have united the dioceses of Hebton and Ḥnitha in order to punish the presumption of the bishop Rustam of Hnitha, who had opposed his election. The union was not permanent, and by the 11th century Hebton and Maʿaltha were again separate dioceses.

2607:

12th century, and the diocese of Tamanon in 1265, and it is not clear whether they persisted into the 14th century. The only dioceses in the province of Nisibis definitely in existence at the end of the 13th century were Armenia (whose bishops sat at Halat on the northern shore of Lake Van), Shigar, Balad, Arzun and Maiperqat.

2217:

of the East in China had a well-developed hierarchy at the end of the 8th century, with bishops in both northern capitals, and there were probably other dioceses besides Chang'an and Lo-yang. Shortly afterwards Thomas of Marga mentions the monk David of Beth ʿAbe, who was metropolitan of Beth Sinaye during the reign of

1941:(1176–90). Hamadan was sacked in 1220, and during the reign of Yahballaha III was also on more than one occasion the scene of anti-Christian riots. It is possible that its Christian population at the end of the 13th century was small indeed, and it is not known whether it was still the seat of a metropolitan bishop. 1841:(Haditha) on the Tigris, which persisted into the 14th century. The diocese of Taimana, which embraced the district south of the Tigris in the vicinity of Mosul and included the monastery of Mar Mikha'il, is attested between the 8th and 10th centuries, but does not seem to have persisted into the 13th century. 1147:), each headed by a metropolitan bishop with jurisdiction over several suffragan bishops. Canon XXI of the synod foreshadowed the extension of this metropolitan principle to a number of more remote dioceses in Fars, Media, Tabaristan, Khorasan and elsewhere. In the second half of the 6th century the bishops of 2182:) was erected in the grounds of a Christian monastery in the Chinese capital Chang'an by the city's Christian community, displaying a long inscription in Chinese with occasional glosses in Syriac. The inscription described the eventful progress of the Nestorian mission in China since Alopen's arrival. 2033:(714–28) created a metropolitan province for Samarqand, and a metropolitan of Samarqand is attested in 1018. Samarqand surrendered to Genghis Khan in 1220, and although many of its citizens were killed, the city was not destroyed. Marco Polo mentions an East Syriac community in Samarqand in the 1270s. 2628:

By the end of the 13th century Christianity was also declining in the exterior provinces. Between the 7th and 14th centuries Christianity gradually disappeared in Arabia and Persia. There were at least five dioceses in northern Arabia in the 7th century and nine in Fars at the end of the 9th century,

2390:

They arrived in Baghdad, and from there they went to the great church of Kokhe, and to the monastery of Mar Mari the apostle, and received a blessing from the relics of that country. And from there they turned back and came to the country of Beth Garmaï, and they received blessings from the shrine of

1936:

In 893 Eliya of Damascus listed Hulwan as a metropolitan province, with suffragan dioceses for Dinawar (al-Dinur), Hamadan, Nihawand and al-Kuj. 'Al-Kuj' cannot be readily localised, and has been tentatively identified with Karaj d'Abu Dulaf. Little is known about these suffragan dioceses, except for

1809:

The province of Maishan seems to have come to an end in the 13th century. The metropolitan diocese of Prath d’Maishan is last mentioned in 1222, and the suffragan dioceses of Nahargur (ʿAbdasi), Karka d'Maishan (Dastumisan), and Rima (Nahr al-Dayr) probably ceased to exist rather earlier. The diocese

1788:

The Arab conquest allowed the East Syriacs to move into western Mesopotamia and establish communities in Damascus and other towns that had formerly been in Roman territory, where they lived alongside much larger Syrian Orthodox, Armenian and Melkite communities. Some of these western communities were

1776:

The metropolitan province of Nisibis had a number of suffragan dioceses at different periods, including the dioceses of Arzun, Beth Rahimaï, Beth Qardu (later renamed Tamanon), Beth Zabdaï, Qube d’Arzun, Balad, Shigar (Sinjar), Armenia, Harran and Callinicus (Raqqa), Maiperqat (with Amid and Mardin),

1650:

A good starting point for a discussion of the diocesan organisation of the Church of the East after the Arab conquest is a list of fifteen contemporary East Syriac 'eparchies' or ecclesiastical provinces compiled in 893 by the metropolitan Eliya of Damascus. The list (in Arabic) included the province

1619:

Bishops of the diocese of 'Adarbaigan' were present at most of the synods between 486 and 605. The diocese of Adarbaigan appears to have covered the territory included within the Sassanian province of Atropatene. It was bounded on the west by the Salmas and Urmi plains to the west of Lake Urmi and to

1606:

An East Syriac diocese was established in the Sassanian province of Gurgan (Hyrcania) to the southeast of the Caspian Sea in the 5th century for a community of Christians deported from Roman territory. The bishop Domitian 'of the deportation of Gurgan', evidently from his name a Roman, was present at

1163:

became a metropolitan during the reign of Ishoʿyahb II (628–45). The system established at this synod survived unchanged in its essentials for nearly a millennium. Although during this period the number of metropolitan provinces increased as the church’s horizons expanded, and although some suffragan

913:

is a particularly important source for the second half of the 8th century and the first half of the 9th century, a period for which little synodical information has survived and also few references to the attendance of bishops at patriarchal consecrations. As a monk of the important monastery of Beth

2657:

Although the Church of the East was losing ground to Islam in Iran and Central Asia, it was making gains elsewhere. The migration of Christians from southern Mesopotamia led to a revival of Christianity in the province of Adarbaigan, where Christians could practice their religion freely under Mongol

2237:

According to Thomas of Marga, the diocese of Damascus was established in the 7th century as a suffragan diocese in the province of Nisibis. The earliest known bishop of Damascus, Yohannan, is attested in 630. His title was 'bishop of the scattered of Damascus', presumably a population of East Syriac

2216:

of Sinistan', probably the metropolitan of Beth Sinaye, and the inscription also mentions the archdeacons Gigoi of Khumdan and Gabriel of Sarag ; Yazdbuzid, 'priest and country-bishop of Khumdan'; Sargis, 'priest and country-bishop'; and the bishop Yohannan. These references confirm that the Church

2017:

The metropolitan province of Dailam and Gilan created by Timothy I was transitory. Moslem missionaries began to convert the Dailam region to Islam in the 9th century, and by the beginning of the 11th century the East Syriac diocese of Dailam, by then united with Gurgan as a suffragan diocese of Rai,

1921:

By the 11th century East Syriac Christianity was in decline in Khorasan and Segestan. The last-known metropolitan of Merv was ʿAbdishoʿ, who was consecrated by the patriarch Mari (987–1000). The last-known metropolitan of Herat was Giwargis, who flourished in the reign of Sabrishoʿ III (1064–72). If

1757:

Of the seven suffragan dioceses attested in the province of Beth Huzaye in 576, only four were still in existence at the end of the 9th century. The diocese of Ram Hormizd seems to have lapsed, and the dioceses of Karka d'Ledan and Mihrganqadaq had been combined with the dioceses of Susa and Ispahan

1733:

A partial list of bishops present at the consecration of the patriarch Yohannan IV in 900 included several bishops from the province of the patriarch, including the bishops of Zabe and Beth Daraye and also the bishops Ishoʿzkha of 'the Gubeans', Hnanishoʿ of Delasar, Quriaqos of Meskene and Yohannan

1505:

Several dioceses mentioned in the acts of the early synods cannot be convincingly localised. A bishop Ardaq of 'Mashkena d'Qurdu' was present at the synod of Dadishoʿ in 424, a bishop Mushe of 'Hamir' at the synod of Acacius in 486, bishops of 'Barhis' at the synods of 544, 576 and 605, and a bishop

727:

in 605. These documents record the names of the bishops who were either present at these gatherings, or who adhered to their acts by proxy or later signature. These synods also dealt with diocesan discipline, and throw interesting light on the problems which the leaders of the church faced in trying

2571:

of Nisibis, himself metropolitan of Nisibis and Armenia, listed thirteen suffragan dioceses in the province 'of Soba (Nisibis) and Mediterranean Syria' at the end of the 13th century, in the following order: Arzun, Qube, Beth Rahimaï, Balad, Shigar, Qardu, Tamanon, Beth Zabdaï, Halat, Harran, Amid,

2381:

At the same time, however, significant changes had taken place which were only partially reflected in the organisational structure of the church. Between the 7th and 14th centuries Christianity gradually disappeared in southern and central Iraq (the ecclesiastical provinces of Maishan, Beth Aramaye

2372:

Amr listed twenty-seven metropolitan provinces stretching from Jerusalem to China, and although his list may be anachronistic in several respects, he was surely accurate in portraying a church whose horizons still stretched far beyond Kurdistan. The provincial structure of the church in 1318 was

1886:

At the beginning of the 7th century there were several dioceses in the province of Fars and its dependencies in northern Arabia (Beth Qatraye). Fars was marked out by its Arab conquerors for a thoroughgoing process of islamicisation, and Christianity declined more rapidly in this region than in any

1737:

In the 11th century decline began to set in. The diocese of Hirta (al-Hira) came to an end, and four other dioceses were combined into two: Nifr and al-Nil with Zabe (al-Zawabi and al-Nuʿmaniya), and Beth Waziq (al-Buwazikh) with Shenna d'Beth Ramman (al-Sin). Three more dioceses ceased to exist in

1568:

was recognised as a metropolitan at the synod of Joseph in 554 and Herat also became a metropolitan diocese shortly afterwards. The first known metropolitan of Herat was present at the synod of Ishoʿyahb I in 585. The growing importance of the Merv region for the Church of the East is also attested

1529:

There were at least eight dioceses in Fars and the islands of the Persian Gulf in the 5th century, and probably eleven or more by the end of the Sassanian period. In Fars the diocese of Rev Ardashir is first mentioned in 420, the dioceses of Ardashir Khurrah (Shiraf), Darabgard, Istakhr, and Kazrun

1248:

The metropolitan of Beth Huzaye (ʿIlam or Elam), who resided in the town of Beth Lapat (Veh az Andiokh Shapur), enjoyed the right of consecrating a new patriarch. In 410 it was not possible to appoint a metropolitan for Beth Huzaye, as several bishops of Beth Lapat were competing for precedence and

2606:

Abdin for the town of Hesna d'Kifa, perhaps in response to East Syriac immigration to the towns of the Tigris plain during the Mongol period. At the same time, a number of older dioceses may have ceased to exist. The dioceses of Qaimar and Qarta and Adarma are last mentioned towards the end of the

2385:

By the end of the 13th century, although isolated East Syriac outposts persisted to the southeast of the Great Zab, the districts of northern Mesopotamia included in the metropolitan provinces of Mosul and Nisibis were clearly regarded as the heartland of the Church of the East. When the monks Bar

1844:

A number of East Syriac bishops are attested between the 8th and 13th centuries for the diocese of Hebton, a region of northwest Adiabene to the south of the Great Zab, adjacent to the district of Marga. It is not clear when the diocese was created, but it is first mentioned under the name 'Hnitha

1828:

Erbil, the chief town of Adiabene, lost much of its former importance with the growth of the city of Mosul, and during the reign of the patriarch Timothy I (780–823) the seat of the metropolitans of Adiabene was moved to Mosul. The dioceses of Adiabene were governed by a 'metropolitan of Mosul and

1810:

of Nahargur is last mentioned at the end of the 9th century, in the list of Eliya of Damascus. The last-known bishop of Karka d'Maishan, Abraham, was present at the synod held by the patriarch Yohannan IV shortly after his election in 900, and an unnamed bishop of Rima attended the consecration of

1780:

Probably during the Ummayad period, the East Syriac diocese of Armenia was attached to the province of Nisibis. The bishop Artashahr of Armenia was present at the synod of Dadishoʿ in 424, but the diocese was not assigned to a metropolitan province. In the late 13th century Armenia was certainly a

1742:

in 1176. By the patriarchal election of 1222 the guardianship of the vacant patriarchal throne, the traditional privilege of the bishop of Kashkar, had passed to the metropolitans of ʿIlam. The trend of decline continued in the 13th century. The diocese of Zabe and Nil is last mentioned during the

