318:
officers also played an important role in spreading the ideas of the
Reformation at the grassroots level. Wallachia was in a very difficult situation in the 16th century. Most of the provinces were under Turkish occupation and all efforts were focused on defending the country. As a result, the Turks played a role in allowing the changes of the Reformation to take hold in most parts of Transylvania, including Brasov and Târgoviște. In spite of a large number of renowned Protestant intellectuals who came from other lands, Protestantism did not have a profound impact on the people in Wallachia, only for that moment in time.
422:, suddenly became ruler of Moldavia. Heraclid, while in exile in Germany, was won over by Melanchthon to the Reformation. The Reformation had a significant impact on Brasov. During the 16th century, Brasov was divided between Hungary and Turkey. As a result of the ambiguous political situation and the territorial division of the peninsula, the Reformation came here from three different directions: Venice, which was for a short while particularly favorable toward Reformation ideas; Wittenberg, where especially German merchants were very active; and from
198:. Heraclid was a picturesque person of dubious origin, cousin of another Greek adventurer by the name of James Diassorin. (As fate would have it, Dimitrije would meet up with Heraclid many years later, then known as Despot Voda, who single-handedly attempted to impose the Reformation in the heart of Eastern Europe after becoming a self-styled despot of Romania from 1561 to 1563). After completing his studies at the Lascaris academy, Dimitrije joined hieromonk Teodor Ljubavić, his uncle in Venice, where he learned the family's printing trade.
430:, but they collaborated with the Lutherans and Calvinists to produce more books (with the advent of the printing press). That collaboration contributed to the spreading of the Reformation in Romania, Hungary, and Austria. Dimitrije Ljubavić, therefore, took part in assisting the Protestants to print catechisms in the Romanian and Serbian languages.
433:
Iacob
Heraclid made Lutheranism the state Church, offending the native Eastern Orthodox who viewed him as an iconoclast due to his rhetoric against images, even though he did not, in fact, destroy any icons. This, together with Despot's decision to marry another foreigner (a Pole), new and increased
417:
calling for a
Lutheran-Orthodox "unity of all true Christian communities." There was no response from the Patriarch whatsoever. Dimitrije wrote to Melanchthon giving him an account of his journey to Constantinople dated October 15, 1559. For a short time, Dimitrije was able to work on this plan when
406:
I send you a Greek
Version of the 'Augsburg Confession', which was published without my advice. However, I approve the style and have sent it to Constantinople by a man of learning, a dean of that city, who has been our guest during the whole summer. He relates that there were many churches in Asia,
317:
The spreading of the
Reformation in Europe during the 16th century did not avoid the territory of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia (now all three part of Romania). Reformation ideas arrived in Wallachia from Hungary, Germany, Venice, Carniola, and Carinthia. German noblemen, clerks and military
114:
The House of
Ljubavić is a great example of how printing became a family enterprise. Božidar Ljubavić (1460-1527) was the head of a printing dynasty from the city and municipality of Goražde in the Serbian land of Bosnia-Hercegovina just at the time when the Turkish invasions had taken place. He was
446:
and withstood a three-month siege. At the end of it, Despot Voda was captured and was struck to death with a mace by Tomșa himself. So too, Dimitrije
Ljubavić's fate was sealed when the previous monarch regained the throne and took revenge on Ljubavić for printing Protestant books, thinking that he
277:
but also worked as a writer, printer, publisher, and illustrator of books. He also became a member of the town council. He continued to cultivate his humanist network of connections with the
Lutherans and his own Orthodox faithful, preserving his good relations with leading figures at the residence
330:, in 1561, for a possible printing of Protestant books in Church Slavonic (Serbian recension) may constitute a partial chapter because it is an aborted business, but whose importance for the history of the reforms among the Serbs and Romanians is nevertheless indisputable.
