Dichodon (mammal) - Knowledge

595: 1070: 123: 2680: 3237:. The causes of the faunal turnover have been attributed to a shift from humid and highly tropical environments to drier and more temperate forests with open areas and more abrasive vegetation. The surviving herbivorous faunas shifted their dentitions and dietary strategies accordingly to adapt to abrasive and seasonal vegetation. The environments were still subhumid and full of subtropical evergreen forests, however. The Palaeotheriidae was the sole remaining European perissodactyl group, and frugivorous-folivorous or purely folivorous artiodactyls became the dominant group in western Europe. 2046: 894: 3246: 159: 2461: 3539:, which once separated much of Europe from Asia, is often proposed as the main European seaway barrier prior to the Grande Coupure, but some researchers challenged this perception recently, arguing that it completely receded already 37 Ma, long before the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Alexis Licht et al. in 2022 suggested that the Grande Coupure could have possibly been synchronous with the Oi-1 glaciation (33.5 Ma), which records a decline in atmospheric 2576: 3491: 1180:. Some researchers considered the selenodont families Anoplotheriidae, Xiphodontidae, and Cainotheriidae to be within Tylopoda due to postcranial features that were similar to the tylopods from North America in the Palaeogene. Other researchers consider them more closely related to ruminants than tylopods based on dental morphology. Different 2331:

teeth are three-lobed. The upper molars are tetraselenodont, or four-cusped, and has an overall semi-quadrangular shape; in some species, the molars more compressed at the top sides. The preprotocrista ridges (enamel ridges connecting to the protocone and paracone cusps) of the molars are very short.

2014:

dental traits (traits thought to have originated from their most recent common ancestor). The result, Weppe mentioned, matches up with previous phylogenetic analyses on the Cainotherioidea with other endemic European Palaeogene artiodactyls that support the families as a clade. As a result, he argued

3534:

The seaway dynamics separating western Europe from other landmasses to strong extents but allowing for some levels of dispersals prior to the Grande Coupure are complicated and contentious, but many palaeontologists agree that glaciation and the resulting drops in sea level played major roles in the

3511:

events of cooler and more seasonal climates. The result of the event was a 60% extinction rate of western European mammalian lineages while Asian faunal immigrants replaced them. The Grande Coupure is often marked by palaeontologists as part of the Eocene-Oligocene boundary at 33.9 Ma, although some

2742:

mammalian faunas of western Europe were therefore mostly isolated from other continents including Greenland, Africa, and eastern Eurasia, allowing for endemism to occur within western Europe. The European mammals of the late Eocene (MP17 - MP20 of the Mammal Palaeogene zones) were mostly descendants

2009:

In 2022, Weppe created a phylogenetic analysis in his academic thesis regarding Palaeogene artiodactyl lineages, focusing most specifically on the endemic European families. He stated that his phylogeny was the first formal one to propose affinities of the Xiphodontidae and Anoplotheriidae. He found

2235:

but differs by the front, or body, portion being rectilinear in shape and the reduction of the convex form within the dental row. Little has been published in regard to the mandible's anatomical traits since Depéret. This is part of the problem behind the relatively incomplete anatomical record of

5772:

Hutchinson, David K.; Coxall, Helen K.; Lunt, Daniel J.; Steinthorsdottir, Margret; De Boer, Agatha M.; Baatsen, Michiel L.J.; Von der Heydt, Anna S.; Huber, Matthew; Kennedy-Asser, Alan T.; Kunzmann, Lutz; Ladant, Jean-Baptiste; Lear, Caroline; Moraweck, Karolin; Pearson, Paul; Piga, Emanuela;

3608:

All three xiphodont genera are last recorded in MP20 localities. The disappearances of the three genera meant the complete extinction of the Xiphodontidae. Many other artiodactyl genera from western Europe disappeared also as a result of the Grande Coupure extinction event. The extinctions of

2019:

of the lineages in the phylogenetic analysis, meaning that the two families were not as closely related as previously thought. However, the Xiphodontidae was still found to compose part of a wider clade with the three other groups. Within the Xiphodontidae, Weppe's phylogeny tree classified

580:

extinction/faunal turnover event, coinciding with shifts towards further glaciation and seasonality plus dispersals of Asian immigrant faunas into western Europe. The causes of its extinction are attributed to negative interactions with immigrant faunas (resource competition, predation),

1116:

in 1889, although this is not accepted by modern authors. Like the other contemporary endemic artiodactyl families of western Europe, the evolutionary origins of the Xiphodontidae are poorly known. The Xiphodontidae is generally thought to have first appeared by MP14 faunal unit of the

556:

that was isolated from the rest of Eurasia, meaning that it lived in a tropical-subtropical environment with various other animals that also evolved with strong levels of endemism. The genus was speciose, composed of many small-sized species as well as medium-sized ones.

4336:

Luccisano, Vincent; Sudre, Jean; Lihoreau, Fabrice (2020). "Revision of the Eocene artiodactyls (Mammalia, Placentalia) from Aumelas and Saint-Martin-de-Londres (Montpellier limestones, Hérault, France) questions the early European artiodactyl radiation".

5141:

Martin, Jeremy E.; Pochat-Cottilloux, Yohan; Laurent, Yves; Perrier, Vincent; Robert, Emmanuel; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2022). "Anatomy and phylogeny of an exceptionally large sebecid (Crocodylomorpha) from the middle Eocene of southern France".

2130:

occupies a slight external edge of the nostril. The premaxillary-nasal suture extends forward up to the centre of the second premolar. The maxillary-lacrimal suture appears from the nasal and extends by appearing straight at first then concave.

3652:"Description of the Teeth and the Lower Jaw of an extinct species of Mammal belonging to the section of Hoofed Quadrupeds (Ungulata) having molar teeth with the principal lobes in symmetrical pairs, and forming the type of a new genus ( 5726:

Costa, Elisenda; Garcés, Miguel; Sáez, Alberto; Cabrera, Lluís; López-Blanco, Miguel (2011). "The age of the "Grande Coupure" mammal turnover: New constraints from the Eocene–Oligocene record of the Eastern Ebro Basin (NE Spain)".

5320:

Robinet, Céline; Remy, Jean Albert; Laurent, Yves; Danilo, Laure; Lihoreau, Fabrice (2015). "A new genus of Lophiodontidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the early Eocene of La Borie (Southern France) and the origin of the genus

3506:

The Grande Coupure extinction and faunal turnover event of western Europe, dating back to the earliest Oligocene (MP20-MP21), is one of the largest and most abrupt faunal events in the Cenozoic record, which is coincident with

2721:

Land-based connections to the north of the developing Atlantic Ocean were interrupted around 53 Ma, meaning that North America and Greenland were no longer well-connected to western Europe. From the early Eocene up until the

877:. He stated that the upper jaw molar row of the newer species measured 17 mm (0.67 in) to 20 mm (0.79 in) in length while its lower jaw molar row length measured 22 mm (0.87 in), in contrast to 2121:

are the largest bones present within the side portion of the snout. In its upper half area, the maxilla appears to be strongly hollowed up to the lacrimal bone area. The premaxilla projects forward to the point where the

2371:

are defined by elongated premolars, but the degree of such elongations can define individual species. However, the trends of elongated premolars are unclear in relation to proposed phylogenetic relations. For instance,

1188:" (or of new evolutionary traits) selenodont Eocene European artiodactyl families, making it uncertain whether they were closer to the Tylopoda or Ruminantia. Possibly, the Xiphodontidae may have arisen from an unknown 2093:

appears triangular in shape, the back area being particular enlarged and the nasals appearing quadrangular in shape. The external nostrils are widened at their midlength areas, extending from the front area of the

5403:

Solé, Floréal; Fischer, Valentin; Le Verger, Kévin; Mennecart, Bastien; Speijer, Robert P.; Peigné, Stéphane; Smith, Thierry (2022). "Evolution of European carnivorous mammal assemblages through the Paleogene".

5012:

Badiola, Ainara; Perales-Gogenola, Leire; Astibia, Humberto; Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda (2022). "A synthesis of Eocene equoids (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Iberian Peninsula: new signs of endemism".

4970:

Licht, Alexis; Métais, Grégoire; Coster, Pauline; İbilioğlu, Deniz; Ocakoğlu, Faruk; Westerweel, Jan; Mueller, Megan; Campbell, Clay; Mattingly, Spencer; Wood, Melissa C.; Beard, K. Christopher (2022).

3613:

and many other mammals have been attributed to negative interactions with immigrant faunas (competition, predations), environmental changes from cooling climates, or some combination of the two.

5360:

Perales-Gogenola, Leire; Badiola, Ainara; Gómez-Olivencia, Asier; Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier (2022). "A remarkable new paleotheriid (Mammalia) in the endemic Iberian Eocene perissodactyl fauna".

2601:, may have been more evolutionarily derived compared to North American Palaeogene tylopods. The latter genus had higher-crowned (brachyodont) selenodont dentition compared to the anoplotheriid 2392:

remains questioned). The degree of molarization of the fourth premolars is another trait defining different species and potentially lineages. Sudre suggested that the hypothesized lineage of

3520:

characterizing much of the Palaeogene to a coolhouse/icehouse world of the early Oligocene onwards. The massive drop in temperatures stems from the first major expansion of the Antarctic

2726:

extinction event (56 Ma - 33.9 Ma), the western Eurasian continent was separated into three landmasses, the former two of which were isolated by seaways: western Europe (an archipelago),

2552:

compared to other species. The two very large species were probably offshoots appearing at later points of time that did not last long, as evident by their restricted single localities.

1153:, is known to have occurred only in MP17a localities. The former three genera lived up to the early Oligocene where they have been recorded to have all gone extinct as a result of the 2308:(gaps between teeth). They are also characterized by indistinct canines in comparison to their other teeth and elongated premolars. Xiphodontids additionally have molariform P plus P 522:(low-crowned) dentition, its premolars being elongated similar to other xiphodonts. However, it differs from them by the generally stronger but varied degrees of elongation of the 1203:

within the Artiodactyla based on mandibular and dental characteristics, specifically in terms of relationships with artiodactyls of the Palaeogene. The results retrieved that the

4449:"A new Cainotherioidea (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Palembert (Quercy, SW France): Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the dental pattern of Cainotheriidae" 705:

that he previously described from 1857-1858 were from an immature individual with milk teeth for a total of 32 teeth while the adult dentition based on fossils collected near

3883:

Odontography; or, a treatise on the comparative anatomy of the teeth; their physiological relations, mode of development, and microscopic structure, in the vertebrate animals

2015:

that the proposed superfamily Anoplotherioidea, composing of the Anoplotheriidae and Xiphodontidae as proposed by Alan W. Gentry and Hooker in 1988, is invalid due to the

530:, in which the earliest species had triangular top fourth premolars while later species had quadrangular ones. Its snout is also shorter and narrower compared to that of 5702: 6002:

Solé, Floréal; Fischer, Fischer; Denayer, Julien; Speijer, Robert P.; Fournier, Morgane; Le Verger, Kévin; Ladevèze, Sandrine; Folie, Annelise; Smith, Thierry (2020).