1514:

Canon XXI of the synod of 410 provided that 'the bishops of the more remote dioceses of Fars, the Islands, Beth Madaye , Beth Raziqaye and also the country of Abrashahr , must later accept the definition established in this council'. This reference demonstrates that the influence of the Church of

1337:

During the 5th and 6th centuries three new dioceses in the province of Nisibis were founded in Persian territory, in Beth ʿArabaye (the hinterland of Nisibis, between Mosul and the Tigris and Khabur rivers) and in the hill country to the northeast of Arzun. By 497 a diocese had been established at

929:

Nevertheless, references to bishops beyond Mesopotamia are infrequent and capricious. Furthermore, many of the relevant sources are in Arabic rather than Syriac, and often use a different Arabic name for a diocese previously attested only in the familiar Syriac form of the synodical acts and other

2127:

of Nisibis at the beginning of the 14th century includes the province 'of the Islands of the Sea between Dabag, Sin and Masin'. Sin and Masin appear to refer to northern and southern China respectively, and Dabag to Java, implying that the province covered at least some of the islands of the East

1986:

The Arran or Little Armenia district in modern Azerbaijan, with its chief town Bardaʿa, was an East Syriac metropolitan province in the 10th and 11th centuries, and represented the northernmost extension of the Church of the East. A manuscript note of 1137 mentions that the diocese of Bardaʿa and

1917:

Timothy I consecrated a metropolitan named Hnanishoʿ for Sarbaz in the 790s. This diocese is not mentioned again. In 893 Eliya of Damascus recorded that the metropolitan province of Merv had suffragan sees at 'Dair Hans', 'Damadut', and 'Daʿbar Sanai', three districts whose locations are entirely

1218:

The first and chief seat is that of Seleucia and Ctesiphon; the bishop who occupies it is the grand metropolitan and chief of all the bishops. The bishop of Kashkar is placed under the jurisdiction of this metropolitan; he is his right arm and minister, and he governs the diocese after his death.

2770:

province. Shlemun's epitaph described him as 'administrator of the Christians and Manicheans of Manzi (south China)'. Marco Polo had earlier reported the existence of a Manichean community in Fujian, at first thought to be Christian, and it is not surprising to find this small religious minority

1866:

In its heyday, at the end of the 6th century, there were at least nine dioceses in the province of Beth Garmaï. As in Beth Aramaye, the Christian population of Beth Garmaï began to fall in the first centuries of Moslem rule, and the province's decline is reflected in the forced relocation of the

1560:

The diocese of Segestan, whose bishop probably sat at Zarang, was disputed during the schism of Narsaï and Elishaʿ in the 520s. The patriarch Aba I resolved the dispute in 544 by temporarily dividing the diocese, assigning Zarang, Farah and Qash to the bishop Yazdaphrid and Bist and Rukut to the

853:

and ʿAbbasid periods are the histories of Mari, ʿAmr and Sliba, which frequently record the names and dioceses of the metropolitans and bishops present at the consecration of a patriarch or appointed by him during his reign. These records tend to be patchy before the 11th century, and the chance

1955:

The diocese of Rai was raised to metropolitan status in 790 by the patriarch Timothy I. According to Eliya of Damascus, Gurgan was a suffragan diocese of the province of Rai in 893. It is doubtful whether either diocese still existed at the end of the 13th century. The last-known bishop of Rai,

1836:

Five new dioceses in the province of Mosul and Erbil were established during the Ummayad and ʿAbbasid periods: Marga, Salakh, Haditha, Taimana and Hebton. The dioceses of Marga and Salakh, covering the districts around ʿAmadiya and ʿAqra, are first mentioned in the 8th century but may have been

1761:

The East Syriac author ʿAbdishoʿ of Nisibis, writing around the end of the 13th century, mentions the bishop Gabriel of Shahpur Khwast (modern Hurremabad), who perhaps flourished during the 10th century. From its geographical location, Shahpur Khwast might have been a diocese in the province of

1602:

In Tabaristan (northern Iran), the diocese of Rai (Beth Raziqaye) is first mentioned in 410, and seems to have had a fairly uninterrupted succession of bishops for the next six and a half centuries. Bishops of Rai are first attested in 424 and last mentioned towards the end of the 11th century.

2248:, who was consecrated in 893 by the patriarch Yohannan III and bore the title 'metropolitan of Damascus, Jerusalem and the Shore (probably a reference to the East Syriac communities in Cilicia)'. The last known metropolitan of Damascus, Marqos, was consecrated during the reign of the patriarch 1837:

created earlier, perhaps in response to West Syrian competition in the Mosul region in the 7th century. The diocese of Marga persisted into the 14th century, but the diocese of Salakh is last mentioned in the 9th century. By the 8th century there was also an East Syriac diocese for the town of

858:

in 900 helps to fill one of the many gaps in our knowledge. The records of attendance at patriarchal consecrations must be used with caution, however, as they can give a misleading impression. They inevitably gave prominence to the bishops of Mesopotamia and overlooked those of the more remote

2716:

There were also temporary Christian gains further afield. The Mongol conquest of China in the second half of the 13th century allowed the East Syriac church to return to China, and by the end of the century two new metropolitan provinces had been created for China, Tangut and 'Katai and Ong'.

1725:

According to Eliya of Damascus, there were thirteen dioceses in the province of the patriarch in 893: Kashkar, al-Tirhan, Dair Hazql (an alternative name for al-Nuʿmaniya, the chief town in the diocese of Zabe), al-Hira (Hirta), al-Anbar (Piroz Shabur), al-Sin (Shenna d’Beth Ramman), ʿUkbara,

2347:

Ilam, and Tangut (northwest China), and the bishops of Susa and the island of Soqotra were also present. During their journey from China to Baghdad in 1279, Yahballaha and Bar Sawma were offered hospitality by an unnamed bishop of Tus in northeastern Persia, confirming that there was still a

918:(832–50), he had access to a wide range of written sources, including the correspondence of the patriarch Timothy I, and could also draw on the traditions of his old monastery and the long memories of its monks. Thirty or forty otherwise unattested bishops of this period are mentioned in the 1697:

There are some obvious omissions from this list, notably a number of dioceses in the province of Mosul, but it is probably legitimate to conclude that all the dioceses mentioned in the list were still in existence in the last quarter of the 12th century. If so, the list has some interesting

1583:

By the end of the 5th century there were at least three East Syriac dioceses in the Sassanian province of Media in western Iran. Canon XXI of the synod of Isaac in 410 foreshadowed the extension of the metropolitan principle to the bishops of Beth Madaye and other relatively remote regions.

2741:

tribe around the great bend of the Yellow River. The metropolitans of Katai and Ong probably sat at the Mongol capital Khanbaliq. The patriarch Yahballaha III grew up in a monastery in northern China in the 1270s, and the metropolitans Giwargis and Nestoris are mentioned in his biography.

2197:(714–28). Arguing from its position in the list of exterior provinces, which implied an 8th-century foundation, and on grounds of general historical probability, ʿAbdishoʿ refuted alternative claims that the province of Beth Sinaye had been founded either by the 5th-century patriarch 2636:

The East Syriac communities in Central Asia disappeared during the 14th century. Continual warfare eventually made it impossible for the Church of the East to send bishops to minister to its far-flung congregations. The blame for the destruction of the Christian communities east of

2753:

During the first half of the 14th century there were East Syriac Christian communities in many cities in China, and the province of Katai and Ong probably had several suffragan dioceses. In 1253 William of Rubruck mentioned a Nestorian bishop in the town of 'Segin' (Xijing, modern

841:, for example), most have not survived. The synod of the patriarch Gregory in 605 was the last ecumenical synod of the Church of the East whose acts have survived in full, though the records of local synods convened at Dairin in Beth Qatraye by the patriarch Giwargis in 676 and in 2658:

protection. An East Syriac diocese is mentioned as early as 1074 at Urmi, and three others were created before the end of the 13th century, one a new metropolitan see for the province of Adarbaigan (possibly replacing the old metropolitan province of Arran, and with its seat at

2683:, the Mongol occupation of Adarbaigan enabled churches to be built in Tabriz and Nakichevan for the first time in those cities' history. Substantial Christian communities are attested in both towns at the end of the 13th century, and also in Maragha, Hamadan and Sultaniyyeh. 790:(1281–1317). Sliba, in turn, continued ʿAmr's text into the reign of the patriarch Timothy II (1318 – c. 1332). Unfortunately, no English translation has yet been made of these important sources. They remain available only in their original Arabic and in a Latin translation ( 1898:

in 1281. Marco Polo visited the island in the 1280s, and claimed that it had an East Syriac archbishop, with a suffragan bishop on the nearby 'Island of Males'. In a casual testimony to the impressive geographical extension of the Church of the East in the ʿAbbasid period,

2391:

Mar Ezekiel, which was full of helps and healings. And from there they went to Erbil, and from there to Mosul. And they went to Shigar, and Nisibis and Mardin, and were blessed by the shrine containing the bones of Mar Awgin, the second Christ. And from there they went to

1607:

the synod of Dadishoʿ in 424, and three other 5th- and 6th-century bishops of Gurgan attended the later synods, the last of whom, Zaʿura, was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Ezekiel in 576. The bishops of Gurgan probably sat in the provincial capital

2289:

Little is known about the diocese of Aleppo, and even less about the dioceses of Mambeg, Mopsuestia, and Tarsus and Malatya. The literary sources have preserved the name of only one bishop from these regions, Ibn Tubah, who was consecrated for Aleppo by the patriarch

2399:

With the exception of the patriarchal church of Kokhe in Baghdad and the nearby monastery of Mar Mari, all these sites were well to the north of Baghdad, in the districts of northern Mesopotamia where historic East Syriac Christianity survived into the 20th century.

1995:

A major missionary drive was undertaken by the Church of the East in Dailam and Gilan towards the end of the 8th century on the initiative of the patriarch Timothy I (780–823), led by three metropolitans and several suffragan bishops from the monastery of Beth ʿAbe.

1631:) is attested during the 6th century, but only two of its bishops are known. The bishop Yohannan of Paidangaran, first mentioned in 540, adhered to the acts of the synod of Mar Aba I in 544. The bishop Yaʿqob of Paidangaran was present at the synod of Joseph in 544. 1544:

An East Syriac diocese for Abrashahr (Nishapur) evidently existed by the beginning of the 5th century, though it was not assigned to a metropolitan province in 410. Three more East Syriac dioceses in Khorasan and Segestan are attested a few years later. The bishops

1338:

Balad (the modern Eski Mosul) on the Tigris, which persisted into the 14th century. By 563 there was also a diocese for Shigar (Sinjar), deep inside Beth ʿArabaye, and by 585 a diocese for Kartwaye, the country to the west of Lake Van inhabited by the Kartaw Kurds.

2238:

refugees displaced by the Roman-Persian Wars. Damascus was raised to metropolitan status by the patriarch Timothy I (780–823). In 790 the bishop Shallita of Damascus was still a suffragan bishop. Some time after 790 Timothy consecrated the future patriarch Sabrisho

2263:

Although little is known about its episcopal succession, the East Syriac diocese of Jerusalem seems to have remained a suffragan diocese in the province of Damascus throughout the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries. The earliest known bishop of Jerusalem was Eliya Ibn

832:

Rather less is known about the diocesan organisation of the Church of the East under the caliphate than during the Sassanian period. Although the acts of several synods held between the 7th and 13th centuries were recorded (the 14th-century author ʿAbdishoʿ of

2012:

and Mar Yahballaha were elected metropolitans of Gilan and of Dailam; and Thomas of Hdod, Zakkai of Beth Mule, Shem Bar Arlaye, Ephrem, Shemʿon, Hnanya and David, who went with them from this monastery, were elected and consecrated bishops of those countries.

