743:
1767:
732:
1715:
38:
539:, placing second behind Zafy in the first round. In the second round, held in February 1993, Ratsiraka lost to Zafy, taking about one-third of the vote, and left office on 27 March. Zafy was impeached by the National Assembly of Madagascar in 1996, and Ratsiraka, who had been in exile in France, mounted a political comeback in late 1996 when he won that year's
596:, leading many to believe he had fled into exile and lowering the morale of his supporters, although Ratsiraka said he would return. He did return to Madagascar after more than a week, but his position was continuing to weaken militarily. On 5 July, Ratsiraka fled Toamasina, taking a flight to the nearby
583:
won first place with 46% of the vote, while
Ratsiraka took 40%. Because, according to the official results, no candidate won a majority, a runoff was to take place, but due to disputes over the election it was never held. Ravalomanana claimed to have won over 50 percent of the vote, enough to win the
662:
Ratsiraka returned from exile on 24 November 2011, a move that was welcomed by the
Rajoelina government as well as by former presidents (and former opponents) Ravalomanana and Zafy. Ratsiraka called for resolution of the political crisis through direct talks between all four political leaders, talks
562:
On 15 March 1998, a constitutional referendum was held and approved by a narrow majority of voters; this resulted in a major increase in the president's powers, enabling him to dissolve the
National Assembly and appoint the prime minister and government without the National Assembly's agreement. It
518:
Ratsiraka faced intense opposition to his rule in 1991. On 10 August 1991, tens of thousands people marched on the
Presidential Palace, The government placed the death toll at 11, although other reports placed the toll higher. The incident severely undermined his already precarious position. On 31
608:
On 6 August 2003, Ratsirakaâwho was accused of stealing nearly eight million dollars in public funds from the annex of the central bank in
Toamasina in June 2002, just before going into exileâwas sentenced to ten years of hard labor in Madagascar. Because he was living in France, he was tried
559:. The impeachment motion also accused him of perjury, nepotism, and failing to act as supreme arbiter of disputes, and it cited his ill-health. In the National Assembly vote on 4 February 60 deputies voted for the impeachment motion, well short of the required 92.
554:
Members of the opposition, including Zafy, unsuccessfully attempted to impeach
Ratsiraka in February 1998, accusing him of violating the constitution through decentralizing reforms that would increase his own power at the expense of that of the
515:. He was re-elected as President with 80% of the vote in 1982 and with 63% of the vote in 1989. The latter election was condemned as fraudulent by the opposition, which protested, and at least 75 people were killed in the resulting violence.
473:'s transitional government from 1972 until 1975. As foreign minister, Ratsiraka renegotiated the Franco-Malagasy cooperation agreements, which had originally been signed in 1960. He also oversaw Madagascar's departure from the
874:
844:
1239:
1008:
588:. By the end of February 2002, Ravalomanana had control over the capital, which had always been his base, but Ratsiraka largely maintained control over the provinces and established himself at
1297:
1436:
992:
1389:
1512:
1574:
796:
500:; Ratsiraka was also elected President for a seven-year term in this referendum, which received the backing of 95% of voters according to official results. The political party
1939:
942:
866:
834:
706:
1275:
1204:
543:, running as the candidate of the AREMA party. He came in first place in the first round with 36.6% of the vote, ahead of his three main opponents: Zafy,
511:
In the midst of a poor economic situation, Ratsiraka abandoned socialist policies after a few years in power and implemented reforms recommended by the
1703:
1681:
1305:
1094:"Feb 1998 â Refusal of National Assembly to impeach President", Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 44, February 1998 Madagascar, Page 42051.
1397:
504:
was founded in 1976 with
Ratsiraka as its secretary-general; together with five other parties, AREMA formed the political alliance called the
592:, his primary support base. However, within a few months Ravalomanana had gained the upper hand in a struggle. In mid-June Ratsiraka went to
493:
1596:
1502:
536:
166:
1944:
1566:
788:
639:. Ratsiraka's amnesty issue, related to the court sentence that prevented him from returning to Madagascar, was resolved at the talks.
481:
1319:
628:
404:
375:
He was first appointed president in 1975 by the military leadership, he was then reelected twice in 1982 and 1989. While he lost to
1341:
1256:
584:
presidency in a single round. Ravalomanana was sworn in as
President by his supporters on 22 February 2002, and the two governments
1934:
186:
1979:
1964:
1475:
1696:
1535:
383:
engaged in a lengthy standoff after the latter refused to participate in a runoff election; Ratsiraka eventually stepped down.