2102:(or edge with a tooth socket) of the premaxilla is oval-shaped and narrow. While the nasal passages are narrowed, the external nostrils appear more widely open. The 5433:"Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Dams (Quercy, SW France): phylogenetic relationships and evolution around the Eocene–Oligocene transition (MP19–MP21)" 4385:"Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Dams (Quercy, SW France): phylogenetic relationships and evolution around the Eocene–Oligocene transition (MP19–MP21)" 2702:

For much of the Eocene, a hothouse climate with humid, tropical environments with consistently high precipitations prevailed. Modern mammalian orders including the

4024:

Sudre, Jean (1988). "Le gisement du Bretou (Phosphorites du Quercy, Tarn-et-Garonne, France) et sa faune des vertebres de l'Eocene superieur. 7. Artiodactyles".

3794:

Catodontherium – Dacrytherium – Leptotherium – Anoplotherium – Diplobune – Xiphodon – Pseudamphimeryx – Amphimeryx – Dichodon – Haplomeryx – Tapirulus – Gelocus

2718:". By the late Eocene (approx. 37–33 Ma), most of the ungulate form dentitions shifted from bunodont cusps to cutting ridges (i.e. lophs) for folivorous diets. 881:

with an upper molar row length of 39 mm (1.5 in) and a lower molar row length of 44 mm (1.7 in). Ruetimeyer assigned it the species name

4423: 2327:, or high-crowned, in form. Most of its premolars are significantly elongated, but its P teeth are molarized, or more closely resembling molars, while the P 3045: 3292:

are recorded in multiple British, French, and Swiss localities dating from MP17a to MP20. By that time, the Cainotheriidae and the derived anoplotheriids

3228:

occurred, marking the disappearances of the lophiodonts and European hyrachyids as well as the extinctions of all European crocodylomorphs except for the

2069:

is based on observations written by French palaeontologist Colette Dechaseaux in 1965. Her study and reconstruction of the genus were based on fossils of

3300:

both made their first fossil record appearances by MP18. In addition, several migrant mammal groups had reached western Europe by MP17a-MP18, namely the

3125: 4920:"Western European middle Eocene to early Oligocene Chiroptera: systematics, phylogeny and palaeoecology based on new material from the Quercy (France)" 3371: 3361: 2967: 2289:

display complete sets of 3 three incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars, and 3 molars on each half of the upper and lower jaws, consistent with the primitive

4831:

Sudre, Jean; Martinez, Jean-Noël (1995). "The astragalus of Paleogene artiodactyls: comparative morphology, variability and prediction of body mass".

1215:

to the Ruminantia while Tylopoda, along with the Amphimerycidae and Xiphodontidae split earlier in the tree (the latter family is represented only by

3558: 2983: 2807: 2147:, which are all deep but individualized in form. It is uncertain if the positions of the fossae are due to phylogenetic relations or thinness of the 1566: 1200: 3629:

Due to archaic species naming conventions, authors of the 19th and 20th centuries tended to capitalize species names based on individuals or places.

5242: 4383:

Weppe, Romain; Blondel, Cécile; Vianey-Liaud, Monique; Escarguel, Gilles; Pélissié, Thierry; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Orliac, Maëva Judith (2020).

2961: 2815: 1782: 1122: 6090: 3444: 3399: 3113: 2949: 2931: 2888: 2883: 2811: 2710:(or the suborder Euprimates) appeared already by the early Eocene, diversifying rapidly and developing dentitions specialized for folivory. The 5822:

Toumoulin, Agathe; Tardif, Delphine; Donnadieu, Yannick; Licht, Alexis; Ladant, Jean-Baptiste; Kunzmann, Lutz; Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022).

5431:

Weppe, Romain; Blondel, Cécile; Vianey-Liaud, Monique; Escarguel, Gilles; Pelissie, Thierry; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Orliac, Maeva J. (2020).

3137: 2973: 2892: 2348:, however, have upper P teeth that are instead of triangular shapes with a singular internal tubercle (crown elevation). Later species such as 1676: 1576: 1208: 951:, which he said was a small species differing from others by the elongation and narrowing of the premolars. The second that he recognized was 3807: 3171: 3095: 3058: 2925: 2771: 2763: 2640:

based on similar forelimb morphologies to those of the Palaeogene camelids, it is not possible to prove that the postcranial morphologies of

2144: 1904: 1887: 1872: 1696: 1438: 1189: 5675:"Unearthing deep-time biodiversity changes: The Palaeogene mammalian metacommunity of the Quercy and Limagne area (Massif Central, France)" 3470: 3464: 3405: 3107: 3064: 2548:

is very large based on M measuring 13 mm (0.51 in) long and 14 mm (0.55 in) wide, attesting to the gigantism of it and

1849: 1832: 1817: 1734: 1710: 1285: 2312:

teeth, upper molars with 4 to 5 crescent-shaped cusps, and selenodont lower molars with 4 ridges, compressed lingual (mouth's inner area)

2065:

has not been as closely discussed by other sources in terms of anatomical features of the skull. Most of what is known about the skull of

1112:(~44 Ma to 33 Ma). It was suggested to have been a monotypic member of its own family, the Dichodontidae, by the American palaeontologist 5588:"Eocene–Oligocene mammalian faunal turnover in the Hampshire Basin, UK: calibration to the global time scale and the major cooling event" 4765:

Schmidt-Kittler, Norbert; Godinot, Marc; Franzen, Jens L.; Hooker, Jeremy J. (1987). "European reference levels and correlation tables".

3385: 3131: 2995: 1631: 1614: 1590: 1353: 1254: 1237: 658: 502: 3866:

Catalogue of the fossil Mammalia in the British museum, (Natural History): Part II. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Artiodactyla

2171:

in comparison is more rounded and elongated in appearance, the maxillae constituting part of the snout being less extensive in height.

1084: 5865:"Age and driving mechanisms of the Eocene–Oligocene transition from astronomical tuning of a lacustrine record (Rennes Basin, France)" 2376:

is specialized compared to most other species in its extreme elongation. According to Sudre, the prominence of elongated premolars of

3458: 3083: 1751: 5773:

Pound, Matthew J.; Salzmann, Ulrich; Scher, Howie D.; Sijp, Willem P.; Śliwińska, Kasia K; Wilson, Paul A.; Zhang, Zhongshi (2021).

4868:"Mountain uplift explains differences in Palaeogene patterns of mammalian evolution and extinction between North America and Europe" 6159: 6077: 3089: 2424:

has adequately documented postcranial fossils that are informative about its overall anatomy. Depéret assigned two ankle bones, an

1172:

have been elusive due to the selenodont morphologies (or having crescent-shaped ridges) of the molars, which were convergent with

1121:, making them the first representatives of artiodactyls with selenodont dentition to have appeared in the landmass along with the 5626: 4092:

Erfurt, Jörg; Métais, Grégoire (2007). "Endemic European Paleogene Artiodactyls". In Prothero, Donald R.; Foss, Scott E. (eds.).

3101: 5824:"Evolution of continental temperature seasonality from the Eocene greenhouse to the Oligocene icehouse –a model–data comparison" 6169: 1219:

in the cladogram). The phylogenetic tree published in the article and another work about the cainotherioids is outlined below:

5674: 5213:"Enigmatic rodents from Lavergne, a late middle Eocene (MP 16) fissure-filling of the Quercy Phosphorites (Southwest France)" 2544:, for instance, measures 7 mm (0.28 in) long and 7.7 mm (0.30 in) wide. In comparison, the dentition of 1010:

previously recognized as valid since Stehlin's 1910 revisions were listed by Jerry J. Hooker in 1986, although he emended

6164: 5650:

Legendre, Serge; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile; Hugueney, Marguerite; Maitre, Elodie; Sigé, Bernard; Escarguel, Gilles (2006).

5058:"Revision of the genus Protadelomys, a middle Eocene theridomyoid rodent: evolutionary and biochronological implications" 2714:

forms mostly either switched to folivorous diets or went extinct by the middle Eocene (47–37 Ma) along with the archaic "

594: 3796:. Nachträge, Artiodactyla incertae sedis, Schlussbetrachtungen über die Artiodactylen, Nachträge zu den Perissodactylen" 3535:

drying of the seaways previously acting as major barriers to eastern migrants from Balkanatolia and western Europe. The

772: 2589:

The Xiphodontidae is a selenodont artiodactyl group in western Europe, meaning that the family was likely adapted for

2304:

for a total of 44 teeth. As members of the Xiphodontidae, they share both small incisors and the absences of distinct

6154: 4278: 4156: 3513: 717: 6004:"The upper Eocene-Oligocene carnivorous mammals from the Quercy Phosphorites (France) housed in Belgian collections" 834:

but also noted that its limb anatomy was unknown. He referenced two species but did not give mention to the others:

5775:"The Eocene-Oligocene transition: A review of marine and terrestrial proxy data, models and model-data comparisons" 5652:"Dynamique de la diversité des mammifères et des oiseaux paléogènes du Massif Central (Quercy et Limagnes, France)" 2629:

retained the primitive trait of having molars with five cusps and shifted towards specialized bladelike dentition.

3899:"Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Stammesgeschichte der Hufthiere und Versuch einer Systematik der Paar- und Unpaarhufer" 2480:

The Xiphodontidae is characterized by its species being very small to medium in size. Speciose xiphodonts such as

5432: 4384: 3026:

according to recent sources (the latter of which is also recorded at another MP16 locality Lavergne), along with

2074: 134: 5963:"Earliest record of rhinocerotoids (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from Switzerland: systematics and biostratigraphy" 4782:

Rodrigues, Helder Gomes; Lihoreau, Fabrice; Orliac, Maëva; Thewissen, J. G. M.; Boisserie, Jean-Renaud (2019).

4189:(in French). École Pratique des Hautes Études-Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Montpellier. pp. 769–850. 634:

based on its "peculiar" dentition, classifying it as a member of the former. The dental and cranial fossils of

2202:

is a rounded ridge that divides into two at the sockets of the third incisors. Both palatine foramen types of

158: 3517: 5099:"Small artiodactyls with tapir-like teeth from the middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China" 4973:"Balkanatolia: The insular mammalian biogeographic province that partly paved the way to the Grande Coupure" 789:. Deciding not to establish a new genus because of incomplete material, he assigned to Dichodon the species 6149: 3549:

The Grande Coupure event also marked a large faunal turnover marking the arrivals of later anthracotheres,

1033:

based on isolated teeth from Le Bretou in France, which he noted had very elongated premolars, and listed

5863:

Boulila, Slah; Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume; Galbrun, Bruno; Bauer, Hugues; Châteauneuf, Jean-Jacques (2021).

4183:

Aguilar, Jean-Pierre; Legendre, Serge; Michaux, Jacques (1997). "Synthèses et tableaux de corrélations".

1069: 2559:, calculated from dental measurements or those of astragali, but not but not the other xiphodont genera 1207:

was closely related to the Mixtotheriidae and Anoplotheriidae. They determined that the Cainotheriidae,

4447:

Weppe, Romain; Blondel, Cécile; Vianey-Liaud, Monique; Pélissié, Thierry; Orliac, Maëva Judith (2020).

2555:

In 2019, Helder Gomes Rodriguez et al. published weight estimates of Palaeogene artiodactyls including

2011: 771:

in 1910 suggested that Kovalevsky based the species on fossils previously described, but not named, by

5481:

Rage, Jean-Claude (2012). "Amphibians and squamates in the Eocene of Europe: what do they tell us?".

