801:) from 1979 but this was reverted in 1982. During the period it was known as 'Exit', the secretary of the society, Nicholas Reed, was convicted of conspiracy to variously aid and abet or counsel a number of suicides. He was jailed for two and a half years, although this was reduced to 18 months on appeal. Reed had supported Mark Lyons, a seventy-year-old man who provided pills and alcohol to several sick people. Lyons was given a two-year suspended sentence. The society had voted in 1979 to publish a "Guide to Self-Deliverance", a booklet which described suicide methods. This was challenged by the Attorney General in 1982 under s2 of the
1152:. Some people of a religious persuasion take the view that all life is sacred and that only natural processes and divine intervention should determine a person's death. Dignity in Dying argue that if a person does not wish to take advantage of a change in the law which would allow for an assisted death then that is down to personal choice. However it strongly opposes opponents who would try to deny an individual a right to a personal choice in the matter by blocking enabling legislation. Meanwhile, opponents argue that the introduction of the sort of legislation supported by Dignity in Dying can be a "
565:) is a United Kingdom nationwide campaigning organisation. It is funded by voluntary contributions from members of the public, and as of December 2010, it claimed to have 25,000 actively subscribing supporters. The organisation declares it is independent of any political, religious or other affiliations, and has the stated primary aim of campaigning for individuals to have greater choice and more control over end-of-life decisions, so as to alleviate any suffering they may be undergoing as they near the end of their life.
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or relatively disadvantaged on occasions. Dignity in Dying argue that at the moment not only can unscrupulous people do this in a relatively unchecked way, but that the legal authorities can generally carry out investigations only after a person's death, whereas under their plans there would be safeguards and checks upfront to ensure a person was fully informed and counselled as to their rights and options and additionally protected from possible malign influences.
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1196:), whereby a doctor prescribes a life-ending dose of medication to a mentally competent, terminally ill adult at the patient's request, and which the patient administers. This is different to assisted suicide, whereby somebody provides assistance to die to a person who is not terminally ill, and euthanasia, which involves a third party administering the life-ending medication to a patient.
754:(although some sources place it at 1960). The Euthanasia Society placed adverts on the London Underground and on mainline railway services in the south of England, with the wording "The Euthanasia Society Believes that incurable sufferers should have the right to choose a Merciful Death". In 1960, the chairman, C. K. MacDonald died and was replaced by
608:. In the address, he advocated the "Legalisation of Voluntary Euthanasia", which prompted considerable debate in Britain involving doctors, clerics and the wider public. Millard's proposal was that in the case of terminal illnesses the law should be changed "to substitute for the slow and painful death a quick and painless one".
1172:
rights campaigners are concerned that an assisted dying law would lead to extra pressure on some disabled persons to seek a premature death, as they might consider their lives to be devalued. A poll in 2015 found that 86% of people with a disability believed that a person with a terminal and painful
1109:
One of
Dignity in Dying's main arguments is that their proposals for a comprehensive strategy around the issue of assisted dying would provide safeguards and protection for an individual from, for example, the coercive pressures to die that some people believe can be exerted by families of the frail
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Dignity in Dying points out that in the 2010 British Social
Attitudes survey 82% of the general public believed that a doctor should probably or definitely be allowed to end the life of a patient who is suffering from a painful incurable disease at the patient's request. This was further analysed to
622:
The foundation of the society followed an offer of £10,000 from Mr. O. W. Greene, a terminally-ill man in London. The initial offer was retracted and no posthumous endowment was left to the
Society after Greene learned that the prospective Society would only be supporting legalisation of euthanasia
870:
was the new name endorsed by members at the annual general meeting in 2005. Its current chair of the governing board is Sir Graeme Catto and its chief executive is Sarah
Wootton. The name change was done to "get away from the suggestion that you can only achieve dignity in dying with euthanasia".