1111:
924:
1949:
623:, as well as Ravalomanana (who had himself been ousted and forced into exile) and former president of the Malagasy Republic
613:. The lawyer appointed for Ratsiraka by the court accepted the verdict and sentence as "fair" and said he would not appeal.
1984:
677:
On 22 March 2021, Ratsiraka and his wife, Celine, were both admitted to the
Soavinandriana Military Hospital (CENHOSOA) in
651:
576:
540:
505:
434:
in 1962. He returned to
Madagascar, where he began his career as a naval ensign at the French naval and military base in
1418:
1711:
1989:
1929:
1775:
1689:
379:
in 1992, Ratsiraka returned to office after winning the 1997 election. After the 2001 election, he and his opponent
1719:
1283:
369:
2004:
1969:
1201:
585:
556:
508:(FNDR). All politicians were required to be members of FNDR; AREMA was the dominant party in election results.
1954:
497:
1999:
1994:
1794:
736:
551:. He narrowly defeated Zafy in the runoff with 50.7% of the vote and took office again on 9 February 1997.
501:
288:
1359:
1959:
1833:
512:
1085:"Ratsiraka sworn in as Madagascar's new president", Television Malagasy (Antananarivo), 9 February 1997.
368:
from 1975 to 1993 and the fifth from 1997 to 2002. At the time of his death, he was the longest-serving
747:
142:
742:
682:
1974:
1861:
718:
1663:
1636:
1327:
617:
564:
365:
53:
520:
1813:
1746:
548:
219:
96:
76:
1924:
1919:
1881:
544:
431:
84:
922:"POLITICAL CHANGE IN MADAGASCAR: POPULIST DEMOCRACY OR NEOPATRIMONIALISM BY ANOTHER NAME?"
671:
523:
and stripped him of most of his powers; although he remained President, opposition leader
134:
8:
1751:
1741:
1736:
1629:
681:, for treatment of a "small flu", according to their relatives. Ratsiraka had received a
470:
207:
162:
138:
731:
458:
449:
wedding ceremony. The couple had four children, namely Olga, Sophie, Annick and Xavier.
442:
300:
1013:
867:"Madagascar First ladies : De Justine à Voahangy, en passant par les deux ThérÚse"
408:
1766:
760:
1823:
1727:
1673:
1466:
1462:"Madagascar: Atteint d'une "petite grippe"? Didier Ratsiraka hospitalisé au CENHOSOA"
1461:
1376:
1224:
580:
485:
400:
380:
352:
261:
111:
80:
415:
1108:
921:
685:
643:
632:
466:
419:
331:
146:
663:
that should also involve other parties and civil society groups according to him.
1876:
1871:
1842:
1208:
1115:
928:
714:
692:, but the results were negative for coronavirus, according to relatives cited by
620:
489:
361:
357:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
496:, which was approved in a referendum held on 21 December 1975, establishing the
427:
1866:
1437:"Didier Ratsiraka. Transition dĂ©mocratique et pauvretĂ© Ă Madagascar â Karthala"
789:"Didier Ratsiraka. DĂ©cĂšs, ce matin du 28 mars 2021, d'un patriote Ă sa maniĂšre"
699:
484:, by the military leadership on 15 June 1975. He was also nicknamed "Deba", a
446:
150:
25:
1176:
702:
at CENHOSOA hospital in the early morning of 28 March 2021, at the age of 84.
1913:
1507:
1471:
1074:
Checking Executive Power: Presidential Impeachment in Comparative Perspective
1035:
694:
977:
895:
947:
678:
480:
Known as the "Red Admiral", he was made head of state, as President of the
435:
277:
1808:
1656:
1646:
667:
624:
575:
Ratsiraka announced on 26 June 2001 that he would be a candidate for the
524:
488:
word which translates in English to "the Big Man". He began setting up a
376:
179:
896:"Independence, the First Republic, and the Military Transition, 1960â75"
403:, on 4 November 1936. His father, Albert Ratsiraka, was a member of the
37:
1852:
1714:
1540:
1225:"MADAGASCAR: France says no extradition request received for Ratsiraka"
597:
396:
392:
257:
1567:"Didier Ratsiraka. Inhumé au Mausolée d'Ambohitsaina, le 29 mars 2021"
579:. In the election, he took second place; according to the government,
647:
589:
474:
1360:"Rencontre entre Andry Rajoelina et Marc Ravalomanana au Mozambique"
931:, Institute for Security Studies, Occasional Paper 89, August 2004.
839:
689:
835:"Didier Ratsiraka, héraut de la souveraineté malgache, est décédé"
527:
became head of the newly established High Authority of the State.
