216:. He conducted experiments in the early 1960s that animated figures using analog circuits and a cathode ray tube. Harrison rigged up a body suit with potentiometers and created the first working motion capture rig, animating 3D figures in real-time on his CRT screen. He made several short films with this system, which he called ANIMAC. Among the earliest examples of digital puppets produced with the system included a character called "Mr. Computer Image" who was controlled by a combination of the ANIMAC's body control rig and an early form of voice-controlled automatic lip sync.
263:) in real-time in concert with conventional puppets. The computer image of Waldo was mixed with the video feed of the camera focused on physical puppets so that all of the puppeteers in a scene could perform together. (It was already standard Muppeteering practice to use monitors while performing, so the use of a virtual puppet did not significantly increase the complexity of the system.) Afterward, in post-production, PDI re-rendered Waldo in full resolution, adding a few dynamic elements on top of the performed motion.
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One of the most widely seen successful examples of digital puppetry in a TV series is Sesame Street's "Elmo's World" segment. A set of furniture characters were created with CGI, to perform simultaneously with Elmo and other real puppets. They were performed in real-time on set, simultaneously with
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Virtual human (or digital human) are simulations of human beings on computers. The research domain is concerned with their representation, movement, and behavior, and also show that the human-like appearance of virtual human shows higher message credibility than anime-like virtual human in an
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An object (puppet) or human body is used as a physical representation of a digital puppet and manipulated by a puppeteer. The movements of the object or body are matched correspondingly by the digital puppet in real time. Motion capture puppetry is commonly used, for example, by
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has also been an important innovator in the field of digital puppetry, developing new technologies to enable visitors to Disney theme parks to interact with some of the company's famous animated characters. In 2004, they used digital puppetry techniques to create the
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and other monster comedians who are attempting to capture laughter, which they convert to energy. Much like Turtle Talk, the puppeteers interact with guests in real time, just as a real-life comedian would interact with his/her audience.
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live puppet performances. As with the example of Henson's Waldo C. Graphic above, the digital puppets' video feed was seen live by both the digital and physical puppet performers, allowing the digital and physical characters to interact.
300:. Mike was a sophisticated talking head driven by a specially built controller that allowed a single puppeteer to control many parameters of the character's face, including mouth, eyes, expression, and head position.
584:(CGI) using the low-end 3D engines in video games. Players act out scenes in real-time using characters and settings within a game and the resulting footage is recorded and later edited into a finished film.
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is the manipulation and performance of digitally animated 2D or 3D figures and objects in a virtual environment that are rendered in real-time by computers. It is most commonly used in
562:. The distinctive feature of an Aniforms character is that it displays a physical form that appears "animated" on a real or simulated television screen. The technique was used in
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which features a man who invents and uses such devices), connected to the computer. The X-Y-Z axis movement of the input device causes the digital puppet to move correspondingly.
358:, on a large rear-projection screen. To the audience, Crush appears to be swimming inside an aquarium and engages in unscripted, real-time conversations with theme park guests.
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Another significant development in digital puppetry in 1988 was Mike Normal, which Brad DeGraf and partner
Michael Wahrman developed to show off the real-time capabilities of
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operated like a puppet, to be displayed to live audiences or in visual media. The concept was invented by Morey Bunin with his spouse
Charlotte, Bunin being a
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The system developed by deGraf/Wahrman to perform Mike Normal was later used to create a representation of the villain Cain in the motion picture
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A digital puppet is controlled onscreen in real-time by a puppeteer who uses a telemetric input device known as a Waldo (after the short story "
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Perhaps the first truly commercially successful example of a digitally animated figure being performed and rendered in real-time is
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using motion capture technology from
Organic Motion Inc interacted with squads through the medium of several different life-sized
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that encapsulates methods and techniques for generating and animating images or models of a character's face. The importance of
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as early as 1970 and Waldo grew out of experiments Henson conducted to create a computer generated version of his character
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training facility. The motion capture technology was paired with real-time voice shifting to achieve the effect.
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have caused considerable scientific, technological, and artistic interests in computer facial animation.
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Waldo's strength as a computer-generated puppet was that he could be controlled by a single puppeteer (
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The exact definition of what is and is not digital puppetry is subject to debate among puppeteers and
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system to generate a digital version of his Nobody character in real-time for the television series
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is another form of digital puppetry, and
Machinima performers are increasingly being identified as
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in that it involves performing characters in real-time, rather than animating them frame by frame.
693:. Course Notes: 3D Character Animation by Computer, ACM SIGGRAPH '89, Boston, July 1989, pp. 65-79
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A production technique that can be used to perform digital puppets. Machinima involves creating
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designers, but it is generally agreed that digital puppetry differs from conventional
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of varying ages and genders that were projected onto multiple walls throughout an
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746:"Squad Overmatch Study Looks to Build Resilience on the Battlefield"
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Disney
Imagineering continued its use of digital puppetry with the
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A Brief
History of Motion Capture for Computer Character Animation
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advertising context. A particular case of a virtual human is the
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Henson.com
Featured Creature: Waldo C. Graphic (archive.org)
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was the puppeteer for both Mike Normal's SIGGRAPH debut and
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park. Disney has another version of the same attraction in
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and
Pacific Data Images for the Muppet television series
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US Army
Simulation and Training Technology Center (STTC)
292:' then-new 4D series workstations. Unveiled at the 1988
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One of the earliest pioneers of digital puppetry was
2009:
List of animated television series by episode count
296:convention, it was the first live performance of a
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
477:Computer facial animation is primarily an area of
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394:Disney also uses digital puppetry techniques in
2004:List of animated films by box office admissions
729:Kleczek, Jakub (2015). "Digital Puppeteering".