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and for a utilitarian approach to the questions in medical ethics including both voluntary euthanasia and abortion. His proposal would have allowed a physician to put as a defence to a homicide, assault or bodily harm charge that the person was incurably and fatally ill if the doctor was acting in
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On 28 November 1950, the next attempt was made by Lord
Chorley of Kendal, a vice-president of the society, who brought a pro-voluntary euthanasia motion before the House of Lords. The motion was so widely condemned it was withdrawn without a division. According to N. D. A. Kemp, the attempt was an
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in 2013, when he said "Quite apart from the notorious difficulty in assessing life expectancy even for the terminally ill, there seems to me to be significantly more justification in assisting people to die if they have the prospect of living for many years a life that they regarded as valueless,
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clinic in
Switzerland and press stories regarding botched suicides and do-it-yourself advice would be stopped because individuals would know that when and if they wished to finally request an assisted death in the UK, it would be available as arranged. Indeed, studies from parts of the world that
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According to Kemp, the public association of euthanasia with eugenics and Nazi atrocities marred attempts in the 1950s to promote voluntary euthanasia, but such setbacks were short-lived. The next legislative attempt was started in 1967 with a bill drafted by Mary Rose
Barrington, a member of the
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and the resignation of Lord Denman, the president of the society, and the deaths of two prominent supporters of the society, E.W. Barnes and Dr N.I. Spriggs, a new honorary secretary was found in R. S. W. Pollard who moved the society to be based in London from
Leicester. The society also changed
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argue that assisted dying legislation should not be limited to those with less than six months to live, but should be available to all mentally competent adults who are suffering unbearably and incurably, irrespective of their projected lifespan. These sentiments appeared to be echoed by
Supreme
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The society did not attempt to build a popular movement at first but attempted to build, according to Kemp, "a network of distinguished sympathisers able to influence policy at high levels". The society had a
Consultative Medical Council and a Literary Group, and were endorsed by a variety of
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of Thoroton tabled an Assisted Dying Bill in the House of Lords which passed through Second Reading and ran out of time during Committee stage before the General Election. During its passage peers voted down two amendments which were proposed by opponents of the Bill. In 2015 Labour MP
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have legalised assisted suicide report that many plans put in place for an early death are not taken up as people end up dying naturally, with the peace of mind brought about by knowing that an assisted death was available if pain and suffering had got too much. For example, in the
758:. He was replaced temporarily by Maurice Millard. In 1962, he was replaced by the Unitarian minister Rev A. B. Downing, and in 1964, C. R. Sweetingham was made secretary. Prominent people who supported the society during the 1960s included the legal academic and president of the
627:; Millard was made the first honorary secretary. Other members of the executive committee were drawn from Bond and Millard's social milieu in Leicester, including Astley V. Clarke from the Leicester Royal Infirmary; Rev Dr R. F. Rattray, a Unitarian minister and principal of
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can help significantly but they also believe that if a right to an Assisted Death is available then the very knowledge of this fact can alleviate many of the worries an individual might have. Dignity in Dying supporters argue that the recent trends towards the use of the
942:, Switzerland, which showed overwhelming support for assisted dying and voted to reject the restriction of assisted dying services in Zurich to the residents of the city. The organisation called the result a "brave decision" on the part of the Swiss people.
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tactics: moving away from courting the medical and legal elites to trying to build up a mass movement to exert "grass-roots pressure" and efforts were made to bring up the topic in civic society groups like Rotary Clubs, local newspaper editorials etc.
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introduced an amendment to the Suicide Act to introduce a defence for those who acted "on behalf of the person who committed suicide and in so acting behaved reasonably and with compassion and in good faith" but this was defeated 48 votes to 15.
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in 2007, it was reported that of the 30,000 deaths in the state that year, 10,000 people considered an assisted death, around 1,000 spoke to their doctor about it, 85 actually got a prescription and just 49 went on to have an assisted death.
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They would generally attempt to empower terminally ill people (and their families and friends) so that they can obtain a better experience as their end-of-life approaches, including access to information on current rights and such devices as
710:. The debate was not split along party political grounds and the Government considered it "outside the proper range of Government intervention and to be one which should be left to the conscience of the individual members of the House". The
1961:, SCM Press Ltd, Appendix B: Doctors and Euthanasia, p. 167. This is a response to a BMA document, and it cites the National Opinion Polls which say 35.8% of GPs said "they would be prepared to administer euthanasia if legally permissible".