1072:
Philip M. Allen, "Impeachment as Parliamentary Coup d'Etat", in
943:"Former Madagascar president Ratsiraka to contest July election"
666:
Ratsiraka wrote a book with CĂ©cile Lavrard-Meyer, a lecturer at
519:
October, he signed the Panorama Convention, which established a
636:
593:
411:
and a Malagasy official in the French colonial administration.
1276:"No deal on ousted Madagascar leader's return home: Rajoelina"
462:
423:
1118:, Institute for Security Studies, ISS Paper 68, April 2003.
618:
President of the High Authority of Transition of Madagascar
1601:
Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation
1503:"Madagascar: l'ancien président Didier Ratsiraka est mort"
16:
President of Madagascar from 1975 to 1993 and 1997 to 2002
1390:"Didier Ratsiraka, the 'Red Admiral', back in Madagascar"
1076:(2003), ed. Jody C. Baumgartner, Naoko Kada, pages 91â92.
577:
presidential election to be held in December of that year
530:
1536:"Madagascar's ex-president Didier Ratsiraka dies at 84"
1177:"Madagascar: Didier Ratsiraka wabaye Perezida yapfuye"
1009:"Madagascar's Leader Agrees To Work for New Elections"
430:, the French naval academy, as a naval officer with a
167:
Chairman of the National Military Leadership Committee
1940:
Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar politicians
1240:"Madagascar: 10 Years' Hard Labor For Ex-President"
1419:"Former Madagascar president Ratsiraka ends exile"
1202:"L'ex-président Ratsiraka condamné par contumace"
1911:
1597:"Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East, Part 3"
1211:, UPF (presse-francophone.org), 7 August 2003
713:) in Antananarivo on 29 March 2021. President
657:
1697:
1342:"Icy atmosphere permeates Madagascar meeting"
1298:"Crisis talks resume between feuding leaders"
646:is also a politician. He became the mayor of
563:also provided for decentralization, with the
1560:
1558:
1109:"Madagascar: Stumbling at the first hurdle?"
832:
494:Charter of the Malagasy Socialist Revolution
1564:
1257:"Madagascar crisis talks to break deadlock"
1104:
1102:
1100:
786:
1704:
1690:
1377:"So far, so good in presidential election"
1320:"Madagascar Crisis Talks Focus on Amnesty"
1304:, France 24, 6 August 2009, archived from
782:
780:
778:
776:
698:. Several days later, Ratsiraka died from
36:
1555:
940:
356:; 4 November 1936 â 28 March 2021) was a
187:Minister of Foreign Affairs of Madagascar
1097:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
988:
986:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
859:
631:mediated by former Mozambican President
1273:
1128:"Embattled Ratsiraka arrives in France"
993:"Deaths in Madagascar Unrest Put at 51"
833:Rasoloarison, Jeannot (31 March 2021).
773:
600:. Two days later he arrived in France.
1912:
1565:Ramambazafy, Jeannot (28 March 2021).
1235:
1233:
1052:Gemma Pitcher and Patricia C. Wright,
934:
787:Ramambazafy, Jeannot (28 March 2021).
547:, and Prime Minister/Acting President
66:9 February 1997 â 5 July 2002
1685:
1533:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1454:
1059:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
983:
962:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
616:On 4 August 2009, Ratsiraka met with
531:1990s elections and second presidency
351:
124:15 June 1975 â 27 March 1993
1274:Lesieur, Alexandra (7 August 2009),
877:from the original on 15 October 2017
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
724:
1370:
1230:
1164:"Ratsiraka moots Madagascar return"
980:, U.S. Country Studies, Madagascar.
898:, U.S. Country Studies, Madagascar.
537:November 1992 presidential election
506:Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution
13:
1577:from the original on 28 March 2021
1515:from the original on 28 March 2021
1490:
1478:from the original on 29 March 2021
1396:, 24 November 2011, archived from
1152:"Madagascar's former leader quits"
1041:
1020:
941:Iloniaina, Alain (27 April 2013).
901:
847:from the original on 31 March 2021
799:from the original on 28 March 2021
452:
405:Parti des déshérités de Madagascar
14:
2016:
1945:20th-century Malagasy politicians
1776:Democratic Republic of Madagascar
1140:"Madagascar rival leader returns"
811:
670:in Paris, which was published by
586:fought for control of the country
570:
1765:
1713:
741:
730:
535:Ratsiraka ran in the multiparty
461:at the Embassy of Madagascar in
457:Ratsiraka initially served as a
1935:Foreign ministers of Madagascar
1589:
1527:
1429:
1411:
1382:
1352:
1334:
1326:, 7 August 2009, archived from
1312:
1290:
1267:
1249:
1218:
1195:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1088:
1079:
1056:(2004), Lonely Planet, page 27.
