1154:
1170:
1194:
362:
33:
59:
174:
351:
1182:
1125:(typically from chewing) can cause a host of unpleasant symptoms, including intense numbing, oral irritation, excessive drooling, and localized swelling. However, these effects are rarely life-threatening. In most cases, symptoms are mild, and can be successfully treated with analgesic agents, antihistamines, or medical charcoal.
1060:
areas. They need light, but filtered sunlight through a window is usually sufficient. They also need moderately moist soil, which should be regularly fertilized with an appropriate houseplant fertilizer. Leaves will periodically roll up and fall off to make way for new leaves. Yellowing of the leaves
1330:
McKone, Mark J.; Moore, Jonathan W.; Harbison, Christopher W.; Holmen, Ian C.; Lyons, Hillary C.; Nachbor, Kristine M.; Michalak, Julia L.; Neiman, Maurine; Nicol, Julia L.; Wheeler, George R. (2014). "Rapid collapse of a population of
Dieffenbachia spp., plants used for tadpole-rearing by a
1132:
makes prolonged contact with oral mucosal tissue. In such cases, symptoms generally include severe pain which can last for several days to weeks. Hospitalization may be necessary if prolonged contact is made with the throat, in which severe swelling has the potential to affect breathing.
1030:, especially in secondary forests . A majority of the plants were eradicated by 2012 when the surveyors returned to the same area, with only 28% of 2002 plant numbers remaining. Researchers concluded that the reason for the rapid decline in
1659:Šnajdauf, Jiří; Mixa, Vladimír; Rygl, Michal; Vyhnánek, Martin; Morávek, Jiří; Kabelka, Zdenĕk (2005). "Aortoesophageal fistula—an unusual complication of esophagitis caused by Dieffenbachia ingestion".
1573:
919:
515:
383:
790:
812:
394:
952:
768:
614:
581:
985:
974:
878:
867:
856:
845:
724:
691:
636:
460:
405:
996:
930:
823:
779:
735:
603:
526:
438:
427:
416:
41:
1271:
Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World
Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1–560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
941:
889:
713:
669:
647:
625:
537:
482:
471:
1169:
1064:
Dieffenbachia prefer medium sunlight, moderately dry soil and average home temperatures of 62–80 °F (17–27 °C). Most require water about twice a week.
801:
757:
702:
680:
658:
592:
559:
504:
493:
449:
1121:
of tissues exposed to the plant has been reported. Mastication and ingestion generally result in only mild symptoms. With both children and pets, contact with
963:
570:
548:
1580:
834:
1061:
is generally a sign of problematic conditions, such as a nutrient deficiency in the soil. Dieffenbachia respond well to hot temperatures and dry climates.
1153:
149:
1948:
1987:
308:. Some species are widely cultivated as ornamental plants, especially as houseplants, and have become naturalized on a few tropical islands.
375:
2023:
1136:
Gastric evacuation or lavage is "seldom" indicated. In patients with exposure to toxic plants, 70% are children younger than 5 years.
1896:
1075:, it prefers to have moisture at its roots, as it grows all the time, it needs constant water, but with loose well aerated soils.
1961:
1909:
321:
plant with straight stem, simple and alternate leaves containing white spots and flecks, making it attractive as indoor foliage.
1537:
1242:
1966:
1502:
Mrvos, Rita; Dean, Bonnie S.; Krenzelok, Edward P. (1991). "Philodendron/Dieffenbachia
Ingestions: Are They a Problem?".
1992:
1935:
1452:
2041:
1974:
830:– southern Mexico (Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Oaxaca, Chiapas), Central America (all 7 countries), Colombia
1738:
1427:
329:
because of their tolerance of shade. The
English names, dumb cane and mother-in-law's tongue (also used for
347:, director of the Botanical Gardens in Vienna, to honor his head gardener Joseph Dieffenbach (1790–1863).