1185: 847: 417: 4597: 3997: 3761: 3742: 3707: 4050:

Eocene Mammal Faunas of Mormont, Switzerland: Systematic Revision and Resolution of Dating Problems

3921: 3881: 3678: 3015:

are known only from their type localities, meaning that they have restricted stratigraphic ranges.

862:

in 1886. He justified the genus by arguing that Pictet incorrectly referred its fossil material to

122: 4211:"Drivers of the artiodactyl turnover in insular western Europe at the Eocene–Oligocene Transition" 4209:

Weppe, Romain; Condamine, Fabien L.; Guinot, Guillaume; Maugoust, Jacob; Orliac, Maëva J. (2023).

3898: 3864: 3829: 3791: 3651: 3502:

led to better understandings of faunal chronologies from the Late Eocene up to the Grande Coupure.

3316:, rich assemblage of lizards are known in western Europe as well from MP16-MP20, representing the 873:

in 1891 described another species from Egerkingen whose fossil remains were smaller than those of

5189:. STRATI 2013: First International Congress on Stratigraphy At the Cutting Edge of Stratigraphy. 2754:

of the Egerkingen α + β locality (MP14). By then, they would have coexisted with perissodactyls (

2679: 2669: 2440:

with a narrow and elongated shape plus a wide plus deep tibial groove. The calcaneus assigned to

2400:

had a greater degree of molarization compared to that of another potential lineage consisting of

573:, in comparison, frequently occur in many localities dating from the late middle to late Eocene. 5258:"A sebecosuchian in a middle Eocene karst with comments on the dorsal shield in Crocodylomorpha" 6144: 6121: 6045: 4052:. Vol. 120. Kommission der Schweizerischen Paläontologischen Abhandlungen. pp. 96–98. 2140: 2089:

appears both high and narrow, and the openings of the nasal bones appear reduced. The skull of

1118: 1057:, establishing that they named the species after Philippe Biro because he collected the dental 6095: 5524:

Sun, Jimin; Ni, Xijun; Bi, Shundong; Wu, Wenyu; Ye, Jie; Meng, Jin; Windley, Brian F. (2014).

1199:

In an article published in 2019, Romain Weppe et al. conducted a phylogenetic analysis on the

1006:

from a large-sized molar originally from the locality of La Débruge in France. All species of

6116: 6108: 5236: 4505:

Dechaseaux, Colette (1965). "Artiodactyles des phosphorites du Quercy. I. Étude sur le genre

3546:, boosting the Antarctic glaciation that already started by the Eocene-Oligocene transition. 3495: 2937: 2854:, and MP13 sites are stratigraphically the latest to have yielded remains of the bird clades 855: 5526:"Synchronous turnover of flora, fauna, and climate at the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary in Asia" 3512:

estimate that the event began 33.6-33.4 Ma. The event correlates directly with or after the

2621:

display different morphologies in dentition, implying different ecological specializations.

534:. The different morphologies of the two genera suggest different dietary specializations of 5925: 5876: 5835: 5786: 5736: 5686: 5602: 5537: 5490: 5447: 5369: 5334: 5151: 5110: 5069: 5022: 4984: 4931: 4840: 4732: 4648: 4599:

Monographie de la faune de mammifères fossiles du Ludien inférieur d'Euzet-les-Bains (Gard)

4399: 4346: 4222: 4108: 2045: 1193: 919:, may not have been clearly defined. He also supported the validities of the other species 798: 721: 4570:

Dechaseaux, Colette (1967). "Artiodactyles des Phosphorites du Quercy: Étude sur le genre

4135:

Franzen, Jens Lorenz (2003). "Mammalian faunal turnover in the Eocene of central Europe".

3998:"Mammals from the Bartonian (middle late Eocene) of the Hampshire Basin, southern England" 2155:

is well-developed and therefore affects the morphologies of the maxilla, nasal bones, and

8: 4866:

Eronen, Jussi T.; Janis, Christine M.; Chamberlain, Charles Page; Mulch, Andreas (2015).

4784:"Unexpected evolutionary patterns of dental ontogenetic traits in cetartiodactyl mammals" 1113: 744: 5929: 5880: 5839: 5790: 5740: 5690: 5606: 5541: 5494: 5451: 5373: 5338: 5155: 5114: 5073: 5026: 4988: 4935: 4844: 4736: 4652: 4403: 4350: 4243: 4226: 4210: 3018:

MP16, as evident by the locality of Le Bretou in France, marks the first appearances of

986:. He said that the new species would have been part of a different lineage from that of 736:. He determined based on its molars that it was therefore a new species, which he named 670:. Deriving it from the quantity and sharpness of the cusps of the teeth, he erected the 565:

were especially large but are known only from single fossil localities. The small-sized

492:, England. He noticed similar dentitions to contemporary artiodactyls like those of the 6025: 5984: 5943: 5914:"Hogs, hippos or bears? Paleodiet of European Oligocene anthracotheres and entelodonts" 5894: 5804: 5618: 5558: 5525: 5506: 5463: 5385: 5359: 5279: 5167: 5038: 4949: 4892: 4867: 4852: 4808: 4783: 4671: 4636: 4549: 4466: 4415: 4362: 4186:

Actes du Congrès Bio-chroM'97. Mémoires et Travaux de l'EPHE Institut de Montpellier 21

3849: 3499: 2385: 768: 396: 153: 5912:

Rivals, Florent; Belyaev, Ruslan I.; Basova, Vera B.; Prilepskaya, Natalya E. (2023).

4744: 4717: 3727: 2082: 6103: 6029: 5947: 5898: 5808: 5651: 5622: 5587: 5563: 5510: 5467: 5389: 5171: 5042: 4897: 4813: 4766: 4676: 4470: 4419: 4366: 4321: 4300: 4248: 4184: 4152: 3947: 3578: 3420: 3301: 2425: 870: 701:, due to having similar molar mounds. Owen in 1857 then recorded that the fossils of 5988: 5396: 5298: 5283: 4997: 4972: 4953: 4301:"Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene–earliest Oligocene tylopod 2010:

that the Anoplotheriidae, Mixtotheriidae, and Cainotherioidea form a clade based on

905:

For his 1910 monograph on artiodactyls, Stehlin, as part of his work in reaffirming

6068: 6015: 5974: 5933: 5884: 5843: 5794: 5752: 5744: 5694: 5610: 5553: 5545: 5498: 5455: 5413: 5377: 5342: 5269: 5224: 5190: 5159: 5118: 5077: 5030: 4992: 4939: 4887: 4879: 4848: 4803: 4795: 4740: 4666: 4656: 4635:

Lihoreau, Fabrice; Boisserie, Jean-Renaud; Viriot, Laurent; Brunet, Michel (2006).

4541: 4456: 4407: 4354: 4316: 4238: 4230: 4144: 3845: 3723: 3686: 2919: 2871: 2795: 2191: 2127: 2099: 815: 22: 5459: 5381: 5346: 5194: 5163: 5034: 4411: 4358: 2746:

Some of the first undisputed xiphodont species to appear in the fossil record are

5938: 5913: 5748: 5417: 3980:

Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Section C, Sciences de la terre

3562: 3508: 3225: 2851: 2843: 2831: 2775: 2755: 2735: 2683: 2136: 2107: 1513: 1161: 893: 859: 493: 5187:

Stratigraphic Distribution of Large Flightless Birds in the Palaeogene of Europe

3344:, most of which were able to thrive in the warm temperatures of western Europe. 763:. Kovalevsky apparently did not specify the attributed fossils and etymology of 5698: 5123: 5098: 5082: 5057: 3574: 3566: 3540: 3416: 3337: 3305: 3245: 2855: 2759: 2731: 2723: 2703: 2593:(leaf-eating) dietary habits. Dechaseaux considered that the two xiphodontids, 2313: 2270: 2183: 1662: 1204: 1169: 1165: 1154: 1037:

sp. based on isolated short premolars. Hooker and Marc Weidmann in 2000 listed

907: 823: 623: 577: 473: 5979: 5962: 5502: 4944: 4919: 4637:"Anthracothere dental anatomy reveals a late Miocene Chado-Libyan bioprovince" 4148: 2625:

had progressively molarized premolars for the function of grinding food while

2609:

has no modern analogues in dentition with respect to extant artiodactyls like

982:, another small-sized species, based on dentition from the French locality of 6138: 3570: 3536: 3313: 3309: 2943: 2859: 2847: 2803: 2783: 2695: 2245: 2175: 2148: 2118: 1527: 1414: 1181: 1094: 1054: 710: 682: 671: 667: 663: 652: 603: 465: 223: 80: 5889: 5864: 5614: 4661: 4234: 2500:

included small to medium sized species. The larger-sized species compose of

775:. He stated that there was a small-sized species from the Swiss locality of 581:

environmental turnover from climate change, or some combination of the two.

5848: 5823: 5799: 5774: 5567: 5274: 5257: 4901: 4883: 4817: 4799: 4680: 4252: 3233: 3229: 3189: 3119: 3054: 3049: 2823: 2767: 2727: 2637: 2460: 2250: 2231: 2195: 2156: 1796: 1544: 1500: 1493: 1455: 1212: 1149: 785: 729: 627: 619: 497: 485: 266: 249: 4718:"The Eocene-Oligocene ungulates from Western Europe and their environment" 4272: 3531:

decreases and an estimated drop of ~70 m (230 ft) in sea level.

2750:

of the Egerkingen-Huppersand locality of Switzerland (MP13? or MP14?) and

2299: 2296: 2198:

to the centre of the first premolar. Between the two incisive foramina of

6020: 6003: 3978:

géant de La Débruge et une nouvelle interprétation phylétique du genre".

3766:

Cuv. und Versuch einer Naturlichen Classification der Fossilen Hufthiere"

3691: 3602: 3411: 3040: 2989: 2827: 2715: 2691: 2388:

where two independent lineages acquired the same traits (the validity of

2324: 2187: 1336: 1101: 842:, the latter of which was previously erected and classified to the genus 553: 519: 461: 210: 55: 5228: 5011: 4274:

Déclin des artiodactyles endémiques européens, autopsie d'une extinction

3747:

Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde

6082: 4553: 4529: 3598: 3594: 3582: 3550: 3521: 3426: 3341: 3325: 3321: 3264: 3149: 3143: 3073: 3069: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2839: 2791: 2782:). The Amphimerycidae made its first appearance by the level MP14. The 2711: 2632:

Due to the lack of postcranial evidence of other xiphodonts other than

2590: 2575: 2336:

was inherently present in all species including the earliest-appearing

2254: 2103: 2095: 1400: 1131: 827: 776: 646:, England by Alexander Pytts Falconer. Owen said that the dentition of 458: 100: 65: 5757: 5549: 2273:

and a back area. The olfactory bulbs are positioned behind the orbit.

5649: 5586:

Hooker, Jerry J.; Collinson, Margaret E.; Sille, Nicholas P. (2004).

5140: 4622:

Les Artiodactyles de l'Eocéne moyen et supérieur d'Europe occidentale

3554: 3351:

is recorded to have cooccurred with the likes of the herpetotheriids

3333: 3317: 3256: 2955: 2877: 2799: 2739: 2429: 2290: 2016: 1109: 1098: 662:

because of the similar upper and lower jaws but also argued that the

615: 512:

and now includes 11 species, although one of them may be synonymous.