309:
1980:Malagasy expatriates in France
1965:Leaders who took power by coup
1534:Asala, Kizzi (28 March 2021).
1002:
978:"The Second Republic, 1975â92"
889:
650:and ran unsuccessfully in the
1:
1853:Fourth Republic of Madagascar
1038:, African Elections Database.
766:
482:Supreme Revolutionary Council
391:Didier Ratsiraka was born in
386:
1950:21st-century Malagasy people
1795:Third Republic of Madagascar
737:National Order of Madagascar
717:also declared 29 March as a
705:Ratsiraka was buried in the
465:, before being appointed as
289:Malagasy Revolutionary Party
7:
1985:Malagasy military personnel
1834:High Transitional Authority
754:
658:Return from exile and death
603:
513:International Monetary Fund
467:Minister of Foreign Affairs
441:In 1964, Ratsiraka married
10:
2021:
1423:Mail & Guardian Online
748:Order of the National Flag
652:2006 presidential election
1890:
1851:
1832:
1793:
1774:
1763:
1726:
1670:
1661:
1653:
1643:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1207:27 September 2007 at the
1142:, BBC News, 23 June 2002.
1130:, BBC News, 14 June 2002.
426:. He then graduated from
338:
327:
319:
294:
284:
267:
244:
239:
235:
225:
213:
203:
192:
185:
173:
156:
128:
117:
105:
90:
70:
59:
51:
47:
35:
23:
1990:Malagasy Roman Catholics
1930:Presidents of Madagascar
1720:Presidents of Madagascar
1379:, IRIN, 4 December 2006.
1166:, BBC News, 8 July 2002.
1154:, BBC News, 5 July 2002.
719:national day of mourning
1664:President of Madagascar
1637:President of Madagascar
1114:5 February 2012 at the
1036:Elections in Madagascar
711:Mausolée d'Ambohitsaina
418:, a prestigious public
370:President of Madagascar
366:President of Madagascar
345:Didier Ignace Ratsiraka
54:President of Madagascar
2005:People from Atsinanana
1227:, IRIN, 7 August 2003.
1054:Madagascar and Comoros
707:Ambohitsaina Mausoleum
521:provisional government
549:Norbert Ratsirahonana
541:presidential election
353:[raËtsirÉkÉÌ„]
220:Jacques Rabemananjara
143:Désiré Rakotoarijaona
97:Norbert Ratsirahonana
77:Norbert Ratsirahonana
1955:Betsimisaraka people
873:. 14 February 2014.
735:Grand Cordon of the
545:Herizo Razafimahaleo
85:Tantely Andrianarivo
1995:Malagasy socialists
1970:Ăcole Navale alumni
1862:Rajaonarimampianina
1630:Gilles Andriamahazo
1400:on 28 November 2011
1308:on 11 November 2009
920:Richard R. Marcus,
750:(North Korea, 1978)
642:Ratsiraka's nephew
471:Gabriel Ramanantsoa
414:Ratsiraka attended
208:Gabriel Ramanantsoa
163:Gilles Andriamahazo
139:Justin Rakotoniaina
1960:Exiled politicians
1622:Political offices
1425:, 24 November 2011
1346:Independent Online
1330:on 9 December 2012
1261:Independent Online
1244:The New York Times
1017:, 3 November 1991.
1014:The New York Times
997:The New York Times
927:8 May 2013 at the
567:gaining autonomy.
409:Moramanga District
364:who was the third
2000:Military attachés
1904:
1903:
1728:Malagasy Republic
1680:
1679:
1674:Marc Ravalomanana
1671:Succeeded by
1644:Succeeded by
1511:. 28 March 2021.
1474:. 24 March 2021.
1467:Midi Madagasikara
1286:on 22 August 2009
999:, 13 August 1991.
725:Awards and honors
672:Ăditions Karthala
654:, placing third.
581:Marc Ravalomanana
557:National Assembly
432:bachelor's degree
401:French Madagascar
381:Marc Ravalomanana
342:
341:
262:French Madagascar
135:Joël Rakotomalala
112:Marc Ravalomanana
101:
81:Pascal Rakotomavo
42:Ratsiraka in 1997
2012:
1896:
1769:
1718:
1717:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1654:Preceded by
1627:Preceded by
1619:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1562:
1553:
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1520:
1499:
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1487:
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1483:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1441:www.karthala.com
1433:
1427:
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1415:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1348:, 6 August 2009a
1338:
1332:
1331:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1282:, archived from
1271:
1265:
1264:
1253:
1247:
1246:, 7 August 2003.