1193:
58:
1849:
1844:
1821:
1383:
1079:
1041:
1888:
2036:
2115:
2002:
1914:
746:
1748:
1477:
2100:
2028:
1802:
344:
2105:
2090:
1883:
1764:
46:
1953:
1743:
2110:
1181:
1083:
1056:
With a minimum temperature of 5 °C (41 °F), dieffenbachia must be grown indoors in
900:
2015:
1617:
1072:
1555:
8:
1733:
1621:
2062:
1694:
1641:
1356:
1294:
1222:
190:
53:
2095:
2010:
1857:
1676:
1633:
1519:
1348:
1238:
1645:
1360:
2067:
1862:
1672:
1668:
1625:
1511:
1340:
1036:
293:
227:
1826:
1813:
1113:. If a leaf is chewed, these crystals can cause a temporary burning sensation and
1103:
1018:
315:
289:
96:
1979:
1629:
1095:
83:
1753:
1515:
1344:
361:
32:
2084:
1787:
1352:
1312:
1258:
1175:
A large dieffenbachia with big bright green leaves on display as a houseplant
1057:
173:
109:
1574:"Plant poisoning in Sri Lankan children: A hospital based prospective study"
1405:
2054:
1680:
1144:
1637:
1523:
1259:"Dieffenbachia, Dumb Cane, Leopard Lily Plant - How to Care and Propagate"
1922:
1836:
1796:
331:
301:
119:
981:– southern Mexico (Querétaro, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas) south to Panama
1901:
1298:
1013:
326:
318:
1927:
1608:
Lamminpää, Anne; Kinos, Marja (1996). "Plant poisonings in children".
350:
1870:
1560:
305:
1758:
1026:. As a result, the frog population fluctuated with the abundance of
1022:, deposited almost all (89%) of their tadpoles on the leaf axils of
2049:
1781:
1114:
1110:
336:
286:
139:
1875:
1331:
poison-dart frog (Oophaga pumilio) in a Costa Rican rain forest".
1106:
322:
129:
1940:
390:– Brazil, Paraguay; Corrientes + Misiones Provinces of Argentina
1373:
MacDonald, Elvin "The World Book of House Plants" Popular Books
297:
236:
1118:
282:
70:
1285:(Araceae) of Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies".
1078:
The cultivars 'Camille' and 'Tropic Snow' have gained the
263:
260:
1556:
Plant
Poisoning, Caladium, Dieffenbachia, and Philodendron
1218:
1216:
1214:
687:– Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, northwestern Brazil, the Guianas
1329:
254:
242:
1695:"Common Household Plant Dieffenbachia Deadly Poisonous?"
1658:
885:– northwestern Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
1211:
1034:
was due to increased abundance of the collared peccary
1495:
1571:
GN Lucas – Sri Lanka
Journal of Child Health, 2008 –
1044:
research area; a small pig-like animal that feeds on
257:
245:
239:
230:
1483:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 16
296:
Araceae. It is native to the New World
Tropics from
251:
233:
248:
1501:
948:– Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
907:– West Indies, south to Brazil and Bolivia (syn.
2082:
339:, which can cause temporary inability to speak.
1281:Croat, Thomas B. (December 2004). "Revision of
1012:In a survey that began in 1998, researchers in
1607:
1323:
1223:Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
1603:
1601:
852:– northwestern Brazil, the Guianas, Venezuela
1548:
566:– Bolivia, northwestern Brazil, the Guianas
1687:
1598:
376:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
335:species) refer to the poisoning effect of
172:
31:
1016:noticed that the strawberry poison frog
365:Cross section and radial section of stem
360:
349:
1719:Schott, H. W. and Kunst, W. Z. (1829).