481: 170: 105: 49: 43: 6039: 5771: 5212: 1125:. More specifically, the first xiphodonts to appear were the genera 6062: 4764: 4545: 4329: 3948:"Revision des artiodactyles a de L'Eocene moyen de Lissieu (Rhone)" 3590: 3329: 3251: 2835: 2819: 2779: 2707: 2610: 2579: 2305: 2262: 2222: 1322: 1309: 1177: 1075: 1058: 807: 794: 706: 611: 535: 527: 523: 508: 190: 95: 90: 75: 70: 60: 5097:

Bai, Bin; Wang, Yuan-Qing; Theodor, Jessica M.; Meng, Jin (2023).

4461: 4448: 2850:). Other MP13-MP14 sites have also yielded fossils of turtles and 2214:

are greater in length and have different morphologies to those of

2206:

have similar proportions and positions to the palatine foramen of

1211:, Anoplotheriidae, and Mixtotheriidae formed a clade that was the 5430: 4382: 3586: 2897: 2241: 2123: 2114: 1173: 1108:

to western Europe that lived from the middle Eocene to the early

1105: 983: 948: 469: 110: 85: 5211:

Vianey-Liaud, Monique; Weppe, Romain; Marivaux, Laurent (2024).

4781: 4446: 2488:

tended to have displayed evolutionary increases in size. Unlike

2126:

are observable at the skull's sides. The premaxillary-maxillary

939:. The Swiss palaeontologist additionally erected two species of 743:

In an 1874 monograph published in 1876, Russian palaeontologist

5862: 3926:

Abhandlungen der Schweizerischen paläontologischen Gesellschaft

3800:

Abhandlungen der Schweizerischen Paläontologischen Gesellschaft

2687: 1160:

The phylogenetic relations of the Xiphodontidae as well as the

643: 639: 489: 477: 200: 180: 39: 5911: 2660:

could have been European ecological counterparts to camelids.

2236:

the genus itself, but Dechaseaux determined that the skull of

1192:

group, thus making its resemblance to tylopods an instance of

5821: 5402: 4634: 3792:"Die Säugertiere des schweizerischen Eocaens. Sechster Teil: 692: 686: 4208: 4026:

Palaeontographica. Abteilung A, Paläozoologie, Stratigraphie

2416:

Little is definitely known about the postcranial anatomy of

822:

and other artiodactyls. He confirmed that it had a complete

4865: 3525: 2167:

but differs from it by being shorter and narrower. That of

5673:

Escarguel, Gilles; Legendre, Serge; Sigé, Bernard (2008).

4969: 3490: 2269:

is only partial, consisting of a front region with a left

955:

from Egerkingen, which he said was about the same size as

6001: 5299:"Lower Paleogene Crocodilians from Silveirinha, Portugal" 5210: 3716:

The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London

3660:

The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London

713:

by a "Dr. Wright" had a complete dental set of 44 teeth.

506:. Eventually, it was found to be more closely related to 16:

Extinct genus of endemic Palaeogene European artiodactyls

5319: 4002:

Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology

3880:

Owen, Richard (1841). "Chapter XII: Teeth of Ungulata".

3034:

is recorded in Le Bretou along with the herpetotheriids

2436:

in 1917. The former has a similar appearance to that of

488:

in 1848 based on dental remains from the fossil beds in

484:. The genus was first erected by the British naturalist 4872:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2730:, and eastern Eurasia (Balkanatolia was in between the 978:

In 1972, the French palaeontologist Jean Sudre erected

5725: 4335: 4182: 3886:. Vol. v. 1. Hippolyte Belaire. pp. 523–655. 2652:. Because of the dental and postcranial similarities, 1147:

made its first appearance by MP16. Another xiphodont,

5672: 3498:

in the Isle of Wight. The stratigraphy of it and the

2778:, Cebochoeridae, and Anoplotheriidae), and primates ( 2316:, and crescent-shaped labial (outward area) cuspids. 1049:. In addition, they erected the medium-sized species 732:

whose dentition did not resemble that of the species

5585: 2081:, previously recorded by the French palaeontologist 256: 5055: 2448:, as it appears narrower compared to those of both 866:due to the dentition being simple-looking in form. 811:based on the different last premolar morphologies. 5096: 1045:but otherwise listed all other species except for 576:It and other xiphodont genera went extinct by the 5918:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 5729:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4725:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4378: 4376: 4277:(Thesis) (in French). University of Montpellier. 4096:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 59–84. 1029:In 1988, Sudre established another species named 971:because of the dentition's similarity to that of 538:(leaf-eating), but the postcranial morphology of 6136: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 3276:that are exclusive to single localities, namely 2540:, are smaller-sized. The M of the smaller-sized 2384:, but it is uncertain whether this is a case of 1143:continued to persist into the late Eocene while 783:and that it would have been roughly the size of 5056:Vianey-Liaud, Monique; Hautier, Lionel (2022). 4965: 4963: 4641:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4440: 4215:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3838:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 2869:fossils occur with those of the herpetotheriid 5184: 4768:Münchner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen A10 4373: 4047: 3941: 3939: 3679:"A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals" 4913: 4911: 4830: 4606: 2743:of endemic middle Eocene groups as a result. 2613:and was likely greatly adapted for folivory. 2240:would have resembled those of the Palaeogene 2024:as a sister taxon to the clade consisting of 1002:. The next year, Sudre named another species 5581: 5579: 5577: 5241:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 4960: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4137:Geological Society of America Special Papers 4091: 4019: 4017: 4015: 3991: 3989: 3743:"Mittheilungen an Professor Bronn gerichtet" 4824: 4565: 4563: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3936: 3741:von Meyer, Christian Erich Hermann (1852). 3284:from La Débruge (MP18). On the other hand, 2194:is small, extending approximately from the 2110:, the eye socket, is positioned frontward. 5136: 5134: 4908: 4569: 4504: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4043: 4041: 4039: 3830:"Description of the Skull of a Species of 3759: 2106:themselves are narrow plus elongated. The 1085:National Museum of Natural History, France 1026:out of correcting naming incongruencies. 121: 6019: 5978: 5937: 5888: 5847: 5798: 5756: 5574: 5557: 5523: 5483:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 5406:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 5273: 5206: 5204: 5185:Buffetaut, Eric; Angst, Delphine (2014). 5122: 5081: 4996: 4943: 4891: 4859: 4807: 4751: 4702: 4670: 4660: 4500: 4460: 4320: 4309:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 4266: 4264: 4262: 4242: 4048:Hooker, Jerry J.; Weidmann, Marc (2000). 4012: 3986: 3919: 3896: 3785: 3783: 3740: 3690: 2032:, making the latter two close relatives. 1184:have produced different results for the " 542:remains poorly known compared to that of 5995: 5474: 4771:. Pfeil Verlag, München. pp. 13–31. 4560: 4530:"Notes on the Fossil Mammalia of Europe" 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4123: 3962: 3862: 3670: 3489: 3244: 2678: 2574: 2492:with a consistent medium size range and 2459: 2044: 1068: 892: 846:by Owen in 1841. German palaeontologist 593: 5666: 5296: 5131: 5005: 4715: 4595: 4591: 4589: 4292: 4193: 4134: 4056: 4036: 3856: 3789: 3272:The late Eocene records two species of 2636:, thought to have been adapted towards 2496:with a very small to small size range, 2411: 2229:can resemble that of the anoplotheriid 552:lived in western Europe when it was an 6137: 5960: 5721: 5719: 5255: 5201: 4917: 4298: 4259: 3995: 3827: 3780: 3676: 6044: 6043: 4693: 4687: 4619: 4527: 4477: 4270: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4023: 3973: 3945: 3577:), carnivorans (later Amphicyonidae, 2686:of Europe and Asia during the middle 830:molars, and elongated premolars like 500:and references the name of the genus 5480: 4694:Viret, Jean (1961). "Artiodactyla". 4586: 4106: 3879: 3705: 3649: 3312:. In addition to snakes, frogs, and 797:. The same year, British naturalist 5716: 5440:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4576:Annales de Paléontologie. Vertébrés 4511:Annales de Paléontologie. Vertébrés 4392:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4339:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2182:are V-shaped. At both sides of the 2151:and sinuses. The lacrimal fossa on 915:, despite being an older name than 897:Cranial and postcranial fossils of 606:for the species, as figured in 1848 13: 5362:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5144:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4853:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01423.x 4788:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 4165: 3850:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1876.tb02534.x 2865:In the Egerkingen α + β locality, 2774:), endemic European artiodactyls ( 2139:(hollowings in bones) such as the 888: 801:expressed doubt regarding whether 747:recognized three valid species of 697:(tooth) in reference to the genus 677:. The etymology of the genus name 14: 6181: 5595:Journal of the Geological Society 3728:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1857.013.01-02.27 3677:Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). 3347:In the MP19 locality of Escamps, 1064: 718:Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer 610:In 1848, after having recognized 526:and "molarization" of the fourth 4322:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00352.x 3869:. Order of the Trustees, London. 2674: 2663: 2570: 2420:and most other xiphodonts. Only 2364:have semi-quadrangular P teeth. 773:François Jules Pictet de la Rive 716:In 1852, German palaeontologist 589: 157: 53: 6160:Prehistoric Artiodactyla genera 5954: 5905: 5856: 5815: 5765: 5705:from the original on 2023-10-13 5643: 5632:from the original on 2023-08-08 5517: 5424: 5353: 5313: 5297:Antunes, Miguel Telles (2003). 5290: 5249: 5178: 5090: 5049: 4998:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103929 4775: 4628: 4521: 4429:from the original on 2022-03-07 4281:from the original on 2023-08-11 4100: 3913: 3890: 3873: 3810:from the original on 2023-08-05 3280:at the Hordle Cliff (MP17) and 3268:both frequently cooccurred with 2786:ranges of the early species of 2340:. The earliest species such as 2265:(natural brain-shaped cast) of 2075:Natural History Museum of Basel 1053:from the Swiss municipality of 793:based on the simplicity of the 135:Natural History Museum of Basel 5062:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 4924:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 4109:"The Artiodactyla (continued)" 3828:Flower, William Henry (1876). 3821: 3753: 3734: 3699: 3643: 3623: 3589:), eastern Eurasian rodents ( 3240: 2582:reconstruction of the head of 2035: 850:established the binomial name 1: 6170:Fossil taxa described in 1848 5460:10.1080/14772019.2019.1645754 5382:10.1080/02724634.2023.2189447 5347:10.1016/j.geobios.2014.11.003 5262:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 5195:10.1007/978-3-319-04364-7_190 5164:10.1080/02724634.2023.2193828 5035:10.1080/08912963.2022.2060098 4745:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00252-2 4412:10.1080/14772019.2019.1645754 4359:10.1080/14772019.2020.1799253 4107:Cope, Edward Drinker (1889). 4094:The Evolution of Artiodactyls 3760:Kovalevsky, Vladimir (1874). 3636: 3516:, an abrupt shift from a hot 3485: 2766:), non-endemic artiodactyls ( 2476:based on known fossil remains 2464:Estimated size comparison of 990:plus that it was larger than 638:were uncovered were from the 5967:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 5939:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111363 5749:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.01.005 4698:. Masson. pp. 887–1104. 4624:. University of Montpellier. 3790:Stehlin, Hans Georg (1910). 2276: 911:as a valid genus, said that 814:In 1885, British naturalist 767:, but Swiss palaeontologist 388:Hooker & Weidmann, 2000 137:(clockwise from top left) - 7: 3922:"II. Ungulata Paridigitata" 3514:Eocene-Oligocene transition 3474:, and the other xiphodonts 3213:, and the other xiphodonts 2444:is also similar to that of 2098:to the midlength of P. The 2049:Incomplete hemimandible of 947:from the Swiss locality of 779:, that it was smaller than 720:, writing to his colleague 584: 10: 6186: 6165:Taxa named by Richard Owen 5699:10.1016/j.crte.2007.11.005 5418:10.1093/biolinnean/blac002 5256:Martin, Jeremy E. (2015). 5124:10.3389/feart.2023.1117911 5103:Frontiers in Earth Science 5083:10.1186/s13358-022-00245-3 4453:Palaeontologia Electronica 3920:Rütimeyer, Ludwig (1891). 3863:Lydekker, Richard (1885). 2667: 869:The Swiss palaeontologist 854:based on fossils from the 852:Tetraselenodon Kowalevskii 693: 687: 476:and lived from the middle 439:Tetraselenodon Kowalevskii 20: 6052: 5980:10.1007/s00015-009-1330-4 5679:Comptes Rendus Geoscience 5503:10.1007/s12549-012-0087-3 4945:10.1007/s13358-014-0069-3 4596:Depéret, Charles (1917). 4305:(Artiodactyla, Mammalia)" 4299:Hooker, Jerry J. (2007). 4149:10.1130/0-8137-2369-8.455 3996:Hooker, Jerry J. (1986). 3762:"Monographie der Gattung 2648:were similar to those of 2516:while the others, namely 2332:The four-cusped trait on 2293:mammal dental formula of 2077:along with a mandible of 1901: 1884: 1877: 1846: 1829: 1822: 1810: 1797:Cainotherium laticurvatum 1793: 1786: 1748: 1731: 1724: 1707: 1700: 1690: 1673: 1666: 1628: 1611: 1604: 1587: 1580: 1570: 1541: 1524: 1517: 1497: 1487: 1452: 1435: 1428: 1411: 1404: 1394: 1350: 1333: 1326: 1306: 1299: 1282: 1275: 1268: 1251: 1234: 1227: 1041:as a possible synonym of 994:. He also confirmed that 805:was distinct enough from 402: 395: 279: 274: 255: 248: 154:Scientific classification 152: 129: 120: 32: 6155:Eocene mammals of Europe 4716:Blondel, Cécile (2001). 3974:Sudre, Jean (1973). "Un 3903:Morphologisches Jahrbuch 3616: 2135:has multiple noticeable 2040: 650:resembled those of both 464:belonging to the family 21:Not to be confused with 5961:Becker, Damien (2009). 5890:10.5194/cp-17-2343-2021 5615:10.1144/0016-764903-091 4918:Maitre, Elodie (2014). 4696:Traitè de Palèontologie 4662:10.1073/pnas.0603126103 4534:The American Naturalist 4528:Earle, Charles (1898). 4235:10.1073/pnas.2309945120 4113:The American Naturalist 3897:Schlosser, Max (1886). 3601:), and eulipotyphlans ( 2670:Mammal Palaeogene zones 2455: 1888:Plesiomeryx cadurcensis 1501:Mixtotherium cuspidatum 1157:faunal turnover event. 1119:Mammal Palaeogene zones 818:taxonomically reviewed 457:is an extinct genus of 38:Temporal range: Middle 5849:10.5194/cp-18-341-2022 5800:10.5194/cp-17-269-2021 5275:10.4202/app.00072.2014 5231:(inactive 2024-06-30). 4884:10.1098/rspb.2015.0136 4800:10.1098/rspb.2018.2417 4271:Weppe, Romain (2022). 3706:Owen, Richard (1857). 3650:Owen, Richard (1848). 3503: 3269: 2699: 2586: 2477: 2380:is similar to that of 2163:is similar to that of 2085:in 1917. The skull of 2054: 2051:D. cf. frohnstettensis 1905:Plesiomeryx huerzeleri 1850:Caenomeryx procommunis 1439:Lophiomeryx chalaniati 1087: 1079:, a close relative to 959:. He also synonymized 902: 607: 598:Jaws and dentition of 6117:Paleobiology Database 4977:Earth-Science Reviews 3496:Headon Hill Formation 3493: 3359:, pseudorhyncocyonid 3248: 2790:also overlapped with 2734:of the north and the 2682: 2668:Further information: 2578: 2463: 2048: 1591:Robiacina lavergnesis 1528:Anoplotherium latipes 1415:Parvitragulus priscus 1182:phylogenetic analyses 1072: 896: 728:from the locality of 724:, told of fossils of 626:, British naturalist 618:group defined by the 597: 569:and the medium-sized 133:spp. dental remains, 6021:10.20341/gb.2020.006 4620:Sudre, Jean (1978). 