717:Elmo's World: Digital Puppetry on Sesame Street
706:Computer Graphics World, July 1988, pp. 15-17.
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151:Digital puppetry is closely associated with
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266:Waldo C. Graphic can be seen today in
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773:Thuermer, Karen (December 15, 2015).
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1977:Films with live action and animation
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755:. United States Army. Archived from
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167:. Digital puppetry is also known as
44:adding citations to reliable sources
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430:for infantry squads. A single
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1999:Most expensive animated films
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269:Jim Henson's Muppet*Vision 3D
1545:Non-photorealistic rendering
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1177:International Animation Day
781:. Defense House Publishing.
744:Gregory, Rick (July 2014).
680:, accessed February 9, 2007
668:, accessed February 9, 2007
635:, accessed October 10, 2014
633:Jim Henson's Red Book Entry
554:who had worked with string
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278:Lake Buena Vista, Florida
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1967:Twelve basic principles
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620:Mr. Computer Image Demo
404:Disneyland Resort Paris
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1162:Highest-grossing films
1064:Early TV broadcast era
792:Hancock, Hugh (2007).
775:"Avatars for Training"
704:Mike, the talking head
365:, a new attraction in
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244:. Henson had used the
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1103:Animation department
762:on October 20, 2016.
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406:called Stitch Live!
400:Hong Kong Disneyland
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1935:Character animation
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605:2007-03-28 at the
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332:Disney theme parks
165:skeletal animation
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520:Virtual human
514:Virtual human
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57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2014:anime series
1972:Motion comic
1841:visual music
1787:Pose to pose
1762:Inbetweening
1742:Chuckimation
1684:Shadowmation
1637:Animatronics
1591:
1538:eye tracking
1518:Morph target
1470:Multi-sketch
1221:Short series
1135:Art pipeline
1113:Story artist
1059:World War II
928:South Africa
793:
787:
778:
768:
757:the original
752:
739:
731:Theatr Lalek
730:
724:
716:
711:
703:
698:
690:
685:
673:
653:
645:
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628:
619:
614:
595:
579:
560:hand puppets
542:
523:
504:
476:
454:
413:
393:
381:
367:Tomorrowland
360:
355:Finding Nemo
353:
335:
326:
316:
311:
304:
302:
287:
267:
265:
258:
239:
229:
211:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
161:3D animation
150:
139:
118:
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1940:model sheet
1797:Rubber hose
1720:model sheet
1498:Cel shading
1340:Stop motion
1325:Rotoscoping
1297:Traditional
1226:Stop-motion
1172:Outsourcing
933:South Korea
913:Philippines
908:North Korea
556:marionettes
483:human faces
380:2001 film,
313:Trey Stokes
284:Mike Normal
2096:Categories
1945:walk cycle
1812:Syncro-Vox
1725:walk cycle
1629:Mechanical
1555:Procedural
1455:PowerPoint
1408:Puppetoons
1403:Pixilation
1368:silhouette
1357:strata-cut
1348:Claymation
1289:Techniques
1278:Television
1049:Silent Era
981:Bangladesh
976:Azerbaijan
863:Bangladesh
852:By country
588:References
432:improvisor
420:Simulation
317:Robocop II
236:Jim Henson
197:puppeteers
131:theme park
123:filmmaking
66:newspapers
2112:Machinima
1955:off-model
1925:Key frame
1782:Pixel art
1777:Pinscreen
1735:off-model
1679:Scanimate
1597:Machinima
1396:Brickfilm
1384:go motion
1310:Flip book
844:Animation
576:Machinima
570:Machinima
552:puppeteer
548:character
306:RoboCop 2
256:in 1985.
246:Scanimate
193:Machinima
96:July 2013
2117:Puppetry
2041:Category
1950:lip sync
1830:Variants
1817:Zoetrope
1767:Morphing
1730:lip sync
1710:Blocking
1602:Aniforms
1579:Puppetry
1560:Skeletal
1427:timeline
1418:Computer
1273:Internet
1155:regional
1091:Animator
1084:Industry
948:Thailand
918:Portugal
898:Malaysia
662:Archived
603:Archived
539:Aniforms
533:Aniforms
495:software
294:SIGGRAPH
181:aniforms
2074:Animata
2056:Outline
1423:history
1374:Graphic
1320:Masking
1211:Package
1036:Ukraine
1006:Hungary
968:History
958:Vietnam
923:Romania
883:Estonia
878:Czechia
545:cartoon
508:VTubers
436:avatars
378:Pixar's
135:theatre
80:scholar
2051:Portal
1612:Live2D
1528:facial
1493:T-pose
1391:Object
1364:Cutout
1243:Series
1192:Films
1031:Russia
1001:France
991:Canada
986:Brazil
943:Taiwan
903:Mexico
868:Bhutan
846:topics
800:
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1867:Anime
1508:Crowd
1450:Flash
1379:Model
1268:Flash
1216:Short
1186:Works
1026:Korea
1021:Japan
1011:India
996:China
938:Spain
893:Japan
888:India
873:China
760:(PDF)
749:(PDF)
459:" by
457:Waldo
346:Epcot
87:JSTOR
73:books
1807:Sand
1445:2.5D
1123:List
1096:List
1016:Iran
798:ISBN
558:and
493:and
348:and
187:and
125:and
59:news
1930:Cel
1503:CGI
1465:CSS
1460:SVG
485:in
369:at
276:in
272:at
42:by
2098::
1485:3D
1437:2D
1425:,
1355:,
777:.
751:.
566:.
319:.
280:.
199:.
183:,
179:,
175:,
171:,
155:,
137:.
1843:)
1839:(
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1421:(
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1366:(
1168:)
1164:(
836:e
829:t
822:v
806:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
