11945:
11886:
2065:
12052:
3619:(ATP). The insulin reaction, and other mechanisms, regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood. The physiological caloric value of glucose, depending on the source, is 16.2 kilojoules per gram or 15.7 kJ/g (3.74 kcal/g). The high availability of carbohydrates from plant biomass has led to a variety of methods during evolution, especially in microorganisms, to utilize glucose for energy and carbon storage. Differences exist in which end product can no longer be used for energy production. The presence of individual genes, and their gene products, the enzymes, determine which reactions are possible. The metabolic pathway of glycolysis is used by almost all living beings. An essential difference in the use of glycolysis is the recovery of
12112:
11735:
11657:
2362:
1895:
1913:
5285:
where other (optical) methods are not or only conditionally usable. In addition to the organic boronic acid derivatives, which often bind highly specifically to the 1,2-diol groups of sugars, there are also other probe concepts classified by functional mechanisms which use selective glucose-binding proteins (e.g. concanavalin A) as a receptor. Furthermore, methods were developed which indirectly detect the glucose concentration via the concentration of metabolized products, e.g. by the consumption of oxygen using fluorescence-optical sensors. Finally, there are enzyme-based concepts that use the intrinsic absorbance or fluorescence of (fluorescence-labeled) enzymes as reporters.
11993:
11833:
11771:
11693:
2550:, a subgroup of the glycosidases, first catalyze the hydrolysis of long-chain glucose-containing polysaccharides, removing terminal glucose. In turn, disaccharides are mostly degraded by specific glycosidases to glucose. The names of the degrading enzymes are often derived from the particular poly- and disaccharide; inter alia, for the degradation of polysaccharide chains there are amylases (named after amylose, a component of starch), cellulases (named after cellulose), chitinases (named after chitin), and more. Furthermore, for the cleavage of disaccharides, there are maltase, lactase, sucrase,
1857:
11752:
3556:
2755:-glucose is 917.2 kilojoules per mole. In humans, gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and kidney, but also in other cell types. In the liver about 150 g (5.3 oz) of glycogen are stored, in skeletal muscle about 250 g (8.8 oz). However, the glucose released in muscle cells upon cleavage of the glycogen can not be delivered to the circulation because glucose is phosphorylated by the hexokinase, and a glucose-6-phosphatase is not expressed to remove the phosphate group. Unlike for glucose, there is no transport protein for
1875:
11674:
83:
4022:
11920:
11856:
11814:
11710:
5020:. Potent, bioactive natural products like triptolide that inhibit mammalian transcription via inhibition of the XPB subunit of the general transcription factor TFIIH has been recently reported as a glucose conjugate for targeting hypoxic cancer cells with increased glucose transporter expression. Recently, glucose has been gaining commercial use as a key component of "kits" containing lactic acid and insulin intended to induce hypoglycemia and hyperlactatemia to combat different cancers and infections.
1552:, on the other hand, is glucose that does not have any water molecules attached to it. Anhydrous chemical substances are commonly produced by eliminating water from a hydrated substance through methods such as heating or drying up (desiccation). Dextrose monohydrate can be dehydrated to anhydrous dextrose in industrial setting. Dextrose monohydrate is composed of approximately 9.5% water by mass; through the process of dehydration, this water content is eliminated to yield anhydrous (dry) dextrose.
12016:
43:
2082:
2193:
1623:
11788:
2091:
12087:
1886:
1848:
1904:
1866:
1738:
1712:
63:
11976:
14593:
1750:
1724:
1705:
955:
1777:
14567:
14557:
13458:
2784:
4830:
5276:
Precious metals such as platinum or gold are used in electrodes, as well as carbon nanotube electrodes, which e.g. are doped with boron. Cu–CuO nanowires are also used as enzyme-free amperometric electrodes, reaching a detection limit of 50 μmol/L. A particularly promising method is the so-called "enzyme wiring", where the electron flowing during the oxidation is transferred via a molecular wire directly from the enzyme to the electrode.
11632:
2338:
14605:
1019:
4054:
12135:
3862:, which is made from a derivative of glucose) have structural roles. Oligosaccharides of glucose combined with other sugars serve as important energy stores. These include lactose, the predominant sugar in milk, which is a glucose-galactose disaccharide, and sucrose, another disaccharide which is composed of glucose and fructose. Glucose is also added onto certain proteins and
4853:. Most soft drinks in the US use HFCS-55 (with a fructose content of 55% in the dry mass), while most other HFCS-sweetened foods in the US use HFCS-42 (with a fructose content of 42% in the dry mass). In Mexico, on the other hand, soft drinks are sweetened by cane sugar, which has a higher sweetening power. In addition, glucose syrup is used, inter alia, in the production of
2200:-glucose molecules exist as cyclic hemiacetals that are epimeric (= diastereomeric) to each other. The epimeric ratio α:β is 36:64. In the α-D-glucopyranose (left), the blue-labelled hydroxy group is in the axial position at the anomeric centre, whereas in the β-D-glucopyranose (right) the blue-labelled hydroxy group is in equatorial position at the anomeric centre.
958:
4713:. Enzymatic hydrolysis has largely displaced acid-catalyzed hydrolysis reactions. The result is glucose syrup (enzymatically with more than 90% glucose in the dry matter) with an annual worldwide production volume of 20 million tonnes (as of 2011). This is the reason for the former common name "starch sugar". The amylases most often come from
960:
1570:, without any water molecule attached which is the same as glucose. Anhydrous dextrose on open air tends to absorb moisture and transform to the monohydrate, and it is more expensive to produce. Anhydrous dextrose (anhydrous D-glucose) has increased stability and increased shelf life, has medical applications, such as in oral
1538:, and commonly manufactured from plant starches. Dextrose monohydrate is utilized as the predominant type of dextrose in food applications, such as beverage mixes—it is a common form of glucose widely used as a nutrition supplement in production of foodstuffs. Dextrose monohydrate is primarily consumed in North America as a
1791:
11944:
11885:
959:
4817:, which is a mixture of glucose and fructose, since fructose has a higher sweetening power – with same physiological calorific value of 374 kilocalories per 100 g. The annual world production of isoglucose is 8 million tonnes (as of 2011). When made from corn syrup, the final product is
4004:
in the pancreas could be damaged, causing a lack of insulin in the body. Insulin resistance occurs when the pancreas tries to produce more and more insulin in response to persistently elevated blood glucose levels. Eventually, the rest of the body becomes resistant to the insulin that the pancreas is
3877:
Other than its direct use as a monomer, glucose can be broken down to synthesize a wide variety of other biomolecules. This is important, as glucose serves both as a primary store of energy and as a source of organic carbon. Glucose can be broken down and converted into lipids. It is also a precursor
2774:
Glucose also can be found outside of living organisms in the ambient environment. Glucose concentrations in the atmosphere are detected via collection of samples by aircraft and are known to vary from location to location. For example, glucose concentrations in atmospheric air from inland China range
1504:
is often used in a clinical (related to patient's health status) or nutritional context (related to dietary intake, such as food labels or dietary guidelines), while "glucose" is used in a biological or physiological context (chemical processes and molecular interactions), but both terms refer to the
5284:
There are a variety of other chemical sensors for measuring glucose. Given the importance of glucose analysis in the life sciences, numerous optical probes have also been developed for saccharides based on the use of boronic acids, which are particularly useful for intracellular sensory applications
5266:
The test-strip method employs the above-mentioned enzymatic conversion of glucose to gluconic acid to form hydrogen peroxide. The reagents are immobilised on a polymer matrix, the so-called test strip, which assumes a more or less intense color. This can be measured reflectometrically at 510 nm
2838:
to water and carbon dioxide. If there is not enough oxygen available for this, the glucose degradation in animals occurs anaerobic to lactate via lactic acid fermentation and releases much less energy. Muscular lactate enters the liver through the bloodstream in mammals, where gluconeogenesis occurs
2513:
makes it possible to identify glucose-containing food sources. Glucose mainly comes from food—about 300 g (11 oz) per day is produced by conversion of food, but it is also synthesized from other metabolites in the body's cells. In humans, the breakdown of glucose-containing polysaccharides
2440:
Glucose is produced by plants through photosynthesis using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide and can be used by all living organisms as an energy and carbon source. However, most glucose does not occur in its free form, but in the form of its polymers, i.e. lactose, sucrose, starch and others which
4012:
can be performed by multiple methods, such as the fasting glucose test which measures the level of glucose in the blood after 8 hours of fasting. Another test is the 2-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT) – for this test, the person has a fasting glucose test done, then drinks a 75-gram
3833:
of blood glucose levels after consumption in comparison to glucose (glucose is defined as 100). The clinical importance of the glycemic index is controversial, as foods with high fat contents slow the resorption of carbohydrates and lower the glycemic index, e.g. ice cream. An alternative indicator
3999:
is the organ responsible for the secretion of the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin is a hormone that regulates glucose levels, allowing the body's cells to absorb and use glucose. Without it, glucose cannot enter the cell and therefore cannot be used as fuel for the body's functions. If the
2821:
In humans, glucose is metabolized by glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. Glycolysis is used by all living organisms, with small variations, and all organisms generate energy from the breakdown of monosaccharides. In the further course of the metabolism, it can be completely degraded via
2746:
The metabolic pathway that begins with molecules containing two to four carbon atoms (C) and ends in the glucose molecule containing six carbon atoms is called gluconeogenesis and occurs in all living organisms. The smaller starting materials are the result of other metabolic pathways. Ultimately
2914:
In anaerobic respiration, one glucose molecule produces a net gain of two ATP molecules (four ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis through substrate-level phosphorylation, but two are required by enzymes used during the process). In aerobic respiration, a molecule of glucose is much more
5275:
The electroanalysis of glucose is also based on the enzymatic reaction mentioned above. The produced hydrogen peroxide can be amperometrically quantified by anodic oxidation at a potential of 600 mV. The GOx is immobilized on the electrode surface or in a membrane placed close to the electrode.
5652:(1). ... (1) γλευχος, moût, vin doux." It follows from the comparisons made by Mr. Péligot, that the sugar from grapes, that from starch, that from diabetes and that from honey have exactly the same composition and the same properties, and constitute a single substance that we propose to call
5267:
with the aid of an LED-based handheld photometer. This allows routine blood sugar determination by nonscientists. In addition to the reaction of phenol with 4-aminoantipyrine, new chromogenic reactions have been developed that allow photometry at higher wavelengths (550 nm, 750 nm).
2208:
group than the one recreated by the opening step (thus switching between pyranose and furanose forms), or the new hemiacetal group created on C-1 may have the same or opposite handedness as the original one (thus switching between the α and β forms). Thus, though the open-chain form is barely
4061:
Most dietary carbohydrates contain glucose, either as their only building block (as in the polysaccharides starch and glycogen), or together with another monosaccharide (as in the hetero-polysaccharides sucrose and lactose). Unbound glucose is one of the main ingredients of honey. Glucose is
2649:
can convert glucose 6-phosphate back into glucose exclusively in the liver, so the body can maintain a sufficient blood glucose concentration. In other cells, uptake happens by passive transport through one of the 14 GLUT proteins. In the other cell types, phosphorylation occurs through a
2465:
depend on glucose for their energy production. In adult humans, there is about 18 g (0.63 oz) of glucose, of which about 4 g (0.14 oz) is present in the blood. Approximately 180–220 g (6.3–7.8 oz) of glucose is produced in the liver of an adult in 24 hours.
1325:, applying Van 't Hoff's theory of asymmetrical carbon atoms. The names initially referred to the natural substances. Their enantiomers were given the same name with the introduction of systematic nomenclatures, taking into account absolute stereochemistry (e.g. Fischer nomenclature,
2305:-glucose of +17.5° mL/(dm·g). When equilibrium has been reached after a certain time due to mutarotation, the angle of rotation is +52.7° mL/(dm·g). By adding acid or base, this transformation is much accelerated. The equilibration takes place via the open-chain aldehyde form.
4005:
producing, thereby requiring more insulin to achieve the same blood glucose-lowering effect, and forcing the pancreas to produce even more insulin to compete with the resistance. This negative spiral contributes to pancreatic burnout, and the disease progression of diabetes.
1167:. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) as well as ring (cyclic) form. Glucose is naturally occurring and is found in its free state in fruits and other parts of plants. In animals, glucose is released from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as
6993:
5313:. Taking into account the isotope ratios, it is also possible to reliably detect honey adulteration by added sugars with these methods. Derivatization using silylation reagents is commonly used. Also, the proportions of di- and trisaccharides can be quantified.
3646:, effortful decision-making) are impaired. In the brain, which is dependent on glucose and oxygen as the major source of energy, the glucose concentration is usually 4 to 6 mM (5 mM equals 90 mg/dL), but decreases to 2 to 3 mM when fasting.
5067:
is a classic method for the detection of aldoses. Due to mutarotation, glucose is always present to a small extent as an open-chain aldehyde. By adding the
Fehling reagents (Fehling (I) solution and Fehling (II) solution), the aldehyde group is oxidized to a
5648:: "Il résulte des comparaisons faites par M. Péligot, que le sucre de raisin, celui d'amidon, celui de diabètes et celui de miel ont parfaitement la même composition et les mêmes propriétés, et constituent un seul corps que nous proposons d'appeler
3397:
2935:
1643:, which interconvert. From aqueous solutions, the three known forms can be crystallized: α-glucopyranose, β-glucopyranose and α-glucopyranose monohydrate. Glucose is a building block of the disaccharides lactose and sucrose (cane or beet sugar), of
2372:
Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide. Glucose is also the most widely used aldohexose in most living organisms. One possible explanation for this is that glucose has a lower tendency than other aldohexoses to react nonspecifically with the
2064:
3990:
either because of a lack of insulin in the body or the failure, by cells in the body, to respond properly to insulin. Each of these situations can be caused by persistently high elevations of blood glucose levels, through pancreatic burnout and
3673:. The binding of glucose to the sweet receptor on the tongue induces a release of various hormones of energy metabolism, either through glucose or through other sugars, leading to an increased cellular uptake and lower blood sugar levels.
1321:'s theories of chemical kinetics and the arrangements of chemical bonds in carbon-bearing molecules. Between 1891 and 1894, Fischer established the stereochemical configuration of all the known sugars and correctly predicted the possible
3528:
cells often grow comparatively quickly and consume an above-average amount of glucose by glycolysis, which leads to the formation of lactate, the end product of fermentation in mammals, even in the presence of oxygen. This is called the
12051:
1675:
of glucose is 31 °C (88 °F) and the Gordon–Taylor constant (an experimentally determined constant for the prediction of the glass transition temperature for different mass fractions of a mixture of two substances) is 4.5.
6882:
6985:
4013:
glucose drink and is retested. This test measures the ability of the person's body to process glucose. Over time the blood glucose levels should decrease as insulin allows it to be taken up by cells and exit the blood stream.
4036:
often carry small amounts of sugar in various forms. One sugar commonly used is glucose, often in the form of glucose tablets (glucose pressed into a tablet shape sometimes with one or more other ingredients as a binder),
5166:
dissolves dry glucose without blackening at room temperature forming sugar sulfuric acid. In a yeast solution, alcoholic fermentation produces carbon dioxide in the ratio of 2.0454 molecules of glucose to one molecule of
2453:, respectively. These polymers, when consumed by animals, fungi and bacteria, are degraded to glucose using enzymes. All animals are also able to produce glucose themselves from certain precursors as the need arises.
11485:
4735:
were used in the production of glucose syrup to convert amylopectin to starch (amylose), thereby increasing the yield of glucose. The reaction is carried out at a pH = 4.6–5.2 and a temperature of 55–60 °C.
9583:
Venditti A, Frezza C, Vincenti F, Brodella A, Sciubba F, Montesano C, et al. (February 2019). "A syn-ent-labdadiene derivative with a rare spiro-β-lactone function from the male cones of
Wollemia nobilis".
5119:
and acetic acid is added to the solution of the sugar to be tested and subsequently heated in a water bath for a few minutes. Glucose and other monosaccharides rapidly produce a reddish color and reddish brown
3559:
Diagram showing the possible intermediates in glucose degradation; Metabolic pathways orange: glycolysis, green: Entner-Doudoroff pathway, phosphorylating, yellow: Entner-Doudoroff pathway, non-phosphorylating
5725:"Les raisins secs, etant humectés d'une petite quantité d'eau, de maniere qu'ils mollissent, peuvent alors etre pilés, & le suc qu'on en exprime, etant depuré & épaissi, fournira une espece de Sucre."
1998:. In either case, each carbon in the ring has one hydrogen and one hydroxyl attached, except for the last carbon (C-4 or C-5) where the hydroxyl is replaced by the remainder of the open molecule (which is
1638:
ring (α-glucopyranose monohydrate, sometimes known less precisely by dextrose hydrate). In aqueous solution, on the other hand, it is an open-chain to a small extent and is present predominantly as α- or
5727:(Raisins, being moistened with a small quantity of water, in a way that they soften, can be then pressed, and the juice that is squeezed out, being purified and thickened, will provide a sort of sugar.)
5227:
In concentrated solutions of glucose with a low proportion of other carbohydrates, its concentration can be determined with a polarimeter. For sugar mixtures, the concentration can be determined with a
3696:. Also in the capillary blood, which is often used for blood sugar determination, the values are sometimes higher than in the venous blood. The glucose content of the blood is regulated by the hormones
12111:
11734:
11656:
6726:
5250:
The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) converts glucose into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide while consuming oxygen. Another enzyme, peroxidase, catalyzes a chromogenic reaction (Trinder reaction) of
10331:
6878:
10226:
10471:
Mizoguchi M, Ishiyama M, Shiga M (1998). "Water-soluble chromogenic reagent for colorimetric detection of hydrogen peroxide—an alternative to 4-aminoantipyrine working at a long wavelength".
3795:). Liver cell glycogen can be converted to glucose and returned to the blood when insulin is low or absent; muscle cell glycogen is not returned to the blood because of a lack of enzymes. In
2142:
10761:
Wolfbeis OS, Oehme I, Papkovskaya N, Klimant I (2000). "Sol–gel based glucose biosensors employing optical oxygen transducers, and a method for compensating for variable oxygen background".
2220:
to the cyclic forms. (Although the ring closure reaction could in theory create four- or three-atom rings, these would be highly strained, and are not observed in practice.) In solutions at
11478:
2204:
Mutarotation consists of a temporary reversal of the ring-forming reaction, resulting in the open-chain form, followed by a reforming of the ring. The ring closure step may use a different
10942:
Becker M, Liebner F, Rosenau T, Potthast A (2013). "Ethoximation-silylation approach for mono- and disaccharide analysis and characterization of their identification parameters by GC/MS".
10834:
Sanz ML, Sanz J, Martínez-Castro I (2004). "Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of disaccharides and trisaccharides in honey".
4799:, a roughly 1:1 mixture of glucose and fructose that is produced from sucrose. In principle, cellulose could be hydrolyzed to glucose, but this process is not yet commercially practical.
2409:. Presumably, glucose is the most abundant natural monosaccharide because it is less glycated with proteins than other monosaccharides. Another hypothesis is that glucose, being the only
1577:
Whereas molecular weight (molar mass) for D-glucose monohydrate is 198.17 g/mol, that for anhydrous D-glucose is 180.16 g/mol The density of these two forms of glucose is also different.
12169:
344:
3547:
Glucose can also degrade to form carbon dioxide through abiotic means. This has been demonstrated to occur experimentally via oxidation and hydrolysis at 22 °C and a pH of 2.5.
6290:
5190:
hydrate is formed with glucose at room temperature, while red copper oxide is formed during boiling (same with dextrin, except for with an ammoniacal copper acetate solution). With
3470:
3008:
11471:
6604:
3740:. When needed, glucose is released into the bloodstream by glucose-6-phosphatase from glucose-6-phosphate originating from liver and kidney glycogen, thereby regulating the
1798:
A open-chain form of glucose makes up less than 0.02% of the glucose molecules in an aqueous solution at equilibrium. The rest is one of two cyclic hemiacetal forms. In its
3803:
types and have other purposes. Glycogen is the body's "glucose energy storage" mechanism, because it is much more "space efficient" and less reactive than glucose itself.
10020:
7474:
1263:, meaning "right"), because in aqueous solution of glucose, the plane of linearly polarized light is turned to the right. In contrast, l-fructose (usually referred to as
12147:
6514:
3898:
are produced from glucose. In addition to the phosphorylation to glucose-6-phosphate, which is part of the glycolysis, glucose can be oxidized during its degradation to
3680:
The blood sugar content of a healthy person in the short-time fasting state, e.g. after overnight fasting, is about 70 to 100 mg/dL of blood (4 to 5.5 mM). In
3540:, ethanol is fermented at high glucose concentrations, even in the presence of oxygen (which normally leads to respiration rather than fermentation). This is called the
7050:
Bielecki M, Eggert H, Christian
Norrild J (1999). "A fluorescent glucose sensor binding covalently to all five hydroxy groups of α-D-glucofuranose. A reinvestigation".
2709:
in the apical cell membranes and transmitted via GLUT2 in the basolateral cell membranes. About 90% of kidney glucose reabsorption is via SGLT2 and about 3% via SGLT1.
9561:
5012:
4952:
1179:
10604:
Ohara TJ, Rajagopalan R, Heller A (1994). ""Wired" enzyme electrodes for amperometric determination of glucose or lactate in the presence of interfering substances".
961:
6287:"Potentially Important Contribution of Dextrose Used as Diluent to Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Patients | Diabetes Care | American Diabetes Association"
3729:
9113:
5849:
3814:. Eating or fasting prior to taking a blood sample has an effect on analyses for glucose in the blood; a high fasting glucose blood sugar level may be a sign of
356:
10905:
Cabañero AI, Recio JL, Rupérez M (2006). "Liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry: a new perspective on honey adulteration detection".
5987:
5964:
5941:
5918:
14640:
12162:
3472:
3010:
10883:
10534:
Chen X, Chen J, Deng C, Xiao C, Yang Y, Nie Z, et al. (2008). "Amperometric glucose biosensor based on boron-doped carbon nanotubes modified electrode".
2864:
can grow on nutrient media containing glucose as the sole carbon source. In some bacteria and, in modified form, also in archaea, glucose is degraded via the
6722:
4957:
4947:
3899:
2156:
896:
6687:
Mitra B, Wolfe C, Wu SJ (4 May 2018). "Dextrose monohydrate as a non-animal sourced alternative diluent in high shear wet granulation tablet formulations".