1287:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
2083:
1652:
1763:
1762:
1280:
2003:0775a49d-bfe3-46f1-8de1-ab1cf5381907
1754:Speedup Video – Dieffenbachia growth
1610:Human & Experimental Toxicology
13:
2042:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30002878-2
14:
2127:
1727:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1152:
226:
57:
1749:Botanical Online: Dieffenbachia
1565:
1530:
1470:
1445:
1420:
1398:
434:– Colombia, northwestern Brazil
1673:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.03.036
1376:
1367:
1305:
1274:
1265:
1251:
1227:
1051:
920:Dieffenbachia shuttleworthiana
643:– Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia
516:Dieffenbachia crebripistillata
384:Dieffenbachia aglaonematifolia
1:
1204:
1159:A 47 year old 9.75 foot tall
791:Dieffenbachia nitidipetiolata
378:lists the following species:
325:in this genus are popular as
1661:Journal of Pediatric Surgery
1102:plant contain needle-shaped
7:
1744:Medline Plus: Dieffenbachia
1333:Journal of Tropical Ecology
1089:
1080:Royal Horticultural Society
1042:La Selva Biological Station
813:Dieffenbachia obscurinervia
632:– Peru, northwestern Brazil
10:
2132:
1713:
1697:. snopes.com. 14 June 2017
1630:10.1177/096032719601500310
1384:"Dieffenbachia Care Guide"
1235:Sunset Western Garden Book
1128:Severe cases can occur if
1007:
395:Dieffenbachia antioquensis
369:
1771:
1739:Clemson Home & Garden
1721:Für Liebhaber der Botanik
1516:10.3109/15563659109025745
1478:"AGM Plants – Ornamental"
1345:10.1017/S0266467414000467
953:Dieffenbachia weberbaueri
769:Dieffenbachia macrophylla
747:Dieffenbachia longispatha
615:Dieffenbachia galdamesiae
582:Dieffenbachia fortunensis
564:A.M.E.Jonker & Jonker
511:– Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
467:– Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
196:
189:
180:
171:
54:Scientific classification
52:
39:
30:
23:
1313:"Dumb cane | plant"
1237:. 1995. pp. 606–7.
986:Dieffenbachia williamsii
975:Dieffenbachia wendlandii
879:Dieffenbachia parvifolia
868:Dieffenbachia parlatorei
857:Dieffenbachia panamensis
846:Dieffenbachia paludicola
725:Dieffenbachia lancifolia
692:Dieffenbachia imperialis
637:Dieffenbachia grayumiana
461:Dieffenbachia cannifolia
406:Dieffenbachia aurantiaca
1734:Encyclopædia Britannica
1406:"Dieffenbachia seguine"
1317:Encyclopedia Britannica
1199:Dieffenbachia crossview
1143:is a deadly poison are
997:Dieffenbachia wurdackii
931:Dieffenbachia standleyi
824:Dieffenbachia oerstedii
780:Dieffenbachia meleagris
736:Dieffenbachia leopoldii
654:– Costa Rica, Nicaragua
604:Dieffenbachia fournieri
527:Dieffenbachia daguensis
478:– Costa Rica, Nicaragua
439:Dieffenbachia brittonii
428:Dieffenbachia bowmannii
417:Dieffenbachia beachiana
356:Dieffenbachia oerstedii
345:Heinrich Wilhelm Schott
42:Dieffenbachia oerstedii
942:Dieffenbachia tonduzii
909:Dieffenbachia maculata
890:Dieffenbachia pittieri
839:L.Linden & Rodigas
784:L.Linden & Rodigas
714:Dieffenbachia killipii
670:Dieffenbachia horichii
648:Dieffenbachia hammelii
626:Dieffenbachia gracilis
553:(Steyerm.) G.S.Bunting
538:Dieffenbachia davidsei
483:Dieffenbachia copensis
472:Dieffenbachia concinna
366:
358:
47:Chicago Botanic Garden
1084:Award of Garden Merit
1069:Dieffenbachia seguine
901:Dieffenbachia seguine
874:– Colombia, Venezuela
802:Dieffenbachia obliqua
758:Dieffenbachia lutheri
703:Dieffenbachia isthmia
681:Dieffenbachia humilis
659:Dieffenbachia herthae
593:Dieffenbachia fosteri
560:Dieffenbachia elegans
505:Dieffenbachia costata
494:Dieffenbachia cordata
450:Dieffenbachia burgeri
364:
353:
1073:tropical rain forest
964:Dieffenbachia weirii
894:Engl. & K.Krause
751:Engl. & K.Krause
571:Dieffenbachia enderi
549:Dieffenbachia duidae
423:– Costa Rica, Panama
412:– Costa Rica, Panama
271:, commonly known as
1622:1996HETox..15..245L
1504:Clinical Toxicology
1453:"RHS Plantfinder –
1428:"RHS Plantfinder –
1187:Dieffenbachia shoot
913:Dieffenbachia picta
835:Dieffenbachia olbia
555:– Venezuela, Guyana
533:– Colombia, Ecuador
181:Range of the genus
1408:. plantsrescue.com
1117:. In rare cases,
1048:and other plants.