1237:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1183:(in Kinyarwanda)
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
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1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
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990:
981:
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960:
959:
957:
955:
938:
932:
918:
899:
893:
887:
886:
884:
882:
863:
857:
856:
854:
852:
830:
809:
808:
806:
804:
784:
745:
734:
644:Roland Ratsiraka
633:Joaquim Chissano
492:, guided by the
490:socialist system
459:military attaché
443:CĂ©line Velonjara
420:secondary school
355:
350:
332:Roland Ratsiraka
313:
311:
301:CĂ©line Velonjara
274:
254:
252:
240:Personal details
231:Albert Zakariasy
228:
216:
197:
176:
159:
147:Victor Ramahatra
131:
122:
108:
99:
93:
73:
64:
52:3rd and 5th
40:
30:Didier Ratsiraka
21:
20:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2009:
1975:Malagasy exiles
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1886:
1882:R. Ravalomanana
1847:
1828:
1824:M. Ravalomanana
1789:
1770:
1761:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1676:
1667:
1659:
1649:
1640:
1632:
1617:
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1412:
1403:
1401:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1366:, 6 August 2009
1358:
1357:
1353:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1272:
1268:
1263:, 6 August 2009
1255:
1254:
1250:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1209:Wayback Machine
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1181:BBC News Gahuza
1175:
1174:
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1158:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1126:
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1116:Wayback Machine
1107:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1034:
1021:
1007:
1003:
991:
984:
976:
963:
953:
951:
939:
935:
929:Wayback Machine
919:
902:
894:
890:
880:
878:
865:
864:
860:
850:
848:
831:
812:
802:
800:
785:
774:
769:
761:Elysé Ratsiraka
757:
746:First Class of
727:
715:Andry Rajoelina
686:diagnostic test
660:
621:Andry Rajoelina
606:
573:
533:
498:Second Republic
469:with President
455:
453:Second Republic
389:
360:politician and
348:
315:
312: 1964)
307:
303:
285:Political party
276:
272:
256:
255:4 November 1936
250:
248:
226:
214:
198:
193:
174:
157:
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478:
476:
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421:
417:
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384:
382:
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371:
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363:
362:naval officer
359:
354:
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337:
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290:
287:
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271:28 March 2021
270:
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104:
98:
95:
89:
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1752:Andriamahazo
1662:
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1600:
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1571:Madagate.com
1570:
1545:. Retrieved
1539:
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1506:
1480:. Retrieved
1465:
1456:
1446:29 September
1444:. Retrieved
1440:
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1402:, retrieved
1398:the original
1394:Expatica.com
1393:
1384:
1372:
1363:
1354:
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1336:
1328:the original
1323:
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1301:
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1284:the original
1279:
1269:
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1251:
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1180:
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948:Reuters News
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793:Madagate.com
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676:
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428:Ăcole navale
413:
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280:, Madagascar
278:Antananarivo
273:(2021-03-28)
227:Succeeded by
194:
175:Succeeded by
119:
107:Succeeded by
61:
18:
1925:2021 deaths
1920:1936 births
1836:(2009â2014)
1797:(1992â2010)
1742:Ramanantsoa
1657:Albert Zafy
1647:Albert Zafy
1404:25 November
1364:TĂ©moignages
1213:(in French)
668:Sciences Po
625:Albert Zafy
611:in absentia
525:Albert Zafy
377:Albert Zafy
215:Preceded by
180:Albert Zafy
158:Preceded by
92:Preceded by
1914:Categories
1668:1997â2002
1641:1975â1993
1541:Africanews
767:References
598:Seychelles
397:Atsinanana
393:Vatomandry
387:Early life
258:Vatomandry
251:1936-11-04
1872:Rajoelina
1867:Rakotovao
1843:Rajoelina
1819:Ratsiraka
1804:Ratsiraka
1785:Ratsiraka
1778:(1975â92)
1757:Ratsiraka
1737:Tsiranana
1730:(1958â75)
648:Toamasina
590:Toamasina
565:provinces
475:CFA franc
349:Malagasy:
328:Relatives
204:President
199:1972â1975
195:In office
120:In office
62:In office
1607:19 April
1575:Archived
1547:28 March
1519:29 March
1513:Archived
1482:29 March
1476:Archived
1324:VOA News
1205:Archived
1187:31 March
1112:Archived
954:5 August
925:Archived
881:5 August
875:Archived
845:Archived
840:Le Monde
803:29 March
797:Archived
755:See also
690:COVID-19
604:In exile
486:Malagasy
399:Region,
358:Malagasy
334:(nephew)
320:Children
100:(acting)
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851:2 April
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956:2018
883:2018
853:2021
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688:for
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1280:AFP
683:PCR
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