2228:. Starting from any proportions, the mixture converges to a stable ratio of α:β 36:64. The ratio would be α:β 11:89 if it were not for the influence of the
12356:
4897:
10327:
8985:
Masicampo EJ, Baumeister RF (2008), "Toward a
Physiology of Dual-Process Reasoning and Judgment: Lemonade, Willpower, and Expensive Rule-Based Analysis",
5807:
2887:
Use of glucose as an energy source in cells is by either aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation. The first step of glycolysis is the
10245:
1159:
is produced synthetically in comparatively small amounts and is less biologically active. Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and an
969:
8651:
Schümann U, Gründler P (September 1998). "Electrochemical degradation of organic substances at PbO2 anodes: Monitoring by continuous CO2 measurements".
3842:
is an indicator for the amount of glucose added to blood glucose levels after consumption, based on the glycemic index and the amount of consumed food.
2433:-glucose is also a highly preferred building block in natural polysaccharides (glycans). Polysaccharides that are composed solely of glucose are termed
10871:
4922:
4902:
4686:
The carbohydrate value is calculated in the USDA database and does not always correspond to the sum of the sugars, the starch, and the "dietary fiber".
2275:- prefix does not refer directly to the optical properties of the compound. It indicates that the C-5 chiral centre has the same handedness as that of
1032:
10042:
6652:
Trasi NS, Boerrigter SX, Byrn SR, Carvajal TM (15 March 2011). "Investigating the effect of dehydration conditions on the compactability of glucose".
3420:
3417:
2958:
2955:
12155:
2756:
1290:, which refers to the absolute configuration of the asymmetric center farthest from the carbonyl group, and in concordance with the configuration of
7347:
1317:
for his findings. The synthesis of glucose established the structure of organic material and consequently formed the first definitive validation of
5872:
5183:
3429:
2967:
3458:
2996:
8413:
2326:
983:
11992:
11832:
11770:
11692:
2573:
In order to get into or out of cell membranes of cells and membranes of cell compartments, glucose requires special transport proteins from the
2554:, and others. In humans, about 70 genes are known that code for glycosidases. They have functions in the digestion and degradation of glycogen,
10254:
4849:. Various sources of glucose, such as grape juice (for wine) or malt (for beer), are used for fermentation to ethanol during the production of
7742:
5376:
Boerio-Goates J (1991), "Heat-capacity measurements and thermodynamic functions of crystalline α-D-glucose at temperatures from 10K to 340K",
3732:. After food intake the blood sugar concentration increases. Values over 180 mg/dL in venous whole blood are pathological and are termed
1271:-glucose) turn linearly polarized light to the left. The earlier notation according to the rotation of the plane of linearly polarized light (
12422:
6455:
5685:
1511:
is the hydrated form of D-glucose, meaning that it is a glucose molecule with an additional water molecule attached. Its chemical formula is
6373:
5895:
12634:
652:
12177:
6286:
6224:
Alvarez-Suarez JM, Tulipani S, Romandini S, Bertoli E, Battino M (2010). "Contribution of honey in nutrition and human health: A review".
3882:(ascorbic acid). In living organisms, glucose is converted to several other chemical compounds that are the starting material for various
3437:
2975:
14308:
12650:
11072:
6007:
Wenyue Kang and Zhijun Zhang (2020): "Selective
Production of Acetic Acid via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Hexoses over Potassium Salts",
4062:
extremely abundant and has been isolated from a variety of natural sources across the world, including male cones of the coniferous tree
2851:. Glucose is also used to replenish the body's glycogen stores, which are mainly found in liver and skeletal muscle. These processes are
1959:, each containing a ring of carbons closed by one oxygen atom. In aqueous solution, however, more than 99% of glucose molecules exist as
10569:
Wang G, Wei Y, Zhang W, Zhang X, Fang B, Wang L (2010). "Enzyme-free amperometric sensing of glucose using Cu-CuO nanowire composites".
8510:
8480:
6347:
5702:
3401:
2939:
2337:
14231:
5717:
3448:
2986:
6600:
5186:
is formed in the presence of glucose, which becomes less soluble on cooking and turns brown. In an ammoniacal copper solution, yellow
1368:
was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry for the discovery of glucose-derived sugar nucleotides in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates.
976:
5641:
5621:
3439:
3425:
3409:
2977:
2963:
2947:
9543:
Estela, Carlos (2011) "Blood
Glucose Levels," Undergraduate Journal of Mathematical Modeling: One + Two: Vol. 3: Iss. 2, Article 12.
6562:
Khvorova LS, Andreev NR, Lukin ND (January 2020). "Study of
Conditions for Applying Surfactants in Crystalline Glucose Production".
3445:
3404:
2983:
2942:
12251:
12182:
11864:
3469:
3432:
3007:
2970:
10323:
8315:"Regulation of metabolism in Escherichia coli during growth on mixtures of the non-glucose sugars: arabinose, lactose, and xylose"
6856:
6830:
6778:
2057:-glucofuranose. These five structures exist in equilibrium and interconvert, and the interconversion is much more rapid with acid
14178:
12722:
7876:
Wu X, Freeze HH (December 2002). "GLUT14, a
Duplicon of GLUT3, is Specifically Expressed in Testis as Alternative Splice Forms".
6540:
5178:. In an ammoniacal silver solution, glucose (as well as lactose and dextrin) leads to the deposition of silver. In an ammoniacal
5029:
3460:
3459:
3443:
3436:
3433:
2998:
2997:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2743:) or starch (in plants). The cleavage of glycogen is termed glycogenolysis, the cleavage of starch is called starch degradation.
10986:
9357:
8916:
6752:
6191:
Wani HA, Majid S, Khan MS, Bhat AA, Wani RA, Bhat SA, et al. (2020). "Scope of Honey in
Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders".
5534:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3422:
3400:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2960:
2938:
10726:
Mader HS, Wolfbeis OS (2008). "Boronic acid based probes for microdetermination of saccharides and glycosylated biomolecules".
10016:
8802:
8696:
7490:
6028:
Bosch L, Fyles T, James T (November 2004). "Binary and ternary phenylboronic acid complexes with saccharides and Lewis bases".
5700:"Experiences chimiques faites dans le dessein de tirer un veritable sucre de diverses plantes, qui croissent dans nos contrées"
5302:
3829:
is an indicator of the speed of resorption and conversion to blood glucose levels from ingested carbohydrates, measured as the
3421:
3403:
2959:
2941:
1580:
In terms of chemical structure, glucose is a monosaccharide, that is, a simple sugar. Glucose contains six carbon atoms and an
6510:
6316:
5595:
3413:
3412:
2951:
2950:
1364:(for their discovery of the conversion of glycogen from glucose) received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. In 1970,
10447:
10373:
10092:
10071:
9969:
9917:
9890:
9812:
9786:
9758:
9679:
9479:
9414:
9390:
9283:
9190:
9040:
8718:
8690:
8504:
8474:
8216:
8192:
8076:
8055:
7852:
7778:
7692:
7608:
7587:
7522:
7412:
7382:
7299:
7267:
7242:
7171:
7145:
6924:
6208:
6072:
5745:
5679:
5496:
5440:
3471:
3419:
3009:
2957:
2751:
come from the assimilation of carbon dioxide in plants and microbes during photosynthesis. The free energy of formation of α-
1356:(for his discovery of the role of the pituitary gland in the metabolism of glucose and the derived carbohydrates) as well as
1341:
851:
506:
9553:
8092:
Wang G, Kawamura K, Hatakeyama S, Takami A, Li H, Wang W (May 2007). "Aircraft Measurement of Organic Aerosols over China".
6804:
6630:
6142:"Honey and Diabetes: The Importance of Natural Simple Sugars in Diet for Preventing and Treating Different Type of Diabetes"
4837:
Glucose is mainly used for the production of fructose and of glucose-containing foods. In foods, it is used as a sweetener,
2264:(rotates polarized light counterclockwise) by the same amount. The strength of the effect is different for each of the five
14131:
12561:
11599:
9825:
Madsen GB, Norman BE, Slott S (1973). "A New, Heat Stable Bacterial Amylase and its Use in High Temperature Liquefaction".
2127:
The glucopyranose ring (α or β) can assume several non-planar shapes, analogous to the "chair" and "boat" conformations of
1994:
skeleton. The (much rarer) reaction between C-1 and C-4 yields a five-membered furanose ring, named after the cyclic ether
1971:-glucose" are generally used for these cyclic forms as well. The ring arises from the open-chain form by an intramolecular
9982:
9773:
Thomas Becker, Dietmar Breithaupt, Horst Werner Doelle, Armin Fiechter, Günther Schlegel, Sakayu Shimizu, Hideaki Yamada:
3426:
3408:
2964:
2946:
2899:. The main reason for the immediate phosphorylation of glucose is to prevent its diffusion out of the cell as the charged
14203:
9296:
Clarke SF, Foster JR (2012). "A history of blood glucose meters and their role in self-monitoring of diabetes mellitus".
7536:
6251:
Ischayek JI, Kern M (August 2006). "US Honeys Varying in Glucose and Fructose Content Elicit Similar Glycemic Indexes".
3440:
3405:
2978:
2943:
14126:
12606:
9150:
5301:
In particular, for the analysis of complex mixtures containing glucose, e.g. in honey, chromatographic methods such as
3468:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3006:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2505:
Ingested glucose initially binds to the receptor for sweet taste on the tongue in humans. This complex of the proteins
10430:
Zhang Q, Zhao G, Yang N, Zhang L (2019). "Fasting blood glucose levels in patients with different types of diseases".
7554:
5846:
3446:
3438:
3402:
2984:
2976:
2940:
2807:.Glucose is stored in mainly the liver and muscles as glycogen. It is distributed and used in tissues as free glucose.
2013:
The ring-closing reaction can give two products, denoted "α-" and "β-". When a glucopyranose molecule is drawn in the
14417:
14146:
14099:
12450:
9948:
9258:
7323:
6972:
6951:
5984:
5961:
5938:
5915:
4880:
In addition, various organic acids can be biotechnologically produced from glucose, for example by fermentation with
3451:
2989:
627:
5463:
5352:
3441:
3430:
3414:
2979:
2968:
2952:
14161:
12500:
12468:
12456:
12405:
10875:
8442:
3858:(polysaccharides). Some of these polymers (starch or glycogen) serve as energy stores, while others (cellulose and
3407:
2945:
1027:
6481:
5618:"Rapport sur un mémoire de M. Péligiot, intitulé: Recherches sur la nature et les propriétés chimiques des sucres"
3728:
lead to an increase in the glucose level. There is also a hormone-independent regulation, which is referred to as
1039:
13494:
12611:
12601:
12462:
12411:
12399:
12326:
12246:
11065:
10976:
9711:
3473:
3428:
3011:
2966:
2261:
2245:
1404:
starting at 188 °C (370 °F) with release of various volatile products, ultimately leaving a residue of
1318:
4813:
In the US, almost exclusively corn (more precisely, corn syrup) is used as glucose source for the production of
3457:
3418:
2995:
2956:
2915:
profitable in that a maximum net production of 30 or 32 ATP molecules (depending on the organism) is generated.
14073:
12555:
12360:
11760:
11388:
10297:
7120:
5801:
5779:
5162:
solution with glucose to 100 °C, a strong reddish browning and a caramel-like odor develops. Concentrated
3874:
glucose to power the formation of the new bond by coupling it with the breaking of the glucose-phosphate bond.
3465:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3411:
3406:
3003:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2949:
2944:
2598:
2286:-glucose is dextrorotatory is a combined effect of its four chiral centres, not just of C-5; some of the other
1352:
in 1929 for their "research on the fermentation of sugar and their share of enzymes in this process". In 1947,
10240:
9662:
Balan V, Bals B, Chundawat SP, Marshall D, Dale BE (2009). "Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment Using AFEX".
5628:(Report on a memoir of Mr. Péligiot, titled: Investigations on the nature and chemical properties of sugars),
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3444:
3434:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2972:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2361:
13977:
12550:
11682:
11365:
7191:
Bunn HF, Higgins PJ (1981). "Reaction of monosaccharides with proteins: possible evolutionary significance".
3870:. This is often critical for their functioning. The enzymes that join glucose to other molecules usually use
3453:
3452:
3450:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2574:
207:
8809:. Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy – The University of Texas Medical School at Houston. Archived from
2131:. Similarly, the glucofuranose ring may assume several shapes, analogous to the "envelope" conformations of
1493:
in a jet followed by further enzymatic depolymerization. Unbonded glucose is one of the main ingredients of
878:
14007:
12684:
7475:"High Blood Glucose and Diabetes Complications: The buildup of molecules known as AGEs may be the key link"
5330:
3579:. Glucose is the human body's key source of energy, through aerobic respiration, providing about 3.75
2563:
1672:
592:
11463:
6090:
3910:
biosynthesis and in animals as a building block of glycogen. Glucose can also be converted from bacterial
3396:
2934:
2546:. Glucose is a building block of many carbohydrates and can be split off from them using certain enzymes.
1894:
434:
14630:
14241:
14156:
14141:
12715:
12474:
11540:
11370:
10836:
8933:
Gailliot MT, Baumeister RF (2007), "The Physiology of Willpower: Linking Blood Glucose to Self-Control",
7339:
3576:
1956:
1912:
5869:
3890:), mannose (the epimer of glucose at position 2), galactose (the epimer at position 4), fucose, various
14583:
14303:
14283:
14263:
13869:
12566:
12178:
11845:
11806:
11780:
11058:
9627:
Lei Y, Shi SP, Song YL, Bi D, Tu PF (May 2014). "Triterpene Saponins from the Roots of Ilex asprella".
5245:
4882:
2590:
1235:
1175:
8374:
2775:
from 0.8 to 20.1 pg/L, whereas east coastal China glucose concentrations range from 10.3 to 142 pg/L.
1280:
1251:
543:
14570:
12626:
12490:
12024:
11822:
11744:
10679:"Review of glucose oxidases and glucose dehydrogenases: A bird's eye view of glucose sensing enzymes"
7511:
Varki A, Cummings RD, Esko JD, Freeze HH, Stanley P, Bertozzi CR, et al. (2009). Varki A (ed.).
5559:
4972:
3604:
3530:
2823:
2816:
2155:
are stable and can be obtained pure as crystalline solids. For example, reaction of α-D-glucose with
2068:
Widely proposed arrow-pushing mechanism for acid-catalyzed dynamic equilibrium between the α- and β-
1059:
465:
9310:
8947:
8887:
8135:
Adeva-Andany MM, Pérez-Felpete N, Fernández-Fernández C, Donapetry-García C, Pazos-García C (2016).
1489:
in tropical areas. The manufacturing process uses hydrolysis via pressurized steaming at controlled
14183:
14151:
13729:
12782:
12639:
12351:
12192:
11592:
10870:
7709:
4992:
4818:
4009:
2865:
2406:
1543:
1314:
537:
17:
6451:
5669:
5202:
solution is used to precipitate elemental, black-brown bismuth with glucose. Glucose boiled in an
4008:
To monitor the body's response to blood glucose-lowering therapy, glucose levels can be measured.
1990:
system called a pyranose, which is a monosaccharide sugar (hence "-ose") containing a derivatised
14464:
14278:
14136:
13992:
13734:
13275:
12272:
11984:
11928:
11909:
9990:
6369:
5892:
4942:
4725:(strain MN-385), which are more thermostable than the originally used enzymes. Starting in 1982,
2032:
2026:
1975:
reaction between the aldehyde group (at C-1) and either the C-4 or C-5 hydroxyl group, forming a
778:
9215:
Bisschop PH, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A (2015). "Autonomic regulation of hepatic glucose production".
9114:"Do non-nutritive sweeteners influence acute glucose homeostasis in humans? A systematic review"
8373:
Bonadonna RC, Bonora E, Del Prato S, Saccomani M, Cobelli C, Natali A, et al. (July 1996).
3850:
Organisms use glucose as a precursor for the synthesis of several important substances. Starch,
374:
14538:
14318:
13461:
13269:
12708:
12261:
12005:
11965:
11501:
9305:
8942:
8882:
8866:
Gailliot MT, Baumeister RF, DeWall CN, Plant EA, Brewer LE, Schmeichel BJ, et al. (2007),
5002:
4715:
3757:
3616:
2397:. The reason for glucose having the most stable cyclic form of all the aldohexoses is that its
1571:
1401:
1345:
1111:
827:
9852:
Norman BE (1982). "A Novel Debranching Enzyme for Application in the Glucose Syrup Industry".
8868:"Self-Control Relies on Glucose as a Limited Energy Source: Willpower is More than a Metaphor"
8375:"Roles of glucose transport and glucose phosphorylation in muscle insulin resistance of NIDDM"
5430:
2661:
is produced by most cell types and is of particular importance for nerve cells and pancreatic
14328:
14268:
13774:
13263:
12671:
12644:
12571:
12321:
11718:
10388:"Determination of Glucose in Blood Using Glucose Oxidase with an Alternative Oxygen Acceptor"
9429:"An insulin index of foods: The insulin demand generated by 1000-kJ portions of common foods"
8494:
8464:
8022:
6343:
5699:
5488:
Cellulose products and Cellulose Derivatives: Molecular Characterization and its Applications
5033:
3572:
2877:
2646:
2482:
1972:
1102:
from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. Glucose is used by plants to make
173:
10434:. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. Vol. 162. pp. 277–292.
8134:
5714:
5486:
2759:. Gluconeogenesis allows the organism to build up glucose from other metabolites, including
2393:
compared to other aldohexoses, which means it spends less time than they do in its reactive
13829:
13744:
13632:
13402:
11702:
11545:
11181:
11126:
10118:
9593:
8326:
8101:
7200:
7024:
6571:
5385:
4982:
4740:
has between 20% and 95% glucose in the dry matter. The Japanese form of the glucose syrup,
3674:
3533:. For the increased uptake of glucose in tumors various SGLT and GLUT are overly produced.
2848:
2787:
Glucose metabolism and various forms of it in the process.Glucose-containing compounds and
1926:
1604:
functional groups, the form having the straight chain can easily convert into a chair-like
1310:
1239:
608:
601:
195:
5637:
5617:
4795:(from maize) is used almost exclusively. Some commercial glucose occurs as a component of
1856:
454:
8:
14650:
14236:
14121:
14078:
13487:
12227:
12222:
12076:
11666:
11585:
11522:
11517:
5159:
4932:
4892:
3963:
3725:
3568:
2896:
2642:
2586:
2559:
2386:
2180:
reforms the normal pyranose ring to yield the 4-fold ester α-D-glucofuranose-1,2:3,5-bis(
1593:
1589:
1247:
1001:
310:
293:
10122:
9597:
8330:
8105:
7204:
7028:
6575:
6086:"glucose." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2015. Encyclopedia.com. 17 November 2015
5389:
2566:). Humans do not produce cellulases, chitinases, or trehalases, but the bacteria in the
303:
14655:
14645:
14635:
14496:
14323:
14213:
13879:
11433:
11226:
11031:
11005:"Sweetening pharmaceutical radiochemistry by (18)f-fluoroglycosylation: A short review"
11004:
10743:
10703:
10678:
10586:
10409:
10289:
10198:
10163:
10139:
10106:
9521:
9496:
9331:
9182:
9141:
9086:
9059:
9010:
8968:
8908:
8849:
8778:
8753:
8628:
8603:
8549:
8405:
8347:
8314:
8183:
H. Robert Horton, Laurence A. Moran, K. Gray Scrimgeour, Marc D. Perry, J. David Rawn:
8161:
8136:
7986:
7961:
7937:
7912:
7844:
7650:
7625:
7451:
7426:
6852:
6826:
6774:
6421:
6396:
6168:
6141:
5333:
in oncology and neurology, where it is by far the most commonly used diagnostic agent.
5326:
5306:
5203:
5137:
4962:
4850:
3992:
3830:
3567:. It is used as an energy source in organisms, from bacteria to humans, through either
2232:. Mutarotation is considerably slower at temperatures close to 0 °C (32 °F).
2224:, the four cyclic isomers interconvert over a time scale of hours, in a process called
2213:
2099:
2014:
1922:
1767:
1696:
414:
394:
88:
68:
10774:
8664:
8290:
8271:
6536:
5397:
5072:, while the Cu tartrate complex is reduced to Cu and forms a brick red precipitate (Cu
5028:
When a glucose molecule is to be detected at a certain position in a larger molecule,
3838:, measured as the impact of carbohydrate consumption on the blood insulin levels. The
3555:
3513:
3496:
3483:
14427:
14293:
14208:
13682:
12529:
11611:
11161:
11103:
11081:
11036:
10980:
10959:
10924:
10907:
10853:
10816:
10778:
10708:
10659:
10621:
10551:
10515:
10453:
10443:
10369:
10203:
10185:
10144:
10088:
10067:
9965:
9944:
9913:
9886:
9808:
9782:
9754:
9685:
9675:
9644:
9609:
9526:
9475:
9450:
9410:
9386:
9349:
9323:
9279:
9254:
9232:
9196:
9186:
9133:
9091:
9036:
9002:
8998:
8960:
8900:
8867:
8841:
8783:
8714:
8686:
8633:
8584:
8553:
8541:
8500:
8470:
8409:
8397:
8352:
8295:
8252:
8212:
8188:
8166:
8117:
8072:
8051:
8026:
7991:
7942:
7893:
7858:
7848:
7817:
7774:
7734:
7688:
7655:
7604:
7583:
7528:
7518:
7482:
7456:
7408:
7378:
7319:
7295:
7263:
7238:
7216:
7167:
7141:
7116:
6968:
6947:
6920:
6748:
6704:
6669:
6426:
6268:
6204:
6173:
6068:
6064:
5741:
5675:
5526:
5492:
5436:
5322:
5310:
5255:
5175:
5149:
5108:
4912:
4874:
4731:
4721:
3883:
3819:
3708:. Insulin lowers the glucose level, glucagon increases it. Furthermore, the hormones
3670:
3600:
2835:
2827:
2614:
2474:
1306:
1301:
Since glucose is a basic necessity of many organisms, a correct understanding of its
1118:
995:
10747:
10590:
10413:
10293:
9605:
9335:
9145:
9014:
8972:
8853:
8837:
8810:
8678:
8009:
Smith, Alison M., Zeeman, Samuel C., Smith, Steven M. (2005). "Starch Degradation".