946:Croat & Grayum
872:Linden & André
850:N.E.Br. ex Gleason
795:Croat & Grayum
753:– Panama, Colombia
729:Linden & André
696:Linden & André
674:Croat & Grayum
652:Croat & Grayum
542:Croat & Grayum
509:Klotzsch ex Schott
476:Croat & Grayum
454:Croat & Grayum
421:Croat & Grayum
367:
359:
2078:
2077:
2011:Open Tree of Life
1765:Taxon identifiers
1244:978-0-376-03851-7
1002:
991:
980:
969:
958:
947:
936:
925:
906:
895:
884:
873:
862:
851:
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829:
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741:
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719:
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631:
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510:
499:
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477:
466:
455:
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433:
422:
411:
400:
399:Linden ex Rafarin
389:
354:Inflorescence of
277:
218:
217:
212:
204:
167:
2123:
2116:Low light plants
2071:
2070:
2058:
2057:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2018:
2006:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1983:
1982:
1980:NHMSYS0000458086
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1691:
1685:
1684:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1586:on July 16, 2011
1585:
1579:. Archived from
1578:
1569:
1563:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
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1402:
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1364:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1261:. 17 March 2017.
1255:
1249:
1248:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1156:
1037:Dicotyles tajacu
1000:
989:
978:
967:
956:
945:
934:
923:
904:
893:
882:
871:
860:
849:
838:
827:
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794:
783:
772:
761:
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739:
728:
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706:
695:
684:
673:
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640:
629:
618:
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574:
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552:
541:
530:
519:
508:
497:
486:
475:
464:
453:
442:
431:
420:
409:
398:
387:
290:flowering plants
275:
270:
269:
266:
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262:
259:
256:
253:
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210:
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176:
165:
62:
61:
35:
21:
20:
2131:
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2081:
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2079:
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2061:
2053:
2048:
2040:
2035:
2027:
2022:
2014:
2009:
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1606:
1599:
1589:
1587:
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1576:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1553:
1549:
1538:"Dieffenbachia"
1536:
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1461:
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1389:
1387:
1386:. Potted Plants
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1207:
1200:
1197:
1188:
1185:
1176:
1173:
1164:
1157:
1104:calcium oxalate
1092:
1071:comes from the
1054:
1019:Oophaga pumilio
1010:
372:
229:
225:
164:
150:Dieffenbachieae
56:
17:
16:Genus of plants
12:
11:
5:
2129:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2101:Araceae genera
2098:
2093:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2068:wfo-4000011666
2059:
2046:
2033:
2020:
2007:
1997:
1984:
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1728:External links
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1469:
1457:'Tropic Snow'"
1444:
1419:
1397:
1375:
1366:
1339:(6): 615–619.
1322:
1319:. 9 July 2024.
1304:
1293:(4): 668–772.
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905:(Jacq.) Schott
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1803:Dieffenbachia
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1742:
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1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1696:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:(6): e29–31.