926:, who flourished around the middle of the 8th century, that forty-two of the monks under his care would later become bishops, metropolitans, or even patriarchs. Thomas was able to name, and supply interesting information about, thirty-one of these bishops. 2303:

A number of East Syriac bishops of Egypt are attested between the 8th and 11th centuries. The earliest known bishop, Yohannan, is attested around the beginning of the 8th century. His successors included Sulaiman, consecrated in error by the patriarch

1624:. The diocese of Adarbaigan was not assigned to a metropolitan province in 410, and may have remained independent throughout the Sassanian period. By the end of the 8th century, however, Adarbaigan was a suffragan diocese in the province of Adiabene. 1261:). These dioceses were all founded at least a century earlier, and their bishops were present at most of the synods of the 5th and 6th centuries. A bishop of Ispahan was present at the synod of Dadishoʿ in 424, and by 576 there were also dioceses for 1227:

arrangement was later formalised by the creation of a 'province of the patriarch'. As foreshadowed in the synod of Isaac in 410, Kashkar was the highest ranking diocese in this province, and the bishop of Kaskar became the 'guardian of the throne'

2229:

Although the main East Syriac missionary impetus was eastwards, the Arab conquests paved the way for the establishment of East Syriac communities to the west of the Church's northern Mesopotamian heartland, in Syria, Palestine, Cilicia and Egypt.

1438:; Beth Mahrqart with Beth Qardu in the Nisibis region, across the Tigris from the district of Beth Zabdaï; and Dabarin with Tirhan, a district of Beth Aramaye which lay between the Tigris and the Jabal Ḥamrin, to the southwest of Beth Garmaï. 980:

there were several dioceses in Adiabene and elsewhere in the Parthian empire as early as the end of the 1st century, and more than twenty dioceses in 225 in Mesopotamia and northern Arabia, including the following seventeen named dioceses:

1666:(1176–90), for the consecration of bishops, metropolitans and patriarchs. Included in the canons is what appears to be a contemporary list of twenty-five East Syriac dioceses, in the following order: (a) Nisibis; (b) Mardin; (c) Amid and 2316:

I (983–6) and recalled when it was discovered that the diocese already had a bishop; Joseph al-Shirazi, injured during a riot in 996 in which Christian churches in Egypt were attacked; Yohannan of Haditha, consecrated by the patriarch

2805:

in 1291. Most of the city's Christians, unwilling to live under Moslem rule, abandoned their homes and resettled in Christian Cyprus. Cyprus had an East Syriac bishop in 1445, Timothy, who made a Catholic profession of faith at the

2678:

in 1281. The foundation of these four dioceses probably reflected a migration of East Syriac Christians to the shores of Lake Urmi after the lakeside towns became Mongol cantonments in the 1240s. According to the Armenian historian

1353:

was an important seminary and theological academy of the Church of the East during the late Sassanian period, and in the last two centuries of Sassanian rule generated a remarkable outpouring of East Syriac theological scholarship.

2590:

was giving a conspectus of dioceses in the province of Nisibis at various periods in its history rather than an authentic list of late 13th-century dioceses, and it is most unlikely that dioceses of Qube, Beth Rahimaï, Harran and

1249:

the synod declined to choose between them. Instead, it merely laid down that once it became possible to appoint a metropolitan, he would have jurisdiction over the dioceses of Karka d'Ledan, Hormizd Ardashir, Shushter (Shushtra,

2633:) survived into the 14th century. There were perhaps twenty East Syriac dioceses in Media, Tabaristan, Khorasan and Segestan at the end of the 9th century, only one of which (Tus in Khorasan) survived into the 13th century. 1118:

During the 4th century the dioceses of the Church of the East began to group themselves into regional clusters, looking for leadership to the bishop of the chief city of the region. This process was formalised at the

2068:), became a metropolitan province of the Church of the East in the 7th century. Although few references to its clergy have survived, the colophon of a manuscript copied in 1301 in the church of Mar Quriaqos in 1459:) or Zibar district to the east of ʿAqra, and for Nineveh. The diocese of Maʿaltha is first mentioned in 497, and the diocese of Nineveh in 554, and bishops of both dioceses attended most of the later synods. 2078:

qob of India. The metropolitan seat for India at this period was probably Cranganore, described in this manuscript as 'the royal city', and the main strength of the East Syriac church in India was along the

1781:

suffragan diocese of the province of Nisibis, and its dependency probably went back to the 7th or 8th century. The bishops of Armenia appear to have sat at the town of Halat (Ahlat) on the northern shore of

1553:, David of Abrashahr, Yazdoï of Herat and Aphrid of Segestan were present at the synod of Dadishoʿ in 424. The uncommon name of the bishop of Merv, Bar Shaba, means 'son of the deportation', suggesting that 2373:

much the same as it had been when it was established in 410 at the synod of Isaac, and many of the 14th-century dioceses had existed, though perhaps under a different name, nine hundred years earlier.

2521:

of Nisibis. Urmi too, although none of its bishops are known, may also have persisted as a diocese into the 16th century, when it again appears as the seat of an East Syriac bishop. The diocese of Ma

2234:

became the seat of an East Syriac metropolitan around the end of the 8th century, and the province had five suffragan dioceses in 893: Aleppo, Jerusalem, Mambeg, Mopsuestia, and Tarsus and Malatya.

1829:

Erbil' for the next four and a half centuries. Around 1200, Mosul and Erbil became separate metropolitan provinces. The last known metropolitan of Mosul and Erbil was Tittos, who was appointed by

770:

Valuable additional information on the careers of the East Syriac patriarchs is supplied in histories of the Church of the East since its foundation written by the 12th-century East Syriac author

691:

The ecclesiastical organisation of the Church of the East in the Sassanian period, at least in the interior provinces and from the 5th century onwards, is known in some detail from the records of

874:, was compiled in 1007/8. This history, published by B. Haddad (Baghdad, 2000), survives in an Arabic manuscript in the possession of the Chaldean Church, and the French ecclesiastical historian 2115:

of Jerusalem on a visitation to 'the Islands of the Sea'. These 'Islands of the Sea' may well have been the East Indies, as a list of metropolitan provinces compiled by the East Syriac writer

1223:

Although the bishops of Beth Aramaye were admonished in the acts of these synods, they persisted in their intransigence, and in 420 Yahballaha I placed them under his direct supervision. This

976:), and possibly also in Khorasan. Some of these dioceses may have been at least a century old, and it is possible that many of them were founded before the Sassanian period. According to the 1506:

of ʿAïn Sipne at the synod of Ezekiel in 576. Given the personal attendance of their bishops at these synods, these dioceses were probably in Mesopotamia rather than the exterior provinces.

1164:

dioceses within the original six metropolitan provinces died out and others took their place, all the metropolitan provinces created or recognised in 410 were still in existence in 1318.

786:(1139–48). The 14th-century writer ʿAmr ibn Mattai, bishop of Tirhan, abridged Mari's history but also provided a number of new details and brought it up to the reign of the patriarch 2037:(780–823) consecrated a metropolitan for Beth Turkaye, 'the country of the Turks'. Beth Turkaye has been distinguished from Samarqand by the French scholar Dauvillier, who noted that 2782:

There were East Syriac communities at Antioch, Tripolis and Acre in the 1240s. The metropolitan Abraham 'of Jerusalem and Tripolis' was present at the consecration of the patriarch

2366:'s biographer praised the progress made by the Church of the East in converting the 'Indians, Chinese and Turks', without suggesting that this achievement was under threat. In 1348 2505:

altha, Hebton, Beth Bgash, Dasen, Beth Nuhadra, Marga and Urmi. The diocese of Hebton is last mentioned in 1257, when its bishop Gabriel attended the consecration of the patriarch

1903:

mentions that Yemen and Sanaʿa had a bishop named Peter during the reign of the patriarch Abraham II (837–50) who had earlier served in China. This diocese is not mentioned again.

2323:

III in 1064; and Marqos, present at the consecration of the patriarch Makkikha I in 1092. It is doubtful whether the East Syriac diocese of Egypt survived into the 13th century.

922:, and it is the prime source for the existence of the northern Mesopotamian diocese of Salakh. A particularly important passage mentions the prophecy of the monastery’s superior 930:

early sources. Most of the Mesopotamian dioceses can be readily identified in their new Arabic guise, but on occasion the use of Arabic presents difficulties of identification.

1328:). These were the Syriac names for Arzanene, Corduene, Zabdicene, Rehimene and Moxoene, the five districts ceded by Rome to Persia in 363. The metropolitan diocese of Nisibis ( 1159:

was recognised at the synod of Joseph in 554, and henceforth they took sixth and seventh place in precedence respectively after the metropolitan of Beth Garmaï. The bishop of

907:) and these histories, together with a number of hagiographical accounts of the lives of notable holy men, occasionally mention bishops of the northern Mesopotamian dioceses. 4138: 2386:

Sawma and Marqos (the future patriarch Yahballaha III) arrived in Mesopotamia from China in the late 1270s, they visited several East Syriac monasteries and churches:

862:

Two lists in Arabic of East Syriac metropolitan provinces and their constituent dioceses during the ʿAbbasid period have survived. The first, reproduced in Assemani's

191: 2737:

The province of Katai and Ong, which seems to have replaced the old T'ang dynasty province of Beth Sinaye, covered northern China and the country of the Christian

2666:

and al-Rustaq (probably to be identified with the Shemsdin district of Hakkari). The metropolitan of Adarbaigan was present at the consecration of the patriarch

579: 3964: 3927: 1678:; (f) Erbil; (g) Beth Waziq; (h) Athor ; (i) Balad; (j) Marga; (k) Kfar Zamre; (l) Fars and Kirman; (m) Hindaye and Qatraye (India and northern Arabia); (n) 1662:

An important source for the ecclesiastical organisation of the Church of the East in the 12th century is a collection of canons, attributed to the patriarch

859:

dioceses who were unable to be present. These bishops were often recorded in the acts of the Sassanian synods, because they adhered to their acts by letter.

2083:, where it was when the Portuguese arrived in India at the beginning of the 16th century. There were also East Syriac communities on the east coast, around 2099:

An East Syrian metropolitan province in the "Islands of the Sea" existed at some point between the 11th and 14th centuries; this may be a reference to the

4898: 4857: 4852: 4796: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4624: 4599: 4529: 4369: 4225: 1974:

II in 1075 as 'metropolitan of Hulwan and Rai', suggesting that the episcopal seat of the bishops of Rai had been transferred to Hulwan. According to the

1861: 1694:; (r) Halat, Van and Wastan; (s) Najran; (t) Kashkar; (u) Shenna d'Beth Ramman; (v) Nevaketh; (w) Soqotra; (x) Pushtadar; and (y) the Islands of the Sea. 1468: 1144: 2774:

The 14th-century Nestorian communities in China existed under Mongol protection, and were dispersed when the Mongol Yuan dynasty was overthrown in 1368.

4960: 4888: 4878: 4847: 4801: 4715: 4629: 4604: 4594: 4439: 4230: 4188: 2819: 2395:

d'Beth Zabdaï, and they were blessed by all the shrines and monasteries, and the religious houses, and the monks, and the fathers in their dioceses.

1752: 1243: 1128: 2193:, in the first quarter of the 8th century. According to the 14th-century writer ʿAbdishoʿ of Nisibis, the province was established by the patriarch 2021:

Timothy I also consecrated a bishop named Eliya for the Caspian district of Muqan, a diocese not mentioned elsewhere and probably also short-lived.

4131: 2475:

yahb of Tella and Barbelli (Marga). Timothy himself had been metropolitan of Erbil before his election as patriarch. Again, with the exception of

2337:

At the end of the 13th century the Church of the East still extended across Asia to China. Twenty-two bishops were present at the consecration of

1675: 181: 1978:

of 1007/08, the diocese of 'Gurgan, Bilad al-Jibal and Dailam' had been suppressed, 'owing to the disappearance of Christianity in the region'.