7162:
Manfred Hesse, Herbert Meier, Bernd Zeeh, Stefan Bienz, Laurent Bigler, Thomas Fox:
4869:. Typical chemical reactions of glucose when heated under water-free conditions are
2908:
2697:. Excess glucose is broken down and converted into fatty acids, which are stored as
2329:), so that a balance between these isomers is formed. This reaction proceeds via an
1874:
14625:
14597:
14491:
14333:
14255:
13889:
13687:
12855:
12266:
12255:
11751:
11673:
11291:
11026:
11016:
10951:
10916:
10845:
10812:
10808:
10770:
10735:
10698:
10690:
10651:
10613:
10578:
10543:
10507:
10480:
10435:
10399:
10281:
10193:
10175:
10134:
10126:
9861:
9834:
9667:
9636:
9601:
9516:
9508:
9440:
9319:
9315:
9224:
9178:
9125:
9081:
9071:
8994:
8952:
8912:
8892:
8833:
8773:
8765:
8679:"Chapter 3: Calculation of the Energy Content of Foods – Energy Conversion Factors"
8660:
8623:
8615:
8576:
8533:
8389:
8342:
8334:
8285:
8242:
8156:
8148:
8109:
8018:
7981:
7973:
7932:
7924:
7885:
7840:
7807:
7724:
7645:
7637:
7446:
7438:
7208:
7090:
7059:
7032:
6912:
6696:
6661:
6579:
6416:
6408:
6312:
6260:
6233:
6196:
6163:
6153:
6120:
6060:
6037:
6012:
5771:
5587:
5567:
5393:
5211:
3911:
2860:
2314:
2221:
1691:
1353:
927:
917:
907:
766:
688:
143:
111:
48:
10955:
10547:
9129:
8754:"Pathway alignment: Application to the comparative analysis of glycolytic enzymes"
8685:, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 77, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 2003,
6916:
6700:
6665:
14609:
14474:
14396:
14104:
14083:
13997:
13304:
13250:
13230:
13121:
12593:
12095:
11300:
11270:
11265:
11221:
11194:
10990:
10849:
10439:
10335:
10249:
9907:
9880:
9173:
La Fleur SE, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A (2014). "Neuroscience of glucose homeostasis".
8619:
8537:
8008:
7977:
7108:
6800:
6626:
6094:
5991:
5968:
5945:
5922:
5899:
5876:
5853:
5721:
5706:
5645:
5625:
5356:
5121:
5069:
4706:
4561:
4021:
4000:
pancreas is exposed to persistently high elevations of blood glucose levels, the
3871:
3541:
2888:
2869:
2718:
2678:
2634:
2543:
2414:
2249:
2229:
1803:
1644:
1242: – in 1792, and distinguished as being different from cane sugar (
1183:
1150:
791:
565:
484:
9671:
8580:
6200:
2858:
In other living organisms, other forms of fermentation can occur. The bacterium
2669:
is highly expressed in nerve cells. Glucose from the bloodstream is taken up by
2389:. Glucose's low rate of glycation can be attributed to its having a more stable
14560:
14484:
14479:
14437:
14401:
14196:
14171:
14063:
14053:
14021:
13884:
13854:
13672:
13586:
13527:
13513:
13480:
13291:
13088:
12845:
12822:
12802:
12433:
12417:
12300:
12237:
12186:
11855:
11813:
11577:
11498:
11438:
11420:
11329:
11236:
10694:
10432:
Glycans and Glycosaminoglycans as Clinical Biomarkers and Therapeutics - Part A
10404:
10387:
10270:"Ueber die Nachweisung des Traubenzuckers neben Dextrin und verwandten Körpern"
10130:
10107:"A Glucose-Triptolide Conjugate Selectively Targets Cancer Cells under Hypoxia"
9994:
8896:
8338:
7812:
7795:
7442:
6264:
5410:
Ponomarev VV, Migarskaya LB (1960), "Heats of combustion of some amino-acids",
5207:
5168:
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1822:
1807:
1652:
1581:
1486:
1420:
1168:
1099:
1083:
1010:
636:
InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1
13789:
11709:
10739:
10582:
8247:
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7928:
7729:
7641:
7512:
7036:
6583:
6344:"What is Dextrose, How is It Used, and is It Healthy? - the Nutrition Insider"
6237:
6041:
3684:, the measured values are about 10–15% higher. In addition, the values in the
2919:
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.
1238:. Glucose was discovered in grapes by another German chemist –
42:
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3756:), because the carbohydrates are converted more by their gut microbiota into
3737:
3733:
3693:
3666:
3639:
3635:
2904:
2735:. Glucose is also formed by the breakdown of polymeric forms of glucose like
2494:
2458:
2421:-glucose, is more readily accessible to chemical reactions, for example, for
2398:
2192:
2031:
arrangement), while "β-" means that they are on the same side of the plane (a
2017:, the designation "α-" means that the hydroxyl group attached to C-1 and the
1622:
1409:
1349:
1337:
1190:
808:
747:
10799:
Galant AL, Kaufman RC, Wilson JD (2015). "Glucose: Detection and analysis".
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clockwise as seen looking toward the light source. The effect is due to the
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82:
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World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
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cells, where it is absorbed and stored as glycogen (under the influence of
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2800:
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1309:. This understanding occurred largely as a result of the investigations of
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912:
902:
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11148:
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9454:
9249:
W. A. Scherbaum, B. M. Lobnig, In: Hans-Peter Wolff, Thomas R. Weihrauch:
8401:
8393:
6109:"Comprehensive review on functional and nutraceutical properties of honey"
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blood since glucose is absorbed into the tissue during the passage of the
982:
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14349:
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9228:
8824:
Fairclough SH, Houston K (2004), "A metabolic measure of mental effort",
8276:
6430:
6107:
Aga MB, Sharma V, Dar AH, Dash KK, Singh A, Shams R, et al. (2023).
5459:
5349:
5191:
4977:
4887:
4792:
4726:
3987:
3967:
3935:
3895:
3815:
3772:
3764:
3741:
3661:. Blood sugar levels are regulated by glucose-binding nerve cells in the
3658:
3588:
3580:
2791:
forms are digested and taken up by the body in the intestines, including
2760:
2748:
2674:
2638:
2630:
2602:
2294:
2209:
detectable in solution, it is an essential component of the equilibrium.
2128:
1987:
1660:
1631:
1482:
1381:
1365:
1142:
1134:
11975:
10617:
9912:. Food Science and Technology (3rd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
9885:. Food Science and Technology (3rd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
8438:
8152:
5775:
5572:
3806:
As a result of its importance in human health, glucose is an analyte in
1885:
1847:
1737:
1711:
968:
62:
14447:
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14058:
13924:
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4589:
4074:
Sugar content of selected common plant foods (in grams per 100 g)
4038:
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2840:
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1976:
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1428:
1361:
1164:
975:
716:
496:
466:
445:
14002:
10920:
10655:
10511:
9703:
8769:
8567:
Szablewski L (2013). "Expression of glucose transporters in cancers".
8113:
6223:
5711:
Histoire de l'académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres de Berlin
3665:. In addition, glucose in the brain binds to glucose receptors of the
1776:
1485:
in the US and Japan, from potato and wheat starch in Europe, and from
14506:
14501:
14391:
14379:
14354:
14313:
13941:
13864:
13859:
13811:
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13607:
13574:
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12993:
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11428:
11231:
11189:
11166:
11145:
11134:
11094:
10484:
8803:"Blood Brain Barrier and Cerebral Metabolism (Section 4, Chapter 11)"
8524:
Annibaldi A, Widmann C (2010). "Glucose metabolism in cancer cells".
7094:
7063:
7015:
Takagi S, Jeffrey GA (1979). "1,2-O-isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose".
6944:
Advanced Dairy Chemistry Volume 3: Lactose, water, salts and vitamins
4846:
4838:
4780:
4357:
4001:
3959:
3903:
3879:
3851:
3796:
3768:
3713:
3647:
3624:
3591:
per gram. Breakdown of carbohydrates (e.g., starch) yields mono- and
3584:
2900:
2783:
2662:
2633:
and is stored there as a cellular glycogen. In the liver cell, it is
2622:
2551:
2450:
2382:
2253:
2058:
1668:
1648:
1470:
1451:
1357:
1305:
makeup and structure contributed greatly to a general advancement in
1211:
1199:
1153:
1107:
1103:
10320:Über alkalische Wismuthlösung als Reagens auf Traubenzucker im Harne
10269:
6511:"The difference between dextrose anhydrous and dextrose monohydrate"
6125:
6108:
5759:
4829:
2605:
side of the intestinal epithelial cells via the glucose transporter
2301:-glucose has a specific rotation angle of +112.2° mL/(dm·g), pure β-
2282:(which was so labelled because it is dextrorotatory). The fact that
1009:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
14364:
13946:
13824:
13764:
13532:
13390:
13351:
13336:
13309:
13258:
13192:
13065:
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12761:
12756:
12486:
12382:
12311:
11561:
11310:
11277:
11252:
11217:
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11171:
9177:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 126. pp. 341–351.
5153:
4026:
3996:
3983:
3927:
3923:
3745:
3705:
3701:
2796:
2740:
2736:
2694:
2686:
2626:
2470:
2401:(with the exception of the hydroxy group on the anomeric carbon of
2322:
2265:
1964:
1960:
1806:) unbranched backbone of six carbon atoms, where C-1 is part of an
1770:(2) Haworth projection (3) chair conformation (4) Mills projection
1664:
1640:
1597:
1474:
1446:-glucose, also known as dextrose, occurs widely in nature, but the
1385:
1302:
1160:
1138:
1122:
1069:
941:
526:
9905:
9878:
8272:"Glucose and gluconic acid oxidation of Pseudomonas saccharophila"
7913:"Physiology of renal glucose handling via SGLT1, SGLT2, and GLUT2"
7839:. Advances in Clinical Chemistry. Vol. 66. pp. 173–240.
7837:
Cellular regulation of glucose uptake by glucose transporter GLUT4
5664:
5662:
3886:. Among them, all other monosaccharides such as fructose (via the
355:
343:
14511:
14422:
14068:
14036:
13967:
13894:
13844:
13784:
13759:
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13013:
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12883:
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12030:
11631:
11566:
11532:
11357:
11204:
10105:
Datan E, Minn I, Peng X, He QL, Ahn H, Yu B, et al. (2020).
8807:
Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences
8372:
5199:
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2330:
2318:
1466:
1462:
1389:
1377:
1243:
1130:
1126:
737:
552:
5047:
reporter enzyme conjugate, which binds only glucose or mannose.
14469:
14457:
13929:
13874:
13547:
13422:
13417:
13407:
13384:
13361:
13329:
13116:
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12787:
12777:
12751:
12746:
12688:
12546:
12287:
11443:
10760:
9666:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 581. pp. 61–77.
7049:
5659:
5350:
Nomenclature of Carbohydrates (Recommendations 1996) | 2-Carb-2
5251:
5096:
5037:
4862:
4842:
4833:
Relative sweetness of various sugars in comparison with sucrose
4776:
4772:
4699:
4447:
4188:
3859:
3788:
3749:
3685:
2911:
glucose for subsequent breakdown in later steps of glycolysis.
2792:
2788:
2702:
2690:
2618:
2523:
2490:
2454:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2217:
2138:
In the solid state, only the glucopyranose forms are observed.
2116:-glucose similarly gives rise to four distinct cyclic forms of
2069:
1930:
1814:
1656:
1601:
1592:(acyclic) as well as ring (cyclic) form—due to the presence of
1478:
1439:
1416:
1405:
1322:
1231:
1091:
1075:
1063:
425:
9582:
6601:"What is the difference between anhydrous glucose and glucose"
6087:
3902:. Glucose is used in some bacteria as a building block in the
13914:
13849:
13739:
13664:
13503:
13008:
12811:
8865:
8683:
Food energy – methods of analysis and conversion factors
7077:
Chandran SK, Nangia A (2006). "Modulated crystal structure (Z
4858:
4764:
4760:
4710:
4648:
4504:
4301:
4245:
4216:
4132:
4032:
Individuals with diabetes or other conditions that result in
3986:
is a metabolic disorder where the body is unable to regulate
3863:
3780:
3753:
3748:, the blood glucose concentration is lower (60 mg/dL in
3631:
3620:
3537:
3525:
2706:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2606:
2486:
2446:
2374:
1995:
1991:
1635:
1494:
1255:
1205:
1193:
1095:
1055:
576:
405:
328:
152:
123:
10941:
8091:
7626:"Glucose transporters: Physiological and pathological roles"
7431:
American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
7262:(5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
6907:
Schenck FW (2006). "Glucose and Glucose-Containing Syrups".
5239:
5050:
4053:
2903:
group prevents glucose 6-phosphate from easily crossing the
2385:—impairs or destroys the function of many proteins, e.g. in
2293:
The conversion between the two anomers can be observed in a
1967:
forms exist in negligible amounts. The terms "glucose" and "
12582:
12503:(Pompe's disease, glucosidase deficiency, formerly GSD-IIa)
6651:
4784:
4749:
4418:
4385:
4329:
3689:
3651:
3511:
The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways:
2907:. Furthermore, addition of the high-energy phosphate group
2654:, whereupon glucose can no longer diffuse out of the cell.
2510:
2506:
1477:, etc. Dextrose is commonly commercially manufactured from
1218:
517:
158:
129:
12134:
10242:Über ammon-alkalische Silberlösung als Reagens auf Aldehyd
9661:
8751:
5371:
5369:
3799:, glucose is used to power reactions that synthesize some
2413:-aldohexose that has all five hydroxy substituents in the
2025:
group at C-5 lies on opposite sides of the ring's plane (a
1963:
forms. The open-chain form is limited to about 0.25%, and
13982:
8752:
Dandekar T, Schuster S, Snel B, Huynen M, Bork P (1999).
7081:= 2) of α-d-glucofuranose-1,2:3,5-bis(p-tolyl)boronate".
5558:
3800:
3642:, psychological processes requiring mental effort (e.g.,
1794:
Glucose can exist in both a straight-chain and ring form.
1250:
in 1838, which has prevailed in the chemical literature.
146:
117:
12614:(von Gierke's disease, glucose 6-phosphatase deficiency)
12459:(Hers' disease, liver glycogen phosphorylase deficiency)
12299:
10983:
Anlagen zum Positionspapier der Fachgruppe Nuklearchemie
9385:. 5th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011,
8526:
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
6193:
Therapeutic Applications of Honey and its Phytochemicals
5576:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
5095:
to the sample solution, glucose reduces Ag to elemental
3630:
Glucose and oxygen supply almost all the energy for the
1376:
Glucose forms white or colorless solids that are highly
1121:, glucose is the most important source of energy in all
1106:—the most abundant carbohydrate in the world—for use in
10833:
10162:
Goodwin ML, Gladden LB, Nijsten MW (3 September 2020).
9466:
9464:
8569:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer
7765:
7763:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7574:
7572:
7517:(2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories Press.
7510:
7369:
7367:
7365:
5366:
5236:
determination in the course of the production of wine.
3878:
for the synthesis of other important molecules such as
2041:-glucose gives rise to four distinct cyclic isomers: α-
1986:
The reaction between C-1 and C-5 yields a six-membered
1490:
1180:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
756:-Glucose: 146 °C (295 °F; 419 K) β-
10642:
Borisov SM, Wolfbeis OS (2008). "Optical biosensors".
10603:
10470:
9572:– via Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
9214:
9172:
5321:
Glucose uptake in cells of organisms is measured with
3942:. Finally, glucose is used as a building block in the
3627:
that would otherwise have to be generated indirectly.
2256:
of the molecules, and indeed the mirror-image isomer,
1947:
In solutions, the open-chain form of glucose (either "
1802:
form, the glucose molecule has an open (as opposed to
14581:
10498:
Wang J (2008). "Electrochemical glucose biosensors".
10161:
8601:
4070:
plants in China, and straws from rice in California.
2445:, which are components of the cell wall in plants or
2120:-glucose, each the mirror image of the corresponding
161:
155:
132:
126:
12683:
Fatal congenital nonlysosomal cardiac glycogenosis (
10904:
10019:. US Food and Drug Administration. 5 November 2014.
9461:
9350:"Diagnosing Diabetes and Learning About Prediabetes"
8061:
7760:
7666:
7569:
7362:
7294:(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
7052:
Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions
6627:"Anhydrous vs. Monohydrate - What's the Difference?"
6561:
3854:, and glycogen ("animal starch") are common glucose
2497:
and is essential for the function of many proteins.
1348:
was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with
149:
120:
10798:
9906:BeMiller, James N., Whistler, Roy L., eds. (2009).
9401:
9399:
9057:
8984:
7910:
7164:
Spektroskopische Methoden in der organischen Chemie
6139:
5531:
Biology Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online
5409:
5055:These reactions have only historical significance:
4787:are all used in various parts of the world. In the
2493:-regulated addition of sugars to protein is called
2485:) are probably due to the glycation of proteins or
2327:
Lobry de Bruyn–Alberda–Van Ekenstein transformation
1371:
1279:-nomenclature) was later abandoned in favor of the
505:
114:
10872:Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology
10429:
10064:Beckett's Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use
9149:
8932:
8738:, 30. Auflage. Springer Verlag, 2007, p. 907
8187:. Pearson Studium; 4. aktualisierte Auflage 2008;
5460:"NCATS Inxight Drugs — DEXTROSE, UNSPECIFIED FORM"
5206:solution turns the solution blue. A solution with
12558:(Tarui's disease, phosphofructokinase deficiency)
12408:(Andersen's disease, branching enzyme deficiency)
10568:
10017:"High Fructose Corn Syrup: Questions and Answers"
9824:
9696:
8823:
7959:
6226:Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism
6190:
5870:"Hans von Euler-Chelpin - Facts - NobelPrize.org"
5760:"On Fischer's Classification of Stereo-Isomers.1"
3615:and water, yielding energy mostly in the form of
2843:). With a high supply of glucose, the metabolite
2705:, glucose in the urine is absorbed via SGLT1 and
2577:. In the small intestine (more precisely, in the
2441:are energy reserve substances, and cellulose and
373:
14617:
12465:(McArdle's disease, myophosphorylase deficiency)
11607:
10533:
9426:
9396:
8650:
8523:
8306:
7710:"GLUT2, glucose sensing and glucose homeostasis"
7551:"Showing Compound D-Glucose (FDB012530) - FooDB"
7399:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7391:
6963:Benjamin Caballero, Paul Finglas, Fidel Toldrá:
6106:
5491:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 1.
5261:
5222:
4759:Many crops can be used as the source of starch.
4698:Glucose is produced industrially from starch by
3771:, which is then utilized as an energy source by
3688:blood are higher than the concentrations in the
1608:ring structure commonly found in carbohydrates.
1141:. Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as
760:-Glucose: 150 °C (302 °F; 423 K)
564:
12453:(Cori's disease, debranching enzyme deficiency)
11002:
10676:
10641:
10360:
10358:
10356:
10354:
10352:
10350:
10348:
10346:
10344:
10104:
10087:. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013,
9751:Food Processing Technology. Woodhead Publishing
8269:
7623:
6370:"Dextrose vs. Glucose: Are These Sugars Equal?"
6027:
5428:
5329:. (F)fluorodeoxyglucose is used as a tracer in
5293:Glucose can be quantified by copper iodometry.
3775:; some glucose is used by intestinal cells and
3399:
2937:
2037:arrangement). Therefore, the open-chain isomer
1336:For the discovery of the metabolism of glucose
957:
309:
302:
10255:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
9779:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
9769:
9767:
9497:"Pancreatic Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis"
9472:Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.
9377:
9375:
8496:Medical Biochemistry at a Glance @Google books
8466:Medical Biochemistry at a Glance @Google books
8069:Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.
7966:Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension
7771:Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.
7685:Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.
7580:Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.
7375:Löffler/Petrides Biochemie und Pathobiochemie.
7135:
7076:
6957:
6909:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
5429:Domb AJ, Kost J, Wiseman D (4 February 1998).
5270:
5217:
1813:. Therefore, glucose is also classified as an
1412:of 12.16 at 25 °C (77 °F) in water.
14641:World Health Organization essential medicines
13488:
12716:
12163:
11593:
11479:
11066:
10725:
10214:
9494:
8042:
8040:
7388:
7014:
6394:
6054:
5740:Springer Science & Business Media, 2012,
5375:
3505:
1611:
1182:. It is also on the list in combination with
1145:. The naturally occurring form of glucose is
200:PINs are not identified for natural products.
12635:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
10425:
10423:
10341:
10258:(1882), volume 15, p. 1635–1639 (in German).
10230:(1848), volume 7, p. 64–73 (in German).
9993:, Corvallis, OR. 23 May 2012. Archived from
9626:
9295:
9053:
9051:
9049:
8312:
6986:"16.4: Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides"
6686:
6253:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
6250:
5616:Thénard, Gay-Lussac, Biot, and Dumas (1838)
1555:Anhydrous dextrose has the chemical formula
1114:(ATP), which is used by the cell as energy.
14309:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
13502:
12651:6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency
11080:
10864:
10637:
10635:
10326:. Volume 8, Issue 3, 1884, p. 175–185
10222:Quantitative Bestimmung des Zuckers im Harn
9879:James N. BeMiller, Roy L. Whistler (2009).
9764:
9745:
9743:
9741:
9739:
9737:
9735:
9733:
9731:
9729:
9372:
8604:"Glucose transporters in cancer metabolism"
8048:Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Resistance.
7190:
7166:. 8th revised Edition. Georg Thieme, 2011,
6313:"Dextrose: Why is it in food and medicine?"
5916:"Bernardo Houssay - Facts - NobelPrize.org"
5422:
5136:As a reducing sugar, glucose reacts in the
2581:), glucose is taken up into the intestinal
2317:or other dilute bases, the monosaccharides
2141:Some derivatives of glucofuranose, such as
1258:
1222:is a chemical classifier denoting a sugar.
13495:
13481:
12730:
12723:
12709:
12170:
12156:
11600:
11586:
11486:
11472:
11073:
11059:
10794:
10792:
10683:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
9799:
9797:
9795:
9433:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
9107:
9105:
8566:
8499:, Blackwell Publishing, 2006, p. 50,
8469:, Blackwell Publishing, 2006, p. 52,
8037:
7793:
7593:
7340:"Chemistry for Biologists: Photosynthesis"
7253:
7251:
7227:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7180:
7115:(2nd ed.), Brooks/Cole, p. 866,
6902:
6900:
6723:"Diabetes & Prediabetes Tests - NIDDK"
6388:
5296:
4016:
2847:from the Krebs cycle can also be used for
2355:and some biochemical reactions of glucose
2336:
2248:, meaning it will rotate the direction of
1415:With six carbon atoms, it is classed as a
1392:. They melt at 146 °C (295 °F) (
453:
12583:Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency
11030:
11020:
10702:
10420:
10403:
10197:
10179:
10138:
10085:Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry
9954:
9805:Handbook of Amylases and Related Enzymes.
9520:
9444:
9309:
9111:
9085:
9075:
9058:Koekkoek LL, Mul JD, La Fleur SE (2017).
9046:
9027:
9025:
9023:
8946:
8886:
8777:
8627:
8602:Adekola K, Rosen ST, Shanmugam M (2012).
8346:
8313:Ammar EM, Wang X, Rao CV (January 2018).