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They encourage their supporters to campaign for a change to the current laws so that a terminally ill, mentally competent adult who feels their suffering has become unbearable can opt for an assisted death, subject to strict rules and
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They will lobby politicians and other decision makers, and look to educate legal and healthcare professionals and the public in general to support this drive towards obtaining a comprehensive national end-of-life strategy and working
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Dignity in Dying also state that their proposals would alleviate a great deal of the stress and worry that approaching death can bring to a person, particularly one suffering significant pain from a terminal illness. The use of
973:'s subsequent objections were described as "histrionic" and lacking any religious reason. The bill was rejected by 330 to 118. In June 2016, the Bill was re-introduced to the House of Lords by former Dignity in Dying treasurer
874:
Dignity in Dying has a range of patrons, including people who have been associated with high-profile cases connected with Dignity in Dying's campaigns, such as Lesley Close (sister of John Close), Brian Pretty (husband of
36:
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would be paramount, and any change in the law would be subject to ongoing review once established. They also point out that in those jurisdictions where aid in dying has been made legal (such as the US state of
703:
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who joined the society in the 1970s. The first bill was introduced in the 2003 session, and the Bill has been reintroduced repeatedly since. The Joffe Bill led to the formation of the anti-euthanasia group
924:
1556:
Johnson, Angella (25 August 1990). "'Right to die' campaign finds growing support: Angella Johnson examines the debate about legalising voluntary euthanasia, an issue which arouses strong passions".
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adults with the option of a painless, assisted death, within strict legal safeguards. It declares that its campaign looks to bring about a generally more compassionate approach to the end-of-life.
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A person should have access to information on their end-of-life options from qualified experts and their carers, family and friends should also be able to access high quality care and support.
1001:. The group has repeatedly published opinion polls showing considerable public support for a change to the law on assisted dying, as well as showing support from doctors and disabled people.
765:. Williams gave a paper entitled 'Voluntary euthanasia – the next step' at the Annual General Meeting of the society in 1955. Williams' ethical justification of euthanasia argued against the
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executive committee of the Euthanasia Society and barrister. Attempts were made to find an MP willing to introduce it to the Commons but eventually it was introduced to the Lords in 1969 by
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Dignity in Dying point to other parts of the world that have some form of assisted dying or similar legislation, which is generally popular and supported by the majority. These include the
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Ultimately an individual should have the right to plan for and then take personal control over their own death, including the medication and pain relief they wish to receive or not.
919:. Dignity in Dying has a non-campaigning partner charity, Compassion in Dying, which carries out research to do with end-of-life matters, provides the general public with access to
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In 1990, the group campaigned for the early release of Anthony Cocker, who was convicted of murder after killing his wife Esther after she begged him to end her suffering from
1234:
583:
Alongside its campaigning work, Dignity in Dying, through its partner charity Compassion in Dying, is also an information source on end-of-life issues and a provider of
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free of charge, despite the BMA not supporting the aims of the society. During the debate, the meeting was disrupted by 40 members of a Catholic youth association.
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held a debate on 16 November 1936 to debate whether "the practice of voluntary euthanasia would be unjustifiable", and the Bill was opposed by the
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with the words "A day in the life of an emphysema sufferer" and accompanied by "We believe that he should have the right to choose a peaceful and
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Everybody should be able to choose where they die, who else would be present at that time and the treatment options they would welcome or not.
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as "a sophisticated and humane attempt" to clarify the law before the courts do so and which unlike religion "will actually ease suffering."
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879:) and Heather Pratten. Other patrons include prominent individuals from the worlds of business, politics, the arts and religion, such as
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In 1992, the society supported Dr Nigel Cox, who was prosecuted and convicted for murder for shortening the life of a patient at the
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Some proponents of assisted dying legislation think the proposals from Dignity in Dying do not go far enough. Organisations such as
604:, the Medical Officer of Health for Leicester from 1901 to 1935, gave the Presidential address at the Annual General Meeting of the
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care. It also campaigns for new legislation to permit assisted dying within strict safeguards, and promotes the concept and use of
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organization in Switzerland, saying that the availability of assisted dying in Switzerland is simply "outsourcing" the problem.
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and Vermont in the United States. Dignity in Dying support the legislation of assisted dying (as legal in Oregon under the
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In 1988, the Voluntary Euthanasia Society, as it was then, attempted to place a full-page newspaper advertisement in the
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introduced an Assisted Dying Bill, based on the Falconer proposals, into the House of Commons. The Bill was praised by
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639:, also a former principal of University College, Leicester; and H. T. Cooper, the Honorary Solicitor of the Committee.
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reports that the majority of disabled people have concerns about a change in the law concerning assisted dying.
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and also works to provide information about a person's rights at the end-of-life. They are also associated with
2010:
805:, and after a brief attempt to fight back against this, the distribution of the booklet was suspended in 1983.
2117:"Judgement - R (on the application of Nicklinson and another) (Appellants) v Ministry of Justice (Respondent)"
1982:
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condemned the advert, saying that "fears of patients with lung disease should not be exploited in this way."