3946:Sudre, Jean (1972). 3692:10.3996/nafa.23.0001 3683:North American Fauna 3524:that caused drastic 3003:, and the xiphodont 2706:, Artiodactyla, and 2412:Postcranial skeleton 2190:is almost flat. The 1677:Palembertina deplasi 1456:Archaeomeryx optatus 1194:convergent evolution 799:William Henry Flower 722:Heinrich Georg Bronn 681:is derived from the 6150:Eocene Artiodactyla 5930:2023PPP...61111363R 5881:2021CliPa..17.2343B 5869:Climate of the Past 5840:2022CliPa..18..341T 5828:Climate of the Past 5791:2021CliPa..17..269H 5779:Climate of the Past 5741:2011PPP...301...97C 5691:2008CRGeo.340..602E 5607:2004JGSoc.161..161H 5542:2014NatSR...4E7463S 5495:2012PdPe...92..445R 5452:2020JSPal..18..541W 5374:2022JVPal..42E9447P 5339:2015Geobi..48...25R 5229:10.18563/pv.47.2.e1 5156:2022JVPal..42E3828M 5115:2023FrEaS..1117911B 5074:2022SwJP..141....8V 5027:2022HBio...34.1623B 4989:2022ESRv..22603929L 4936:2014SwJP..133..141M 4845:1995Letha..28..197M 4737:2001PPP...168..125B 4653:2006PNAS..103.8763L 4404:2020JSPal..18..541W 4351:2020JSPal..18.1631L 4227:2023PNAS..12009945W 4221:(52): e2309945120. 3710:Dichodon cuspidatus 2738:of the south). The 1735:Paroxacron valdense 1545:Dacrytherium ovinum 1337:Paratoceras coatesi 1114:Edward Drinker Cope 1061:specimens in 1946. 901:as pictured in 1917 745:Vladimir Kovalevsky 675:Dichodon cuspidatus 666:resembled those of 600:Dichodon cuspidatum 480:up to the earliest 261:Dichodon cuspidatum 5530:Scientific Reports 5015:Historical Biology 4878:(1809): 20150136. 3656:) in that section" 3504: 3500:Bouldnor Formation 3494:A panorama of the 3349:D. frohnstettensis 3290:D. frohnstettensis 3270: 3255:, which the other 3249:Reconstruction of 3179:, anoplotheriids ( 3141:, carnivoraformes 3046:pseudorhyncocyonid 3024:D. frohnstettensis 2700: 2587: 2518:D. frohnstettensis 2478: 2386:parallel evolution 2362:D. frohnstettensis 2055: 1833:Caenomeryx filholi 1752:Oxacron courtoisii 1711:Paroxacron bergeri 1310:Xiphodon castrense 1286:Amphimeryx murinus 1255:Dichobune leporina 1238:Eurodexis russelli 1088: 1024:D. frohnstettensis 903: 769:Hans Georg Stehlin 738:D. Frohnstettensis 630:erected the genus 608: 567:D. frohnstettensis 311:Kowalevsky, 1874 296:D. frohnstettensis 6132: 6131: 6104:Open Tree of Life 6046:Taxon identifiers 6008:Geologica Belgica 5685:(9–10): 602–614. 5658:. 1 (in French). 5550:10.1038/srep07463 4647:(23): 8763–8767. 4345:(19): 1631–1656. 3770:Palaeontographica 3579:Amphicynodontidae 3448:, anoplotheriids 3389:), theridomyids ( 3302:Anthracotheriidae 3126:Palaeophyllophora 2698:dispersal routes. 2319:The dentition of 2006: 2005: 1997: 1996: 1988: 1987: 1979: 1978: 1970: 1969: 1961: 1960: 1952: 1951: 1943: 1942: 1934: 1933: 1925: 1924: 1916: 1915: 1861: 1860: 1772: 1771: 1763: 1762: 1652: 1651: 1643: 1642: 1632:Robiacina quercyi 1556: 1555: 1476: 1475: 1467: 1466: 1383: 1382: 1374: 1373: 1365: 1364: 1020:D. frohnstettense 929:D. frohnstettense 871:Ludwig Ruetimeyer 856:French department 781:D. Frohnstettense 761:D. Frohnstettense 450: 449: 443: 433: 421: 408: 389: 378: 367: 356: 345: 334: 323: 322:Rütimeyer, 1891 312: 301: 290: 244: 6177: 6125: 6124: 6112: 6111: 6099: 6098: 6086: 6085: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6041: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6023: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5982: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5941: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5892: 5875:(6): 2343–2360. 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5802: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5723: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5631: 5592: 5583: 5572: 5571: 5561: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5437: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5303:Palaeovertebrata 5294: 5288: 5287: 5277: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5240: 5232: 5217:Palaeovertebrata 5208: 5199: 5198: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5138: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5021:(8): 1623–1631. 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4967: 4958: 4957: 4947: 4915: 4906: 4905: 4895: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4811: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4762: 4749: 4748: 4731:(1–2): 125–139. 4722: 4713: 4700: 4699: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4674: 4664: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4617: 4604: 4603: 4593: 4584: 4583: 4567: 4558: 4557: 4540:(374): 115–117. 4525: 4519: 4518: 4502: 4475: 4474: 4464: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4428: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4370: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4268: 4257: 4256: 4246: 4206: 4191: 4190: 4180: 4163: 4162: 4132: 4121: 4120: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4089: 4054: 4053: 4045: 4034: 4033: 4021: 4010: 4009: 3993: 3984: 3983: 3971: 3960: 3959: 3952:Palaeovertebrata 3943: 3934: 3933: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3722:(1–2): 190–196. 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3647: 3630: 3627: 3518:greenhouse world 3442:, choeropotamid 3372:Amphidozotherium 3362:Pseudorhyncocyon 3353:Amphiperatherium 3199:Mouillacitherium 3153:, palaeotheres ( 3135:), proviverrine 3036:Amphiperatherium 2977:, anoplotheriid 2971:, choeropotamid 2968:Mouillacitherium 2920:Propalaeotherium 2917:, palaeotheres ( 2872:Amphiperatherium 2796:Herpetotheriidae 2303: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2261:The known brain 2192:incisive foramen 2100:alveolar process 1880: 1879: 1825: 1824: 1813: 1812: 1789: 1788: 1727: 1726: 1703: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1669: 1668: 1615:Robiacina minuta 1607: 1606: 1583: 1582: 1573: 1572: 1520: 1519: 1490: 1489: 1431: 1430: 1407: 1406: 1397: 1396: 1329: 1328: 1302: 1301: 1278: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1222: 998:is a synonym of 967:and invalidated 943:: the first was 816:Richard Lydekker 696: 695: 690: 689: 602:(Fig. 2-6), the 441: 428: 416: 406: 387: 376: 365: 354: 343: 332: 321: 310: 299: 288: 258: 242: 235: 222: 162: 161: 125: 115: 52: 30: 29: 23:Dichodon (plant) 6185: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6120: 6115: 6107: 6102: 6094: 6089: 6081: 6076: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6048: 6038: 6037: 6000: 5996: 5959: 5955: 5910: 5906: 5861: 5857: 5820: 5816: 5770: 5766: 5735:(1–4): 97–107. 5724: 5717: 5708: 5706: 5671: 5667: 5648: 5644: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5590: 5584: 5575: 5522: 5518: 5479: 5475: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5401: 5397: 5358: 5354: 5325:Cuvier, 1822". 5318: 5314: 5295: 5291: 5254: 5250: 5234: 5233: 5209: 5202: 5183: 5179: 5139: 5132: 5095: 5091: 5054: 5050: 5010: 5006: 4968: 4961: 4916: 4909: 4864: 4860: 4829: 4825: 4780: 4776: 4763: 4752: 4720: 4714: 4703: 4692: 4688: 4633: 4629: 4618: 4607: 4594: 4587: 4568: 4561: 4526: 4522: 4503: 4478: 4445: 4441: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4387: 4381: 4374: 4334: 4330: 4297: 4293: 4284: 4282: 4269: 4260: 4207: 4194: 4181: 4166: 4159: 4133: 4124: 4119:(267): 111–136. 4105: 4101: 4090: 4057: 4046: 4037: 4022: 4013: 3994: 3987: 3972: 3963: 3944: 3937: 3918: 3914: 3895: 3891: 3878: 3874: 3861: 3857: 3826: 3822: 3813: 3811: 3788: 3781: 3764:Anthracotherium 3758: 3754: 3739: 3735: 3704: 3700: 3675: 3671: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3559:Lophiomerycidae 3544: 3529: 3509:climate forcing 3488: 3468:, amphimerycid 3430:, palaeotheres 3243: 3226:faunal turnover 3203:Pseudamphimeryx 3201:, amphimerycid 3193:), dichobunids 3169:, cebochoerids 2999:, mixtotheriid 2984:Pseudamphimeryx 2981:, amphimerycid 2911:, proviverrine 2875:, ischyromyids 2852:crocodylomorphs 2844:Hyainailourinae 2832:carnivoraformes 2808:Paroxyclaenidae 2776:Choeropotamidae 2756:Palaeotheriidae 2736:Neotethys Ocean 2684:Palaeogeography 2677: 2672: 2666: 2573: 2458: 2452:and ruminants. 2414: 2367:All species of 2330: 2311: 2295: 2294: 2279: 2210:, but those of 2200:D. cf. cervinum 2159:. The snout of 2091:D. cf. cervinum 2083:Charles Depéret 2071:D. cf. cervinum 2043: 2038: 2007: 1998: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1926: 1917: 1862: 1773: 1764: 1653: 1644: 1567:Cainotherioidea 1557: 1514:Anoplotheriidae 1477: 1468: 1384: 1375: 1366: 1354:Eotylopus reedi 1201:Cainotherioidea 1162:Anoplotheriidae 1093:belongs to the 1067: 969:T. Kowalevskyi 891: 889:Later revisions 860:Tarn-et-Garonne 592: 587: 494:Anoplotheriidae 446: 442:Schlosser, 1886 435: 434: 424: 410: 409: 344:Stehlin, 1910 333:Stehlin, 1910 270: 264: 241: 233: 220: 156: 116: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 48:43.5–33.4 47: 46: 36: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6183: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6113: 6100: 6087: 6074: 6058: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6036: 6035: 5994: 5973:(3): 489–504. 5953: 5904: 5855: 5834:(2): 341–362. 5814: 5785:(1): 269–315. 5764: 5715: 5665: 5642: 5601:(2): 161–172. 5573: 5536:(7463): 7463. 5516: 5489:(4): 445–457. 5473: 5446:(7): 541–572. 5423: 5412:(4): 734–753. 5395: 5352: 5312: 5289: 5268:(3): 673–680. 5248: 5200: 5177: 5130: 5089: 5048: 5004: 4959: 4930:(2): 141–242. 4907: 4858: 4839:(3): 197–209. 4823: 4774: 4750: 4701: 4686: 4627: 4605: 4602:. Lyon A. Rey. 4585: 4559: 4546:10.1086/276785 4520: 4476: 4439: 4398:(7): 541–572. 4372: 4328: 4315:(3): 609–659. 4291: 4258: 4192: 4164: 4157: 4122: 4099: 4055: 4035: 4011: 3985: 3961: 3935: 3912: 3889: 3872: 3855: 3820: 3779: 3752: 3733: 3698: 3669: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3575:Eggysodontidae 3567:Rhinocerotidae 3563:rhinocerotoids 3542: 3527: 3487: 3484: 3456:, cainotheres 3424:, amphicyonid 3417:hyainailourine 3365:, nyctitheres 3338:Helodermatidae 3306:Hyaenodontinae 3242: 3239: 3181:Catodontherium 3165:), lophiodont 3009:D. ruetimeyeri 2987:, cebochoerid 2979:Catodontherium 2962:Hyperdichobune 2959:, dichobunids 2856:Gastornithidae 2824:eulipotyphlans 2816:Theridomyoidea 2760:Lophiodontidae 2748:D. ruetimeyeri 2732:Paratethys Sea 2724:Grande Coupure 2704:Perissodactyla 2690:with possible 2676: 2673: 2665: 2662: 2572: 2569: 2542:D. lugdunensis 2538:D. ruetimeyeri 2534:D. lugdunensis 2470:D. lugdunensis 2457: 2454: 2413: 2410: 2406:D. lugdunensis 2394:D. ruetimeyeri 2346:D. ruetimeyeri 2328: 2309: 2278: 2275: 2271:olfactory bulb 2176:palatine bones 2141:lacrimal fossa 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1783:Cainotheriinae 1779: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1663:Cainotheriidae 1659: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1571: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1496: 1494:Mixtotheriidae 1488: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1170:Cainotheriidae 1166:Mixtotheriidae 1155:Grande Coupure 1123:Amphimerycidae 1066: 1065:Classification 1063: 980:D. lugdunensis 961:Tetraselenodon 908:Catodontherium 890: 887: 824:dental formula 668:anoplotheriids 624:Perissodactyla 604:type specimens 591: 588: 586: 583: 578:Grande Coupure 474:Western Europe 448: 447: 445: 444: 427: 426: 425: 423: 422: 414:Tetraselenodon 407:Genus synonymy 405: 404: 403: 400: 399: 393: 392: 391: 390: 379: 368: 357: 351:D. lugdunensis 346: 340:D. ruetimeyeri 335: 324: 313: 302: 291: 277: 276: 275:Other species 272: 271: 265: 253: 252: 246: 245: 231: 227: 226: 218: 214: 213: 208: 204: 203: 198: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 150: 149: 139:D. ruetimeyeri 127: 126: 118: 117: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6182: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6145:Xiphodontidae 6143: 6142: 6140: 6123: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6075: 6070: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6014:(1–2): 1–16. 