8289:
8246:
8160:
7985:
7936:
7811:
7728:
7649:
7450:
7424:
6470:
6420:
6167:
6157:
6146:Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
6124:
5571:
5554:
5552:
5240:Photometric enzymatic methods in solution
5051:Classical qualitative detection reactions
4802:
2343:
1313:, a German chemist who received the 1902
1267:-fructose) (a ketohexose) and l-glucose (
607:
600:
12252:Inborn errors of renal tubular transport
10632:
10261:
10056:
10009:
9726:
8703:
8023:10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144257
7875:
7334:
7332:
7289:
7158:
7156:
7070:
7043:
7008:
6689:Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy
6397:"Letter: Glucose is dextrose is glucose"
6140:Bobiş O, Dezmirean DS, Moise AR (2018).
6001:
5893:"Arthur Harden - Facts - NobelPrize.org"
5847:"Otto Meyerhof - Facts - NobelPrize.org"
5764:Journal of the American Chemical Society
5757:
5751:
5279:
4828:
4693:
4052:
4020:
3736:, values below 40 mg/dL are termed
3554:
2782:
2601:(SGLT1). Further transfer occurs on the
2191:
1789:
1774:
1702:
1621:
1505:same molecule, specifically D-glucose.
1125:. Glucose for metabolism is stored as a
664:-glucopyranose: C(1((((O1)O)O)O)O)O
254:)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
10789:
10385:
10267:
9845:
9818:
9803:The Amylase Research Society of Japan:
9792:
9268:
9102:
8211:Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2013,
8203:
8201:
7707:
7481:, American Diabetes Association, 2010,
7285:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7257:
7248:
7177:
7107:
6906:
6897:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6440:
5828:Fraser-Reid B, "van't Hoff's Glucose",
5827:
5730:
5454:
5452:
5030:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
2469:Many of the long-term complications of
1955:-") exists in equilibrium with several
1588:. The glucose molecule can exist in an
1457:, does not. Glucose can be obtained by
1082:. Glucose is overall the most abundant
772:909 g/L (25 °C (77 °F))
542:
14:
14618:
10164:"Lactate-Protected Hypoglycemia (LPH)"
9851:
9381:Richard A. Harvey, Denise R. Ferrier:
9060:"Glucose-Sensing in the Reward System"
9020:
8368:
8366:
8231:"Hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism"
8177:
8094:Environmental Science & Technology
7960:Poulsen SB, Fenton RA, Rieg T (2015).
7834:
6654:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
6376:from the original on 29 September 2023
6338:
6336:
6334:
6055:Yebra-Biurrun M (2005), "Sweeteners",
5985:"Luis Leloir - Facts - NobelPrize.org"
5688:from the original on 23 February 2018.
5656:(1) ... (1) γλευχος, must, sweet wine.
5549:
5484:
5303:high performance liquid chromatography
3918:produce all nonessential amino acids,
2778:
1630:Glucose is present in solid form as a
1534:. Dextrose monohydrate is also called
1110:, and by all living organisms to make
885:2,805 kJ/mol (670 kcal/mol)
13476:
12704:
12151:
11581:
11467:
11054:
10970:
10886:from the original on 9 September 2018
10324:Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie
10077:
9495:Röder PV, Wu B, Liu Y, Han W (2016).
9427:Holt SH, Miller JC, Petocz P (1997).
9298:British Journal of Biomedical Science
8513:from the original on 23 February 2018
8483:from the original on 23 February 2018
8228:
7911:Ghezzi C, Loo DDF, Wright EM (2018).
7539:from the original on 6 December 2016.
7504:
7329:
7153:
6938:
6936:
6885:from the original on 21 December 2023
6871:
6807:from the original on 15 December 2023
6729:from the original on 16 December 2023
6595:
6593:
6350:from the original on 14 February 2024
6319:from the original on 13 February 2024
5962:"Gerty Cori - Facts - NobelPrize.org"
5810:from the original on 3 September 2009
5782:from the original on 17 December 2019
5738:Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry.
5674:. Academic Press. 2015. p. 239.
5598:from the original on 26 November 2016
5566:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
5466:from the original on 11 December 2023
4873:and, in presence of amino acids, the
3482:|alt=Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
1821:. The aldehyde group makes glucose a
1461:of carbohydrates such as milk sugar (
1342:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1254:proposed the term dextrose (from the
673:-glucopyranose: OC1OC(O)(O)(O)1O
639:Key: WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N
433:
413:
12562:Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency
12509:(LAMP2 deficiency, formerly GSD-IIb)
10497:
10023:from the original on 25 January 2018
9714:from the original on 3 December 2019
9564:from the original on 30 January 2017
8445:from the original on 5 December 2023
8198:
8137:"Liver glucose metabolism in humans"
7748:from the original on 2 December 2023
7557:from the original on 6 December 2022
7276:
6755:from the original on 2 December 2023
6529:
6496:
6437:
5939:"Carl Cori - Facts - NobelPrize.org"
5521:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5449:
5412:Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.)
3595:, most of which is glucose. Through
2767:, while consuming energy. The renal
2593:mechanism called sodium ion-glucose
2394:
2240:Whether in water or the solid form,
1825:giving a positive reaction with the
926:
916:
906:
12576:Phosphoglucose isomerase deficiency
12477:(PGM1-CDG, CDG1T, formerly GSD-XIV)
10227:Archiv für physiologische Heilkunde
8922:from the original on 18 August 2017
8363:
7543:
6331:
5316:
5309:are often used in combination with
5288:
5214:destains when boiled with glucose.
4824:
3962:and other substances (catalyzed by
3744:of blood glucose concentration. In
3657:The glucose in the blood is called
2629:. Glucose enters the liver via the
2235:
555:
525:
24:
12607:Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency
12579:Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency
10677:Ferri S, Kojima K, Sode K (2011).
10274:Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie
9409:. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014,
9251:Internistische Therapie 2006, 2007
9183:10.1016/B978-0-444-53480-4.00026-6
8050:Bentham Science Publishers, 2011,
7845:10.1016/B978-0-12-801401-1.00006-2
7350:from the original on 4 August 2016
6996:from the original on 17 April 2023
6933:
6859:from the original on 18 March 2024
6833:from the original on 18 March 2024
6781:from the original on 18 March 2024
6633:from the original on 18 March 2024
6607:from the original on 18 March 2024
6590:
6543:from the original on 18 March 2024
6517:from the original on 18 March 2024
6484:from the original on 24 March 2023
6057:Encyclopedia of Analytical Science
5432:Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers
5174:. Glucose forms a black mass with
5131:
3966:) and can be cleaved from them by
3914:to fructose. In addition, glucose
3599:and later in the reactions of the
3395:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
2933:
2360:
2063:
1785:
953:
25:
14667:
14418:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
13514:List of sugars and sugar products
12471:(phosphorylase kinase deficiency)
10874:in Golm Database (19 July 2007).
10300:from the original on 29 July 2020
9360:from the original on 28 July 2017
8419:from the original on 6 March 2017
6452:"Prakash Chemicals International"
5512:
3677:do not lower blood sugar levels.
3634:, so its availability influences
3514:"GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534"
2390:
1396:) and 150 °C (302 °F) (
1246:). Glucose is the term coined by
1189:The name glucose is derived from
27:Naturally produced monosaccharide
14603:
14591:
14566:
14565:
14556:
14555:
13457:
13456:
12501:Glycogen storage disease type II
12133:
12110:
12085:
12050:
12014:
11991:
11974:
11943:
11918:
11884:
11854:
11831:
11812:
11786:
11769:
11750:
11733:
11708:
11691:
11672:
11655:
11630:
10996:
10935:
10898:
10827:
10754:
10719:
10670:
10597:
10562:
10527:
10491:
10464:
10379:
10312:
10233:
10155:
10098:
10035:
9975:
9933:
9909:Starch: Chemistry and Technology
9899:
9882:Starch: Chemistry and Technology
9872:
9781:, 7th Edition, Wiley-VCH, 2011.
9655:
9620:
9576:
9546:
9537:
9488:
9420:
9342:
9289:
9253:. 16th Edition. Elsevier, 2006,
9243:
9208:
9166:
9033:Glucose Metabolism in the Brain.
8999:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02077.x
8978:
8926:
8859:
8817:
8800:
8794:
8745:
8728:
8699:from the original on 24 May 2010
8671:
8644:
8595:
8560:
8517:
8487:
7624:Navale AM, Paranjape AN (2016).
7407:Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014,
7017:Acta Crystallographica Section B
6478:"API | glucose monohydrate"
6458:from the original on 6 June 2023
6293:from the original on 29 May 2022
5998:. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.
5975:. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.
5952:. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.
5929:. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.
5906:. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.
5883:. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.
5860:. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.
5537:from the original on 25 May 2022
4680:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
3563:Glucose is a ubiquitous fuel in
3550:
3495:Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
2868:. With Glucose, a mechanism for
2308:
2089:
2080:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1775:
1748:
1736:
1722:
1710:
1703:
1372:Chemical and physical properties
1230:Glucose was first isolated from
1017:
879:Heat of combustion, higher value
700:
230:)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal
142:
110:
81:
61:
41:
12602:Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency
12412:Adult polyglucosan body disease
12247:Glucose-galactose malabsorption
10977:Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker
10392:Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
10368:. John Wiley & Sons, 2012,
10066:. John Wiley & Sons, 2017,
9943:(1999). "Mizuame", p. 510
9606:10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.11.012
9554:"Carbohydrates and Blood Sugar"
9175:Diabetes and the Nervous System
8838:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2003.10.001
8457:
8431:
8263:
8222:
8128:
8085:
8002:
7953:
7904:
7869:
7828:
7796:"The GLUT4 glucose transporter"
7787:
7701:
7617:
7467:
7418:
7308:
7129:
7101:
6978:
6965:Encyclopedia of Food and Health
6845:
6819:
6793:
6767:
6741:
6715:
6680:
6645:
6619:
6555:
6362:
6305:
6279:
6244:
6217:
6184:
6133:
6100:
6080:
6048:
6021:
5978:
5955:
5932:
5909:
5886:
5863:
5840:
5821:
5794:
5692:
5671:Encyclopedia of Food and Health
5610:
5102:
5088:, after addition of ammoniacal
5079:
5058:
2712:
2645:, which cannot leave the cell.
2514:happens in part already during
2290:-aldohexoses are levorotatory.
2187:
1832:
1427:-Glucose is one of the sixteen
1013:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
12402:(glycogen synthase deficiency)
11003:Maschauer S, Prante O (2014).
10813:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.071
9320:10.1080/09674845.2012.12002443
8270:Entner N, Doudoroff M (1952).
7318:, Worth Publishers Inc. 1972,
6065:10.1016/b0-12-369397-7/00610-5
6059:, Elsevier, pp. 562–572,
5580:
5478:
5403:
5343:
5143:
3988:levels of glucose in the blood
2599:sodium/glucose cotransporter 1
1234:in 1747 by the German chemist
706:
694:
13:
1:
12475:Phosphoglucomutase deficiency
11009:BioMed Research International
10956:10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.052
10775:10.1016/S0956-5663(99)00073-1
10763:Biosensors and Bioelectronics
10548:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.04.023
9354:American Diabetes Association
9130:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.016
8713:John Wiley & Sons, 2012,
8665:10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00046-3
8291:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52415-2
7136:Juaristi E, Cuevas G (1995),
6917:10.1002/14356007.a12_457.pub2
6701:10.1080/03639045.2017.1414231
6666:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.12.042
6564:Russian Agricultural Sciences
6395:Baron DN, McIntyre N (1976).
5588:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
5398:10.1016/S0021-9614(05)80128-4
5336:
5262:Photometric test-strip method
5223:Refractometry and polarimetry
3779:, while the rest reaches the
3763:Some glucose is converted to
2613:, kidney cells, cells of the
2575:major facilitator superfamily
1937:-glucopyranose (top row) and
12685:AMP-activated protein kinase
10850:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.09.095
10440:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.01.004
9985:. Learning, Food Resources.
9962:The Oxford Companion to Food
9629:Chemistry & Biodiversity
8935:Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev.
8620:10.1097/CCO.0b013e328356da72
8538:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833a5577
7978:10.1097/MNH.0000000000000152
7962:"Sodium-glucose cotransport"
7140:, CRC Press, pp. 9–10,
6946:, Springer, 1992. Volume 3,
6011:, volume 10, pages 502–515.
5331:positron emission tomography
5198:during boiling. An alkaline
4756:contains about 20% glucose.
3973:
3845:
2693:is expressed exclusively in
2429:formation. For this reason,
2112:The other open-chain isomer
2102:of α- (left) and β- (right)
1929:structures of the α- and β-
1747:
1735:
1721:
1709:
1673:glass transition temperature
1319:Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
1212:
1200:
1090:. Glucose is mainly made by
7:
11541:Uridine diphosphate glucose
10837:Journal of Chromatography A
9672:10.1007/978-1-60761-214-8_5
8608:Current Opinion in Oncology
8581:10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.12.004
6775:"D-(+)-glucose monohydrate"
6201:10.1007/978-981-15-7305-7_9
6088:http://www.encyclopedia.com
5271:Amperometric glucose sensor
5218:Instrumental quantification
5023:
3978:
3650:occurs below 1 mM and
1941:-glucofuranose (bottom row)
1163:group, and is therefore an
10:
14672:
14304:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
14284:Demerara rebellion of 1823
14264:1811 German Coast uprising
13870:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
12647:(Transketolase deficiency)
12567:Pyruvate kinase deficiency
11865:Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
11846:Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
11807:Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
11781:Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
10695:10.1177/193229681100500507
10405:10.1177/000456326900600108
10376:, p. 102 (in German).
10131:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101536
10044:Mexican Coke a hit in U.S.
9112:Tucker RM, Tan SY (2017).
8897:10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.325
8339:10.1038/s41598-017-18704-0
7813:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.03.006
7794:Huang S, Czech MP (2007).
7514:Essentials of Glycobiology
7443:10.1152/ajpendo.90563.2008
7316:Biochemistry, 6th printing
6265:10.1016/j.jada.2006.05.003
5435:. CRC Press. p. 275.
5246:Glucose oxidation reaction
5243:
5147:
5111:, a solution of dissolved
4883:Clostridium thermoaceticum
4806:
4048:
2810:
2771:can also produce glucose.
2731:, glucose is a product of
2716:
2591:secondary active transport
2417:position in the form of β-
2214:thermodynamically unstable
1615:
1612:Structure and nomenclature
1225:
1206:
1194:
1176:intravenous sugar solution
14551:
14520:
14410:
14342:
14254:
14224:
14092:
14029:
14020:
13960:
13798:
13663:
13656:
13595:
13520:
13511:
13452:
13290:
13247:
13229:
13201:
13143:
13136:
13104:
13076:
12969:
12904:
12866:
12833:
12810:
12801:
12770:
12739:
12659:
12627:Pentose phosphate pathway
12625:
12592:
12537:
12524:
12484:
12441:
12432:
12390:
12377:
12335:
12309:
12286:
12236:
12212:
12200:
12193:glycogen storage diseases
11745:Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
11618:
11554:
11531:
11508:
11419:
11401:
11379:
11356:
11299:
11290:
11250:
11237:Methylthioninium chloride
11203:
11182:Liver functional capacity
11180:
11144:
11125:
11102:
11093:
10740:10.1007/s00604-008-0947-8
10583:10.1007/s00604-009-0260-1
10473:Analytical Communications
10334:23 September 2015 at the
10168:Frontiers in Neuroscience
9278:. Springer-Verlag, 2013,
9118:Physiology & Behavior
9064:Frontiers in Neuroscience
8248:10.1007/s00125-016-3940-5
8209:Strickberger's Evolution.
7929:10.1007/s00125-018-4656-5
7730:10.1007/s00125-014-3451-1
7642:10.1007/s12551-015-0186-2
7037:10.1107/S0567740879006968
6967:. Academic Press (2016).
6584:10.3103/S1068367420010048
6238:10.1007/s12349-009-0051-6
6042:10.1016/j.tet.2004.08.046
5560:World Health Organization
4973:Lactobacillus delbrueckii
4642:
4412:
4126:
4025:Glucose, 5% solution for
3605:oxidative phosphorylation
2824:oxidative decarboxylation
2817:Pentose phosphate pathway
2500:
1761:
1695:
1682:Forms and projections of
1681:
1465:), cane sugar (sucrose),
1007:
935:
889:
801:
681:
648:
623:
286:
267:
206:
194:
172:
100:
80:
60:
40:
13730:High-fructose corn syrup
12783:Cyclohexane conformation
12640:Transaldolase deficiency
10880:Golm Metabolome Database
10248:19 February 2022 at the
10181:10.3389/fnins.2020.00920
9941:Oxford Companion to Food
9866:10.1002/star.19820341005
9839:10.1002/star.19730250906
9217:Comprehensive Physiology
9077:10.3389/fnins.2017.00716
8957:10.1177/1088868307303030
8736:Physiologie des Menschen
7290:Voet D, Voet JG (2011).
7213:10.1126/science.12192669
5898:3 September 2018 at the
5875:3 September 2018 at the
5013:Gluconobacter suboxydans
4993:Propionibacter shermanii
4953:Gluconobacter suboxydans
4819:high-fructose corn syrup
4010:Blood glucose monitoring
3810:that are common medical
2866:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
2657:The glucose transporter
2522:, which is contained in
1544:high-fructose corn syrup
1315:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
14279:Colonial molasses trade
13735:High-maltose corn syrup
13276:Isomaltooligosaccharide
12425:(glycogenin deficiency)
12273:Fanconi-Bickel syndrome
12183:carbohydrate metabolism
11985:Phosphoglycerate mutase
11929:Phosphoglycerate kinase
11910:1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
11502:metabolic intermediates
10981:wayback=20100331071121
10876:"Glucose mass spectrum"
9991:Oregon State University
9474:Springer-Verlag, 2014,
8758:The Biochemical Journal
8071:Springer-Verlag, 2014,
7773:Springer-Verlag, 2014,
7687:Springer-Verlag, 2014,
7603:Springer-Verlag, 2013,
7601:Medizinische Biochemie.
7582:Springer-Verlag, 2014,
7427:"Four grams of glucose"
7385:, p. 195. (German)
7377:Springer-Verlag, 2014,
7245:, p. 531. (German)
7237:Springer-Verlag, 2017,
6413:10.1136/bmj.2.6026.41-c
6401:British Medical Journal
5720:27 October 2014 at the
5644:6 December 2015 at the
5624:6 December 2015 at the
5297:Chromatographic methods
4943:Pseudomonas fluorescens
4845:and to create a softer
4017:Hypoglycemia management
4002:insulin-producing cells
3758:short-chain fatty acids
2216:, and it spontaneously
2212:The open-chain form is
1840:Cyclic forms of glucose
1686:-glucose in comparison
1626:Mutarotation of glucose
1419:, a subcategory of the
1252:Friedrich August Kekulé
779:Magnetic susceptibility
177:Allowed trivial names:
14539:Pure, White and Deadly
14319:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
14225:By region (historical)
13270:Galactooligosaccharide
12262:Fructose malabsorption
11381:Fertility disturbances
11227:Cation exchange resins
9641:10.1002/cbdv.201300155
9446:10.1093/ajcn/66.5.1264
9276:Medizinische Biochemie
9035:Academic Press, 2002,
8875:J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.
8195:; p. 490–496. (German)
7890:10.1006/geno.2002.7010
6749:"Dextrose Monohydrate"
5355:27 August 2023 at the
5158:Upon heating a dilute
5016:for the production of
5006:for the production of
5003:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
4996:for the production of
4986:for the production of
4976:for the production of
4966:for the production of
4956:for the production of
4946:for the production of
4936:for the production of
4916:for the production of
4906:for the production of
4896:for the production of
4834:
4803:Conversion to fructose
4716:Bacillus licheniformis
4066:in Rome, the roots of
4058:
4029:
3730:glucose autoregulation
3617:adenosine triphosphate
3560:
3476:
3014:
2808:
2641:at position 6 to form
2609:, as well uptake into
2365:
2344:Biochemical properties
2201:
2073:
2053:-glucofuranose, and β-
1795:
1766:-Glucopyranose in (1)
1627:
1584:, and is therefore an
1572:glucose tolerance test
1384:but poorly soluble in
1346:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1259:
1216:) 'sweet'. The suffix
1129:, in plants mainly as
1112:adenosine triphosphate
964:
785:−101.5×10 cm/mol
14329:Taiwan Sugar Railways
14269:Amelioration Act 1798
13264:Fructooligosaccharide
12672:Primary hyperoxaluria
12572:Aldolase A deficiency
12322:Essential fructosuria
12189:metabolism disorders
11761:Fructose-bisphosphate
11719:Phosphofructokinase-1
11453:Phenolsulfonphthalein
10989:31 March 2010 at the
8394:10.2337/diab.45.7.915
8011:Annu. Rev. Plant Biol
7425:Wasserman DH (2009).
7314:Albert L. Lehninger,
6093:26 April 2009 at the
6017:10.3390/catal10050502
5280:Other sensory methods
5232:, for example in the
5034:X-ray crystallography
4832:
4694:Commercial production
4056:
4024:
3752:and 40 mg/dL in
3675:Artificial sweeteners
3573:anaerobic respiration
3558:
3475:
3013:
2878:catabolite repression
2786:
2647:Glucose 6-phosphatase
2483:peripheral neuropathy
2405:-glucose) are in the
2364:
2351:Metabolism of common
2195:
2067:
1973:nucleophilic addition
1793:
1625:
1204:) 'wine, must', from
963:
845:209.2 J/(K·mol)
821:218.6 J/(K·mol)
354:-glucopyranose:
342:-glucopyranose:
208:Systematic IUPAC name
14008:Unrefined sweeteners
13830:Crystalline fructose
13745:Inverted sugar syrup
12327:Fructose intolerance
12223:Congenital alactasia
11703:Fructose 6-phosphate
11546:Uridine triphosphate
10606:Analytical Chemistry
9987:food.oregonstate.edu
9964:. OUP Oxford, 2014,
9558:The Nutrition Source
9229:10.1002/cphy.c140009
8813:on 17 November 2016.
7695:, p. 199, 200.
7174:, p. 34 (in German).
6990:Chemistry LibreTexts
6879:"Glucose (Dextrose)"
6537:"Dextrose anhydrous"
6513:. 28 December 2022.
6195:. pp. 195–217.
6159:10.1155/2018/4757893
5990:15 July 2018 at the
5967:15 July 2018 at the
5944:15 July 2018 at the
5921:15 July 2018 at the
5852:15 July 2018 at the
5806:, Nobel Foundation,
5758:Rosanoff MA (1906).