5111: 5106: 5101: 4893: 4806: 4751: 4720: 4694: 4574: 4544: 4519: 4484: 4454: 4434: 4424: 4359: 4220: 2494: 1823: 1411: 1140: 1059:), Beth Niqator (apparently a district in Beth Garmaï), Shahrgard, Beth Meskene (possibly Piroz Shabur, later an East Syriac diocese), Hulwan ( 535: 5096: 5081: 5076: 5061: 5056: 5046: 5031: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4981: 4976: 4965: 4903: 4822: 4811: 4791: 4776: 4771: 4761: 4730: 4634: 4584: 4564: 4474: 4464: 4459: 4449: 4414: 4394: 4379: 4240: 4235: 4193: 2824: 2554: 1804: 1771: 1375: 1363: 1274: 1136: 1132: 36: 1071:), Hazza (probably the village of that name near Erbil, though the reading is disputed), Dailam and Shigar (Sinjar). The cities of Nisibis ( 4746: 4679: 4554: 4509: 4364: 4293: 2829: 1931: 1578: 1160: 2270:

Ubaid, who was appointed metropolitan of Damascus in 893 by the patriarch Yohannan III. Nearly two centuries later a bishop named Hnanisho

2244:

II (831–5) as the city's first metropolitan. Several metropolitans of Damascus are attested between the 9th and 11th centuries, including

5153: 4298: 4124: 2056: 1833:(1175–89). Thereafter separate metropolitan bishops for Mosul and for Erbil are recorded in a fairly complete series from 1210 to 1318. 4944: 4933: 4923: 4913: 4883: 4862: 4842: 4837: 4786: 4781: 4766: 4756: 4735: 4710: 4705: 4689: 4674: 4639: 4619: 4609: 4589: 4579: 4569: 4549: 4534: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4479: 4469: 4444: 4429: 4409: 4389: 4349: 4318: 4283: 4245: 1912: 1881: 1712: 1539: 1524: 1178: 1156: 1152: 923: 572: 1738:

the 12th century. The dioceses of Piroz Shabur (al-Anbar) and Qasr and Nahrawan are last mentioned in 1111, and the senior diocese of

4539: 4323: 1950: 1597: 885:

A number of local histories of monasteries in northern Mesopotamia were also written at this period (in particular Thomas of Marga’s

1890:

Of the northern Arabian dioceses, Mashmahig is last mentioned around 650, and Dairin, Oman (Beth Mazunaye), Hajar and Hatta in 676.

1651:

of the patriarch and fourteen metropolitan provinces: Jundishabur (Beth Huzaye), Nisibin (Nisibis), al-Basra (Maishan), al-Mawsil (

2499:

At the beginning of the 13th century there were at least eight suffragan dioceses in the provinces of Mosul and Erbil: Haditha, Ma

813:

frequently mentions developments in the East Syriac church that affected the West Syriacs. Like its East Syriac counterparts, the

5066: 5041: 224: 1428:

The bishop of Erbil became metropolitan of Adiabene in 410, responsible also for the six suffragan dioceses of Beth Nuhadra (

565: 1479:, modern Kirkuk) became metropolitan of Beth Garmaï, responsible also for the five suffragan dioceses of Shahrgard, Lashom ( 3878: 1894:

remained an isolated outpost of Christianity in the Arabian sea, and its bishop attended the enthronement of the patriarch

201: 1987:

Armenia no longer existed, and that the responsibilities of its metropolitans had been undertaken by the bishop of Halat.

1283:

was obliged to cede Nisibis and five neighbouring districts to Persia to extricate the defeated army of his predecessor

817:

has not yet been translated into English, and remains available only in its Syriac original and in a Latin translation (

4147: 69: 1795:

Ain). Reshʿaïna is a plausible location for an East Syriac diocese at this period, but none of its bishops are known.

592: 5158: 1127:

and then grouped most of the Mesopotamian dioceses into five geographically based provinces (by order of precedence,

73: 219: 4354: 2404: 2403:

A similar pattern is evident several years later. Eleven bishops were present at the consecration of the patriarch

1849: 915: 849:

have also survived by chance. The main sources for the episcopal organisation of the Church of the East during the

89: 3979: 3942: 5116: 2724:. The province evidently had several dioceses, even though they cannot now be localised, as the metropolitan Shem 2218: 2044: 2034: 1938: 1830: 1663: 846: 760: 522: 412: 148: 2527:

altha is last mentioned in 1281, but probably persisted into the 14th century under the name Hnitha. The bishop

2341:

in 1281, and while most of them were from the dioceses of northern Mesopotamia, the metropolitans of Jerusalem,

1265:(probably the 'Beth Mihraqaye' included in the title of the diocese of Ispahan in 497) and Ram Hormizd (Ramiz). 2707: 2332: 624:

heartland, and a dozen or more second-rank exterior provinces. Most of the exterior provinces were located in

5086: 5026: 4384: 2810:, and was probably already the seat of an East Syriac bishop or metropolitan by the end of the 13th century. 1811: 1739: 1564:

The Christian population of the Merv region seems to have increased during the 6th century, as the bishop of

942:, the Church of the East probably had twenty or more dioceses within the borders of the Sassanian empire, in 838: 724: 704: 527: 186: 20: 4047:

Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria II: Maris textus arabicus et versio Latina

2136:, also consecrated a number of bishops 'for India and the Islands of the Sea between Dabag, Sin and Masin'. 596:

Syrian, Armenian and Latin bishops debate Christian doctrine in the Crusader city of Acre, late 13th century

4908: 4867: 4827: 2762:

province). The tomb of a Nestorian bishop named Shlemun, who died in 1313, has recently been discovered at

2454: 2444: 716: 251: 1734:'of the Jews'. The last four dioceses are not mentioned elsewhere and cannot be satisfactorily localised. 1620:

the south by the diocese of Salakh in the province of Adiabene. Its centre seems to have been the town of

5036: 4669: 4165: 2711: 2539:'of Hnitha', attested in 1310 and 1318, was almost certainly a bishop of the diocese formerly known as Ma 2202: 2145: 708: 467: 196: 165: 160: 155: 106: 5163: 5051: 5006: 2170:. The first recorded Christian mission to China was led by a Nestorian Christian with the Chinese name 1339: 782:. Mari's history, written in the second half of the 12th century, ends with the reign of the patriarch 110: 5071: 362: 232: 96: 77: 2043:

Amr listed the two provinces separately, but may well have been another name for the same province.

1561:

bishop Sargis. He ordered that the diocese should be reunited as soon as one of these bishops died.

1441:

By the middle of the 6th century there were also dioceses in the province of Adiabene for Maʿaltha (

5091: 4986: 4161: 3825: 938:

By the middle of the 4th century, when many of its bishops were martyred during the persecution of

759:), recorded the date of consecration, length of reign and date of death of all the patriarchs from 664: 636:

and China, testifying to the Church's remarkable eastern expansion in the Middle Ages. A number of

307: 170: 3813: 3799: 2790:(still in Crusader hands until 1289) rather than Jerusalem, which had fallen definitively to the 2133: 2065: 206: 1402:). The bishops of these four dioceses attended most of the synods of the 5th and 6th centuries. 797:

There are also a number of valuable references to the Church of the East and its bishops in the

3805:

De catholicis seu patriarchis Chaldaeorum et Nestorianorum commentarius historico-chronologicus

1196: 822: 806: 672:

There are few sources for the ecclesiastical organisation of the Church of the East before the

135: 85: 61: 2260:

II (1074–90). It is not clear whether the diocese of Damascus survived into the 12th century.

2064:, which boasted a substantion East Syriac community at least as early as the 3rd century (the 676:(Persian) period, and the information provided in martyr acts and local histories such as the 2720:

The province of Tangut covered northwestern China, and its metropolitan seems to have sat at

432: 4031:

Pour un Oriens Christianus Novus: Répertoire des diocèses syriaques orientaux et occidentaux

2158:, erected in 781: 'The tablet of the spread of the brilliant teaching of Ta-ch'in in China' 1416: 4203: 4040:

Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria I: Amri et Salibae Textus

3874: 3839: 2481:

Ilam (whose metropolitan, Joseph, was present in his capacity of 'guardian of the throne' (

2128:

Indies. The memory of this province persisted into the 16th century. In 1503 the patriarch

540: 387: 28: 8: 5134: 3843: 2807: 2186: 1284: 553: 507: 447: 81: 4080: 2245: 4644: 4151: 2680: 1184: 1124: 826: 732: 641: 605: 101: 56: 4106: 1291:

and his Christian successors, may well have contained more Christians than the entire

870:. The second, a summary ecclesiastical history of the Church of the East known as the 775: 767:(1001–11), and also supplied important information on some of Timothy's predecessors. 4116: 4067:

Tfinkdji, Joseph (1914). "L' église chaldéenne catholique autrefois et aujourd'hui".

4025: 4011: 3997: 3960: 3923: 3909: 3368: 2721: 1350: 1085: 867: 779: 771: 752: 696: 442: 65: 51: 2600:

A diocese was founded around the middle of the 13th century to the north of the Tur

1717: 2787: 2348:

Christian community in Khorasan, however reduced. India had a metropolitan named Ya

1421: 1280: 637: 295: 273: 4095: 4084: 4029: 4015: 4001: 3913: 3861:

The Book of Governors: The Historia Monastica of Thomas, Bishop of Marga, AD 840

3829: 3803: 2620: 2209: 2179: 2162:

The Church of the East is perhaps best known nowadays for its missionary work in

2155: 1997: 1900: 1628: 1292: 910: 477: 472: 268: 4003:

Nisibe, métropole syriaque orientale et ses suffragants des origines à nos jours

2354:

qob at the beginning of the 14th century, mentioned together with the patriarch

2132:, in response to the request of a delegation from the East Syriac Christians of 2009: 1655:), Bajarmi (Beth Garmaï), al-Sham (Damascus), al-Ray (Rai), Hara (Herat), Maru ( 1634:

The bishop Surin of 'Amol and Gilan' was present at the synod of Joseph in 554.

1384:) in 410, responsible also for the three suffragan dioceses of Karka d'Maishan ( 1287:

from Persian territory. The Nisibis region, after nearly fifty years of rule by

4169: 1151:

and Merv (and possibly Herat) also became metropolitans. The new status of the

1120: 903: 787: 728:

to maintain high standards of conduct among their widely dispersed episcopate.

517: 290: 278: 211: 3890:

Dauvillier, J., 'Les provinces chaldéennes "de l'extérieur" au Moyen Âge', in

882:(Beirut, 1993), a study of the dioceses of the West and East Syriac churches. 5147: 2798: 2783: 2743: 2675: 2578:

aïna and 'Adormiah' (Qarta and Adarma). It has been convincingly argued that

2363: 2355: 2338: 2080: 1895: 1852:, formerly independent, was a suffragan diocese of the province of Adiabene. 1288: 1262: 744: 640:

dioceses were also established in the towns of the eastern Mediterranean, in

372: 357: 337: 300: 285: 261: 130: 2700: 2642: 2291: 2277: 2167: 1342:

was the bishop of the Kurds of Kartaw during or shortly after the reign of

1230: 1188: 1148: 943: 854:

survival of a list of bishops present at the consecration of the patriarch

802: 700: 629: 397: 382: 367: 347: 342: 332: 5017: 5007: 4935: 4924: 4869: 4813: 4737: 4696: 4400: 2734:

shortly before his death in 1281 'together with a number of his bishops'.