321:
It would seem that the reform movement as understood by
Dimitrije Ljubavić and his contemporaries was in the broadest sense—catholic/universal—a trend happening in Western and now Eastern Europe. His relations with the Protestant group of
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of
Metropolitan Anania (Branković) of Ungaro-Wallachia, who reigned as hierarch from 1544 to 1558. Ljubavić also helped Valentin Wagner compile and publish an Orthodox Catechesis in 1556. The town's judge,
1008:
812:
714:
Mandă, Beatrice; Petic-Bătrîn, Georgiana; Șimonca-Oprița, Diana; Nan, Camelia; Neagoe, Mihaela; Gavra, Pompiliu; Șimonca-Oprița, Codin; Nan, Dacian Emilian; Ardelean, Tiberiu (2015-05-15).
353:
for some time in Urach. But they were very disappointed when the plan to bring to Tübingen Dimitrije Ljubavić could not be realized. Possibly for the same reasons that his countryman
238:
After Dimitrije Ljubavić and his apprentices Opar and Petar completed printing "Apostol" in Targoviste in 1547, Dimitrije left for Constantinople, where he printed books for the
142:, near Goražde. After Đurađ Ljubavić died in Gorazde on March 1519, it is unclear whether his brother transported the press to Goražde before or after finishing the work on the
384:'s most influential magnates and a fervent supporter of the Reformation, he left for northern Hungary, where in Eperjes (Presov, Slovakia) he visits the governor of the city,
111:
entrusted him with a letter addressed to the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople to join forces against the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottomans, but all came to naught.
717:
Slujire și misiune în lumea contemporană: Concurs și simpozion internațional de creație literară, creație plastică și artă fotografică Arad, 19 mai 2015 Ediția a VII-a
152:, they brought the printing press to their hometown. At the Church of Saint George, Đurađ and Teodor organized the Goražde printing house, which produced, beside the
286:'s political patron before he died in 1549, also supported attempts to print text using the Cyrillic alphabet, and books were subsequently printed in both in
813:
https://www.academia.edu/13615388/Dimitrije_Ljubavic_c.1519-1564_et_limprimerie_slave_dans_lEurope_du_Sud-est_au_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle._Nouvelles_contributions
568:
Augsburg and Constantinople: the correspondence between the Tübingen theologians and Patriarch Jeremiah II of Constantinople on the Augsburg Confession
683:
134:
in Venice to learn the art of printing before purchasing a printing press for Gorazde. The Ljubavić brothers procured a press and began printing a
715:
388:(1518-1569). There, armed with a letter of introduction from Tordai-Gelous, Ljubavić leaves Presov in May 1559 for Wittenberg, where he met
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138:(priest's service book), copies of which had been completed by 2 October 1519 either in Venice or at the Church of Saint George, built by
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at the beginning of 1545, and an apostolarium in 1547. This was all done under the auspices of Serbian-born Metropolitan Anania of
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641:
624:"Dimitrije Ljubavic (C.1519-1564) et l'imprimerie slave dans l'Europe du Sud-est au XVIe siècle. Nouvelles contributions"
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182:, where he was taught Old Greek and Latin. He also received an extensive religious education while at the Academy of "
767:
725:
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218:. Its relocation (and reactivation) was accomplished by Dimitrije Ljubavić, Božidar's grandson, who brought with him
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On his return to Transylvania in 1552, Dimitrije Ljubavić not only took up responsibility for running a school in
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in 1523. Books were printed by Božidar's grandson Dimitrije after being edited by hieromonk Teodor, his uncle.
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in Thrace and the neighboring countries but they have been gradually diminished by oppression and bondage....
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as a deacon supervising the printing of books. After having probably become acquainted in Transylvania with
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taxes and the omnipotence of his foreign retinue led to a boyar conspiracy instigated by high dignitary
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91:, scholars, diplomats, and humanists. He is best known as the founder of the second printing press in
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186:" becoming initiated in the questions of Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic theology. There he met
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When his father died on 12 March 1519, Dimitrije was taken by his mother from Venice to the
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or Demetrius Mysos (also Demetrius of Thessalonica) in Lutheran and other Western books.