5705:24 June 2016 at the
4983:Lactobacillus brevis
3964:glycosyltransferases
3866:in a process called
3831:area under the curve
2849:fatty acid synthesis
2615:islets of Langerhans
2587:glucose transporters
2325:interconvert (via a
1921:From left to right:
1509:Dextrose monohydrate
1240:Johann Tobias Lowitz
1149:-glucose, while its
1137:, and in animals as
946:(fire diamond)
196:Preferred IUPAC name
14093:By region (current)
13993:Sugar confectionery
12228:Sucrose intolerance
12077:Phosphoenolpyruvate
11683:Glucose-6-phosphate
11667:Glucose 6-phosphate
11523:Glucose 1-phosphate
11518:Glucose 6-phosphate
11253:pancreatic function
11232:Histamine phosphate
11195:Sulfobromophthalein
11022:10.1155/2014/214748
10618:10.1021/ac00087a008
10123:2020iSci...23j1536D
9598:2019PChem.158...91V
9507:(3, March): e219–.
9470:Peter C. Heinrich:
9261:, p. 927, 985
8331:2018NatSR...8..609A
8153:10.1042/BSR20160385
8106:2007EnST...41.3115W
8067:Peter C. Heinrich:
8046:Leszek Szablewski:
7769:Peter C. Heinrich:
7683:Peter C. Heinrich:
7630:Biophysical Reviews
7578:Peter C. Heinrich:
7373:Peter C. Heinrich:
7258:Garrett RH (2013).
7205:1981Sci...213..222B
7138:The Anomeric Effect
7029:1979AcCrB..35.1522T
6576:2020RuAgS..46...90K
6346:. 27 October 2023.
6036:(49): 11175–11190.
5776:10.1021/ja01967a014
5390:1991JChTh..23..403B
5378:J. Chem. Thermodyn.
5160:potassium hydroxide
4958:5-ketogluconic acid
4948:2-ketogluconic acid
4933:Aspergillus terreus
4893:Penicillium notatum
4851:alcoholic beverages
4075:
4057:a source of glucose
3900:glucono-1,5-lactone
3726:adrenocorticotropin
3623:as a reductant for
3611:to eventually form
3569:aerobic respiration
2897:glucose 6-phosphate
2880:(formerly known as
2779:Glucose degradation
2757:glucose-6-phosphate
2727:In plants and some
2643:glucose 6-phosphate
2560:mucopolysaccharides
2407:equatorial position
2387:glycated hemoglobin
2100:Chair conformations
1923:Haworth projections
1248:Jean Baptiste Dumas
1086:, a subcategory of
767:Solubility in water
724: g/mol
395:Beilstein Reference
37:
14631:Chemical pathology
14497:Sweetened beverage
14324:Sugar Intervention
14232:Danish West Indies
14214:U.S. Sugar Program
13973:Cotton candy floss
13880:Plantation Reserve
13775:Steen's cane syrup
12275:(GLUT2 deficiency)
12269:(GLUT1 deficiency)
12132:
12123:
12084:
12075:
12013:
12006:2-Phosphoglycerate
12004:
11973:
11966:3-Phosphoglycerate
11964:
11917:
11908:
11853:
11844:
11434:Aminohippuric acid
10386:Trinder P (1969).
10286:10.1007/BF01462957
10268:Barfoed C (1873).
10062:Steve T. Beckett:
10053:, 29 October 2004.
9789:. Volume 6, p. 48.
9704:"FoodData Central"
9513:10.1038/emm.2016.6
9274:Harold A. Harper:
8711:Zuckersüße Chemie.
8319:Scientific Reports
8141:Bioscience Reports
7708:Thorens B (2015).
7599:Harold A. Harper:
7493:on 14 October 2013
7403:U. Satyanarayana:
6975:, Volume 1, p. 76.
6881:. 2 October 2013.
5636: : 106–113.
5533:. 7 October 2019.
5327:fluorodeoxyglucose
5307:gas chromatography
5204:ammonium molybdate
5043:is performed with
4963:Aspergillus oryzae
4898:araboascorbic acid
4841:, to increase the
4835:
4073:
4059:
4030:
3993:insulin resistance
3884:metabolic pathways
3575:(in bacteria), or
3561:
3477:
3015:
2872:was discovered in
2809:
2366:
2202:
2160:-tolylboronic acid
2074:
2072:of D-glucopyranose
2049:-glucopyranose, α-
2045:-glucopyranose, β-
2015:Haworth projection
1796:
1697:Haworth projection
1628:
1550:Anhydrous dextrose
1536:hydrated D-glucose
1040:Infobox references
965:
872:−1271 kJ/mol
89:Fischer projection
69:Haworth projection
32:
14579:
14578:
14428:Blood sugar level
14294:Leith Sugar House
14250:
14249:
14209:Sugar Association
14016:
14015:
13978:Maple sugar foods
13683:Barley malt syrup
13506:as food commodity
13470:
13469:
13448:
13447:
13132:
13131:
12698:
12697:
12621:
12620:
12585:(MPC1 deficiency)
12520:
12519:
12516:
12515:
12373:
12372:
12369:
12368:
12282:
12281:
12145:
12144:
12130:
12121:
12082:
12073:
12011:
12002:
11971:
11962:
11915:
11906:
11851:
11842:
11612:metabolic pathway
11575:
11574:
11461:
11460:
11397:
11396:
11286:
11285:
11205:Gastric secretion
11162:Magnesium sulfate
10921:10.1021/jf062067x
10915:(26): 9719–9727.
10908:J Agric Food Chem
10728:Microchimica Acta
10656:10.1021/cr068105t
10612:(15): 2451–2457.
10571:Microchimica Acta
10512:10.1021/cr068123a
10449:978-0-12-817738-9
10374:978-3-527-66001-8
10366:Zuckersüße Chemie
10093:978-1-475-76431-4
10072:978-1-118-78014-5
9970:978-0-191-04072-6
9919:978-0-08-092655-1
9892:978-0-08-092655-1
9813:978-1-483-29939-6
9787:978-3-527-32943-4
9759:978-0-081-00523-1
9681:978-1-60761-213-1
9560:. 5 August 2013.
9480:978-3-642-17972-3
9415:978-8-131-23713-7
9405:U Satyanarayana:
9391:978-1-608-31412-6
9284:978-3-662-22150-1
9192:978-0-444-53480-4
9041:978-0-123-66852-3
8770:10.1042/bj3430115
8719:978-3-527-66001-8
8692:978-92-5-105014-9
8506:978-1-4051-1322-9
8476:978-1-4051-1322-9
8229:Jones JG (2016).
8217:978-1-449-61484-3
8193:978-3-8273-7312-0
8114:10.1021/es062601h
8077:978-3-642-17972-3
8056:978-1-608-05189-2
7923:(10): 2087–2097.
7854:978-0-12-801401-1
7835:Govers R (2014).
7779:978-3-642-17972-3
7693:978-3-642-17972-3
7609:978-3-662-22150-1
7588:978-3-642-17972-3
7524:978-0-87969-770-9
7479:Diabetes Forecast
7413:978-8-131-23713-7
7383:978-3-642-17972-3
7301:978-0-470-57095-1
7269:978-1-133-10629-6
7243:978-3-662-54620-8
7235:Stryer Biochemie.
7172:978-3-13-160038-7
7147:978-0-8493-8941-2
7113:Organic Chemistry
6926:978-3-527-30673-2
6210:978-981-15-7304-0
6074:978-0-12-369397-6
5746:978-1-461-21622-3
5681:978-0-12-384953-3
5498:978-0-08-045444-3
5485:Kamide K (2005).
5442:978-1-4200-4936-7
5323:2-deoxy-D-glucose
5311:mass spectrometry
5258:to a purple dye.
5256:4-aminoantipyrine
5176:stannous chloride
5150:Maillard reaction
4913:Aspergillus niger
4875:Maillard reaction
4732:Aspergillus niger
4722:Bacillus subtilis
4709:or by the use of
4676:
4675:
4122:total sugars (%)
4086:total, including
3820:diabetes mellitus
3671:nucleus accumbens
3654:at lower levels.
3601:citric acid cycle
2836:respiratory chain
2828:citric acid cycle
2585:with the help of
2370:
2369:
2260:-(−)-glucose, is
2184:-tolylboronate).
1783:
1782:
1307:organic chemistry
1298:-glyceraldehyde.
1119:energy metabolism
1060:molecular formula
1048:Chemical compound
1046:
1045:
996:Safety data sheet
357:Interactive image
345:Interactive image
259:
235:
16:(Redirected from
14663:
14608:
14607:
14606:
14596:
14595:
14594:
14587:
14569:
14568:
14559:
14558:
14492:Sugar substitute
14334:Triangular trade
14027:
14026:
13688:Brown rice syrup
13661:
13660:
13497:
13490:
13483:
13474:
13473:
13460:
13459:
13251:oligosaccharides
13231:Tetrasaccharides
13141:
13140:
12856:Dihydroxyacetone
12808:
12807:
12725:
12718:
12711:
12702:
12701:
12535:
12534:
12494:
12444:
12439:
12438:
12388:
12387:
12345:
12315:
12307:
12306:
12297:
12296:
12256:Renal glycosuria
12210:
12209:
12172:
12165:
12158:
12149:
12148:
12137:
12114:
12089:
12054:
12018:
11995:
11978:
11947:
11922:
11888:
11858:
11835:
11816:
11790:
11773:
11754:
11737:
11712:
11695:
11676:
11659:
11634:
11602:
11595:
11588:
11579:
11578:
11488:
11481:
11474:
11465:
11464:
11358:Thyroid function
11297:
11296:
11292:Endocrine system
11100:
11099:
11095:Digestive system
11075:
11068:
11061:
11052:
11051:
11045:
11044:
11034:
11024:
11000:
10994:
10993:, February 2000.
10974:
10968:
10967:
10939:
10933:
10932:
10902:
10896:
10895:
10893:
10891:
10868:
10862:
10861:
10844:(1–2): 143–148.
10831:
10825:
10824:
10796:
10787:
10786:
10758:
10752:
10751:
10723:
10717:
10716:
10706:
10674:
10668:
10667:
10644:Chemical Reviews
10639:
10630:
10629:
10601:
10595:
10594:
10566:
10560:
10559:
10531:
10525:
10523:
10500:Chemical Reviews
10495:
10489:
10488:
10485:10.1039/A709038B
10468:
10462:
10461:
10427:
10418:
10417:
10407:
10383:
10377:
10362:
10339:
10316:
10310:
10309:
10307:
10305:
10265:
10259:
10237:
10231:
10218:
10212:
10211:
10201:
10183:
10159:
10153:
10152:
10142:
10102:
10096:
10081:
10075:
10060:
10054:
10039:
10033:
10032:
10030:
10028:
10013:
10007:
10006:
10004:
10002:
9979:
9973:
9958:
9952:
9937:
9931:
9930:
9928:
9926:
9903:
9897:
9896:
9876:
9870:
9869:
9849:
9843:
9842:
9822:
9816:
9807:Elsevier, 2014,
9801:
9790:
9771:
9762:
9747:
9724:
9723:
9721:
9719:
9708:fdc.nal.usda.gov
9700:
9694:
9693:
9659:
9653:
9652:
9624:
9618:
9617:
9580:
9574:
9573:
9571:
9569:
9550:
9544:
9541:
9535:
9534:
9524:
9492:
9486:
9485:
9468:
9459:
9458:
9448:
9439:(5): 1264–1276.
9424:
9418:
9403:
9394:
9379:
9370:
9369:
9367:
9365:
9346:
9340:
9339:
9313:
9293:
9287:
9272:
9266:
9264:
9247:
9241:
9240:
9212:
9206:
9204:
9170:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9159:
9153:
9148:. Archived from
9109:
9100:
9099:
9089:
9079:
9055:
9044:
9029:
9018:
9017:
8982:
8976:
8975:
8950:
8930:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8890:
8872:
8863:
8857:
8856:
8821:
8815:
8814:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8781:
8749:
8743:
8741:
8732:
8726:
8724:
8707:
8701:
8700:
8675:
8669:
8668:
8659:(9): 2835–2842.
8648:
8642:
8641:
8631:
8599:
8593:
8592:
8564:
8558:
8557:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8491:
8485:
8484:
8461:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8450:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8426:
8424:
8418:
8379:
8370:
8361:
8360:
8350:
8310:
8304:
8303:
8293:
8267:
8261:
8260:
8250:
8226:
8220:
8205:
8196:
8181:
8175:
8174:
8164:
8132:
8126:
8125:
8100:(9): 3115–3120.
8089:
8083:
8082:
8065:
8059:
8044:
8035:
8034:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7989:
7957:
7951:
7950:
7940:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7873:
7867:
7866:
7832:
7826:
7825:
7815:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7767:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7747:
7732:
7714:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7681:
7664:
7663:
7653:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7597:
7591:
7576:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7547:
7541:
7540:
7508:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7489:, archived from
7471:
7465:
7464:
7454:
7422:
7416:
7401:
7386:
7371:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7336:
7327:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7287:
7274:
7273:
7255:
7246:
7233:Jeremy M. Berg:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7199:(4504): 222–24.
7188:
7175:
7160:
7151:
7150:
7133:
7127:
7125:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7095:10.1039/B608029D
7080:
7074:
7068:
7067:
7064:10.1039/A808896I
7047:
7041:
7040:
7023:(6): 1522–1525.
7012:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6992:. 18 July 2014.
6982:
6976:
6961:
6955:
6942:Patrick F. Fox:
6940:
6931:
6930:
6904:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6890:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6823:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6719:
6713:
6712:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6597:
6588:
6587:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6507:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6448:
6435:
6434:
6424:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6340:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6315:. 24 June 2018.
6309:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6259:(8): 1260–1262.
6248:
6242:
6241:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6171:
6161:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6104:
6098:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6025:
6019:
6005:
5999:
5982:
5976:
5959:
5953:
5936:
5930:
5913:
5907:
5890:
5884:
5867:
5861:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5755:
5749:
5734:
5728:
5698:Marggraf (1747)
5696:
5690:
5689:
5666:
5657:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5556:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5523:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5456:
5447:
5446:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5373:
5364:
5361:iupac.qmul.ac.uk
5347:
5317:In vivo analysis
5289:Copper iodometry
5212:sodium carbonate
5194:, glucose forms
5182:solution, white
4923:Candida brumptii
4903:Rhizopus delemar
4825:Commercial usage
4779:, sweet potato,
4687:
4684:
4076:
4072:
4064:Wollemia nobilis
3912:xylose isomerase
3638:processes. When
3518:
3517:
3509:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
2891:of glucose by a
2861:Escherichia coli
2754:
2739:(in animals and
2526:, as well as by
2432:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2381:. This reaction—
2348:
2347:
2340:
2315:sodium hydroxide
2304:
2300:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2274:
2259:
2244:-(+)-glucose is
2243:
2236:Optical activity
2222:room temperature
2207:
2199:
2179:
2152:
2151:
2147:-isopropylidene-
2123:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2093:
2084:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2024:
2009:
2005:
1982:
1970:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1936:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1812:
1779:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1692:Natta projection
1685:
1679:
1678:
1645:oligosaccharides
1569:
1533:
1525:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1426:
1408:. Glucose has a
1354:Bernardo Houssay
1332:
1328:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1236:Andreas Marggraf
1215:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1156:
1148:
1081:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1020:
985:
978:
971:
956:
930:
920:
910:
868:
841:
817:
802:Thermochemistry
759:
755:
723:
708:
702:
696:
689:Chemical formula
672:
663:
615:
611:
604:
568:
557:
546:
529:
509:
485:Gmelin Reference
468:
457:
437:
417:
377:
359:
353:
347:
341:
317:
313:
306:
278:
255:
231:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
94:
85:
74:
65:
54:
49:Skeletal formula
45:
38:
35:
31:
21:
14671:
14670:
14666:
14665:
14664:
14662:
14661:
14660:
14616:
14615:
14614:
14604:
14602:
14592:
14590:
14582:
14580:
14575:
14547:
14516:
14475:Sugar addiction
14406:
14397:Sugar sculpture
14338:
14246:
14220:
14197:Tate & Lyle
14188:United Kingdom
14105:Bundaberg Sugar
14088:
14084:Sugar marketing
14012:
13998:Sugarcane juice
13956:
13794:
13652:
13591:
13516:
13507:
13501:
13471:
13466:
13444:
13305:Oat beta-glucan
13292:Polysaccharides
13286:
13249:
13243:
13225:
13197:
13128:
13122:Neuraminic acid
13100:
13072:
12965:
12900:
12862:
12829:
12803:Monosaccharides
12797:
12766:
12735:
12729:
12699:
12694:
12655:
12617:
12594:Gluconeogenesis
12588:
12512:
12485:
12480:
12443:Extralysosomal:
12442:
12428:
12365:
12361:GALE deficiency
12357:GALT deficiency
12352:GALK deficiency
12336:
12331:
12310:
12278:
12267:De Vivo Disease
12232:
12206:(extracellular)
12205:
12196:
12190:
12176:
12146:
12141:
12140:
12139:
12138:
12128:
12117:
12116:
12115:
12107:
12106:
12103:
12099:
12096:Pyruvate kinase
12091:
12090:
12080:
12069:
12068:
12067:
12065:
12060:
12056:
12055:
12047:
12046:
12044:
12039:
12035:
12026:
12025:Phosphopyruvate
12020:
12019:
12009:
11998:
11997:
11996:
11988:
11980:
11979:
11969:
11958:
11957:
11956:
11953:
11949:
11948:
11940:
11939:
11936:
11932:
11924:
11923:
11913:
11902:
11901:
11900:
11897:
11896:
11890:
11889:
11881:
11880:
11877:
11876:
11870:
11866:
11860:
11859:
11849:
11838:
11837:
11836:
11828:
11824:
11823:Triosephosphate
11818:
11817:
11810:
11802:
11801:
11798:
11792:
11791:
11784:
11776:
11775:
11774:
11766:
11762:
11756:
11755:
11748:
11740:
11739:
11738:
11730:
11729:
11726:
11722:
11714:
11713:
11706:
11698:
11697:
11696:
11688:
11684:
11678:
11677:
11670:
11662:
11661:
11660:
11652:
11651:
11648:
11644:
11636:
11635:
11628:
11614:
11606:
11576:
11571:
11550:
11527:
11504:
11492:
11462:
11457:
11415:
11393:
11375:
11352:
11282:
11271:cholecystokinin
11246:
11222:sodium benzoate
11199:
11176:
11140:
11121:
11089:
11079:
11049:
11048:
11001:
10997:
10991:Wayback Machine
10975:
10971:
10940:
10936:
10903:
10899:
10889:
10887:
10869:
10865:
10832:
10828:
10797:
10790:
10759:
10755:
10724:
10720:
10675:
10671:
10640:
10633:
10602:
10598:
10567:
10563:
10532:
10528:
10496:
10492:
10469:
10465:
10450:
10428:
10421:
10384:
10380:
10364:Georg Schwedt:
10363:
10342:
10336:Wayback Machine
10318:Emil Nylander:
10317:
10313:
10303:
10301:
10266:
10262:
10250:Wayback Machine
10238:
10234:
10219:
10215:
10160:
10156:
10103:
10099:
10083:James A. Kent:
10082:
10078:
10061:
10057:
10040:
10036:
10026:
10024:
10015:
10014:
10010:
10000:
9998:
9997:on 18 July 2011
9981:
9980:
9976:
9960:Alan Davidson:
9959:
9955:
9939:Alan Davidson:
9938:
9934:
9924:
9922:
9920:
9904:
9900:
9893:
9877:
9873:
9860:(10): 340–346.
9854:Starch – Stärke
9850:
9846:
9827:Starch – Stärke
9823:
9819:
9802:
9793:
9772:
9765:
9749:P. J. Fellows:
9748:
9727:
9717:
9715:
9702:
9701:
9697:
9682:
9660:
9656:
9625:
9621:
9581:
9577:
9567:
9565:
9552:
9551:
9547:
9542:
9538:
9493:
9489:
9483:
9469:
9462:
9425:
9421:
9404:
9397:
9380:
9373:
9363:
9361:
9348:
9347:
9343:
9311:10.1.1.468.2196
9294:
9290:
9273:
9269:
9262:
9248:
9244:
9213:
9209:
9193:
9171:
9167:
9157:
9155:
9154:on 29 July 2020
9110:
9103:
9056:
9047:
9043:, p. XIII.
9030:
9021:
8983:
8979:
8948:10.1.1.475.9484
8931:
8927:
8919:
8888:10.1.1.337.3766
8870:
8864:
8860:
8822:
8818:
8799:
8795:
8750:
8746:
8739:
8734:Schmidt, Lang:
8733:
8729:
8722:
8709:Georg Schwedt:
8708:
8704:
8693:
8677:
8676:
8672:
8649:
8645:
8600:
8596:
8565:
8561:
8522:
8518:
8507:
8493:
8492:
8488:
8477:
8463:
8462:
8458:
8448:
8446:
8437:
8436:
8432:
8422:
8420:
8416:
8377:
8371:
8364:
8311:
8307:
8268:
8264:
8241:(6): 1098–103.
8227:
8223:
8207:Brian K. Hall:
8206:
8199:
8182:
8178:
8133:
8129:
8090:
8086:
8080:
8079:, p. 389.
8066:
8062:
8045:
8038:
8007:
8003:
7958:
7954:
7909:
7905:
7874:
7870:
7855:
7833:
7829:
7800:Cell Metabolism
7792:
7788:
7782:
7781:, p. 214.
7768:
7761:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7712:
7706:
7702:
7696:
7682:
7667:
7622:
7618:
7612:
7611:, p. 641.
7598:
7594:
7577:
7570:
7560:
7558:
7549:
7548:
7544:
7525:
7509:
7505:
7496:
7494:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7423:
7419:
7402:
7389:
7372:
7363:
7353:
7351:
7338:
7337:
7330:
7313:
7309:
7302:
7288:
7277:
7270:
7256:
7249:
7232:
7228:
7189:
7178:
7161:
7154:
7148:
7134:
7130:
7123:
7106:
7102:
7078:
7075:
7071:
7048:
7044:
7013:
7009:
6999:
6997:
6984:
6983:
6979:
6962:
6958:
6941:
6934:
6927:
6905:
6898:
6888:
6886:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6862:
6860:
6853:"D-(+)-Glucose"
6851:
6850:
6846:
6836:
6834:
6827:"D-(+)-Glucose"
6825:
6824:
6820:
6810:
6808:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6784:
6782:
6773:
6772:
6768:
6758:
6756:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6732:
6730:
6721:
6720:
6716:
6685:
6681:
6650:
6646:
6636:
6634:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6610:
6608:
6599:
6598:
6591:
6560:
6556:
6546:
6544:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6520:
6518:
6509:
6508:
6497:
6487:
6485:
6476:
6475:
6471:
6461:
6459:
6450:
6449:
6438:
6407:(6026): 41–42.