2725: 2601: 2592: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2566: 2560: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2500: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2448: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2367: 2349: 2342: 2318: 2311: 2305: 2293: 2279: 2271: 2265: 2255: 2249: 2239: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2073: 2038: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1790: 1298:

The bishop of Nisibis was recognised in 410 as the metropolitan of Arzun (

3928:"L'Élam, la première des métropoles ecclésiastiques syriennes orientales" 2747: 2731: 2696: 2667: 2506: 2190: 2175: 2100: 1727: 1123:

in 410, which first asserted the priority of the 'grand metropolitan' of

1012: 982: 855: 783: 617: 512: 377: 256: 1642: 688:, which name several bishops and dioceses in Mesopotamia and elsewhere. 2746:

himself was consecrated metropolitan of Katai and Ong by the patriarch

2691: 2194: 2069: 2030: 1343: 875: 764: 720: 402: 2801:, the last city in the Holy Land under Christian control, fell to the 1721:

Ecclesiastical provinces of the Church of the East in the 10th century

2624:

East Syriac tombstone of 1312 from Issyk Kul, with Uighur inscription

1667: 1608: 1546: 1435: 1211: 1200: 939: 685: 673: 487: 407: 352: 4097:

The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913

2047:(1176–90) created a metropolitan province for Kashgar and Nevaketh. 1557:'s Christian community may have been deported from Roman territory. 2802: 2791: 2763: 2231: 2088: 1782: 1207: 842: 601: 392: 327: 1210:), Beth Daraye and Dasqarta d'Malka (the Sassanian winter capital 5129: 2630: 2392: 2129: 2004:, preserved the names of the East Syriac bishops sent to Dailam: 1891: 1687: 1671: 1585: 1424:, chief town in the East Syriac metropolitan province of Adiabene 1002: 850: 834: 792:

Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria

740: 736: 649: 437: 2864: 2862: 2150: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2171: 2084: 1838: 1683: 1621: 1192: 992: 616:. These dioceses were organised into six interior provinces in 3402: 3400: 3398: 2859: 2738: 2646: 2485:) all the dioceses represented were in northern Mesopotamia. 2212:

inscription was composed in 781 by Adam, 'priest, bishop and

2163: 2061: 1691: 1679: 1652: 1032: 1022: 712: 692: 653: 645: 633: 613: 609: 482: 3896:

Histoire et institutions des Églises orientales au Moyen Âge

755:, edited in 1910 by E. W. Brooks and translated into Latin ( 5016: 3395: 2638: 2198: 1656: 1565: 1554: 1550: 625: 621: 4017:

Communautés syriaques en Iran et Irak des origines à 1552

2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 192:

Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia

4108:

The martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East

3243: 3241: 1659:), Armenia, Qand (Samarqand), Fars, Bardaʿa and Hulwan. 1368:

In southern Mesopotamia, the bishop of Prath d'Maishan (

600:

At the height of its power, in the 10th century AD, the

175:

Eastern Rite Community in Germany and the Czech Republic

1195:, built in the 3rd century adjacent to the old city of 4146: 2871: 2730:

on Bar Qaligh of Tangut was arrested by the patriarch

2224: 212:

P'ent'ay - Ethiopian and Eritrean Evangelical Churches

3238: 2786:

in 1281. Abraham probably sat in the coastal city of

2000:, who gave a detailed account of this mission in the 837:

mentions the acts of the synods of Ishoʿ Bar Nun and

3880:

Synodicon orientale ou recueil de synodes nestoriens

3635: 3633: 1762:ʿIlam, but it is not mentioned in any other source. 3497: 3495: 2189:province of the Church of the East, under the name 1646:

The mission field of the Church of the East, c. 800

2615: 2109:III (1064–72) despatched the metropolitan Hnanisho 3630: 3072:Chabot, 285, 287, 307, 315, 366, 368, 423 and 479 2488: 2453:on of Balad, Yohannan of Beth Waziq, Yohannan of 2362:), the Turk' in a colophon of 1301. In the 1320s 1962:Abd al-Masih, was present at the consecration of 1862:Beth Garmaï (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1753:Beth Huzaye (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1469:Beth Garmaï (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1244:Beth Huzaye (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1237: 1089:Metropolitan provinces of the Church of the East. 794:) made between 1896 and 1899 by Enrico Gismondi. 5145: 3818:History of the Chaldean and Nestorian patriarchs 3492: 1848:By the middle of the 8th century the diocese of 1187:or, more precisely, the Sassanian foundation of 608:numbered well over a hundred and stretched from 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2276:was consecrated for Jerusalem by the patriarch 2178:in 635. In 781 a tablet (commonly known as the 1817: 1627:An East Syriac diocese for Paidangaran (modern 914:ʿAbe, and later the secretary of the patriarch 182:Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile) 3854:Eliae Metropolitae Nisibeni Opus Chronologicum 2771:represented officially by a Christian bishop. 2495:Adiabene (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1824:Adiabene (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1706: 1637: 1412:Adiabene (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1199:, which was thereafter abandoned. The city of 757:Eliae Metropolitae Nisibeni Opus Chronologicum 4194:Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552 4189:Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552 4132: 4111:. London: East & West Publishing Limited. 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2825:Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552 2820:Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552 2555:Nisibis (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1805:Maishan (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1772:Nisibis (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1364:Maishan (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1275:Nisibis (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 573: 3915:Jalons pour une histoire de l'Église en Iraq 2931: 2830:List of patriarchs of the Church of the East 1932:Hulwan (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1855: 1579:Hulwan (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1492: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1429: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1369: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1311: 1305: 1299: 1256: 1250: 1172: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1054: 1048: 1042: 1036: 1026: 1016: 1006: 996: 986: 971: 965: 959: 953: 947: 668:The western provinces of the Parthian empire 2847:Chabot, 274–5, 283–4, 285, 306–7 and 318–51 2674:and al-Rustaq attended the consecration of 2057:India (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 4246:Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon 4184:Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318 4139: 4125: 4104: 4093: 4052:Meinardus, O., 'The Nestorians in Egypt', 3831:Bibliotheca orientalis clementino-vaticana 2906: 2629:only one of which (the isolated island of 1990: 1913:Merv (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1906: 1882:Fars (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1713:Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon 1540:Merv (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1525:Fars (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1462: 1179:Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon 747:and post-Mongol periods. The 11th-century 580: 566: 4079: 3838: 1951:Rai (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1598:Rai (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 4066: 4061:Christians in China before the year 1550 3824: 3820:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. 3812: 3798: 3430:Christians in China before the Year 1550 2690: 2619: 2548: 2149: 1798: 1765: 1716: 1641: 1533: 1415: 1084: 805:. Although principally a history of the 663: 591: 2777: 2610: 2469:of Hnitha, Isaac of Beth Daron and Isho 2376: 1944: 1870: 1701: 1614: 1500: 1405: 801:of the 13th-century West Syriac writer 5146: 3873: 3793:Bar Hebraeus, Chronicon Ecclesiasticum 2201:(410–14) or the 6th-century patriarch 1357: 1268: 1206:The dioceses of Kashkar, Zabe, Hirta ( 225:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India 4120: 3959: 3922: 3908: 3767:Manichaeism in Central Asia and China 2407:in 1318: the metropolitans Joseph of 2174:, who arrived in the Chinese capital 2094: 1591: 1509: 1167: 899:History of Mar Sabrishoʿ of Beth Qoqa 895:History of Rabban Hormizd the Persian 819:Bar Hebraeus Chronicon Ecclesiasticum 178:Evangelical Baptist Church of Georgia 4086:Dictionnaire de théologie catholique 4024: 4010: 4006:. Louvain: Secrétariat du CorpusSCO. 3996: 1875: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1430: 1398: 1392: 1386: 1380: 1370: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1257: 1251: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1027: 1017: 1007: 997: 987: 972: 966: 960: 954: 948: 220:Society for Eastern Rite Anglicanism 202:Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church 2597:aïna still existed at this period. 2225:Syria, Palestine, Cilicia and Egypt 1746: 1113: Area of missionary activities 866:, was made in 893 by the historian 13: 5154:Dioceses of the Church of the East 3845:Geschichte der Syrischen Literatur 3791:Abbeloos, J. B., and Lamy, T. J., 2750:shortly before his death in 1281. 2670:in 1265, while bishops of Eshnuq, 2559:The celebrated East Syriac writer 2139: 2087:and the shrine of Saint Thomas at 1518: 1473:The bishop of Karka d'Beth Slokh ( 1080: 933: 14: 5175: 4089:. Vol. 11. pp. 157–323. 3898:(Variorum Reprints, London, 1983) 3443:Scriptorum Veterum Nova Collectio 2431:on of Mosul, and the bishops Shem 1981: 1777:Reshʿaïna, and Qarta and Adarma. 171:Believers Eastern Church of India 5128: 4202: 2662:), and three others for Eshnuq, 2326: 880:Pour un Oriens Christianus Novus 733:Arab conquest in the 7th century 35: 4465:Beth Tabyathe and the Kartawaye 3918:. Louvain: Secretariat du CSCO. 3894:(Toulouse, 1948), reprinted in 3772: 3759: 3746: 3733: 3720: 3707: 3694: 3681: 3668: 3659: 3646: 3621: 3608: 3595: 3582: 3569: 3556: 3543: 3530: 3517: 3504: 3489:Mari, 76 (Arabic), 67–8 (Latin) 3483: 3474: 3461: 3448: 3435: 3422: 3409: 3406:Mari, 125 (Arabic), 110 (Latin) 3378: 3362: 3349: 3336: 3323: 3310: 3297: 3284: 3271: 3254: 3225: 3212: 3199: 3190: 3181: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3141: 3132: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3018:Chabot, 285, 344–5, 368 and 479 3012: 2999: 2986: 2973: 2960: 2641:has often been thrown upon the 2616:Arabia, Persia and Central Asia 2029:In Central Asia, the patriarch 821:) made in 1877 by its editors, 680:may not always be genuine. The 4100:. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. 4083:(1931). "Église nestorienne". 4069:Annuaire pontifical catholique 3886:. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. 2947: 2922: 2893: 2868:MS Paris BN Syr 354, folio 147 2850: 2841: 2708:Christianity among the Mongols 2333:Christianity among the Mongols 1238:Province of Beth Huzaye (Elam) 1: 3116:Chabot, 285, 315, 328 and 368 3063:Chabot, 306, 316, 366 and 479 2835: 2652: 1183:The patriarch himself sat at 1107: Outside Sassanid Empire 904:Life of Rabban Joseph Busnaya 872:Mukhtasar al-akhbar al-biʿiya 774:and the 14th-century authors 187:Evangelical Church of Romania 5042:Erbil (Chaldean archeparchy) 4914:Tus and Abrashahr (Nishapur) 4020:. London: Variorum Reprints. 3978:(2): 357–384. Archived from 3941:(1): 123–153. Archived from 3784: 2983:, ii. 225; Baumstark, p. 205 2489:Provinces of Mosul and Erbil 2072:mentions the metropolitan Ya 2024: 1818:Provinces of Mosul and Erbil 878:made selective use of it in 7: 5037:Erbil (East Syriac diocese) 5018: 5008: 4936: 4925: 4870: 4814: 4738: 4697: 4401: 4166:Assyrian Church of the East 4160:Hierarchy divided into the 2996:, 59–60, 100, 114 and 125–6 2856:Chabot, 318–51, 482 and 608 2813: 2797:The Crusader stronghold of 2726: 2712:Church of the East in China 2602: 2593: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2567: 2561: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2501: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2449: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2368: 2350: 2343: 2319: 2312: 2306: 2294: 2280: 2272: 2266: 2256: 2250: 2240: 2146:Church of the East in China 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2074: 2039: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1791: 1638:Umayyad and Abbasid periods 1491:), Radani and Hrbath Glal ( 891:History of Rabban Bar ʿIdta 695:convened by the patriarchs 197:Evangelical Orthodox Church 166:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 161:Assyrian Evangelical Church 156:Armenian Evangelical Church 10: 5180: 4961:dioceses from 1318 to 1552 4105:Wilmshurst, David (2011). 4094:Wilmshurst, David (2000). 4034:. Beirut: Orient-Institut. 2705: 2552: 2492: 2330: 2143: 2054: 1948: 1929: 1925: 1910: 1879: 1859: 1821: 1802: 1769: 1750: 1710: 1595: 1576: 1537: 1522: 1466: 1409: 1361: 1272: 1241: 1176: 659: 229:St. Valentine's Fellowship 216:Russian Evangelical Church 5125: 4953: 4390:Ardashir Khurrah (Shiraf) 4342: 4254: 4211: 4200: 4176: 4158: 3826:Assemani, Giuseppe Simone 3536:Meinardus, 116–21; Fiey, 1707:Province of the Patriarch 1453:), a town in the Hnitha ( 1374:) became metropolitan of 1279:In 363 the Roman emperor 1173:Province of the Patriarch 703:in 420, Dadishoʿ in 424, 536:Index of related articles 523:Eastern Christian history 233:Ukrainian Lutheran Church 5159:Ecclesiastical provinces 4162:Chaldean Catholic Church 3868:The Monks of Kublai Khan 3814:Assemani, Giuseppe Luigi 3800:Assemani, Giuseppe Luigi 3754:Ecclesiastical Chronicle 3741:The Monks of Kublai Khan 3728:Ecclesiastical Chronicle 3590:The Monks of Kublai Khan 3551:The Monks of Kublai Khan 2699:and his Christian queen 2686: 2103:. The patriarch Sabrisho 2050: 1572: 1191:on the west bank of the 815:Chronicon Ecclesiasticum 811:Chronicon Ecclesiasticum 799:Chronicon Ecclesiasticum 719:in 554, Ezekiel in 576, 308:Eastern Catholic liturgy 245:Eastern liturgical rites 5135:Christianity portal 4350:Abiward and Shahr Piroz 3717:, 48–9, 103–4 and 137–8 2437:on of Beth Garmaï, Shem 2066:Saint Thomas Christians 1991:Dailam, Gilan and Muqan 1856:Province of Beth Garmaï 1463:Province of Beth Garmaï 1153:bishops of Rev Ardashir 207:Mar Thoma Syrian Church 3905:(3 vols, Beirut, 1962) 3187:MS Cambridge Add. 1988 2703: 2625: 2397: 2159: 2015: 1722: 1647: 1425: 1221: 1115: 864:Bibliotheca Orientalis 823:Jean Baptiste Abbeloos 807:Syriac Orthodox Church 669: 597: 125:Independent communions 4736:Niffar, Nil and al-Nu 4565:Harran and Callinicus 4255:Exterior metropolitan 4212:Interior metropolitan 3875:Chabot, Jean-Baptiste 3866:Budge, E. A. Wallis, 3859:Budge, E. A. Wallis, 3795:(3 vols, Paris, 1877) 3689:Communautés syriaques 3676:Communautés syriaques 3417:Provinces chaldéennes 3386:Provinces chaldéennes 3160:Chabot, 328 and 344–5 2992:Chabot, 272–3; Fiey, 2694: 2623: 2388: 2154:The headpiece of the 2153: 2006: 1907:Khorasan and Segestan 1720: 1645: 1534:Khorasan and Segestan 1419: 1216: 1088: 743:periods than for the 667: 595: 413:Eastern Protestantism 149:Eastern Protestantism 46:Mainstream communions 4863:Shenna d'Beth Ramman 4445:Beth Mazunaye (Oman) 4309:Kashgar and Nevaketh 4269:Beth Tuptaye (Tibet) 3834:. Vol. 1. Roma. 3704:, 126, 127 and 142–3 2778:Palestine and Cyprus 1814:in Baghdad in 1028. 1615:Adarbaigan and Gilan 1501:Unlocalised dioceses 1485:), Mahoze d'Arewan ( 1406:Province of Adiabene 1322:) and Beth Moksaye ( 964:), Adiabene (Hdyab, 541:Western Christianity 29:Eastern Christianity 4966:dioceses after 1552 4690:Mashmahig (Bahrain) 4480:Bih Shabur (Kazrun) 4410:Badisi and Qadistan 4264:Beth Sinaye (China) 4056:, 51 (1967), 116–21 3778:Sliba, 124 (Arabic) 3691:, 75–104 and 357–84 3469:The Martyred Church 3456:The Martyred Church 3375:(ed. Brooks), i. 35 3081:Chabot, 366 and 368 3054:Chabot, 366 and 423 2808:Council of Florence 2549:Province of Nisibis 2425:of Nisibis and Shem 2018:no longer existed. 