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needed the collaboration of some Orthodox in the translation of Protestant literature,
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for the next three years. From there he went to Mount Athos and printed more books at
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Dimitrije's grandfather was Serbian printer Božidar Ljubavić, who is better known as
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190:, who pretended to be the legitimate heir of Serbian despots and prince in exile of
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In 1556 a Church Slavonic printing press was established by Saxons Protestants in
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119:, Greek and Latin for the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Lutherans during the
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807:
http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=d&word=DEMETRIUSOFTHESSALONICA
442:. Faced with a large-scale rebellion, Heraclid retreated to the fortress in
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by Oprea, one of Ljubavić's early apprentices, along with Romanian deacon
130:. In 1518, Božidar Ljubavić sent his sons, Đurađ and hieromonk Teodor, to
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Constantinople), Ieremias II (Patriarch of; Mastrantonis, George (1982).
247:
223:
214:, thus becoming the second such facility in the territory of present-day
163:
135:
120:
628:
Anuarul Institutului de Istorie A.d.xenopol, 32 (Iasi, 1995), P. 187-207
413:(The learned Serb, Demetrius Serb), carried Melanchthon's letter to the
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783:
149:
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746:(in French). Service du livre ancien, Bibliothe(que nationale. 1981.
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438:. In the meantime, Heraclid's postponement of debt payments angered
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in 1545. He had many apprentices, among whom were Romanian deacon
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594:"Preliminarii la un repertoriu al tipografilor români 1508-1830"
364:
At this time, Dimitrije Ljubavić was the first secretary to the
158:, two more books in Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension: a
703:(in Romanian). Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România.
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in a Greek version. Melanchthon drafted a letter for Patriarch
306:
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178:(Crete), then under Venetian rule. When still young he came to
100:
52:
40:
811:
Translated and adapted from Matei Cazacu's article in French:
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Anuarul Institutului de Istorie si̦ Arheologie "A.D. Xenopol."
404:
which Dimitrije translated into Greek which read as follows: "
697:
Xenopol", Institutul de Istorie si̦ Arheologie "A D. (1995).
195:
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179:
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who followed Zagurović's footsteps reprinting Serbian books.
206:
In 1544, the printing press was transported from Goražde to
564:
454:
Dimitrije Ljubavić was eventually incarcerated and killed.
115:
best known for printing textbooks and biblical material in
67:
and the Lutherans in 1559 when Ljubavić took a copy of the
784:"taler (reproduction) - Despot Heraclid - Romanian Coins"
666:
Biblioteka, Matica srpska (Novi Sad, Serbia) (1992).
34:
357:
was prevented from joining the press at Urach, near
409:" The learned Orthodox Serb cleric, who was called
312:
148:. Because members of the Ljubavić family were from
426:. Several Serbian printers remained loyal to the
1054:
759:Dictionary of Luther and the Lutheran Traditions
107:, Petar, and Opar (Oprea). The Lutheran leader
63:initiated the first formal contact between the
551:Gazette du livre médiéval: bulletin semestriel
833:
696:
301:font. It was here that the new press printed
201:
87:He came from a distinguished family of early
805:Demetrius Mysos (Demetrius of Thessalonica):
682:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
372:and then spent more than three years at the
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826:
665:
240:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
47:, 1564) was a Serbian Orthodox deacon,
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415:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
333:Well-aware that the newly established
821:
642:"Pet vekova srpske knjige u Veneciji"
591:
246:and other island monasteries such as
222:. In Târgoviște, Dimitrije printed a
1005:Zagurović printing house (1569—1570)
847:
13:
720:(in Romanian). Azbest Publishing.
669:Godïsnjak Biblioteke Matice srpske
621:
59:who together with German reformer
14:
1114:
554:(in French). Éditions CEMI. 1987.
966:(1519/1520—1521) and (1536—1540)
313:Reformation: Lutherans and Serbs
981:Gračanica printing house (1539)
776:
750:
976:Rujno Monastery printing house
762:. Baker Academic. 2017-08-22.
734:
707:
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374:Patriarchate of Constantinople
1:
571:. Holy Cross Orthodox Press.
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396:and become familiar with the
169:
1063:16th-century Serbian writers
1002:Skadar printing house (1563)
997:Mrkšina crkva printing house
447:had abandoned Orthodoxy for
402:Joasaph II of Constantinople
335:South Slavic Bible Institute
82:
75:. He is also referred to as
73:Joasaph II of Constantinople
7:
648:(in Serbian (Latin script))
457:
35:
10:
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233:
202:From Goražde to Târgoviște
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882:Đurađ and Teodor Ljubavić
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743:Nouvelles du livre ancien
411:Ućeni Srb, Dimitrije Serb
270:for more than two years.