6393:
6389:
6379:
6377:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6353:
6351:
6342:
6341:
6332:
6322:
6320:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6296:
6294:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6249:
6245:
6222:
6218:
6211:
6189:
6185:
6138:
6134:
6126:10.1002/efd2.71
6105:
6101:
6095:Wayback Machine
6085:
6081:
6075:
6053:
6049:
6026:
6022:
6006:
6002:
5992:Wayback Machine
5983:
5979:
5969:Wayback Machine
5960:
5956:
5946:Wayback Machine
5937:
5933:
5923:Wayback Machine
5914:
5910:
5900:Wayback Machine
5891:
5887:
5877:Wayback Machine
5868:
5864:
5854:Wayback Machine
5845:
5841:
5830:Chem. Eng. News
5826:
5822:
5813:
5811:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5785:
5783:
5756:
5752:
5736:John F. Robyt:
5735:
5731:
5722:Wayback Machine
5707:Wayback Machine
5697:
5693:
5682:
5668:
5667:
5660:
5646:Wayback Machine
5626:Wayback Machine
5615:
5611:
5601:
5599:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5557:
5550:
5540:
5538:
5525:
5524:
5513:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5483:
5479:
5469:
5467:
5458:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5427:
5423:
5408:
5404:
5374:
5367:
5357:Wayback Machine
5348:
5344:
5339:
5319:
5299:
5291:
5282:
5273:
5264:
5248:
5242:
5225:
5220:
5192:Hager's reagent
5172:
5156:
5146:
5138:Nylander's test
5134:
5132:Nylander's test
5127:
5122:copper(I) oxide
5105:
5093:
5082:
5075:
5070:carboxylic acid
5061:
5053:
5026:
4827:
4811:
4805:
4744:, is made from
4707:glucose amylase
4696:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4121:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4087:
4085:
4080:
4051:
4034:low blood sugar
4019:
3981:
3976:
3946:of proteins to
3848:
3777:red blood cells
3718:glucocorticoids
3553:
3542:Crabtree effect
3523:
3522:
3521:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3012:
2889:phosphorylation
2870:gene regulation
2819:
2811:Main articles:
2805:monosaccharides
2781:
2752:
2725:
2719:Gluconeogenesis
2717:Main articles:
2715:
2679:skeletal muscle
2544:small intestine
2503:
2489:. In contrast,
2457:, cells of the
2430:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2395:open-chain form
2353:monosaccharides
2346:
2311:
2302:
2298:
2287:
2283:
2280:-glyceraldehyde
2277:
2272:
2257:
2250:polarized light
2241:
2238:
2230:anomeric effect
2205:
2197:
2190:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2149:
2148:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2022:
2018:
2010:respectively).
2007:
2003:
1999:
1980:
1968:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1810:
1788:
1786:Open-chain form
1768:Tollens/Fischer
1763:
1757:-glucopyranose
1754:
1745:-glucopyranose
1742:
1731:-glucofuranose
1728:
1719:-glucofuranose
1716:
1683:
1653:polysaccharides
1620:
1614:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1424:
1421:monosaccharides
1374:
1333:nomenclature).
1330:
1326:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1268:
1264:
1228:
1184:sodium chloride
1154:
1146:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1049:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1035: ?)
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
990:
989:
988:
987:
980:
973:
966:
962:
954:
899:
882:
869:
866:
860:
856:
853:
852:Std enthalpy of
842:
839:
832:
829:
818:
811:
794:
782:
769:
757:
753:
742:1.54 g/cm
721:
711:
705:
699:
691:
677:
674:
670:
665:
661:
656:
655:
644:
641:
640:
637:
631:
630:
619:
616:-glucopyranose)
613:
587:
571:
558:
532:
512:
499:
487:
478:
460:
440:
420:
397:
380:
362:
351:
339:
332:
321:
318:-glucopyranose)
315:
296:
282:
280:
276:
275:
273:
271:
263:
262:
202:
201:
190:
145:
141:
113:
109:
96:
92:
86:
76:
72:
66:
56:
52:
46:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14669:
14659:
14658:
14653:
14648:
14643:
14638:
14633:
14628:
14613:
14612:
14600:
14577:
14576:
14574:
14573:
14563:
14552:
14549:
14548:
14546:
14545:
14544:
14543:
14530:
14524:
14522:
14518:
14517:
14515:
14514:
14509:
14504:
14499:
14494:
14489:
14488:
14487:
14485:Residual sugar
14480:Sugars in wine
14477:
14472:
14467:
14465:Health effects
14462:
14461:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14440:
14438:Flavored syrup
14435:
14430:
14425:
14420:
14414:
14412:
14408:
14407:
14405:
14404:
14402:Treacle mining
14399:
14394:
14389:
14384:
14383:
14382:
14372:
14367:
14362:
14357:
14352:
14346:
14344:
14340:
14339:
14337:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14316:
14311:
14306:
14301:
14296:
14291:
14286:
14281:
14276:
14271:
14266:
14260:
14258:
14252:
14251:
14248:
14247:
14245:
14244:
14239:
14234:
14228:
14226:
14222:
14221:
14219:
14218:
14217:
14216:
14211:
14201:
14200:
14199:
14194:
14186:
14181:
14176:
14175:
14174:
14172:Tongaat Hulett
14169:
14159:
14154:
14149:
14144:
14139:
14134:
14129:
14124:
14119:
14118:
14117:
14112:
14107:
14096:
14094:
14090:
14089:
14087:
14086:
14081:
14076:
14071:
14066:
14064:Sugarcane mill
14061:
14056:
14051:
14050:
14049:
14039:
14033:
14031:
14024:
14018:
14017:
14014:
14013:
14011:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13964:
13962:
13958:
13957:
13955:
13954:
13949:
13944:
13939:
13934:
13933:
13932:
13927:
13922:
13917:
13912:
13907:
13897:
13892:
13887:
13882:
13877:
13872:
13867:
13862:
13857:
13855:Molasses sugar
13852:
13847:
13842:
13837:
13832:
13827:
13822:
13817:
13816:
13815:
13802:
13800:
13796:
13795:
13793:
13792:
13787:
13782:
13777:
13772:
13767:
13762:
13757:
13752:
13747:
13742:
13737:
13732:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13712:
13711:
13710:
13705:
13700:
13690:
13685:
13680:
13675:
13673:List of syrups
13669:
13667:
13658:
13654:
13653:
13651:
13650:
13645:
13640:
13635:
13630:
13625:
13620:
13615:
13610:
13605:
13599:
13597:
13593:
13592:
13590:
13589:
13587:Reducing sugar
13584:
13579:
13578:
13577:
13572:
13567:
13562:
13552:
13551:
13550:
13545:
13540:
13535:
13528:Monosaccharide
13524:
13522:
13518:
13517:
13512:
13509:
13508:
13500:
13499:
13492:
13485:
13477:
13468:
13467:
13465:
13464:
13453:
13450:
13449:
13446:
13445:
13443:
13442:
13437:
13436:
13435:
13430:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13405:
13403:Levan beta 2→6
13400:
13395:
13394:
13393:
13377:
13366:
13365:
13364:
13348:
13339:
13334:
13333:
13332:
13327:
13322:
13317:
13312:
13307:
13296:
13294:
13288:
13287:
13285:
13284:
13279:
13273:
13267:
13261:
13255:
13253:
13245:
13244:
13242:
13241:
13235:
13233:
13227:
13226:
13224:
13223:
13218:
13213:
13207:
13205:
13203:Trisaccharides
13199:
13198:
13196:
13195:
13190:
13185:
13180:
13175:
13170:
13165:
13160:
13155:
13149:
13147:
13138:
13134:
13133:
13130:
13129:
13127:
13126:
13125:
13124:
13114:
13108:
13106:
13102:
13101:
13099:
13098:
13097:
13096:
13091:
13089:Mannoheptulose
13082:
13080:
13074:
13073:
13071:
13070:
13069:
13068:
13063:
13058:
13050:
13049:
13048:
13043:
13038:
13033:
13023:
13022:
13021:
13016:
13011:
13006:
13001:
12996:
12991:
12986:
12975:
12973:
12967:
12966:
12964:
12963:
12962:
12961:
12951:
12950:
12949:
12944:
12936:
12935:
12934:
12929:
12924:
12919:
12910:
12908:
12902:
12901:
12899:
12898:
12897:
12896:
12888:
12887:
12886:
12881:
12872:
12870:
12864:
12863:
12861:
12860:
12859:
12858:
12850:
12849:
12848:
12846:Glyceraldehyde
12839:
12837:
12831:
12830:
12828:
12827:
12826:
12825:
12823:Glycolaldehyde
12816:
12814:
12805:
12799:
12798:
12796:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12780:
12774:
12772:
12768:
12767:
12765:
12764:
12759:
12754:
12749:
12743:
12741:
12737:
12736:
12728:
12727:
12720:
12713:
12705:
12696:
12695:
12693:
12692:
12681:
12676:
12675:
12674:
12663:
12661:
12657:
12656:
12654:
12653:
12648:
12642:
12637:
12631:
12629:
12623:
12622:
12619:
12618:
12616:
12615:
12609:
12604:
12598:
12596:
12590:
12589:
12587:
12586:
12580:
12577:
12574:
12569:
12564:
12559:
12553:
12543:
12541:
12532:
12522:
12521:
12518:
12517:
12514:
12513:
12511:
12510:
12504:
12497:
12495:
12482:
12481:
12479:
12478:
12472:
12466:
12460:
12454:
12447:
12445:
12436:
12434:Glycogenolysis
12430:
12429:
12427:
12426:
12420:
12418:Lafora disease
12415:
12409:
12403:
12396:
12394:
12385:
12375:
12374:
12371:
12370:
12367:
12366:
12364:
12363:
12354:
12348:
12346:
12333:
12332:
12330:
12329:
12324:
12318:
12316:
12304:
12301:Monosaccharide
12294:
12284:
12283:
12280:
12279:
12277:
12276:
12270:
12264:
12259:
12249:
12243:
12241:
12238:Monosaccharide
12234:
12233:
12231:
12230:
12225:
12219:
12217:
12207:
12198:
12197:
12187:monosaccharide
12175:
12174:
12167:
12160:
12152:
12143:
12142:
12131:2 ×
12129:
12119:
12118:
12109:
12108:
12104:
12101:
12100:
12093:
12092:
12083:2 ×
12081:
12071:
12070:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12057:
12049:
12048:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12036:
12022:
12021:
12012:2 ×
12010:
12000:
11999:
11990:
11989:
11982:
11981:
11972:2 ×
11970:
11960:
11959:
11954:
11951:
11950:
11942:
11941:
11937:
11934:
11933:
11926:
11925:
11916:2 ×
11914:
11904:
11903:
11898:
11894:
11892:
11891:
11883:
11882:
11878:
11874:
11872:
11871:
11862:
11861:
11852:2 ×
11850:
11840:
11839:
11830:
11829:
11820:
11819:
11811:
11804:
11803:
11799:
11794:
11793:
11785:
11778:
11777:
11768:
11767:
11758:
11757:
11749:
11742:
11741:
11732:
11731:
11727:
11724:
11723:
11716:
11715:
11707:
11700:
11699:
11690:
11689:
11680:
11679:
11671:
11664:
11663:
11654:
11653:
11649:
11646:
11645:
11638:
11637:
11629:
11622:
11621:
11620:
11619:
11616:
11615:
11605:
11604:
11597:
11590:
11582:
11573:
11572:
11570:
11569:
11564:
11558:
11556:
11552:
11551:
11549:
11548:
11543:
11537:
11535:
11529:
11528:
11526:
11525:
11520:
11514:
11512:
11506:
11505:
11499:glycogenolysis
11491:
11490:
11483:
11476:
11468:
11459:
11458:
11456:
11455:
11450:
11448:polyfructosans
11441:
11439:Indigo carmine
11436:
11431:
11425:
11423:
11421:Renal function
11417:
11416:
11414:
11413:
11407:
11405:
11399:
11398:
11395:
11394:
11392:
11391:
11385:
11383:
11377:
11376:
11374:
11373:
11368:
11362:
11360:
11354:
11353:
11351:
11350:
11349:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11326:
11325:
11324:
11319:
11306:
11304:
11294:
11288:
11287:
11284:
11283:
11281:
11280:
11275:
11274:
11273:
11263:
11257:
11255:
11248:
11247:
11245:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11215:
11209:
11207:
11201:
11200:
11198:
11197:
11192:
11186:
11184:
11178:
11177:
11175:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11153:
11151:
11142:
11141:
11139:
11138:
11131:
11129:
11127:Fat absorption
11123:
11122:
11120:
11119:
11114:
11108:
11106:
11097:
11091:
11090:
11078:
11077:
11070:
11063:
11055:
11047:
11046:
10995:
10969:
10934:
10897:
10863:
10826:
10801:Food Chemistry
10788:
10769:(1–2): 69–76.
10753:
10718:
10689:(5): 1068–76.
10669:
10650:(2): 423–461.
10631:
10596:
10577:(1–2): 87–92.
10561:
10542:(4): 763–767.
10526:
10506:(2): 814–825.
10490:
10463:
10448:
10419:
10378:
10340:
10311:
10260:
10232:
10213:
10154:
10097:
10095:, p. 938.
10076:
10055:
10034:
10008:
9974:
9972:, p. 527.
9953:
9932:
9918:
9898:
9891:
9871:
9844:
9833:(9): 304–308.
9817:
9815:, p. 195.
9791:
9763:
9725:
9695:
9680:
9654:
9635:(5): 767–775.
9619:
9586:Phytochemistry
9575:
9545:
9536:
9487:
9482:, p. 27.
9460:
9419:
9417:, p. 508.
9395:
9393:, p. 366.
9371:
9341:
9288:
9286:, p. 294.
9267:
9242:
9223:(1): 147–165.
9207:
9191:
9165:
9101:
9045:
9031:Donard Dwyer:
9019:
8977:
8941:(4): 303–327,
8925:
8881:(2): 325–336,
8858:
8832:(2): 177–190,
8826:Biol. Psychol.
8816:
8793:
8764:(1): 115–124.
8744:
8727:
8721:, p. 100
8702:
8691:
8670:
8653:Water Research
8643:
8594:
8559:
8516:
8505:
8486:
8475:
8456:
8430:
8362:
8305:
8284:(2): 853–862.
8262:
8221:
8219:, p. 164.
8197:
8176:
8127:
8084:
8060:
8036:
8001:
7952:
7903:
7868:
7853:
7827:
7786:
7759:
7700:
7665:
7616:
7592:
7590:, p. 404.
7568:
7542:
7523:
7503:
7466:
7417:
7387:
7361:
7328:
7307:
7300:
7275:
7268:
7247:
7226:
7176:
7152:
7146:
7128:
7121:
7100:
7089:(8): 581–585.
7069:
7058:(3): 449–456.
7042:
7007:
6977:
6956:
6932:
6925:
6896:
6870:
6844:
6818:
6792:
6766:
6740:
6714:
6695:(5): 817–828.
6679:
6660:(1–2): 55–61.
6644:
6618:
6589:
6554:
6528:
6495:
6469:
6436:
6387:
6361:
6330:
6304:
6278:
6243:
6216:
6209:
6183:
6132:
6099:
6079:
6073:
6047:
6020:
6000:
5996:NobelPrize.org
5977:
5973:NobelPrize.org
5954:
5950:NobelPrize.org
5931:
5927:NobelPrize.org
5908:
5904:NobelPrize.org
5885:
5881:NobelPrize.org
5862:
5858:NobelPrize.org
5839:
5820:
5793:
5750:
5729:
5713:, pp. 79–90.
5691:
5680:
5658:
5651:
5630:Comptes rendus
5609:
5592:Etymonline.com
5579:
5548:
5511:
5497:
5477:
5448:
5441:
5421:
5402:
5365:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5318:
5315:
5298:
5295:
5290:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5272:
5269:
5263:
5260:
5244:Main article:
5241:
5238:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5208:indigo carmine
5184:lead glycoside
5170:
5145:
5142:
5133:
5130:
5125:
5117:sodium acetate
5113:copper acetate
5109:Barfoed's test
5104:
5101:
5091:
5081:
5078:
5073:
5060:
5057:
5052:
5049:
5045:concanavalin A
5041:immunostaining
5025:
5022:
4998:propionic acid
4928:isocitric acid
4871:caramelization
4826:
4823:
4807:Main article:
4804:
4801:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4120:proportion of
4116:
4109:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4084:Carbohydrate,
4082:
4050:
4047:
4018:
4015:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3956:peptidoglycans
3920:sugar alcohols
3888:polyol pathway
3872:phosphorylated
3847:
3844:
3827:glycemic index
3785:adipose tissue
3640:glucose is low
3613:carbon dioxide
3552:
3549:
3531:Warburg effect
3520:
3519:
3503:
3502:
3491:
3490:
3394:
3017:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2882:glucose effect
2780:
2777:
2733:photosynthesis
2723:Glycogenolysis
2714:
2711:
2635:phosphorylated
2568:gut microbiota
2502:
2499:
2479:kidney failure
2423:esterification
2399:hydroxy groups
2368:
2367:
2357:
2356:
2345:
2342:
2321:, glucose and
2310:
2307:
2246:dextrorotatory
2237:
2234:
2196:Mutarotation:
2189:
2186:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2153:-glucofuranose
2106:-glucopyranose
2098:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2020:
2001:
1957:cyclic isomers
1927:ball-and-stick
1920:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1823:reducing sugar
1808:aldehyde group
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1759:
1758:
1746:
1733:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1634:with a closed
1613:
1610:
1582:aldehyde group
1566:
1562:
1558:
1529:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1487:tapioca starch
1373:
1370:
1227:
1224:
1186:(table salt).
1169:glycogenolysis
1100:photosynthesis
1084:monosaccharide
1078:
1072:
1066:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1016:
1015:
1011:standard state
1008:
1005:
1004:
999:
992:
991:
981:
974:
967:
952:
951:
950:
949:
947:
938:
937:
933:
932:
900:
895:
892:
891:
887:
886:
883:
877:
874:
873:
870:
864:
858:
850:
847:
846:
843:
837:
826:
823:
822:
819:
807:
804:
803:
799:
798:
795:
790:
787:
786:
783:
777:
774:
773:
770:
765:
762:
761:
750:
744:
743:
740:
734:
733:
730:
726:
725:
719:
713:
712:
709:
703:
697:
692:
687:
684:
683:
679:
678:
676:
675:
668:
666:
659:
651:
650:
649:
646:
645:
643:
642:
638:
635:
634:
626:
625:
624:
621:
620:
618:
617:
605:
597:
595:
589:
588:
586:
585:
581:
579:
573:
572:
570:
569:
561:
559:
551:
548:
547:
540:
534:
533:
531:
530:
522:
520:
514:
513:
511:
510:
502:
500:
495:
492:
491:
488:
483:
480:
479:
477:
476:
472:
470:
462:
461:
459:
458:
450:
448:
442:
441:
439:
438:
430:
428:
422:
421:
419:
418:
410:
408:
402:
401:
398:
393:
390:
389:
386:
385:Abbreviations
382:
381:
379:
378:
370:
368:
364:
363:
361:
360:
348:
335:
333:
326:
323:
322:
320:
319:
307:
299:
297:
292:
289:
288:
284:
283:
269:
265:
264:
261:
260:
236:
211:
210:
204:
203:
199:
198:
192:
191:
189:
188:
181:
176:
170:
169:
107:
106:Pronunciation
103:
102:
98:
97:
87:
78:
77:
75:-glucopyranose
67:
58:
57:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14668:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14623:
14621:
14611:
14601:
14599:
14589:
14588:
14585:
14572:
14564:
14562:
14554:
14553:
14550:
14541:
14540:
14536:
14535:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14528:Robert Lustig
14526:
14525:
14523:
14519:
14513:
14510:
14508:
14505:
14503:
14500:
14498:
14495:
14493:
14490:
14486:
14483:
14482:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14445:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14415:
14413:
14409:
14403:
14400:
14398:
14395:
14393:
14390:
14388:
14385:
14381:
14378:
14377:
14376:
14373:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14353:
14351:
14348:
14347:
14345:
14341:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14300:
14297:
14295:
14292:
14290:
14287:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14270:
14267:
14265:
14262:
14261:
14259:
14257:
14253:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14229:
14227:
14223:
14215:
14212:
14210:
14207:
14206:
14205:
14204:United States
14202:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14192:British Sugar
14190:
14189:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14164:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14155:
14153:
14150:
14148:
14145:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14135:
14133:
14130:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14120:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14103:
14102:
14101:
14098:
14097:
14095:
14091:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14067:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14055:
14052:
14048:
14045:
14044:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14035:
14034:
14032:
14028:
14025:
14023:
14019:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13988:Sugar alcohol
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13965:
13963:
13959:
13953:
13950:
13948:
13945:
13943:
13940:
13938:
13935:
13931:
13928:
13926:
13923:
13921:
13918:
13916:
13913:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13902:
13901:
13898:
13896:
13893:
13891:
13888:
13886:
13883:
13881:
13878:
13876:
13873:
13871:
13868:
13866:
13863:
13861:
13858:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13838:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13828:
13826:
13823:
13821:
13818:
13814:
13813:
13809:
13808:
13807:
13804:
13803:
13801:
13797:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13728:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13720:Glucose syrup
13718:
13716:
13713:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13699:
13698:Maesil-cheong
13696:
13695:
13694:
13691:
13689:
13686:
13684:
13681:
13679:
13676:
13674:
13671:
13670:
13668:
13666:
13662:
13659:
13655:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13621:
13619:
13616:
13614:
13611:
13609:
13606:
13604:
13601:
13600:
13598:
13594:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13561:
13558:
13557:
13556:
13553:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13530:
13529:
13526:
13525:
13523:
13519:
13515:
13510:
13505:
13498:
13493:
13491:
13486:
13484:
13479:
13478:
13475:
13463:
13455:
13454:
13451:
13441:
13438:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13425:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13399:
13398:Hemicellulose
13396:
13392:
13389:
13388:
13387:
13386:
13382:
13378:
13376:
13375:
13371:
13367:
13363:
13360:
13359:
13358:
13357:
13353:
13349:
13347:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13323:
13321:
13318:
13316:
13313:
13311:
13308:
13306:
13303:
13302:
13301:
13298:
13297:
13295:
13293:
13289:
13283:
13280:
13277:
13274:
13271:
13268:
13265:
13262:
13260:
13257:
13256:
13254:
13252:
13246:
13240:
13237:
13236:
13234:
13232:
13228:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13208:
13206:
13204:
13200:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13181:
13179:
13176:
13174:
13171:
13169:
13166:
13164:
13161:
13159:
13156:
13154:
13151:
13150:
13148:
13146:
13145:Disaccharides
13142:
13139:
13135:
13123:
13120:
13119:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13109:
13107:
13103:
13095:
13094:Sedoheptulose
13092:
13090:
13087:
13086:
13085:Ketoheptoses
13084:
13083:
13081:
13079:
13075:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13059:
13057:
13054:
13053:
13052:Deoxy sugars
13051:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13037:
13034:
13032:
13029:
13028:
13027:
13024:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12981:
12980:
12977:
12976:
12974:
12972:
12968:
12960:
12957:
12956:
12955:
12952:
12948:
12945:
12943:
12940:
12939:
12938:Ketopentoses
12937:
12933:
12930:
12928:
12925:
12923:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12914:
12913:Aldopentoses
12912:
12911:
12909:
12907:
12903:
12895:
12892:
12891:
12889:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12876:
12875:Aldotetroses
12874:
12873:
12871:
12869:
12865:
12857:
12854:
12853:
12851:
12847:
12844:
12843:
12841:
12840:
12838:
12836:
12832:
12824:
12821:
12820:
12818:
12817:
12815:
12813:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12800:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12779:
12776:
12775:
12773:
12769:
12763:
12760:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12745:
12744:
12742:
12738:
12734:
12733:carbohydrates
12726:
12721:
12719:
12714:
12712:
12707:
12706:
12703:
12690:
12686:
12682:
12680:
12677:
12673:
12670:
12669:
12668:
12667:Hyperoxaluria
12665:
12664:
12662:
12658:
12652:
12649:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12632:
12630:
12628:
12624:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12599:
12597:
12595:
12591:
12584:
12581:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12570:
12568:
12565:
12563:
12560:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12548:
12545:
12544:
12542:
12540:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12527:
12523:
12508:
12507:Danon disease
12505:
12502:
12499:
12498:
12496:
12492:
12488:
12483:
12476:
12473:
12470:
12467:
12464:
12461:
12458:
12455:
12452:
12449:
12448:
12446:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12431:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12416:
12413:
12410:
12407:
12404:
12401:
12398:
12397:
12395:
12393:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12380:
12376:
12362:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12349:
12347:
12343:
12339:
12334:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12319:
12317:
12313:
12308:
12305:
12302:
12298:
12295:
12293:
12289:
12285:
12274:
12271:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12257:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12235:
12229:
12226:
12224:
12221:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12211:
12208:
12203:
12199:
12194:
12188:
12184:
12180:
12173:
12168:
12166:
12161:
12159:
12154:
12153:
12150:
12136:
12127:
12126:
12113:
12098:
12097:
12088:
12079:
12078:
12053:
12034:
12032:
12028:
12017:
12008:
12007:
11994:
11987:
11986:
11977:
11968:
11967:
11946:
11931:
11930:
11921:
11912:
11911:
11887:
11869:
11868:
11867:dehydrogenase
11857:
11848:
11847:
11834:
11827:
11826:
11815:
11809:
11808:
11797:
11789:
11783:
11782:
11772:
11765:
11764:
11753:
11747:
11746:
11736:
11721:
11720:
11711:
11705:
11704:
11694:
11687:
11686:
11675:
11669:
11668:
11658:
11643:
11642:
11633:
11627:
11626:
11617:
11613:
11610:
11603:
11598:
11596:
11591:
11589:
11584:
11583:
11580:
11568:
11567:Limit dextran
11565:
11563:
11560:
11559:
11557:
11553:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11538:
11536:
11534:
11530:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11515:
11513:
11511:
11507:
11503:
11500:
11496:
11489:
11484:
11482:
11477:
11475:
11470:
11469:
11466:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11430:
11427:
11426:
11424:
11422:
11418:
11412:
11409:
11408:
11406:
11404:
11400:
11390:
11387:
11386:
11384:
11382:
11378:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11363:
11361:
11359:
11355:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11333:
11332:
11331:
11327:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11314:
11313:
11312:
11308:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11289:
11279:
11276:
11272:
11269:
11268:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11258:
11256:
11254:
11249:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11210:
11208:
11206:
11202:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11187:
11185:
11183:
11179:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11154:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11143:
11136:
11133:
11132:
11130:
11128:
11124:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11109:
11107:
11105:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11092:
11087:
11083:
11076:
11071:
11069:
11064:
11062:
11057:
11056:
11053:
11042:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11006:
10999:
10992:
10988:
10985:
10984:
10978:
10973:
10965:
10961:
10957:
10953:
10949:
10945:
10938:
10930:
10926:
10922:
10918:
10914:
10910:
10909:
10901:
10885:
10881:
10877:
10873:
10867:
10859:
10855:
10851:
10847:
10843:
10839:
10838:
10830:
10822:
10818:
10814:
10810:
10806:
10802:
10795:
10793:
10784:
10780:
10776:
10772:
10768:
10764:
10757:
10749:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10734:(1–2): 1–34.