6013: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5720: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5244: 5238: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5205: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5135: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5008: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4964: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4912: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4769: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4697: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4601: 4600: 4592: 4590: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4564: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4462:10.26879/1081 4458: 4455:(23(3):a54). 4454: 4450: 4443: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4377: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4304: 4303:Anoplotherium 4295: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4188: 4187: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4160: 4158:9780813723693 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4095: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4051: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4008:(4): 191–478. 4007: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3990: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3940: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3885: 3884: 3876: 3868: 3867: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3833: 3824: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3795: 3786: 3784: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3765: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3711: 3702: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3655: 3646: 3642: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3571:Amynodontidae 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3553:, ruminants ( 3552: 3547: 3545: 3538: 3537:Turgai Strait 3532: 3530: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3450:Anoplotherium 3447: 3446: 3445:Choeropotamus 3441: 3438:, dichobunid 3437: 3433: 3432:Palaeotherium 3429: 3428: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3400:Blainvillimys 3396: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3310:Amphicyonidae 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3294:Anoplotherium 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3278:D. cuspidatum 3275: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3247: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3205:, robiacinid 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3163:Palaeotherium 3160: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3115: 3114:Carcinipteryx 3110: 3109: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3055:nyctitheriids 3052: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2953:, lophiodont 2952: 2951: 2950:Chasmotherium 2947:), hyrachyid 2946: 2945: 2944:Palaeotherium 2940: 2939: 2934: 2933: 2932:Lophiotherium 2928: 2927: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2889:pseudosciurid 2886: 2885: 2884:Plesiarctomys 2880: 2879: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2860:Palaeognathae 2857: 2853: 2849: 2848:Proviverrinae 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2828:apatotherians 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2812:Ischyromyidae 2809: 2805: 2804:Pantolestidae 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2784:stratigraphic 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2696:perissodactyl 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2675:Middle Eocene 2671: 2664:Palaeoecology 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2571:Palaeobiology 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2550:D. cuspidatum 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2506:D. cuspidatum 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2474:D. cuspidatum 2471: 2467: 2462: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354:D. cuspidatum 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2307: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2246:Poebrotherium 2243: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184:sagittal axis 2181: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2149:cranial vault 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2119:lacrimal bone 2116: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2047: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2012:synapomorphic 2002: 2001: 1993: 1992: 1984: 1983: 1975: 1974: 1966: 1965: 1957: 1956: 1948: 1947: 1939: 1938: 1930: 1929: 1921: 1920: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1882: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1827: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1768: 1767: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1729: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1705: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1671: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1648: 1647: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1522: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1472: 1471: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1433: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1409: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1379: 1378: 1370: 1369: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1331: 1330: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1304: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1280: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1095:Xiphodontidae 1092: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1071: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 996:T. kowalevski 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 953:D. Rütimeyeri 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 921:D. cuspidatum 918: 917:C. robiacense 914: 910: 909: 900: 895: 886: 884: 880: 879:D. cuspidatus 876: 875:D. cuspidatus 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848:Max Schlosser 845: 841: 837: 836:D. cuspidatus 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 812: 810: 809: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 787: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 753:D. cuspidatus 750: 746: 741: 739: 735: 734:D. cuspidatus 731: 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 711:Isle of Wight 708: 704: 700: 684: 683:Ancient Greek 680: 676: 673: 672:binomial name 669: 665: 661: 660: 655: 654: 653:Merycopotamus 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 605: 601: 596: 590:Early history 582: 579: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 559:D. cuspidatum 555: 551: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 511: 510: 505: 504: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 466:Xiphodontidae 463: 460: 456: 455: 440: 437: 436: 432: 419: 415: 412: 411: 401: 398: 394: 386: 385: 380: 377:Sudre, 1988 375: 374: 373:D. vidalenci? 369: 366:Sudre, 1973 364: 363: 358: 355:Sudre, 1972 353: 352: 347: 342: 341: 336: 331: 330: 325: 320: 319: 314: 309: 308: 303: 300:Meyer, 1852 298: 297: 292: 287: 286: 281: 280: 278: 273: 268: 263: 262: 254: 251: 247: 240: 239: 232: 229: 228: 225: 224:Xiphodontidae 219: 216: 215: 212: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 195: 192: 189: 186: 185: 182: 179: 176: 175: 172: 169: 166: 165: 160: 155: 151: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 119: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 51: 45: 41: 35: 31: 28: 24: 19: 6053: 6011: 6007: 5997: 5970: 5966: 5956: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5872: 5868: 5858: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5782: 5778: 5767: 5732: 5728: 5707:. Retrieved 5682: 5678: 5668: 5659: 5655: 5645: 5634:. Retrieved 5598: 5594: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5443: 5439: 5426: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5333:(1): 25–38. 5330: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5265: 5261: 5251: 5237:cite journal 5220: 5216: 5186: 5180: 5147: 5143: 5106: 5102: 5092: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5018: 5014: 5007: 4980: 4976: 4927: 4923: 4875: 4871: 4861: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4767: 4728: 4724: 4695: 4689: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4621: 4598: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4452: 4442: 4431:. Retrieved 4395: 4391: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4294: 4283:. Retrieved 4273: 4218: 4214: 4185: 4140: 4136: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4093: 4049: 4029: 4025: 4005: 4001: 3979: 3975: 3955: 3951: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3882: 3875: 3865: 3858: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3823: 3812:. Retrieved 3803: 3799: 3793: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3755: 3746: 3736: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3701: 3682: 3672: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3645: 3625: 3610: 3607: 3548: 3533: 3505: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3439: 3436:Plagiolophus 3435: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3377:Hipposideros 3376: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3346: 3314:salamandrids 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3250: 3234:Diplocynodon 3232: 3230:alligatoroid 3224:After MP16, 3223: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3209:, tapirulid 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190:Robiatherium 3188: 3185:Dacrytherium 3184: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3159:Plagiolophus 3158: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3138:Allopterodon 3136: 3130: 3124: 3120:Hipposideros 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3063: 3057: 3050:Leptictidium 3048: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3028:D. vidalenci 3027: 3023: 3019: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3001:Mixtotherium 3000: 2994: 2993:, tapirulid 2988: 2982: 2978: 2974:Rhagatherium 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2938:Plagiolophus 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2893:Treposciurus 2891: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2810:), rodents ( 2792:metatherians 2787: 2768:Dichobunidae 2751: 2747: 2745: 2728:Balkanatolia 2720: 2701: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2638:cursoriality 2633: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2603:Dacrytherium 2602: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2583: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2479: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2449: 2446:Dacrytherium 2445: 2441: 2438:Dacrytherium 2437: 2433: 2421: 2417: 2415: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2390:D. vidalenci 2389: 2381: 2378:D. vidalenci 2377: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2320: 2318: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2266: 2260: 2253: 2244: 2237: 2232:Dacrytherium 2230: 2226: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2179: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2157:frontal bone 2152: 2132: 2112: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2073:held by the 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2057:Compared to 2056: 2050: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2008: 1903: 1902: 1886: 1885: 1871: 1848: 1847: 1831: 1830: 1816: 1795: 1794: 1750: 1749: 1733: 1732: 1709: 1708: 1675: 1674: 1630: 1629: 1613: 1612: 1589: 1588: 1577:Robiacinidae 1543: 1542: 1526: 1525: 1499: 1498: 1454: 1453: 1437: 1436: 1413: 1412: 1352: 1351: 1335: 1334: 1308: 1307: 1284: 1283: 1253: 1252: 1236: 1235: 1216: 1213:sister group 1209:Robiacinidae 1198: 1159: 1150:Paraxiphodon 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1130: 1126: 1090: 1089: 1080: 1074: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1039:D. vidalenci 1038: 1034: 1031:D. vidalenci 1030: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 979: 977: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 906: 904: 898: 882: 878: 874: 868: 863: 851: 843: 839: 835: 831: 819: 813: 806: 802: 790: 786:Cainotherium 784: 780: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 742: 737: 733: 730:Frohnstetten 725: 715: 702: 698: 678: 674: 657: 651: 647: 635: 631: 628:Richard Owen 620:Artiodactyla 609: 599: 575: 570: 566: 562: 558: 549: 548: 543: 539: 531: 515: 514: 507: 501: 498:Dichobunidae 486:Richard Owen 462:artiodactyls 453: 452: 451: 438: 430: 429:Synonyms of 413: 383: 382: 372: 371: 361: 360: 350: 349: 339: 338: 328: 327: 317: 316: 306: 305: 295: 294: 289:Owen, 1841 284: 283: 260: 259: 250:Type species 237: 236: 211:Artiodactyla 146: 142: 138: 130: 33: 27: 18: 4143:: 455–461. 