252:Osiou Gregoriou monastery
24:
958:Crnojević printing house
418:a friend from the past,
1068:Serbian Orthodox clergy
991:Belgrade printing house
985:Mileševa printing house
428:Serbian Orthodox Church
386:Sigismund Tordai-Gelous
343:Stjepan Konzul Istranin
65:Eastern Orthodox Church
970:Goražde printing house
964:Vuković printing house
256:Agiou Pavlou monastery
1093:16th-century printers
140:Stjepan Vukčić Kosača
103:, the Serbian monks
1098:16th-century writers
1009:Rampazetto and Heirs
922:Jakov of Kamena Reka
509:Jakov of Kamena Reka
370:Alexandru Lăpuşneanu
1042:Frančesko Micalović
904:Hieromonk Mardarije
894:Hierodeacon Mojsije
890:Hieromonk Teodosije
592:Mârza, Eva (2004).
484:Hieromonk Mardarije
398:Augsburg Confession
260:Dionysiou Monastery
220:Hierodeacon Mojsije
69:Augsburg Confession
1038:Dimitrije Ljubavić
886:Hieromonk Pahomije
878:Božidar Goraždanin
868:Hieromonk Makarije
519:Bartolomeo Ginammi
479:Hieromonk Makarije
469:Božidar Goraždanin
394:Philip Melanchthon
128:Božidar Goraždanin
109:Philip Melanchthon
61:Philip Melanchthon
36:Dimitrije Ljubavić
17:Dimitrije Ljubavić
1050:
1049:
912:Jerolim Zagurović
899:Hegumen Mardarije
788:romaniancoins.org
514:Jerolim Zagurović
489:Hegumen Mardarije
295:Şcheii Braşovului
290:and in Romanian.
210:, the capital of
176:Kingdom of Candia
164:small euchologion
43:, January 1519 –
33:
25:Димитрије Љубавић
1110:
1073:Serbian printers
1030:Luka Radovanović
1026:Andrija Paltašić
940:Stefan Paštrović
936:Radiša Dmitrović
927:Stefan Marinović
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280:Johannes Benkner
264:Zograf monastery
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1034:Luka Primojević
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932:Trojan Gundulić
917:Vićenco Vuković
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863:Đurađ Crnojević
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499:Trojan Gundulić
494:Vićenco Vuković
474:Đurađ Crnojević
464:Božidar Vuković
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390:David Chytraeus
378:Peter Petrovics
351:Jovan Maleševac
328:Hans von Ungnad
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284:Johannes Honter
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162:in 1521, and a
132:Božidar Vuković
117:Church Slavonic
105:Mojsije Dečanac
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77:Demetrios Mysos
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71:to Patriarch
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791:. Retrieved
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453:
440:Albert Łaski
436:Ștefan Tomșa
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1088:1564 deaths
1083:1519 births
1011:(1597—1616)
999:(1562—1566)
987:(1544—1557)
972:(1519—1523)
960:(1494—1496)
248:Docheiariou
224:euchologion
121:Reformation
1057:Categories
856:Key people
793:2019-08-16
652:2019-08-16
536:References
303:Octotechos
208:Târgoviște
170:Early life
155:hieratikon
145:hieratikon
136:hieratikon
93:Târgoviște
678:cite book
607:25 August
530:Inok Sava
380:, one of
326:, led by
228:Wallachia
212:Wallachia
97:Wallachia
83:Biography
30:romanized
1022:See also
458:See also
424:Carniola
382:Temesvar
359:Tübingen
345:engaged
299:Cyrillic
244:Hilandar
89:printers
49:humanist
444:Suceava
366:voivode
234:Travels
216:Romania
160:Psalter
150:Goražde
57:printer
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21:Serbian
993:(1552)
978:(1537)
766:
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601:uab.ro
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307:Coresi
282:, and
275:Brasov
266:, and
101:Coresi
53:writer
45:Brașov
41:Venice
597:(PDF)
324:Urach
196:Paros
192:Samos
180:Chios
764:ISBN
722:ISBN
684:link
609:2023
573:ISBN
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