1799:Province of Maishan 1766:Province of Nisibis 1358:Province of Maishan 1269:Province of Nisibis 1255:) and Susa (Shush, 970:) and Beth Garmaï ( 554:Christianity portal 508:Christian mysticism 321:Major controversies 97:Eastern Catholicism 4954:Post-1318 dioceses 4843:Seleucia-Ctesiphon 4625:Karka d'Beth Slokh 4304:Islands of the Sea 4152:Church of the East 4059:Moule, Arthur C., 4054:Oriens Christianus 4026:Fiey, Jean Maurice 4012:Fiey, Jean Maurice 3998:Fiey, Jean Maurice 3972:Parole de l'Orient 3965:"Médie chrétienne" 3961:Fiey, Jean Maurice 3935:Parole de l'Orient 3924:Fiey, Jean Maurice 3910:Fiey, Jean Maurice 3903:Assyrie chrétienne 3892:Mélanges Cavallera 3501:Sliba, 80 (Arabic) 2704: 2681:Kirakos of Gandzak 2626: 2611:Exterior provinces 2377:Interior provinces 2160: 2095:Islands of the Sea 1945:Rai and Tabaristan 1871:Exterior provinces 1723: 1702:Interior provinces 1648: 1592:Rai and Tabaristan 1510:Exterior provinces 1426: 1185:Seleucia-Ctesiphon 1168:Interior provinces 1125:Seleucia-Ctesiphon 1116: 993:Karkhā d-Bēṯ Slōkh 978:Chronicle of Erbil 827:Thomas Joseph Lamy 682:Chronicle of Erbil 678:Chronicle of Erbil 670: 620:, in the Church's 606:Church of the East 598: 102:Church of the East 57:Oriental Orthodoxy 5164:Lists of dioceses 5141: 5140: 4970: 4782:Qasr and Nahrawan 4257:provinces to 1318 4214:provinces to 1318 4081:Tisserant, Eugène 3369:Elijah of Nisibis 3331:Book of Governors 3279:Book of Governors 3264:, ii. 336–7; and 3196:MS Harvard Syr 27 2981:Book of Governors 2901:Book of Governors 2008:Mar Qardagh, Mar 2002:Book of Governors 1690:; (p) Halah; (q) 1447:) or Maʿalthaya ( 1351:School of Nisibis 1316:), Beth Rahimaï ( 1095: Mesopotamia 1065:), Beth Qatraye ( 920:Book of Governors 887:Book of Governors 868:Eliya of Damascus 780:Sliba ibn Yuhanna 772:Mari ibn Sulaiman 753:Elijah of Nisibis 590: 589: 136:Spiritual Russian 93: 66:Orthodox Tewahedo 52:Eastern Orthodoxy 5171: 5133: 5132: 5021: 5011: 4956: 4939: 4928: 4873: 4868:Shigar and Beth 4817: 4777:Qarta and Adarma 4741: 4701:altha and Hnitha 4700: 4685:Mashkena d'Qurdu 4595:Hormizd Ardashir 4500:Dasqarta d'Malka 4404: 4343:dioceses to 1318 4206: 4141: 4134: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4101: 4090: 4076: 4035: 4021: 4007: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3984: 3969: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3947: 3932: 3919: 3887: 3885: 3849: 3840:Baumstark, Anton 3835: 3821: 3809: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3763: 3757: 3750: 3744: 3737: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3711: 3705: 3698: 3692: 3685: 3679: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3650: 3644: 3637: 3628: 3627:Fiey, POCN, 86–7 3625: 3619: 3612: 3606: 3605:, iii. i. 567–80 3599: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3573: 3567: 3560: 3554: 3547: 3541: 3534: 3528: 3521: 3515: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3490: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3472: 3465: 3459: 3452: 3446: 3439: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3393: 3388:, 283–91; Fiey, 3382: 3376: 3366: 3360: 3353: 3347: 3340: 3334: 3327: 3321: 3314: 3308: 3301: 3295: 3288: 3282: 3275: 3269: 3258: 3252: 3245: 3236: 3229: 3223: 3216: 3210: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3179: 3178:Fiey, POCN, 82–3 3176: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3145: 3139: 3138:Fiey, POCN, 81–2 3136: 3130: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3108: 3107:Fiey, POCN, 85–6 3105: 3099: 3092:Médie chrétienne 3088: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3009:, 106 and 115–16 3003: 2997: 2990: 2984: 2977: 2971: 2964: 2958: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2884: 2869: 2866: 2857: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2729: 2695:The Mongol khan 2605: 2596: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2570: 2564: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2504: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2452: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2371: 2353: 2346: 2322: 2315: 2309: 2297: 2283: 2275: 2269: 2259: 2253: 2246:Eliya ibn ʿUbaid 2243: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2077: 2042: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1794: 1747:Province of Elam 1682:and Beth Dlish ( 1496: 1495: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1477: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1445: 1433: 1432: 1422:citadel of Erbil 1401: 1400: 1396:) and Nahargur ( 1395: 1394: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1373: 1372: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1310:), Beth Zabdaï ( 1309: 1308: 1303: 1302: 1293:Sassanian empire 1260: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1094: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1030: 1029: 1020: 1019: 1010: 1009: 1000: 999: 990: 989: 975: 974: 969: 968: 963: 962: 957: 956: 952:), Beth Huzaye ( 951: 950: 715:in 540 and 544, 582: 575: 568: 468:Antiochian Greek 114: 59: 39: 16: 15: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5127: 5121: 5002:Atel and Bohtan 4963: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4762:Prath d'Maishan 4660:Mahoze d'Arewan 4635:Karka d'Maishan 4380:Aoustan d'Arzun 4338: 4256: 4250: 4213: 4207: 4198: 4172: 4154: 4145: 4115: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3967: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3930: 3883: 3852:Brooks, E. W., 3787: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3764: 3760: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3721: 3712: 3708: 3699: 3695: 3686: 3682: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3651: 3647: 3638: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3613: 3609: 3600: 3596: 3587: 3583: 3574: 3570: 3561: 3557: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3531: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3466: 3462: 3453: 3449: 3440: 3436: 3427: 3423: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3396: 3383: 3379: 3367: 3363: 3354: 3350: 3341: 3337: 3328: 3324: 3315: 3311: 3302: 3298: 3289: 3285: 3276: 3272: 3259: 3255: 3246: 3239: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2991: 2987: 2978: 2974: 2965: 2961: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2907: 2898: 2894: 2885: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2816: 2780: 2714: 2689: 2655: 2618: 2613: 2557: 2551: 2497: 2491: 2379: 2335: 2329: 2227: 2210:Nestorian Stele 2185:China became a 2180:Nestorian Stele 2156:Nestorian Stele 2148: 2142: 2140:China and Tibet 2097: 2059: 2053: 2027: 1998:Thomas of Marga 1993: 1984: 1953: 1947: 1934: 1928: 1915: 1909: 1901:Thomas of Marga 1884: 1878: 1876:Fars and Arabia 1873: 1864: 1858: 1826: 1820: 1807: 1801: 1774: 1768: 1755: 1749: 1715: 1709: 1704: 1640: 1617: 1600: 1594: 1581: 1575: 1542: 1536: 1527: 1521: 1519:Fars and Arabia 1512: 1503: 1471: 1465: 1414: 1408: 1366: 1360: 1277: 1271: 1246: 1240: 1181: 1175: 1170: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1083: 1081:Sassanid period 1047:), Ḥrḇaṯ Glāl ( 1023:Hormīzd Ardašīr 936: 934:Parthian period 911:Thomas of Marga 776:ʿAmr ibn Mattai 662: 586: 546: 545: 532: 502: 494: 493: 492: 462: 454: 453: 452: 427: 419: 418: 417: 322: 314: 313: 312: 246: 238: 237: 151: 141: 140: 126: 118: 117: 104: 47: 12: 11: 5: 5177: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5139: 5138: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5014: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4934:Yemen and Sana 4931: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4848:Shahpur Khwast 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4260: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4217: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4170:schism of 1552 4159: 4156: 4155: 4144: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4121: 4114: 4113: 4102: 4091: 4077: 4064: 4063:, London, 1930 4057: 4050: 4045:Gismondi, H., 4043: 4038:Gismondi, H., 4036: 4022: 4008: 3994: 3957: 3920: 3906: 3899: 3888: 3871: 3870:(London, 1928) 3864: 3863:(London, 1893) 3857: 3850: 3848:. Bonn: Weber. 3836: 3822: 3810: 3796: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3771: 3758: 3752:Bar Hebraeus, 3745: 3732: 3726:Bar Hebraeus, 3719: 3706: 3693: 3680: 3667: 3665:Chabot, 619–20 3658: 3656:, 91–2 and 106 3645: 3629: 3620: 3607: 3594: 3581: 3568: 3566:, iii. 151–262 3555: 3542: 3529: 3516: 3503: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3460: 3447: 3434: 3421: 3408: 3394: 3377: 3361: 3348: 3335: 3322: 3309: 3296: 3283: 3270: 3253: 3237: 3224: 3222:, 49–50 and 88 3211: 3198: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3140: 3131: 3118: 3109: 3100: 3083: 3074: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3045:Chabot, 339-45 3038: 3029: 3020: 3011: 2998: 2985: 2972: 2959: 2946: 2930: 2921: 2905: 2892: 2870: 2858: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2815: 2812: 2779: 2776: 2688: 2685: 2676:Yahballaha III 2654: 2651: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2550: 2547: 2490: 2487: 2378: 2375: 2339:Yahballaha III 2328: 2325: 2226: 2223: 2141: 2138: 2096: 2093: 2055:Main article: 2052: 2049: 2026: 2023: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1982:Little Armenia 1980: 1946: 1943: 1927: 1924: 1908: 1905: 1896:Yahballaha III 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1860:Main article: 1857: 1854: 1819: 1816: 1803:Main article: 1800: 1797: 1770:Main article: 1767: 1764: 1751:Main article: 1748: 1745: 1711:Main article: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1639: 1636: 1616: 1613: 1596:Main article: 1593: 1590: 1577:Main article: 1574: 1571: 1538:Main article: 1535: 1532: 1523:Main article: 1520: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1476:ܟܪܟܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܣܠܘܟ 1467:Main article: 1464: 1461: 1410:Main article: 1407: 1404: 1362:Main article: 1359: 1356: 1273:Main article: 1270: 1267: 1242:Main article: 1239: 1236: 1177:Main article: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1121:synod of Isaac 1109: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1082: 1079: 1028:ܗܘܪܡܝܙܕ ܐܪܕܫܝܪ 998:ܟܪܟܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܣܠܘܟ 935: 932: 788:Yahballaha III 661: 658: 588: 587: 585: 584: 577: 570: 562: 559: 558: 557: 556: 548: 547: 544: 543: 538: 531: 530: 525: 520: 518:Divine Liturgy 515: 510: 504: 503: 500: 499: 496: 495: 491: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 464: 463: 460: 459: 456: 455: 451: 450: 445: 440: 435: 429: 428: 425: 424: 421: 420: 416: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 363:Three Chapters 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 324: 323: 320: 319: 316: 315: 311: 310: 305: 304: 303: 293: 288: 283: 282: 281: 276: 266: 265: 264: 259: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 236: 235: 230: 227: 222: 217: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 176: 173: 168: 163: 158: 152: 147: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 133: 127: 124: 123: 120: 119: 116: 115: 99: 94: 54: 48: 45: 44: 41: 40: 32: 31: 25: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5176: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5136: 5131: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4962: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4716:Mihraganqadaq 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4630:Karka d'Ledan 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4314:Katai and Ong 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4210: 4205: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4137: 4135: 4130: 4128: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4110: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3985:on 2021-06-19 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3948:on 2021-06-19 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3901:Fiey, J. M., 3900: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3775: 3768: 3762: 3755: 3749: 3743:, 127 and 132 3742: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3716: 3710: 3703: 3697: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3671: 3662: 3655: 3649: 3642: 3636: 3634: 3624: 3617: 3611: 3604: 3598: 3591: 3585: 3579:, iii. 54–146 3578: 3572: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3526: 3520: 3513: 3507: 3498: 3496: 3486: 3477: 3470: 3464: 3457: 3451: 3444: 3438: 3431: 3425: 3418: 3412: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3358: 3352: 3345: 3339: 3332: 3326: 3319: 3313: 3306: 3300: 3293: 3287: 3280: 3274: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3251:, iii. 272–82 3250: 3244: 3242: 3234: 3228: 3221: 3215: 3208: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3166: 3157: 3150: 3144: 3135: 3128: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3027:Chabot, 320–1 3024: 3015: 3008: 3002: 2995: 2989: 2982: 2976: 2969: 2963: 2956: 2950: 2944:Chabot, 272–3 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2925: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2902: 2896: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2853: 2844: 2840: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2811: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2784:Yaballaha III 2775: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2684: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2632: 2622: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2569: 2563: 2556: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2387: 2383: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2334: 2327:Mongol period 2324: 2321: 2314: 2308: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2274: 2268: 2261: 2258: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2235: 2233: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2081:Malabar Coast 