10733:
10729:
10722:
10714:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10696:
10692:
10688:
10684:
10680:
10673:
10665:
10661:
10657:
10653:
10649:
10645:
10638:
10636:
10627:
10623:
10619:
10615:
10611:
10607:
10600:
10592:
10588:
10584:
10580:
10576:
10572:
10565:
10557:
10553:
10549:
10545:
10541:
10537:
10530:
10521:
10517:
10513:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10494:
10486:
10482:
10478:
10474:
10467:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10445:
10441:
10437:
10433:
10426:
10424:
10415:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10382:
10375:
10371:
10367:
10361:
10359:
10357:
10355:
10353:
10351:
10349:
10347:
10345:
10337:
10333:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10315:
10299:
10295:
10291:
10287:
10283:
10279:
10276:(in German).
10275:
10271:
10264:
10257:
10256:
10251:
10247:
10244:
10243:
10236:
10229:
10228:
10223:
10217:
10209:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10191:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10173:
10169:
10165:
10158:
10150:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10132:
10128:
10124:
10120:
10117:(9): 101536.
10116:
10112:
10108:
10101:
10094:
10090:
10086:
10080:
10074:, p. 82.
10073:
10069:
10065:
10059:
10052:
10051:
10050:Seattle Times
10046:
10045:
10038:
10022:
10018:
10012:
9996:
9992:
9988:
9984:
9978:
9971:
9967:
9963:
9957:
9950:
9949:0-19-211579-0
9946:
9942:
9936:
9921:
9915:
9911:
9910:
9902:
9894:
9888:
9884:
9883:
9875:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9848:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9821:
9814:
9810:
9806:
9800:
9798:
9796:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9775:Biotechnology
9770:
9768:
9760:
9756:
9752:
9746:
9744:
9742:
9740:
9738:
9736:
9734:
9732:
9730:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9699:
9691:
9687:
9683:
9677:
9673:
9669:
9665:
9658:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9623:
9615:
9611:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9579:
9563:
9559:
9555:
9549:
9540:
9532:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9501:Exp. Mol. Med
9498:
9491:
9481:
9477:
9473:
9467:
9465:
9456:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9423:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9402:
9400:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9378:
9376:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9345:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9303:
9299:
9292:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9271:
9260:
9259:3-437-23182-0
9256:
9252:
9246:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9211:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9169:
9152:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9115:
9108:
9106:
9097:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9069:
9065:
9061:
9054:
9052:
9050:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9028:
9026:
9024:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8993:(3): 255–60,
8992:
8988:
8987:Psychol. Sci.
8981:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8929:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8869:
8862:
8855:
8851:
8847:
8843:
8839:
8835:
8831:
8827:
8820:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8797:
8789:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8755:
8748:
8737:
8731:
8720:
8716:
8712:
8706:
8698:
8694:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8674:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8647:
8639:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8598:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8563:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8532:(4): 466–70.
8531:
8527:
8520:
8512:
8508:
8502:
8498:
8497:
8490:
8482:
8478:
8472:
8468:
8467:
8460:
8444:
8440:
8434:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8388:(7): 915–25.
8387:
8383:
8376:
8369:
8367:
8358:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8309:
8301:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8278:
8273:
8266:
8258:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8225:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8204:
8202:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8180:
8172:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8147:(6): e00416.
8146:
8142:
8138:
8131:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8088:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8064:
8058:, p. 46.
8057:
8053:
8049:
8043:
8041:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8005:
7997:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7956:
7948:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7907:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7872:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7831:
7823:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7806:(4): 237–52.
7805:
7801:
7797:
7790:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7766:
7764:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7723:(2): 221–32.
7722:
7718:
7711:
7704:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7661:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7620:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7596:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7575:
7573:
7556:
7552:
7546:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7516:
7515:
7507:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7470:
7462:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7437:(1): E11–21.
7436:
7432:
7428:
7421:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7405:Biochemistry.
7400:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7335:
7333:
7325:
7324:0-87901-009-6
7321:
7317:
7311:
7303:
7297:
7293:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7271:
7265:
7261:
7254:
7252:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7230:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7159:
7157:
7149:
7143:
7139:
7132:
7124:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7104:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7073:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7046:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7011:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6981:
6974:
6973:9780123849533
6970:
6966:
6960:
6953:
6952:9780412630200
6949:
6945:
6939:
6937:
6928:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6903:
6901:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6858:
6854:
6848:
6832:
6828:
6822:
6806:
6802:
6796:
6780:
6776:
6770:
6754:
6750:
6744:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6683:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6648:
6632:
6628:
6622:
6606:
6602:
6596:
6594:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6558:
6542:
6538:
6532:
6516:
6512:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6483:
6479:
6473:
6457:
6453:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6432:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6391:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6349:
6345:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6318:
6314:
6308:
6292:
6288:
6282:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6220:
6212:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6187:
6179:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6136:
6127:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6103:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6083:
6076:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6051:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6024:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6004:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5981:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5958:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5935:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5912:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5894:
5889:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5866:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5797:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5726:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5715:From page 90:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5695:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5673:
5672:
5665:
5663:
5655:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5638:From page 109
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5613:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5574:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5553:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5500:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5481:
5465:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5444:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5425:
5417:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5384:(5): 403–09,
5383:
5379:
5372:
5370:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5346:
5342:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5294:
5286:
5277:
5268:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5230:refractometer
5215:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5196:mercury oxide
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5165:
5164:sulfuric acid
5161:
5155:
5151:
5141:
5139:
5129:
5123:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5077:
5071:
5066:
5056:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5021:
5019:
5018:tartaric acid
5015:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4938:itaconic acid
4935:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4918:gluconic acid
4915:
4914:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4855:confectionery
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4831:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4789:United States
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4683:
4679:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4117:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4090:
4089:dietary fiber
4083:
4078:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4068:Ilex asprella
4065:
4055:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3948:glycoproteins
3945:
3944:glycosylation
3941:
3940:nucleic acids
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3868:glycosylation
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3840:glycemic load
3837:
3836:insulin index
3832:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3808:glucose tests
3804:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3738:hypoglycaemia
3735:
3734:hyperglycemia
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3694:capillary bed
3691:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:reward system
3664:
3660:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3636:psychological
3633:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3607:, glucose is
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3593:disaccharides
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3557:
3551:Energy source
3548:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3527:
3515:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3493:
3485:
3398:
2936:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:cell membrane
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2801:disaccharides
2798:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2769:tubular cells
2766:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:triglycerides
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2556:sphingolipids
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2495:glycosylation
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2459:renal medulla
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:Isomerisation
2306:
2297:since pure α-
2296:
2291:
2281:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2016:
2011:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1739:
1734:
1725:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1526: ·
1510:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1441:
1433:
1432:stereoisomers
1430:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:in water and
1379:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:Arthur Harden
1347:
1343:
1340:received the
1339:
1338:Otto Meyerhof
1334:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1202:
1192:
1191:Ancient Greek
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:carbohydrates
1085:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
986:
979:
972:
948:
945:
944:
940:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
901:
898:
894:
893:
890:Pharmacology
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:
871:
863:
855:
849:
848:
844:
836:
831:
825:
824:
820:
815:
810:
809:Heat capacity
806:
805:
800:
796:
793:
792:Dipole moment
789:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:
771:
768:
764:
763:
751:
749:
748:Melting point
746:
745:
741:
739:
736:
735:
732:White powder
731:
728:
727:
720:
718:
715:
714:
693:
690:
686:
685:
680:
667:
658:
657:
654:
647:
633:
632:
629:
622:
610:
606:
603:
599:
598:
596:
594:
591:
590:
583:
582:
580:
578:
575:
574:
567:
563:
562:
560:
554:
550:
549:
545:
541:
539:
536:
535:
528:
524:
523:
521:
519:
516:
515:
508:
504:
503:
501:
498:
494:
493:
489:
486:
482:
481:
474:
473:
471:
469:
464:
463:
456:
452:
451:
449:
447:
444:
443:
436:
435:ChEMBL1222250
432:
431:
429:
427:
424:
423:
416:
412:
411:
409:
407:
404:
403:
399:
396:
392:
391:
387:
384:
383:
376:
372:
371:
369:
366:
365:
358:
349:
346:
337:
336:
334:
330:
325:
324:
312:
308:
305:
301:
300:
298:
295:
291:
290:
285:
266:
258:
257:(cyclic form)
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
234:
233:(linear form)
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:
209:
205:
197:
193:
186:
182:
179:
178:
175:
171:
166:
137:
108:
105:
104:
99:
90:
84:
79:
70:
64:
59:
50:
44:
39:
30:
19:
14537:
14387:Sugar people
14375:Sugar packet
14299:Molasses Act
14274:Blackbirding
14167:Illovo Sugar
14162:South Africa
14115:Wilmar Sugar
13910:Butterscotch
13905:Barley sugar
13810:
13725:Golden syrup
13703:Mogwa-cheong
13555:Disaccharide
13542:
13380:
13379:
13368:
13350:
13282:Maltodextrin
13163:Isomaltulose
12998:
12954:Deoxy sugars
12890:Ketotetrose
12793:Mutarotation
12687:deficiency,
12556:GSD type VII
12525:
12451:GSD type III
12392:Glycogenesis
12378:
12342:galactosemia
12291:
12214:Disaccharide
12179:Inborn error
12120:
12094:
12072:
12023:
12001:
11983:
11961:
11927:
11905:
11863:
11841:
11821:
11805:
11795:
11779:
11759:
11743:
11717:
11701:
11681:
11665:
11639:
11624:
11623:
11509:
11495:Glycogenesis
11403:Tuberculosis
11328:
11317:Corticorelin
11309:
11266:Pancreozymin
11242:Pentagastrin
11137:concentrates
11111:
11012:
11008:
10998:
10982:
10972:
10947:
10943:
10937:
10912:
10906:
10900:
10888:. Retrieved
10879:
10866:
10841:
10835:
10829:
10804:
10800:
10766:
10762:
10756:
10731:
10727:
10721:
10686:
10682:
10672:
10647:
10643:
10609:
10605:
10599:
10574:
10570:
10564:
10539:
10535:
10529:
10503:
10499:
10493:
10479:(2): 71–74.
10476:
10472:
10466:
10431:
10395:
10391:
10381:
10365:
10338:(in German).
10319:
10314:
10302:. Retrieved
10277:
10273:
10263:
10253:
10241:
10239:B. Tollens:
10235:
10225:
10221:
10220:H. Fehling:
10216:
10171:
10167:
10157:
10114:
10110:
10100:
10084:
10079:
10063:
10058:
10048:
10043:
10041:Kevin Pang:
10037:
10025:. Retrieved
10011:
9999:. Retrieved
9995:the original
9986:
9977:
9961:
9956:
9940:
9935:
9923:. Retrieved
9908:
9901:
9881:
9874:
9857:
9853:
9847:
9830:
9826:
9820:
9804:
9778:
9774:
9750:
9716:. Retrieved
9707:
9698:
9663:
9657:
9632:
9628:
9622:
9589:
9585:
9578:
9566:. Retrieved
9557:
9548:
9539:
9504:
9500:
9490:
9471:
9436:
9432:
9422:
9407:Biochemistry
9406:
9383:Biochemistry
9382:
9362:. Retrieved
9353:
9344:
9304:(2): 83–93.
9301:
9297:
9291:
9275:
9270:
9250:
9245:
9220:
9216:
9210:
9174:
9168:
9156:. Retrieved
9151:the original
9121:
9117:
9067:
9063:
9032:
8990:
8986:
8980:
8938:
8934:
8928:
8878:
8874:
8861:
8829:
8825:
8819:
8811:the original
8806:
8796:
8761:
8757:
8747:
8735:
8730:
8710:
8705:
8682:
8673:
8656:
8652:
8646:
8614:(6): 650–4.
8611:
8607:
8597:
8575:(2): 164–9.
8572:
8568:
8562:
8529:
8525:
8519:
8495:
8489:
8465:
8459:
8447:. Retrieved
8433:
8421:. Retrieved
8385:
8381:
8322:
8318:
8308:
8281:
8275:
8265:
8238:
8235:Diabetologia
8234:
8224:
8208:
8184:
8179:
8144:
8140:
8130:
8097:
8093:
8087:
8068:
8063:
8047:
8014:
8010:
8004:
7972:(5): 463–9.
7969:
7965:
7955:
7920:
7917:Diabetologia
7916:
7906:
7884:(6): 553–7.
7881:
7877:
7871:
7836:
7830:
7803:
7799:
7789:
7770:
7750:. Retrieved
7720:
7717:Diabetologia
7716:
7703:
7684:
7633:
7629:
7619:
7600:
7595:
7579:
7559:. Retrieved
7545:
7513:
7506:
7495:, retrieved
7491:the original
7478:
7469:
7434:
7430:
7420:
7404:
7374:
7352:. Retrieved
7343:
7315:
7310:
7292:Biochemistry
7291:
7260:Biochemistry
7259:
7234:
7229:
7196:
7192:
7163:
7137:
7131:
7112:
7103:
7086:
7083:CrystEngComm
7082:
7072:
7055:
7051:
7045:
7020:
7016:
7010:
6998:. Retrieved
6989:
6980:
6964:
6959:
6943:
6908:
6887:. Retrieved
6873:
6861:. Retrieved
6847:
6835:. Retrieved
6821:
6809:. Retrieved
6795:
6783:. Retrieved
6769:
6757:. Retrieved
6743:
6731:. Retrieved
6717:
6692:
6688:
6682:
6657:
6653:
6647:
6635:. Retrieved
6621:
6609:. Retrieved
6570:(1): 90–93.
6567:
6563:
6557:
6545:. Retrieved
6531:
6519:. Retrieved
6486:. Retrieved
6472:
6460:. Retrieved
6404:
6400:
6390:
6378:. Retrieved
6364:
6352:. Retrieved
6321:. Retrieved
6307:
6295:. Retrieved
6281:
6256:
6252:
6246:
6229:
6225:
6219:
6192:
6186:
6149:
6145:
6135:
6116:
6112:
6102:
6082:
6056:
6050:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6008:
6003:
5995:
5980:
5972:
5957:
5949:
5934:
5926:
5911:
5903:
5888:
5880:
5865:
5857:
5842:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5812:, retrieved
5803:Emil Fischer
5802:
5796:
5784:. Retrieved
5767:
5763:
5753:
5737:
5732:
5724:
5710:
5694:
5670:
5653:
5633:
5629:
5612:
5600:. Retrieved
5591:
5582:
5573:10665/325771
5563:
5539:. Retrieved
5530:
5502:. Retrieved
5487:
5480:
5468:. Retrieved
5431:
5424:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5381:
5377:
5360:
5345:
5320:
5300:
5292:
5283:
5274:
5265:
5249:
5226:
5188:copper oxide
5180:lead acetate
5157:
5135:
5106:
5103:Barfoed test
5086:Tollens test
5083:
5080:Tollens test
5065:Fehling test
5062:
5059:Fehling test
5054:
5036:analysis or
5027:
5011:
5008:pyruvic acid
5001:
4991:
4981:
4971:
4961:
4951:
4941:
4931:
4921:
4911:
4908:fumaric acid
4901:
4891:
4881:
4879:
4836:
4812:
4797:invert sugar
4758:
4754:Maltodextrin
4746:sweet potato
4730:
4727:pullulanases
4720:
4714:
4697:
4682:
4534:Sweet potato
4274:Navel orange
4067:
4063:
4060:
4043:sugar packet
4031:
4007:
3982:
3968:glycosidases
3896:amino sugars
3892:uronic acids
3876:
3849:
3824:
3805:
3762:
3722:somatotropin
3682:blood plasma
3679:
3663:hypothalamus
3656:
3644:self-control
3629:
3581:kilocalories
3577:fermentation
3562:
3546:
3535:
3524:
3507:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2886:
2881:
2873:
2859:
2857:
2831:
2820:
2773:
2749:biomolecules
2745:
2726:
2713:Biosynthesis
2683:heart muscle
2675:muscle cells
2656:
2572:
2548:Glucosidases
2540:brush border
2518:by means of
2504:
2468:
2463:erythrocytes
2439:
2371:
2335:
2312:
2292:
2270:
2262:levorotatory
2239:
2226:mutarotation
2211:
2203:
2188:Mutarotation
2181:
2157:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:cyclopentane
2126:
2111:
2033:
2027:
2012:
1988:heterocyclic
1985:
1946:
1833:Cyclic forms
1827:Fehling test
1797:
1629:
1618:Mutarotation
1579:
1576:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1535:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1414:
1397:
1393:
1375:
1335:
1311:Emil Fischer
1300:
1276:
1272:
1229:
1217:
1188:
1178:, is on the
1174:Glucose, as
1173:
1151:stereoisomer
1116:
1051:
1050:
942:
861:
834:
813:
577:RTECS number
287:Identifiers
270:Blood sugars
268:Other names
256:
251:
247:
243:
239:
232:
227:
223:
219:
215:
184:
29:
14533:John Yudkin
14443:Fruit syrup
14360:Sugar shack
14350:Added sugar
14289:Holing cane
14147:Philippines
14047:Casa-grande
13961:Other forms
13937:Sugar glass
13900:Sugar candy
13840:Gula melaka
13820:Candi sugar
13799:Solid forms
13790:Yacón syrup
13780:Table syrup
13755:Maple syrup
13708:Yuja-cheong
13678:Agave syrup
13613:Agave syrup
13582:Added sugar
13440:Xanthan gum
13428:Amylopectin
13300:Beta-glucan
13211:Maltotriose
13026:Ketohexoses
12979:Aldohexoses
12959:Deoxyribose
12894:Erythrulose
12852:Ketotriose
12842:Aldotriose
12469:GSD type IX
12457:GSD type VI
12423:GSD type XV
12406:GSD type IV
12204:, transport
11389:Gonadorelin
11371:Thyrotropin
11346:Somatorelin
11336:Pralmorelin
11261:Bentiromide
11117:Tolbutamide
10807:: 149–160.