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From 1955 onwards, the 'Legalization' was dropped from the name along with the 'Voluntary' to make it the
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illness from which they were certain to die should be allowed an assisted death; however, polling by
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Dignity in Dying campaigns for the greater choice, control and access to a full range of medical and
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for those with incurable conditions. The first chairman was C. J. Bond, a consulting surgeon at the
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Mihill, Chris (26 April 1993). "'No surprise' as poll shows 79pc back legalisation of euthanasia".
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1156:" towards more draconian measures. Dignity in Dying refutes this by pointing out that the will of
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Ann Jackson presentation October 2009 to a symposium on end-of-life practices in Washington State
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727:"ignominious failure", as were similar attempts to produce more liberal legislation generally on
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214:
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Furbisher, John (20 September 1992). "Euthanasia supporters say it is time to change the law".
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809:
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Prentice, Thomson (27 April 1987). "More GPs would 'support euthanasia for Aids victims'".
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615:(VELS). The initial meeting that set the society up was held at the headquarters of the
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show 71% of religious people and 92% of non-religious people supported this statement.
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The first attempt to pass legislation to make euthanasia legal in Britain was the
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miserable and often painful, than if they have only a few months left to live".
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2011:"New research: Majority of disabled people fear change to assisted suicide law"
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298:
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Dignity in Dying campaigns for patient choice at the end-of-life and supports
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977:. Falconer reintroduced the bill into the House of Lords again in July 2024.
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1165:), the eligibility criteria have not been widened from their initial point.
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After the name was changed back following the conviction of Reed and Lyons,
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927:, a group formed by Dignity in Dying supporter and general practitioner
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The word 'Voluntary' was reinstated to the name in 1969 to become the
1983:"Dignity in Dying Poll : ONLINE Fieldwork: 11th-19th March 2015"
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Dignity in Dying's stated view is that everyone has the right to a
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Another argument used by Dignity in Dying regards the use of the
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Presidents Gallery: Charles Killick Millard MD DSc (1870 - 1952)
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Dignity in Dying also outline how they go about their campaign:
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authors, progressive reformers, feminists and supporters of the
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The organisation was set up in December 1935 under the name of
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Oulton, Charles (31 July 1988). "Anger at euthanasia advert".
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Earl of Listowel, Foreword to A. B. Downing, Barbara Smoker,
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Medical and health organisations based in the United Kingdom
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to block publication of the ad, and a representative of the
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All-Party Parliamentary Group for Choice at the End of Life
1691:"Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill [HL]"
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James Gallagher; Philippa Roxby (11 September 2015).
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Voluntary Euthanasia: Experts Debate the Right to Die
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Voluntary Euthanasia: Experts Debate the Right to Die
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Dignity in Dying are often opposed by groups such as
1830:"Assisted Dying Bill: MPs reject 'right to die' law"
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In May 2011, Dignity in Dying noted the result of a
1877:"Assisted dying bill introduced in House of Lords"
1291:"Religion and belief: some surveys and statistics"
1433:. Associated Press. 11 December 1935. p. 65.
1215:Court justice Lord Neuberger in the judgement of
572:services at the end-of-life, including providing
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1753:"Assisted suicide campaigner Ann McPherson dies"
1443:Leicester Literary & Philosophical Society,
1802:"Ignore the slippery critics of assisted dying"
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1475:
1473:
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1918:"Briton dies after landmark euthanasia ruling"
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742:Following the death of the honorary secretary
1735:"Healthcare professionals for assisted dying"
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704:Voluntary Euthanasia (Legalisation) Bill 1936
613:The Voluntary Euthanasia Legalisation Society
563:The Voluntary Euthanasia Legalisation Society
539:
340:The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
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820:showing twenty-four young men with advanced
770:good faith. These proposals mirror those of
2166:"Next: Assisted Suicide for Healthy People"
1697:. United Kingdom Parliament. 8 January 2004
1504:1981: Euthanasia chief jailed over suicides
1043:
925:Healthcare Professionals for Assisted Dying
910:In 2005, legislative attempts were made by
1855:"Assisted Dying Bill [HL] 2016-17"
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1388:
1255:World Federation of Right to Die Societies
1077:. Please do not remove this message until
546:
532:
283:World Federation of Right to Die Societies
2208:1935 establishments in the United Kingdom
2037:"14% rise in British members of Dignitas"
1570:
1429:"Doctors Urge Mercy Death Be Legalized".