1666:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:(4): 485–91.
1509:
1505:
1498:
1479:
1473:
1458:
1456:
1455:Dieffenbachia
1448:
1433:
1431:
1430:Dieffenbachia
1423:
1407:
1401:
1385:
1379:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:Dieffenbachia
1277:
1268:
1260:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1161:Dieffenbachia
1155:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:urban legends
1142:
1141:Dieffenbachia
1139:Stories that
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:Dieffenbachia
1126:
1124:
1123:Dieffenbachia
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:Dieffenbachia
1097:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1046:Dieffenbachia
1043:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1032:Dieffenbachia
1029:
1028:Dieffenbachia
1025:
1024:Dieffenbachia
1021:
1020:
1015:
999:
998:
994:
988:
987:
983:
977:
976:
972:
966:
965:
961:
955:
954:
950:
944:
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922:
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917:
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902:
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854:
848:
847:
843:
837:
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832:
826:
825:
821:
815:
814:
810:
804:
803:
799:
793:
792:
788:
782:
781:
777:
771:
770:
766:
760:
759:
755:
749:
748:
744:
738:
737:
733:
727:
726:
722:
716:
715:
711:
705:
704:
700:
694:
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689:
683:
682:
678:
672:
671:
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638:
634:
628:
627:
623:
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612:
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601:
595:
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590:
584:
583:
579:
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568:
562:
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557:
551:
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546:
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529:
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397:
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386:
385:
381:
380:
379:
377:
363:
357:
352:
348:
346:
343:was named by
342:
341:Dieffenbachia
338:
334:
333:
328:
324:
320:
317:
313:
312:Dieffenbachia
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
284:
280:
274:
268:
224:
223:
222:Dieffenbachia
209:
206:
201:
198:
197:
195:
192:
188:
184:
183:Dieffenbachia
179:
175:
170:
163:
162:
161:Dieffenbachia
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
84:Tracheophytes
82:
79:
76:
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72:
69:
66:
65:
60:
55:
51:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
25:Dieffenbachia
22:
19:
2111:House plants
1772:
1720:
1699:. Retrieved
1689:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1616:(3): 245–9.
1613:
1609:
1588:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1567:
1554:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1454:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1429:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1378:
1369:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1267:
1253:
1234:
1229:
1160:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1099:
1093:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1011:
995:
984:
973:
962:
951:
940:
929:
918:
912:
908:
899:
888:
877:
866:
855:
844:
833:
822:
811:
800:
789:
778:
767:
756:
745:
734:
723:
712:
701:
690:
679:
676:– Costa Rica
668:
657:
646:
635:
624:
613:
602:
591:
580:
569:
558:
547:
544:– Costa Rica
536:
525:
514:
503:
492:
481:
470:
459:
456:– Costa Rica
448:
437:
426:
415:
404:
393:
382:
373:
355:
340:
330:
311:
310:
279:leopard lily
278:
272:
221:
220:
219:
207:
199:
182:
160:
159:
103:
90:
77:
40:
24:
18:
1923:iNaturalist
1797:Wikispecies
1462:12 February
1437:12 February
1412:18 December
1163:house plant
1052:Cultivation
332:Sansevieria
327:houseplants
302:West Indies
136:Subfamily:
120:Alismatales
97:Angiosperms
2085:Categories
1487:24 January
1432:'Camille'"
1205:References
1014:Costa Rica
970:– Colombia
937:– Honduras
926:– Colombia
742:– Colombia
731:– Colombia
610:– Colombia
577:– Colombia
445:– Colombia
401:– Colombia
319:herbaceous
211:A.D.Hawkes
1590:March 17,
1561:eMedicine
1353:0266-4674
1058:temperate
992:– Bolivia
786:– Ecuador
665:– Ecuador
316:perennial
306:Argentina
304:south to
273:dumb cane
67:Kingdom:
2096:Aroideae
2055:40030797
2050:Tropicos
1834:BioLib:
1782:Wikidata
1681:15991162
1646:20090392
1361:40616468
1115:erythema
1111:raphides
1107:crystals
1090:Toxicity
896:– Panama
863:– Panama
819:– Panama
797:– Panama
764:– Panama
720:– Panama
709:– Panama
621:– Panama
599:– Panama
588:– Panama
522:– Panama
489:– Panama
432:Carrière
337:raphides
300:and the
287:tropical
208:Maguirea
200:Seguinum
191:Synonyms
140:Aroideae
126:Family:
110:Monocots
1954:1072259
1902:2869330
1788:Q738915
1714:Sources
1701:17 June
1638:8839213
1618:Bibcode
1524:1749055
1299:3298554
1109:called
1098:of the
1040:in the
1008:Ecology
608:N.E.Br.