10027:18 December
9925:25 November
9484:(in German)
9364:20 February
9263:(in German)
8740:(in German)
8723:(in German)
8277:J Biol Chem
8081:(in German)
7783:(in German)
7697:(in German)
7613:(in German)
7344:www.rsc.org
6801:"D-Glucose"
6030:Tetrahedron
5814:2 September
5770:: 114–121.
5602:25 November
5527:"L-glucose"
5144:Other tests
4978:lactic acid
4926:to produce
4888:acetic acid
4886:to produce
4793:corn starch
4413:Vegetables
4118:Sucrose as
3952:glycolipids
3936:cholesterol
3932:fatty acids
3916:metabolites
3816:prediabetes
3812:blood tests
3773:brain cells
3765:lactic acid
3742:homeostasis
3659:blood sugar
3589:food energy
2855:regulated.
2832:Krebs cycle
2765:amino acids
2763:or certain
2747:almost all
2729:prokaryotes
2639:glucokinase
2631:portal vein
2611:liver cells
2603:basolateral
2562:, and poly(
2391:cyclic form
2295:polarimeter
2129:cyclohexane
1661:amylopectin
1632:monohydrate
1483:corn starch
1382:acetic acid
1366:Luis Leloir
1143:blood sugar
1135:amylopectin
729:Appearance
682:Properties
281:Grape sugar
14651:Glycolysis
14620:Categories
14571:Production
14448:Date honey
14433:Cane knife
14370:Sugar nips
14059:Sugar bush
14042:Plantation
14030:Production
13925:Rock candy
13890:Preserving
13770:Pine honey
13715:Corn syrup
13603:Sugar beet
13216:Melezitose
13158:Isomaltose
13153:Cellobiose
12819:Aldodiose
12679:Pentosuria
12612:GSD type I
12539:Glycolysis
12463:GSD type V
12400:GSD type 0
12303:catabolism
12216:catabolism
12191:Including
11641:Hexokinase
11609:Glycolysis
11446:and other
11411:Tuberculin
11366:Protirelin
11341:Sermorelin
11322:Metyrapone
11157:Ceruletide
11082:Diagnostic
10950:: 642–51.
9568:30 January
8325:(1): 609.
7636:(1): 5–9.
7354:5 February
7122:0534079687
7109:McMurry JE
5337:References
5148:See also:
4988:malic acid
4968:kojic acid
4815:isoglucose
4809:isoglucose
4738:Corn syrup
4703:hydrolysis
4617:Sugar beet
4590:Sugar cane
4476:Red pepper
4039:hard candy
3960:glycosides
3769:astrocytes
3710:adrenaline
3597:glycolysis
3585:kilojoules
2893:hexokinase
2853:hormonally
2845:acetyl-CoA
2841:Cori cycle
2834:) and the
2813:Glycolysis
2652:hexokinase
2623:astrocytes
2583:epithelium
2564:ADP-ribose
2451:arthropods
2415:equatorial
2377:groups of
2313:In dilute
2218:isomerizes
2124:-glucose.
1981:−C(OH)H−O−
1977:hemiacetal
1819:aldohexose
1800:open-chain
1616:See also:
1606:hemiacetal
1590:open-chain
1586:aldohexose
1540:corn syrup
1481:, such as
1459:hydrolysis
1429:aldohexose
1362:Gerty Cori
1165:aldohexose
1108:cell walls
1002:ICSC 08655
717:Molar mass
609:5J5I9EB41E
602:5SL0G7R0OK
497:IUPHAR/BPS
446:ChemSpider
415:CHEBI:4167
327:3D model (
294:CAS Number
274:Corn sugar
174:IUPAC name
14656:Furanoses
14646:Pyranoses
14636:Nutrition
14598:Chemistry
14507:Sweetness
14502:Sweetener
14392:Sugar tit
14380:Sucrology
14355:Crop Over
14314:Sugar Act
14157:Sri Lanka
14142:Mauritius
14127:Caribbean
14100:Australia
13942:Sugarloaf
13860:Muscovado
13812:Peen tong
13750:Kuromitsu
13608:Sugarcane
13575:Trehalose
13538:Galactose
13521:Chemistry
13370:Galactose
13325:Cellulose
13315:Sizofiran
13239:Stachyose
13221:Raffinose
13188:Trehalose
13173:Lactulose
12994:Galactose
12917:Arabinose
12879:Erythrose
12731:Types of
12487:Lysosomal
12338:Galactose
12240:transport
12027:hydratase
11825:isomerase
11685:isomerase
11429:Alsactide
11301:Pituitary
11251:Exocrine
11190:Galactose
11167:Sincalide
11146:Bile duct
11135:Vitamin A
10398:: 24–27.
10280:: 27–32.
10190:1662-453X
9761:, p. 197.
9592:: 91–95.
9306:CiteSeerX
9124:: 17–26.
8943:CiteSeerX
8883:CiteSeerX
8554:205782021
8439:"Glucose"
8410:219249555
8185:Biochemie
8017:: 73–98.
7487:0095-8301
7415:. p. 674.
6954:. p. 316.
6232:: 15–23.
6009:Catalysts
5418:: 1182–83
5010:and with
4847:mouthfeel
4839:humectant
4781:corn husk
4700:enzymatic
4358:Pineapple
4113:fructose/
4111:Ratio of
4100:fructose
4027:infusions
3974:Pathology
3904:trehalose
3880:vitamin C
3852:cellulose
3846:Precursor
3797:fat cells
3746:ruminants
3714:thyroxine
3648:Confusion
3625:anabolism
3583:(16
2909:activates
2901:phosphate
2830:(synonym
2741:mushrooms
2701:. In the
2695:testicles
2687:fat cells
2627:tanycytes
2552:trehalase
2475:blindness
2383:glycation
2266:tautomers
2254:chirality
2059:catalysis
2008:−(CHOH)−H
2004:OH)HOH)−H
1979:linkage,
1669:cellulose
1649:raffinose
1500:The term
1471:cellulose
1450:-isomer,
1410:pKa value
1402:decompose
1344:in 1922.
1288:-notation
1123:organisms
1104:cellulose
1094:and most
1058:with the
854:formation
828:Std molar
612: (α-
584:LZ6600000
475:200-075-1
467:EC Number
314: (α-
180:ᴅ-Glucose
36:-Glucose
14610:Medicine
14561:Category
14521:Research
14365:Sugaring
14179:Tanzania
14054:Refinery
14022:Industry
13947:Wasanbon
13885:Powdered
13825:Chancaca
13765:Molasses
13657:Products
13633:Honeydew
13533:Fructose
13462:Category
13391:Glycogen
13374:Galactan
13352:Fructose
13337:Chitosan
13310:Lentinan
13259:Acarbose
13193:Turanose
13137:Multiple
13078:Heptoses
13066:Rhamnose
13061:Fuculose
13046:Tagatose
13031:Fructose
12947:Xylulose
12942:Ribulose
12906:Pentoses
12868:Tetroses
12771:Geometry
12762:Pyranose
12757:Furanose
12383:glycogen
12312:Fructose
12125:Pyruvate
11899:NADH + H
11879:NADH + H
11763:aldolase
11562:Glycogen
11311:cortisol
11303:function
11278:Secretin
11218:Caffeine
11213:Betazole
11172:Sorbitol
11104:Diabetes
11084:agents (
11041:24991541
11015:: 1–16.
10987:Archived
10964:24054643
10929:17177492
10884:Archived
10858:15628134
10821:26041177
10783:10826645
10748:96768832
10713:22027299
10664:18229952
10591:98567636
10556:18656655
10520:18154363
10458:30905457
10414:58131350
10332:Archived
10328:Abstract
10298:Archived
10294:95749674
10246:Archived
10208:33013305
10149:33083765
10111:iScience
10021:Archived
9753:, 2016,
9718:18 March
9712:Archived
9690:19768616
9664:Biofuels
9649:24827686
9614:30481664
9562:Archived
9531:26964835
9358:Archived
9336:34263228
9328:22872934
9237:25589267
9201:25410233
9146:38764657
9138:28939430
9096:29311793
9015:38596025
9007:18315798
8973:14380313
8965:18453466
8917:archived
8905:17279852
8854:44500072
8846:15041139
8801:Dash P.
8788:10493919
8697:archived
8638:22913968
8589:23266512
8546:20473153
8511:archived
8481:archived
8449:18 March
8443:Archived
8414:Archived
8382:Diabetes
8357:29330542
8300:12981024
8257:27048250
8171:27707936
8122:17539513
8031:15862090
7996:26125647
7947:30132032
7898:12504846
7878:Genomics
7863:25344989
7822:17403369
7752:18 March
7743:Archived
7739:25421524
7660:28510148
7561:18 March
7555:Archived
7537:Archived
7533:20301239
7461:18840763
7348:Archived
7221:12192669
7111:(1988),
7000:17 April
6994:Archived
6889:18 March
6883:Archived
6863:18 March
6857:Archived
6837:18 March
6831:Archived
6811:18 March
6805:Archived
6785:18 March
6779:Archived
6759:18 March
6753:Archived
6733:18 March
6727:Archived
6709:29300107
6674:21232587
6637:18 March
6631:Archived
6611:18 March
6605:Archived
6547:18 March
6541:Archived
6521:18 March
6515:Archived
6488:18 March
6482:Archived
6462:18 March
6456:Archived
6380:18 March
6374:Archived
6354:18 March
6348:Archived
6323:18 March
6317:Archived
6297:18 March
6291:Archived
6273:16863724
6178:29507651
6152:: 1–12.
6091:Archived
5988:Archived
5965:Archived
5942:Archived
5919:Archived
5896:Archived
5873:Archived
5850:Archived
5808:archived
5780:Archived
5718:Archived
5703:Archived
5686:Archived
5642:Archived
5622:Archived
5596:Archived
5562:(2019).
5535:Archived
5470:18 March
5464:Archived
5353:Archived
5154:Lye roll
5024:Analysis
4857:such as
4821:(HFCS).
4763:, rice,
4752:starch.
4115:glucose
4108:Sucrose
4105:glucose
3997:pancreas
3984:Diabetes
3979:Diabetes
3928:sorbitol
3924:mannitol
3922:such as
3894:and the
3856:polymers
3706:glucagon
3702:incretin
3686:arterial
3609:oxidized
2895:to form
2797:glycogen
2789:isomeric
2737:glycogen
2677:(of the
2471:diabetes
2379:proteins
2323:fructose
1965:furanose
1961:pyranose
1817:, or an
1665:glycogen
1655:such as
1647:such as
1641:pyranose
1598:aldehyde
1502:dextrose
1479:starches
1475:glycogen
1455:-glucose
1386:methanol
1303:chemical
1161:aldehyde
1157:-glucose
1139:glycogen
943:NFPA 704
936:Hazards
897:ATC code
797:10.5674
781:(χ)
400:1281604
311:492-62-6
279:-Glucose
272:Dextrose
95:-glucose
55:-glucose
18:Dextrose
14626:Glucose
14584:Portals
14512:Vinasse
14423:Bagasse
14411:Related
14343:Culture
14256:History
14069:Engenho
14037:Boilery
14003:Tuzemák
13968:Caramel
13895:Sucanat
13845:Jaggery
13835:Gelling
13785:Treacle
13760:Mizuame
13623:Coconut
13596:Sources
13570:Sucrose
13565:Maltose
13560:Lactose
13543:Glucose
13433:Amylose
13381:Glucose
13356:Fructan
13346:Dextran
13342:Dextrin
13320:Zymosan
13183:Sucrose
13178:Maltose
13168:Lactose
13117:Nonoses
13112:Octoses
13105:Above 7
13041:Sorbose
13036:Psicose
13014:Mannose
12999:Glucose
12989:Altrose
12971:Hexoses
12884:Threose
12835:Trioses
12740:General
12526:Glucose
12379:Glucose
12292:glucose
12202:Sucrose
12031:enolase
11625:Glucose
11533:Uridine
11510:Glucose
11149:patency
11112:Glucose
11032:4058687
10944:Talanta
10704:3208862
10626:8092486
10536:Talanta
10199:7497796
10174:: 920.
10140:7509213
10119:Bibcode
10001:28 June
9983:"Sugar"
9594:Bibcode
9522:4892884
9455:9356547
9087:5742113
9070:: 716.
8913:7496171
8779:1220531
8629:6392426
8423:5 March
8402:8666143
8348:5766520
8327:Bibcode
8162:5293555
8102:Bibcode
7987:5364028
7938:6133168
7651:5425736
7452:2636990
7326:p. 228.
7201:Bibcode
7193:Science
7025:Bibcode
6572:Bibcode
6422:1687736
6169:5817209
5836:(39): 8
5748:. p. 7.
5654:glucose
5650:Glucose
5386:Bibcode
5234:Oechsle
5200:bismuth
5084:In the
5000:, with
4990:, with
4980:, with
4970:, with
4960:, with
4950:, with
4940:, with
4930:, with
4920:, with
4910:, with
4900:, with
4890:, with
4867:fondant
4859:candies
4769:cassava
4742:Mizuame
4651:, sweet
4643:Grains
4629:0.1–0.5
4626:0.1–0.5
4602:0.2–1.0
4599:0.2–1.0
4584:Traces
4507:, sweet
4478:, sweet
4219:, dried
4161:Apricot
4127:Fruits
4095:sugars
4049:Sources
3908:dextran
3906:or the
3834:is the
3793:insulin
3698:insulin
3669:in the
3565:biology
2928:[[File:
2874:E. coli
2761:lactate
2703:kidneys
2663:β-cells
2619:neurons
2595:symport
2579:jejunum
2542:of the
2538:on the
2536:sucrase
2532:lactase
2528:maltase
2520:amylase
2516:chewing
2473:(e.g.,
2455:Neurons
2435:glucans
2331:enediol
2319:mannose
2175:)−B(OH)
2070:anomers
1951:-" or "
1931:anomers
1811:H(C=O)−
1651:and of
1594:alcohol
1467:maltose
1463:lactose
1390:ethanol
1378:soluble
1323:isomers
1244:sucrose
1232:raisins
1226:History
1201:gleûkos
1195:γλεῦκος
1131:amylose
1127:polymer
1098:during
1052:Glucose
1033:what is
1031: (
925: (
923:V06DC01
915: (
913:V04CA02
911:)
905: (
903:B05CX01
830:entropy
738:Density
722:180.156
553:PubChem
544:Glucose
304:50-99-7
187:-Hexose
14542:(1972)
14470:Nectar
14458:Jallab
14242:Hawaii
14184:Uganda
14152:Rwanda
13930:Toffee
13875:Panela
13693:Cheong
13665:Syrups
13548:Xylose
13423:Starch
13418:Pectin
13413:Mannan
13408:Lignin
13385:Glucan
13362:Inulin
13330:Chitin
13056:Fucose
13019:Talose
13004:Gulose
12984:Allose
12932:Xylose
12927:Ribose
12922:Lyxose
12812:Dioses
12788:Epimer
12778:Anomer
12752:Ketose
12747:Aldose
12689:PRKAG2
12547:MODY 2
12414:(APBD)
12288:Hexose
12059:
12038:
11893:NAD+ P
11873:NAD+ P
11444:Inulin
11039:
11029:
10962:
10927:
10890:4 June
10856:
10819:
10781:
10746:
10711:
10701:
10662:
10624:
10589:
10554:
10518:
10456:
10446:
10412:
10372:
10304:1 July
10292:
10224:. In:
10206:
10196:
10188:
10147:
10137:
10091:
10070:
9968:
9947:
9916:
9889:
9811:
9785:
9777:, in:
9757:
9688:
9678:
9647:
9612:
9529:
9519:
9478:
9453:
9413:
9389:
9334:
9326:
9308:
9282:
9257:
9235:
9199:
9189:
9158:7 June
9144:
9136:
9094:
9084:
9039:
9013:
9005:
8971:
8963:
8945:
8911:
8903:
8885:
8852:
8844:
8786:
8776:
8717:
8689:
8636:
8626:
8587:
8552:
8544:
8503:
8473:
8408:
8400:
8355:
8345:
8298:
8255:
8215:
8191:
8169:
8159:
8120:
8075:
8054:
8029:
7994:
7984:
7945:
7935:
7896:
7861:
7851:
7820:
7777:
7737:
7691:
7658:
7648:
7607:
7586:
7531:
7521:
7497:20 May
7485:
7459:
7449:
7411:
7381:
7322:
7298:
7266:
7241:
7219:
7170:
7144:
7119:
6971:
6950:
6923:
6707:
6672:
6431:938892
6429:
6419:
6271:
6207:
6176:
6166:
6071:
5786:1 July
5744:
5678:
5504:13 May
5495:
5439:
5252:phenol
5097:silver
5038:lectin
4863:toffee
4843:volume
4777:barley
4773:potato
4705:using
4578:Traces
4575:Traces
4572:Traces
4448:Carrot
4246:Grapes
4189:Banana
4093:Total
3995:. The
3864:lipids
3860:chitin
3789:muscle
3750:cattle
3690:venous
2876:, the
2826:, the
2793:starch
2691:GLUT14
2685:) and
2625:, and
2589:via a
2534:, and
2524:saliva
2501:Uptake
2491:enzyme
2487:lipids
2481:, and
2443:chitin
2427:acetal
2000:−(C(CH
1815:aldose
1804:cyclic
1671:. The
1667:, and
1657:starch
1602:ketone
1440:isomer
1434:. The
1417:hexose
1406:carbon
1284:- and
1260:dexter
1213:glykýs
1207:γλυκύς
1092:plants
1028:verify
1025:
998:(SDS)
653:SMILES
527:C00031
490:83256
426:ChEMBL
375:B01203
367:3DMet
101:Names
14453:Grape
14137:India
14132:Kenya
14079:Zafra
14074:Batey
13952:White
13915:Candy
13850:Misri
13806:Brown
13740:Honey
13638:Maple
13618:Birch
13504:Sugar
13278:(IMO)
13272:(GOS)
13266:(FOS)
13248:Other
13009:Idose
12660:Other
12645:SDDHD
12195:(GSD)
11555:Other
10744:S2CID
10587:S2CID
10410:S2CID
10290:S2CID
10252:. In
9332:S2CID
9142:S2CID
9011:S2CID
8969:S2CID
8920:(PDF)
8909:S2CID
8871:(PDF)
8850:S2CID
8550:S2CID
8417:(PDF)
8406:S2CID
8378:(PDF)
7746:(PDF)
7713:(PDF)
6119:(2).
6113:Efood
5541:6 May
5254:with
4765:wheat
4761:Maize
4729:from
4711:acids
4672:15.0
4638:high
4632:16–17
4623:17–18
4611:high
4605:11–16
4596:13–18
4556:60.3
4528:14.3
4505:Onion
4442:96.2
4421:, red
4408:16.2
4380:60.8
4324:56.7
4302:Peach
4296:50.4
4240:0.15
4211:20.0
4183:63.5
4155:19.9
4133:Apple
4103:Free
4098:Free
4081:item
4079:Food
4041:, or
3781:liver
3754:sheep
3632:brain
3621:NADPH
3587:) of
3538:yeast
3526:Tumor
2707:SGLT2
2673:from
2671:GLUT4
2667:GLUT3
2659:GLUT1
2607:GLUT2
2447:fungi
2375:amine
2028:trans
1996:furan
1992:pyran
1636:pyran
1495:honey
1294:- or
1256:Latin
1096:algae
1056:sugar
1054:is a
881:(HHV)
628:InChI
406:ChEBI
329:JSmol
185:gluco
71:of α-
14237:Fiji
14122:Cuba
13920:Hard
13648:Malt
13643:Palm
13628:Date
12551:HHF3
12122:2 ×
12074:2 ×
12003:2 ×
11963:2 ×
11907:2 ×
11843:2 ×
11497:and
11220:and
11037:PMID
11013:2014
10960:PMID
10925:PMID
10892:2018
10854:PMID
10842:1059
10817:PMID
10779:PMID
10709:PMID
10660:PMID
10622:PMID
10552:PMID
10516:PMID
10454:PMID
10444:ISBN
10370:ISBN
10306:2019
10204:PMID
10186:ISSN
10145:PMID
10089:ISBN
10068:ISBN
10047:In:
10029:2017
10003:2018
9966:ISBN
9945:ISBN
9927:2016
9914:ISBN
9887:ISBN
9809:ISBN
9783:ISBN
9755:ISBN
9720:2024
9686:PMID
9676:ISBN
9645:PMID
9610:PMID
9570:2017
9527:PMID
9476:ISBN
9451:PMID
9411:ISBN
9387:ISBN
9366:2018
9324:PMID
9280:ISBN
9255:ISBN
9233:PMID
9197:PMID
9187:ISBN
9160:2020
9134:PMID
9092:PMID
9037:ISBN
9003:PMID
8961:PMID
8901:PMID
8842:PMID
8784:PMID
8715:ISBN
8687:ISBN
8634:PMID
8585:PMID
8573:1835
8542:PMID
8501:ISBN
8471:ISBN
8451:2024
8425:2017
8398:PMID
8353:PMID
8296:PMID
8253:PMID
8213:ISBN
8189:ISBN
8167:PMID
8118:PMID
8073:ISBN
8052:ISBN
8027:PMID
7992:PMID
7943:PMID
7894:PMID
7859:PMID
7849:ISBN
7818:PMID
7775:ISBN
7754:2024
7735:PMID
7689:ISBN
7656:PMID
7605:ISBN
7584:ISBN
7563:2024
7529:PMID
7519:ISBN
7499:2010
7483:ISSN
7457:PMID
7409:ISBN
7379:ISBN
7356:2018
7320:ISBN
7296:ISBN
7264:ISBN
7239:ISBN
7217:PMID
7168:ISBN
7142:ISBN
7117:ISBN
7002:2023
6969:ISBN
6948:ISBN
6921:ISBN
6891:2024
6865:2024
6839:2024
6813:2024
6787:2024
6761:2024
6735:2024
6705:PMID
6670:PMID
6639:2024
6613:2024
6549:2024
6523:2024
6490:2024
6464:2024
6427:PMID
6382:2024
6356:2024
6325:2024
6299:2024
6269:PMID
6205:ISBN
6174:PMID
6150:2018
6069:ISBN
5816:2009
5788:2019
5742:ISBN
5676:ISBN
5604:2016
5543:2022
5506:2021
5493:ISBN
5472:2024
5437:ISBN
5305:and
5210:and
5152:and
5128:O).
5090:AgNO
5076:O).
5063:The
4865:and
4785:sago
4783:and
4750:rice
4669:0.61
4654:19.0
4649:Corn
4566:27.9
4538:20.1
4499:0.0
4419:Beet
4405:0.66
4390:11.4
4386:Plum
4362:13.1
4352:8.0
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