1398:An A-Z of counselling theory and practice
1361:
1097:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1942:
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1279:British Social Attitudes survey: 2009-10
1073:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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989:and increased funding and provision of
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1638:Mulholland, Hélène (24 October 2005).
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1245:Assisted suicide in the United Kingdom
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440:Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995
606:Society of Medical Officers of Health
2035:Beckford, Martin (23 January 2012).
1800:Philip Collins (11 September 2015).
1515:Benjamin, Alison (25 January 2006).
1217:R (Nicklinson) v Ministry of Justice
1047:
706:introduced to the House of Lords by
71:Pro-assisted dying campaigning group
1959:The unfinished debate on euthanasia
1717:"Anti-euthanasia alliance launched"
1613:"New pro-euthanasia group name row"
1330:
687:, and a variety of peers including
13:
1665:"Bid to legalise assisted suicide"
695:who had been the president of the
258:Death with Dignity National Center
14:
2219:
2193:Organizations established in 1935
2141:
721:
453:Washington Death with Dignity Act
195:Euthanasia and the slippery slope
2198:Euthanasia in the United Kingdom
1230:Euthanasia in the United Kingdom
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691:of Liverpool (Conservative) and
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1481:A. B. Downing, Barbara Smoker,
1401:. Nelson Thornes. p. 158.
1395:William Stewart (26 May 2005).
1366:, Manchester University Press,
1008:. They interpret this to mean:
857:Royal Hampshire County Hospital
834:Advertising Standards Authority
2067:"My Death, My Decision (MDMD)"
1875:Whannel, Kate (26 July 2024).
1695:Public Bills before Parliament
1437:
1422:
1362:Nick Kemp (7 September 2002),
1305:
1293:. British Humanist Association
1283:
1272:
16:UK pro-euthanasia organisation
1:
2188:Organisations based in London
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1194:Oregon Death with Dignity Act
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629:University College, Leicester
435:1994 Oregon Ballot Measure 16
1640:"A matter of life and death"
1142:Christian Medical Fellowship
1140:, a group that includes the
862:
791:Voluntary Euthanasia Society
647:. Early supporters included
7:
2157:Compassion in Dying website
1223:
1079:conditions to do so are met
830:British Medical Association
716:British Medical Association
617:British Medical Association
10:
2224:
963:, chief leader writer for
767:principle of double effect
631:; Canon F. R. C. Payne of
595:
590:
479:Principle of double effect
333:The Peaceful Pill Handbook
18:
2096:Mydeath-mydecision.org.uk
2071:Mydeath-mydecision.org.uk
1587:"Interview: Sarah Wooton"
1250:Betty and George Coumbias
797:(not to be confused with
697:Royal College of Surgeons
625:Leicester Royal Infirmary
97:
83:
75:
67:
57:
42:
33:
1781:. Bbc.co.uk. 15 May 2011
1779:"BBC News, May 15, 2011"
1317:Compassionindying.org.uk
1044:Arguments and opposition
843:
784:National Secular Society
253:Compassion & Choices
1671:. BBC. 20 February 2003
838:British Lung Foundation
793:. It was also known as
810:Lord Jenkins of Putney
760:Law Reform Association
637:Frederick Attenborough
1313:"Compassion in Dying"
500:Consistent life ethic
76:Registration no.
1208:My Death My Decision
649:Henry Havelock Ellis
19:For other uses, see
1168:Additionally, some
1066:of this article is
946:Assisted Dying Bill
673:George Bernard Shaw
633:Leicester Cathedral
600:In 1931 Dr Charles
484:Palliative sedation
30:
2047:on 24 January 2012
1957:H. Trowell (1973)
1723:. 31 January 2006.
1260:Final Exit Network
1150:Church of Scotland
850:multiple sclerosis
799:Exit International
782:, a member of the
763:Glanville Williams
752:Euthanasia Society
635:; Rev A. S. Hurn;
515:Groningen Protocol
309:Barbara Coombs Lee
273:Final Exit Network
268:Exit International
46:December 1935
28:
1924:. 4 December 2004
1619:. 23 January 2006
1593:. 7 February 2012
1502:BBC On This Day,
1431:Rochester Journal
1408:978-0-7487-9592-5
1373:978-0-7190-6124-0
1146:Church of England
1116:Advance Decisions
1107:
1106:
1099:
1037:Advance Decisions
995:advance decisions
921:advance decisions
774:discussed below.