370:Species
323:Species
292:in the
281:, is a
156:Genus:
146:Tribe:
130:Araceae
116:Order:
71:Plantae
2024:PLANTS
2016:362040
2000:NZOR:
1941:2765-1
1928:147272
1889:110124
1850:317730
1827:104201
1814:190151
1811:APDB:
1679:
1644:
1636:
1522:
1390:25 May
1359:
1351:
1297:
1241:
1003:– Peru
979:Schott
959:– Peru
841:– Peru
828:Schott
808:– Peru
806:Poepp.
775:– Peru
773:Poepp.
740:W.Bull
698:– Peru
685:Poepp.
500:– Peru
298:Mexico
294:family
166:Schott
2029:DIEFF
1993:42195
1967:42566
1949:IRMNG
1876:1DIFG
1863:8VWXL
1837:62473
1642:S2CID
1584:(PDF)
1577:(PDF)
1542:ASPCA
1481:(PDF)
1357:S2CID
1295:JSTOR
1119:edema
1096:cells
1001:Croat
990:Croat
968:Berk.
957:Engl.
935:Croat
924:Regel
883:Engl.
861:Croat
817:Croat
762:Croat
718:Croat
707:Croat
663:Diels
641:Croat
630:Huber
619:Croat
597:Croat
586:Croat
575:Engl.
531:Engl.
520:Croat
498:Engl.
487:Croat
465:Engl.
443:Engl.
388:Engl.
314:is a
283:genus
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
2037:POWO
1988:NCBI
1962:ITIS
1936:IPNI
1915:3687
1910:GRIN
1897:GBIF
1871:EPPO
1845:BOLD
1822:APNI
1703:2017
1677:PMID
1634:PMID
1592:2009
1520:PMID
1489:2018
1464:2018
1439:2018
1414:2016
1392:2019
1349:ISSN
1239:ISBN
1094:The
410:Engl
374:The
203:Raf.
2063:WFO
1975:NBN
1884:FNA
1858:CoL
1669:doi
1626:doi
1559:at
1512:doi
1341:doi
1082:'s
1067:As
285:of
45:at
2087::
2065::
2052::
2039::
2026::
2013::
1990::
1977::
1964::
1951::
1938::
1925::
1912::
1899::
1886::
1873::
1860::
1847::
1824::
1799::
1784::
1675:.
1665:40
1663:.
1640:.
1632:.
1624:.
1614:15
1612:.
1600:^
1540:.
1518:.
1508:29
1506:.
1355:.
1347:.
1337:30
1335:.
1315:.
1291:91
1289:.
1213:^
1147:.
1086:.
911:,
276:or
237:iː
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93::
80::
1723:.
1705:.
1683:.
1671::
1648:.
1628::
1620::
1594:.
1544:.
1526:.
1514::
1491:.
1466:.
1441:.
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1363:.
1343::
1301:.
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267:/
264:ə
261:i
258:k
255:æ
252:b
249:ˈ
246:n
243:ɪ
240:f
234:d
231:ˌ
228:/
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