3603:Erinaceidae 3551:entelodonts 3412:Palaeolemur 3391:Paradelomys 3357:Peratherium 3286:D. cervinum 3282:D. stehlini 3241:Late Eocene 3177:Cebochoerus 3172:Acotherulum 3155:Anchilophus 3096:Paradelomys 3081:, rodents ( 3059:Cryptotopos 3041:Peratherium 3020:D. cervinum 3013:D. cartieri 2990:Cebochoerus 2926:Anchilophus 2867:D. cartieri 2840:hyaenodonts 2800:cimolestans 2772:Tapirulidae 2764:Hyrachyidae 2752:D. cartieri 2716:condylarths 2692:artiodactyl 2584:D. cervinum 2546:D. stehlini 2530:D. cartieri 2526:D. subtilis 2510:D. stehlini 2502:D. cervinum 2466:D. cervinum 2434:D. cervinum 2398:D. cartieri 2382:D. subtilis 2374:D. subtilis 2358:D. cervinum 2350:D. subtilis 2325:brachyodont 2188:hard palate 2153:D. cervinum 2145:malar fossa 2104:nasal bones 2079:D. cervinum 2036:Description 1873:Plesiomeryx 1697:Oxacroninae 1205:superfamily 1190:dichobunoid 1102:artiodactyl 1083:, from the 1047:D. stehlini 1043:D. subtilis 1016:D. subtilis 1004:D. stehlini 1000:D. cervinum 988:D. cartieri 973:D. cervinum 957:D. Cartieri 937:D. cartieri 925:D. cervinum 913:D. valdense 899:D. cervinum 883:D. Cartieri 840:D. cervinus 765:D. Valdense 757:D. Valdense 571:D. cervinum 563:D. stehlini 554:archipelago 520:brachyodont 431:D. cervinum 362:D. stehlini 329:D. subtilis 318:D. cartieri 285:D. cervinum 147:D. cervinum 6139:Categories 6069:Q106106297 5924:: 111363. 5758:2445/34510 5709:2024-03-06 5662:: 275–282. 5636:2024-03-06 4983:: 103929. 4517:: 191–208. 4433:2024-03-06 4285:2024-03-06 4032:: 129–154. 3958:: 111–156. 3814:2023-08-30 3776:: 246–247. 3749:: 831–833. 3637:References 3599:Castoridae 3595:Cricetidae 3583:Nimravidae 3522:ice sheets 3486:Extinction 3480:Haplomeryx 3471:Amphimeryx 3465:Paroxacron 3427:Cynodictis 3409:), adapid 3406:Theridomys 3367:Saturninia 3342:Varanoidea 3326:Gekkonidae 3322:Lacertidae 3265:Haplomeryx 3257:xiphodonts 3219:Haplomeryx 3150:Paramiacis 3144:Quercygale 3108:Sciuroides 3079:Necrolemur 3077:, omomyid 3074:Anchomomys 3070:notharctid 3065:Saturninia 3005:Haplomeryx 2914:Proviverra 2908:Leptadapis 2902:Necrolemur 2712:omnivorous 2646:Haplomeryx 2591:folivorous 2565:Haplomeryx 2522:D. simplex 2494:Haplomeryx 2486:Haplomeryx 2426:astragalus 2402:D. simplex 2342:D. simplex 2338:D. simplex 2306:diastemata 2255:Protylopus 2251:oromerycid 2096:premaxilla 2022:Haplomeryx 1818:Caenomeryx 1401:Ruminantia 1141:Haplomeryx 1132:Haplomeryx 1099:Palaeogene 1012:D. subtile 992:D. simplex 945:D. subtile 933:D. simplex 828:selenodont 791:D. simplex 777:Egerkingen 691:(two) and 459:Palaeogene 307:D. simplex 243:Owen, 1848 6030:224860287 5948:254801829 5899:244097729 5809:234099337 5623:140576090 5511:128651937 5468:202026238 5390:258663753 5323:Lophiodon 5172:258361595 5043:248164842 4471:229490410 4420:202026238 4367:221468663 3834:, Cuvier" 3555:Gelocidae 3454:Diplobune 3440:Dichobune 3386:Stehlinia 3381:Vaylatsia 3334:Scincidae 3318:Iguanidae 3298:Diplobune 3211:Tapirulus 3207:Robiacina 3195:Dichobune 3167:Lophiodon 3132:Vaylatsia 3111:), bats ( 2996:Tapirulus 2956:Lophiodon 2905:, adapid 2878:Ailuravus 2740:Holarctic 2611:ruminants 2580:Palaeoart 2430:calcaneus 2291:placental 2277:Dentition 2017:polyphyly 1178:ruminants 1135:by MP14. 1110:Oligocene 1073:Skull of 844:Dichobune 795:premolars 699:Dichobune 659:Dichobune 616:taxonomic 612:ungulates 528:premolars 524:premolars 503:Dichobune 482:Oligocene 468:. It was 418:Schlosser 177:Kingdom: 171:Eukaryota 44:Oligocene 6063:Wikidata 6054:Dichodon 5989:67817430 5703:Archived 5627:Archived 5568:25501388 5284:54002673 5109:: 1–20. 5068:(8): 8. 4954:84066785 4902:26041349 4818:30963938 4794:(1896). 4681:16723392 4582:: 27–47. 4572:Xiphodon 4507:Dichodon 4424:Archived 4279:Archived 4253:38109543 4244:10756263 3982:: 73–78. 3976:Dichodon 3932:: 79–80. 3909:: 1–136. 3832:Xiphodon 3808:Archived 3708:"On the 3666:: 36–42. 3654:Dichodon 3611:Dichodon 3591:Eomyidae 3476:Xiphodon 3421:Pterodon 3375:, bats ( 3330:Agamidae 3274:Dichodon 3260:Dichodon 3252:Xiphodon 3215:Xiphodon 3032:Dichodon 2836:Miacidae 2826:, bats, 2820:Gliridae 2788:Dichodon 2780:Adapidae 2708:Primates 2658:Dichodon 2654:Xiphodon 2650:Xiphodon 2642:Dichodon 2634:Xiphodon 2627:Xiphodon 2623:Dichodon 2619:Xiphodon 2615:Dichodon 2607:Dichodon 2599:Dichodon 2595:Xiphodon 2561:Dichodon 2557:Xiphodon 2514:D. biroi 2498:Dichodon 2490:Xiphodon 2482:Dichodon 2450:Xiphodon 2442:Dichodon 2422:Xiphodon 2418:Dichodon 2369:Dichodon 2334:Dichodon 2321:Dichodon 2287:Dichodon 2283:Xiphodon 2267:Dichodon 2263:endocast 2249:and the 2238:Dichodon 2227:Dichodon 2223:mandible 2216:Dichodon 2212:Xiphodon 2208:Xiphodon 2204:Dichodon 2180:Dichodon 2169:Xiphodon 2165:Xiphodon 2161:Dichodon 2133:Dichodon 2124:incisors 2087:Dichodon 2067:Dichodon 2063:Dichodon 2059:Xiphodon 2030:Dichodon 2026:Xiphodon 1323:Tylopoda 1217:Xiphodon 1174:tylopods 1145:Xiphodon 1137:Dichodon 1127:Dichodon 1091:Dichodon 1081:Dichodon 1076:Xiphodon 1059:holotype 1055:Éclépens 1051:D. biroi 1035:Dichodon 1008:Dichodon 965:Dichodon 941:Dichodon 864:Dichodon 832:Xiphodon 820:Dichodon 808:Xiphodon 803:Dichodon 749:Dichodon 726:Dichodon 707:Alum Bay 703:Dichodon 679:Dichodon 648:Dichodon 642:beds of 636:Dichodon 632:Dichodon 585:Taxonomy 550:Dichodon 544:Xiphodon 540:Dichodon 536:folivory 532:Xiphodon 516:Dichodon 509:Xiphodon 454:Dichodon 397:Synonyms 384:D. biroi 238:Dichodon 217:Family: 201:Mammalia 191:Chordata 187:Phylum: 181:Animalia 167:Domain: 131:Dichodon 42:– Early 34:Dichodon 6109:4944606 6096:1264386 6083:3240402 5926:Bibcode 5877:Bibcode 5836:Bibcode 5787:Bibcode 5737:Bibcode 5687:Bibcode 5603:Bibcode 5559:4264005 5538:Bibcode 5491:Bibcode 5448:Bibcode 5370:Bibcode 5335:Bibcode 5327:Geobios 5309:: 1–26. 5152:Bibcode 5111:Bibcode 5070:Bibcode 5023:Bibcode 4985:Bibcode 4932:Bibcode 4893:4590438 4841:Bibcode 4833:Lethaia 4809:6408598 4733:Bibcode 4672:1482652 4649:Bibcode 4554:2452978 4400:Bibcode 4347:Bibcode 4223:Bibcode 3844:: 3–7. 3712:, Owen" 3587:Ursidae 3459:Oxacron 3395:Elfomys 3084:Elfomys 3007:. Both 2898:omomyid 2838:), and 2314:cuspids 2300:3.1.4.3 2297:3.1.4.3 2242:camelid 2115:maxilla 1186:derived 1106:endemic 1104:family 984:Lissieu 949:Mormont 709:in the 470:endemic 230:Genus: 207:Order: 197:Class: 6028: 5987: 5946: 5897: 5807: 5656:STRATA 5621: 5566: 5556: 5509: 5466: 5388: 5282: 5170: 5041: 4952: 4900: 4890: 4816: 4806: 4679: 4669: 4552: 4469: 4418: 4365: 4251: 4241: 4155: 3685:(23). 3597:, and 3585:, and 3340:, and 3308:, and 3090:Glamys 2762:, and 2688:Eocene 2536:, and 2512:, and 2472:, and 2428:and a 2196:canine 2186:, the 2137:fossae 2128:suture 2053:, 1910 935:, and 759:, and 685:words 664:molars 644:Hordle 640:Eocene 490:Hordle 478:Eocene 420:, 1886 269:, 1848 40:Eocene 6122:42565 6091:IRMNG 6026:S2CID 5985:S2CID 5944:S2CID 5895:S2CID 5805:S2CID 5630:(PDF) 5619:S2CID 5591:(PDF) 5507:S2CID 5464:S2CID 5436:(PDF) 5386:S2CID 5368:(4). 5280:S2CID 5223:(2). 5168:S2CID 5150:(4). 5039:S2CID 4950:S2CID 4721:(PDF) 4550:JSTOR 4467:S2CID 4427:(PDF) 4416:S2CID 4388:(PDF) 4363:S2CID 3617:Notes 3102:Remys 2432:, to 2281:Both 2108:orbit 2041:Skull 2028:plus 963:with 694:ὀδούς 614:as a 145:sp., 6078:GBIF 5564:PMID 5243:link 4898:PMID 4814:PMID 4677:PMID 4249:PMID 4153:ISBN 3478:and 3462:and 3452:and 3434:and 3369:and 3355:and 3296:and 3288:and 3262:and 3217:and 3197:and 3175:and 3147:and 3062:and 3038:and 3022:and 3011:and 2965:and 2881:and 2858:and 2770:and 2694:and 2656:and 2644:and 2617:and 2597:and 2563:and 2484:and 2456:Size 2360:and 2344:and 2285:and 2221:The 2174:The 2143:and 2117:and 2113:The 1168:and 1139:and 1129:and 1097:, a 1018:and 838:and 688:δίχα 656:and 622:and 561:and 518:had 496:and 267:Owen 56:PreꞒ 6016:doi 5975:doi 5971:102 5934:doi 5922:611 5885:doi 5844:doi 5795:doi 5753:hdl 5745:doi 5733:301 5695:doi 5683:340 5611:doi 5599:161 5554:PMC 5546:doi 5499:doi 5456:doi 5414:doi 5410:135 5378:doi 5343:doi 5270:doi 5225:doi 5191:doi 5160:doi 5119:doi 5078:doi 5066:141 5031:doi 4993:doi 4981:226 4940:doi 4928:133 4888:PMC 4880:doi 4876:282 4849:doi 4804:PMC 4796:doi 4792:286 4741:doi 4729:168 4667:PMC 4657:doi 4645:103 4574:". 4542:doi 4509:". 4457:doi 4408:doi 4355:doi 4317:doi 4313:151 4239:PMC 4231:doi 4219:120 4145:doi 4141:369 4030:205 3846:doi 3724:doi 3687:doi 3605:). 3561:), 3526:pCO 2822:), 2798:), 2323:is 2225:of 2178:of 1176:or 1022:to 1014:to 858:of 546:. 472:to 6141:: 6119:: 6106:: 6093:: 6080:: 6065:: 6024:. 6012:24 6010:. 6006:. 5983:. 5969:. 5965:. 5942:. 5932:. 5920:. 5916:. 5893:. 5883:. 5873:17 5871:. 5867:. 5842:. 5832:18 5830:. 5826:. 5803:. 5793:. 5783:17 5781:. 5777:. 5751:. 5743:. 5731:. 5718:^ 5701:. 5693:. 5681:. 5677:. 5660:13 5654:. 5625:. 5617:. 5609:. 5597:. 5593:. 5576:^ 5562:. 5552:. 5544:. 5532:. 5528:. 5505:. 5497:. 5487:92 5485:. 5462:. 5454:. 5444:18 5442:. 5438:. 5408:. 5384:. 5376:. 5366:42 5364:. 5341:. 5331:48 5329:. 5307:32 5305:. 5301:. 5278:. 5266:60 5264:. 5260:. 5239:}} 5235:{{ 5221:47 5219:. 5215:. 5203:^ 5166:. 5158:. 5148:42 5146:. 5133:^ 5117:. 5107:11 5105:. 5101:. 5076:. 5064:. 5060:. 5037:. 5029:. 5019:34 5017:. 4991:. 4979:. 4975:. 4962:^ 4948:. 4938:. 4926:. 4922:. 4910:^ 4896:. 4886:. 4874:. 4870:. 4847:. 4837:28 4835:. 4812:. 4802:. 4790:. 4786:. 4753:^ 4739:. 4727:. 4723:. 4704:^ 4675:. 4665:. 4655:. 4643:. 4639:. 4608:^ 4588:^ 4580:53 4578:. 4562:^ 4548:. 4538:32 4536:. 4532:. 4515:51 4513:. 4479:^ 4465:. 4451:. 4422:. 4414:. 4406:. 4396:18 4394:. 4390:. 4375:^ 4361:. 4353:. 4343:18 4341:. 4311:. 4307:. 4261:^ 4247:. 4237:. 4229:. 4217:. 4213:. 4195:^ 4167:^ 4151:. 4139:. 4125:^ 4117:23 4115:. 4111:. 4058:^ 4038:^ 4028:. 4014:^ 4006:39 4004:. 4000:. 3988:^ 3964:^ 3954:. 3950:. 3938:^ 3930:18 3928:. 3924:. 3907:12 3905:. 3901:. 3842:44 3840:. 3836:. 3806:. 3804:36 3802:. 3798:. 3782:^ 3774:22 3772:. 3768:. 3745:. 3720:13 3718:. 3714:. 3681:. 3662:. 3658:. 3593:, 3581:, 3573:, 3569:, 3557:, 3541:CO 3482:. 3415:, 3403:, 3397:, 3393:, 3383:, 3379:, 3336:, 3332:, 3328:, 3324:, 3320:, 3304:, 3221:. 3187:, 3183:, 3161:, 3157:, 3129:, 3123:, 3117:, 3105:, 3099:, 3093:, 3087:, 3068:, 3053:, 3044:, 3030:. 2941:, 2935:, 2929:, 2923:, 2896:, 2887:, 2862:. 2846:, 2830:, 2818:, 2814:, 2806:, 2758:, 2605:. 2567:. 2532:, 2528:, 2524:, 2520:, 2508:, 2504:, 2468:, 2408:. 2404:- 2396:- 2356:, 2352:, 2258:. 2218:. 2061:, 1196:. 1164:, 975:. 931:, 927:, 923:, 885:. 826:, 755:, 751:: 740:. 143:D. 141:, 106:Pg 50:Ma 6032:. 6018:: 5991:. 5977:: 5950:. 5936:: 5928:: 5901:. 5887:: 5879:: 5852:. 5846:: 5838:: 5811:. 5797:: 5789:: 5761:. 5755:: 5747:: 5739:: 5712:. 5697:: 5689:: 5639:. 5613:: 5605:: 5570:. 5548:: 5540:: 5534:4 5513:. 5501:: 5493:: 5470:. 5458:: 5450:: 5420:. 5416:: 5392:. 5380:: 5372:: 5349:. 5345:: 5337:: 5286:. 5272:: 5245:) 5227:: 5197:. 5193:: 5174:. 5162:: 5154:: 5127:. 5121:: 5113:: 5086:. 5080:: 5072:: 5045:. 5033:: 5025:: 5001:. 4995:: 4987:: 4956:. 4942:: 4934:: 4904:. 4882:: 4855:. 4851:: 4843:: 4820:. 4798:: 4747:. 4743:: 4735:: 4683:. 4659:: 4651:: 4556:. 4544:: 4473:. 4459:: 4436:. 4410:: 4402:: 4369:. 4357:: 4349:: 4325:. 4319:: 4288:. 4255:. 4233:: 4225:: 4161:. 4147:: 3956:5 3852:. 3848:: 3817:. 3730:. 3726:: 3695:. 3689:: 3664:4 3565:( 3543:2 3528:2 2842:( 2834:( 2802:( 2794:( 2329:4 2310:4 381:† 370:† 359:† 348:† 337:† 326:† 315:† 304:† 293:† 282:† 257:† 234:† 221:† 111:N 101:K 96:J 91:T 86:P 81:C 76:D 71:S 66:O 61:Ꞓ 25:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index