756:Leonard Colebrook
712:Hunterian Society
685:W. Arbuthnot Lane
585:advance decisions
556:
555:
510:Euthanasia device
205:Freedom of choice
115:
114:
2215:
2153:
2152:
2150:Official website
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2092:"Assisted Dying"
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2043:. Archived from
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901:Anthony Grayling
868:Dignity in Dying
818:Evening Standard
803:Suicide Act 1961
677:Eleanor Rathbone
661:Laurence Housman
559:Dignity in Dying
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997:in England and
987:palliative care
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885:Jonathan Miller
881:Terry Pratchett
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846:
826:dignified death
744:Killick Millard
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708:Arthur Ponsonby
681:G. M. Trevelyan
657:Cicely Hamilton
602:Killick Millard
598:
593:
552:
520:Suicide tourism
474:Palliative care
441:
304:Philip Nitschke
278:Hemlock Society
190:Culture of life
105:.dignityindying
101:
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49:
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21:dignified death
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2127:. Retrieved
2123:
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2099:. Retrieved
2095:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:the original
2040:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2015:Scope.org.uk
2014:
2005:
1993:. Retrieved
1989:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1921:
1912:
1904:The Guardian
1903:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1880:
1870:
1860:14 September
1858:. Retrieved
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1833:
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1811:. Retrieved
1805:
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1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:The Guardian
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1699:. Retrieved
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1668:
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1644:The Guardian
1643:
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1621:. Retrieved
1616:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:Third Sector
1590:
1581:
1573:Sunday Times
1572:
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1558:The Guardian
1557:
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1543:Sunday Times
1542:
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1521:The Guardian
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1456:
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1439:
1430:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1397:
1390:
1384:, 0719061245
1363:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
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1212:Humanists UK
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561:(originally
558:
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492:Other issues
461:Alternatives
448:Baby Doe Law
338:
331:
324:
227:Right to die
25:
2162:Jacob Appel
2051:13 February
1763:25 November
1597:13 February
1182:Netherlands
1031:procedures.
1027:safeguards.
780:Lord Raglan
665:H. G. Wells
442:(Australia)
404:Switzerland
394:New Zealand
389:Netherlands
169:Involuntary
2182:Categories
1839:27 October
1813:27 October
1785:16 January
1701:8 November
1675:8 November
1266:References
1170:disability
1158:Parliament
1126:U.S. state
1064:neutrality
981:Activities
957:Rob Marris
936:referendum
912:Lord Joffe
570:palliative
379:Luxembourg
326:Final Exit
130:Euthanasia
2129:2 October
2101:2 October
2076:2 October
1995:14 August
1945:The Times
1807:The Times
1467:, p. 5–7.
1382:10531689M
1322:14 August
1075:talk page
966:The Times
863:Post 2000
822:emphysema
359:Australia
210:Religious
200:Free will
154:Voluntary
2020:13 March
1881:BBC News
1834:BBC News
1721:BBC News
1669:BBC News
1617:BBC News
1224:See also
1201:Dignitas
1148:and the
1121:Dignitas
1068:disputed
950:In 2014
729:abortion
505:Eugenics
263:Dignitas
220:Catholic
215:Buddhist
122:a series
120:Part of
84:Location
1928:21 June
1887:26 July
1414:26 June
991:hospice
828:." The
737:divorce
596:Origins
591:History
419:Uruguay
364:Belgium
98:Website
79:4452809
58:Founder
50:1935-12
48: (
43:Founded
1649:8 July
1623:4 July
1526:4 July
1489:
1463:
1405:
1380:
1370:
1297:8 June
1186:Europe
1163:Oregon
1144:, the
1130:Oregon
940:Zurich
384:Mexico
369:Canada
291:People
240:Groups
144:Animal
90:London
2120:(PDF)
1986:(PDF)
1883:. BBC
999:Wales
844:1990s
399:Spain
374:India
317:Books
177:Views
149:Child
136:Types
2131:2018
2103:2018
2078:2018
2053:2012
2022:2017
1997:2019
1930:2011
1889:2024
1862:2018
1841:2015
1815:2015
1787:2013
1765:2011
1703:2007
1677:2007
1651:2011
1625:2011
1599:2012
1528:2011
1487:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1416:2011
1403:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1324:2019
1299:2014
1210:and
1061:The
903:and
795:Exit
735:and
679:MP,
427:Laws
107:.org
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1128:of
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109:.uk
103:www
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2069:.
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1891:.
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1100:)
1094:(
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1085:(
1081:.
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1039:.
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160:)
156:(
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23:.
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