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2048: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2022: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1988: 1979: 1977: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1933: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1904: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1868: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1834: 1832: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1806: 1796: 1793: 1786: 1784: 1778: 1773: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1719: 1714: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1644: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1612: 1610: 1604: 1599: 1589: 1587: 1580: 1570: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1541: 1531: 1526: 1516: 1507: 1498: 1470: 1460: 1439: 1437: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1403: 1377: 1365: 1355: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1335: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1266: 1264: 1263:Mihraganqadaq 1245: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1087: 1078: 1034: 1033:Prāṯ d-Maišān 1024: 1014: 1004: 994: 984: 979: 945: 941: 931: 927: 925: 921: 917: 912: 908: 906: 905: 900: 896: 892: 888: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 860: 857: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 795: 793: 789: 785: 784:ʿAbdishoʿ III 781: 777: 773: 768: 766: 763:(780–823) to 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 729: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 666: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 594: 583: 578: 576: 571: 569: 564: 563: 561: 560: 555: 552: 551: 550: 549: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 505: 498: 497: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 458: 457: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 430: 423: 422: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 373:Monothelitism 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 358:Caesaropapism 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 338:Monophysitism 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 318: 317: 309: 306: 302: 299: 298: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 270: 267: 263: 260: 258: 255: 254: 253: 250: 249: 242: 241: 234: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 150: 145: 144: 137: 134: 132: 131:Old Believers 129: 128: 122: 121: 112: 108: 103: 100: 98: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 58: 55: 53: 50: 49: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 27: 26: 22: 18: 17: 4957: 4918: 4832: 4792:Qube d'Arzun 4757:Piroz Shabur 4725: 4684: 4664: 4614: 4585:Hesna d'Kifa 4559: 4524: 4514: 4460:Beth Rahimaï 4455:Beth Nuhadra 4450:Beth Moksaye 4419: 4399: 4374: 4333: 4328: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4288: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4183: 4177:Time periods 4107: 4096: 4085: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4053: 4049:(Rome, 1899) 4046: 4042:(Rome, 1896) 4039: 4030: 4016: 4002: 3987:. Retrieved 3980:the original 3975: 3971: 3950:. Retrieved 3943:the original 3938: 3934: 3914: 3902: 3895: 3891: 3879: 3867: 3860: 3856:(Rome, 1910) 3853: 3844: 3830: 3817: 3804: 3792: 3774: 3766: 3761: 3753: 3748: 3740: 3735: 3727: 3722: 3714: 3709: 3701: 3696: 3688: 3683: 3675: 3670: 3661: 3653: 3648: 3640: 3623: 3615: 3610: 3602: 3597: 3589: 3584: 3576: 3571: 3563: 3558: 3550: 3545: 3537: 3532: 3524: 3519: 3511: 3506: 3485: 3480:Chabot, 608. 3476: 3468: 3467:Wilmshurst, 3463: 3455: 3454:Wilmshurst, 3450: 3442: 3437: 3429: 3424: 3416: 3415:Dauvillier, 3411: 3389: 3385: 3384:Dauvillier, 3380: 3373:Chronography 3372: 3364: 3356: 3351: 3343: 3338: 3330: 3325: 3317: 3312: 3304: 3299: 3291: 3286: 3281:, ii. 315–16 3278: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3248: 3232: 3227: 3219: 3214: 3206: 3201: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3148: 3143: 3134: 3126: 3121: 3112: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3041: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3006: 3001: 2993: 2988: 2980: 2975: 2967: 2962: 2954: 2949: 2924: 2900: 2895: 2887: 2852: 2843: 2796: 2781: 2773: 2752: 2736: 2719: 2715: 2701:Doquz Khatun 2656: 2643:Turco-Mongol 2635: 2627: 2599: 2558: 2498: 2483:natar kursya 2482: 2402: 2398: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2359: 2358:'the fifth ( 2336: 2302: 2288: 2262: 2236: 2228: 2213: 2207: 2187:metropolitan 2184: 2168:Tang dynasty 2161: 2098: 2060: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2010:Shubhalishoʿ 2007: 2001: 1994: 1985: 1975: 1954: 1935: 1920: 1916: 1889: 1885: 1865: 1847: 1843: 1835: 1827: 1808: 1787: 1779: 1775: 1760: 1756: 1736: 1732: 1724: 1696: 1661: 1649: 1633: 1626: 1618: 1605: 1601: 1582: 1563: 1559: 1543: 1528: 1513: 1504: 1488:ܡܚܘܙܐ ܕܐܪܝܘܢ 1472: 1440: 1427: 1367: 1348: 1336: 1297: 1278: 1247: 1231:natar kursya 1229: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1205: 1189:Veh-Ardashir 1182: 1149:Rev Ardashir 1117: 1101: Persia 977: 958:), Maishan ( 944:Beth Aramaye 937: 928: 919: 909: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 884: 879: 871: 863: 861: 831: 818: 814: 810: 803:Bar Hebraeus 798: 796: 791: 769: 756: 749:Chronography 748: 730: 701:Yahballaha I 690: 681: 677: 671: 630:Central Asia 599: 501:Other topics 398:Paulicianism 383:Dyothelitism 368:Monoenergism 348:Dyophysitism 343:Miaphysitism 333:Nestorianism 4802:Ram Hormizd 4600:Hrbath Glal 4475:Beth Zabdaï 4430:Beth Daraye 4231:Beth Huzaye 4226:Beth Garmaï 3333:, ii. 447–8 3169:Chabot, 366 3036:Chabot, 285 2928:Chabot, 272 2919:Chabot, 273 2903:, ii. 444–9 2890:, ii. 485–9 2507:Makkikha II 2286:(1064–72). 2191:Beth Sinaye 2166:during the 2101:East Indies 1676:Beth Zabdaï 1349:The famous 1346:(686–698). 1289:Constantine 1145:Beth Garmaï 1129:Beth Huzaye 856:Yohannan IV 723:in 585 and 721:Ishoʿyahb I 638:East Syriac 618:Mesopotamia 528:Monasticism 513:Christology 378:Dyoenergism 296:East Syriac 274:West Syriac 252:Alexandrian 5148:Categories 4958:(See also: 4706:Merw i-Rud 4470:Beth Waziq 4440:Beth Lapat 4435:Beth Dasen 4425:Beth Bgash 4355:Adarbaigan 4168:after the 4075:: 449–525. 3989:2018-08-18 3952:2018-08-18 3765:Lieu, S., 3601:Assemani, 3094:, 378–82; 2886:Assemani, 2836:References 2744:Yahballaha 2706:See also: 2653:Adarbaigan 2553:See also: 2493:See also: 2405:Timothy II 2364:Yahballaha 2356:Yahballaha 2331:See also: 2205:(503–23). 2195:Sliba-zkha 2144:See also: 2070:Cranganore 2031:Sliba-zkha 1949:See also: 1930:See also: 1911:See also: 1880:See also: 1850:Adarbaigan 1822:See also: 1431:ܒܝܬ ܢܘܗܕܪܐ 1387:ܟܪܟܐ ܕܡܝܫܢ 1344:Hnanisho I 1325:ܒܝܬ ܡܘܟܣܝܐ 1304:), Qardu ( 1053:), Arzun ( 1041:), Ḥnīṯā ( 983:Bēṯ Zaḇdai 916:Abraham II 876:J. M. Fiey 845:in 790 by 765:Yohannan V 731:After the 426:Traditions 403:Bogomilism 388:Iconoclasm 269:Antiochene 4853:Shahrgard 4680:Masabadan 4615:Jerusalem 4495:Darabgard 4405:Aïn Sipne 4375:Al-Rustaq 4360:Al-Bariya 4329:Samarqand 4014:(1979) . 3963:(1970c). 3926:(1970b). 3912:(1970a). 3756:, ii. 452 3730:, ii. 450 3678:, 177–219 2794:in 1241. 2300:in 1064. 2219:Timothy I 2045:Eliya III 2035:Timothy I 2025:Turkestan 1976:Mukhtasar 1939:Eliya III 1918:unknown. 1831:Eliya III 1728:al-Radhan 1668:Maiperqat 1664:Eliya III 1609:Astarabad 1547:Bar Shaba 1436:Great Zab 1390:), Rima ( 1371:ܦܪܬ ܕܡܝܫܢ 1212:Dastagird 1201:Ctesiphon 1068:ܒܝܬ ܩܛܪܝܐ 1038:ܦܪܬ ܕܡܝܫܢ 1013:Bēṯ Lapaṭ 955:ܒܝܬ ܗܘܙܝܐ 949:ܒܝܬ ܐܪܡܝܐ 940:Shapur II 847:Timothy I 761:Timothy I 686:Shapur II 674:Sassanian 642:Palestine 488:Maronites 408:Hesychasm 353:Henotikon 291:Byzantine 279:Malankara 70:Ethiopian 5102:Shemsdin 4997:Ardishai 4879:Shushter 4858:Shahrzur 4838:Segestan 4747:Nihawand 4731:Nahargur 4675:Marmadit 4650:Khanijar 4370:Al-Qabba 4279:Damascus 4221:Adiabene 4164:and the 4148:Dioceses 4028:(1993). 4000:(1977). 3877:(1902). 3842:(1922). 3828:(1719). 3816:(2004). 3802:(1775). 3445:, x. 141 3419:, 314–16 2814:See also 2803:Mameluks 2792:Mameluks 2788:Tripolis 2764:Quanzhou 2317:Sabrisho 2292:Sabrisho 2278:Sabrisho 2232:Damascus 2176:Chang'an 2089:Meliapur 1783:Lake Van 1629:Baylaqan 1319:ܒܝܬ ܪܚܡܝ 1313:ܒܝܬ ܙܒܕܝ 1197:Seleucia 1141:Adiabene 1050:ܚܪܒܬ ܓܠܠ 988:ܒܝܬ ܙܒܕܝ 924:Quriaqos 901:and the 843:Adiabene 711:in 497, 707:in 486, 699:in 410, 602:dioceses 478:Assyrian 393:Filioque 328:Arianism 286:Armenian 107:Assyrian 78:Armenian 74:Eritrean 21:a series 19:Part of 5082:Nisibis 5057:Hakkari 5052:Gazarta 5027:Berwari 5012:Amadiya 4904:Tamanon 4894:Taimana 4884:Soqotra 4874:Arabaye 4807:Ramonin 4752:Nineveh 4711:Meskene 4645:Kashkar 4610:Istakhr 4605:Ispahan 4555:Hamadan 4545:Haditha 4535:Gubeans 4510:Dinawar 4505:Delasar 4485:Dabarin 4385:Armenia 4241:Nisibis 4236:Maishan 4150:of the 3808:. Roma. 3785:Sources 3739:Budge, 3643:, 141–2 3618:, 89–90 3592:, 142–3 3588:Budge, 3553:, 122–3 3549:Budge, 3458:, 123–4 3428:Moule, 3329:Budge, 3277:Budge, 2979:Budge, 2899:Budge, 2748:Denha I 2732:Denha I 2722:Almaliq 2668:Denha I 2645:leader 2631:Soqotra 2584:Abdisho 2565:Abdisho 2545:altha. 2533:Abdisho 2515:Abdisho 2463:Abdisho 2419:Abdisho 2393:Gazarta 2310:Abdisho 2254:Abdisho 2134:Malabar 2130:Eliya V 2121:Abdisho 1968:Abdisho 1892:Soqotra 1812:Eliya I 1740:Kashkar 1688:Hamadan 1686:); (o) 1672:Singara 1586:Hamadan 1494:ܚܪܒܬܓܠܠ 1376:Maishan 1208:al-Hira 1137:Maishan 1133:Nisibis 1018:ܒܝܬ ܠܦܛ 973:ܒܝܬܓܪܡܝ 851:Ummayad 839:Eliya I 835:Nisibis 741:Abbasid 737:Ummayad 725:Gregory 705:Acacius 660:Sources 650:Cilicia 604:of the 443:Russian 438:Melkite 301:Malabar 111:Ancient 82:Cilicia 5112:Tuleki 5087:Salmas 5072:Mardin 5067:Kirkuk 5032:Cyprus 4982:Alqosh 4929:Ukbara 4909:Tirhan 4833:Salmas 4828:Salakh 4797:Radani 4772:Qaimar 4767:Pusang 4742:maniya 4665:Mardin 4655:Lashom 4640:Karman 4575:Hebton 4540:Gurgan 4530:Gawkaï 4525:Eshnuq 4490:Dairin 4420:Barhis 4365:Al-Kuj 4334:Tangut 4294:Hulwan 4274:Dailam 3713:Fiey, 3700:Fiey, 3687:Fiey, 3674:Fiey, 3652:Fiey, 3639:Fiey, 3614:Fiey, 3575:Fiey, 3562:Fiey, 3527:, 97–8 3523:Fiey, 3510:Fiey, 3355:Fiey, 3346:, 82–3 3342:Fiey, 3320:, 58–9 3316:Fiey, 3290:Fiey, 3260:Fiey, 3247:Fiey, 3231:Fiey, 3218:Fiey, 3205:Fiey, 3147:Fiey, 3129:, 85–6 3125:Fiey, 3090:Fiey, 3005:Fiey, 2966:Fiey, 2957:, 57–8 2953:Fiey, 2768:Fujian 2760:Shanxi 2756:Datong 2697:Hulagu 2672:Salmas 2664:Salmas 2660:Tabriz 2455:Shigar 2447:, Shem 2445:Tirhan 2443:on of 2413:Ilam, 2214:papash 2172:Alopen 2085:Madras 1839:Hdatta 1684:Bidlis 1674:; (e) 1670:; (d) 1622:Ganzak 1450:ܡܥܠܬܝܐ 1399:ܢܗܪܓܘܪ 1331:ܢܨܝܒܝܢ 1285:Julian 1281:Jovian 1252:ܫܘܫܛܪܐ 1225:ad hoc 1193:Tigris 1161:Hulwan 1111: 1105: 1099: 1093: 1074:ܢܨܝܒܝܢ 1062:ܚܘܠܘܐܢ 1003:Kaškar 897:, the 893:, the 889:, the 809:, the 745:Mongol 717:Joseph 693:synods 461:Groups 448:Syriac 257:Coptic 90:Indian 86:Syriac 62:Coptic 5117:Zakho 5097:Sehna 5092:Seert 5077:Mosul 5047:Gawar 4992:Anzel 4977:Ahwaz 4899:Tahal 4726:Muqan 4721:Mosul 4670:Marga 4590:Hirta 4580:Herat 4570:Hatta 4560:Hamir 4550:Hagar 4520:Erbil 4515:Egypt 4415:Balad 4395:Arzun 4299:India 4289:Herat 3983:(PDF) 3968:(PDF) 3946:(PDF) 3931:(PDF) 3884:(PDF) 3769:, 180 3471:, 222 3441:Mai, 3392:, 128 3359:, 113 3303:Fiey 3268:, 137 3235:, 124 3209:, 131 3151:, 119 3098:, 124 2970:, 134 2739:Ongut 2687:China 2647:Timur 2203:Shila 2164:China 2062:India 2051:India 1926:Media 1680:Arzun 1653:Mosul 1573:Media 1456:ܚܢܝܬܐ 1444:ܡܥܠܬܐ 1340:David 1301:ܐܪܙܘܢ 1056:ܐܪܙܘܢ 1044:ܚܢܝܬܐ 967:ܚܕܝܐܒ 739:and ʿ 713:Aba I 709:Babaï 697:Isaac 654:Egypt 646:Syria 634:India 622:Iraqi 614:China 610:Egypt 483:Copts 433:Greek 262:Ge'ez 5062:Jilu 5022:Aqra 4987:Amid 4964:and 4945:Zabe 4919:Urmi 4889:Susa 4823:Rima 4818:aïna 4812:Resh 4787:Qish 4620:Jews 4319:Merv 4284:Fars 3715:POCN 3702:POCN 3654:POCN 3641:POCN 3616:POCN 3540:, 78 3538:POCN 3525:POCN 3514:, 72 3512:POCN 3432:, 38 3390:POCN 3357:POCN 3344:POCN 3318:POCN 3307:, 86 3305:POCN 3294:, 99 3292:POCN 3266:POCN 3233:POCN 3220:POCN 3207:POCN 3149:POCN 3127:POCN 3096:POCN 3007:POCN 2994:POCN 2968:POCN 2955:POCN 2799:Acre 2710:and 2639:Iraq 2591:Resh 2572:Resh 2208:The 2199:Ahha 1692:Urmi 1657:Merv 1566:Merv 1555:Merv 1551:Merv 1482:ܠܫܘܡ 1420:The 1393:ܪܝܡܐ 1381:ܡܝܫܢ 1307:ܩܪܕܘ 1157:Merv 1155:and 1143:and 1008:ܟܫܟܪ 961:ܡܝܫܢ 825:and 778:and 652:and 626:Iran 473:Arab 109:and 72:and 5107:Tis 4324:Rai 2766:in 2758:in 2360:sic 2298:III 2284:III 1549:of 1258:ܫܘܫ 1031:), 1021:), 1011:), 1001:), 991:), 751:of 612:to 92:) 76:-, 5150:: 4695:Ma 4073:17 4071:. 3974:. 3970:. 3937:. 3933:. 3632:^ 3603:BO 3577:AC 3564:AC 3494:^ 3397:^ 3371:, 3262:AC 3249:AC 3240:^ 2933:^ 2908:^ 2888:BO 2873:^ 2861:^ 2457:, 2091:. 1785:. 1611:. 1139:, 1135:, 1131:, 829:. 656:. 648:, 644:, 632:, 628:, 88:, 84:, 80:, 68:- 64:, 23:on 5019:ʿ 5009:ʿ 4968:) 4940:a 4937:ʿ 4926:ʿ 4871:ʿ 4815:ʿ 4739:ʿ 4698:ʿ 4402:ʿ 4140:e 4133:t 4126:v 3992:. 3976:1 3955:. 3939:1 2727:ʿ 2603:ʿ 2594:ʿ 2587:ʿ 2581:ʿ 2575:ʿ 2568:ʿ 2562:ʿ 2542:ʿ 2536:ʿ 2530:ʿ 2524:ʿ 2518:ʿ 2512:ʿ 2502:ʿ 2478:ʿ 2472:ʿ 2466:ʿ 2460:ʿ 2450:ʿ 2440:ʿ 2434:ʿ 2428:ʿ 2422:ʿ 2416:ʿ 2410:ʿ 2369:ʿ 2351:ʿ 2344:ʿ 2320:ʿ 2313:ʿ 2307:ʿ 2295:ʿ 2281:ʿ 2273:ʿ 2267:ʿ 2257:ʿ 2251:ʿ 2241:ʿ 2124:ʿ 2118:ʿ 2112:ʿ 2106:ʿ 2075:ʿ 2040:ʿ 1971:ʿ 1965:ʿ 1959:ʿ 1792:ʿ 1378:( 1228:( 1035:( 1025:( 1015:( 1005:( 995:( 985:( 946:( 581:e 574:t 567:v 113:) 105:( 60:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.